46:
244:
623:
MMTV encodes a superantigen (Sag) that, when expressed on the surface of B cells or other antigen-presenting cells, activates a large number of T cells by interaction with specific T-cell receptor β chains. The resulting T-cell response in turn stimulates the infected B cells to proliferate and thus
302:
which might eventually develop into cancer. The viral genome is able to cause cancer only if it alters the expression of an oncogene. If the viral genome is inserted in a "silent" region of the host genome then it is harmless or may cause other diseases. High levels of MMTV are expressed in lymphoid
679:
However, the ultimate targets of MMTV are mammary gland cells, which begin dividing during puberty...The infected lymphoid cells then bring virus to the cells of the developing mammary gland, thereby also allowing the virus to overcome its spatial problem... SAg activity is required for efficient
325:
through endogenous infection, inheriting the virus directly from their mother in the germline. Mice that become infected in this way have higher rates of occurrence of tumors. A retrovirus is endogenous to its host once the proviral DNA is inserted into the chromosomal DNA. As a result, mice with
306:
When the virus genome is inserted inside the host genome it is then able to transcribe its own viral genes. In F. U. Reuss and J. M. Coffin (2000) experiments it is mentioned that the expression of the virus genome is activated by an enhancer element that is present in the U3 region of the long
361:
When the mouse reaches puberty the virus begins to express its messenger RNA in the estrogen sensitive tissues. As a result, after puberty all mammary cells will contain the active retrovirus and begin to replicate in the genome and express viral messenger RNA in all new mammary tissue cells.
211:
in Bar Harbor, Maine. Bittner established the theory that a cancerous agent, or "milk factor", could be transmitted by cancerous mothers to young mice from a virus in their mother's milk. The majority of mammary tumors in mice are caused by mouse mammary tumor virus.
1336:
Levine, Paul H.; Pogo, Beatriz G.-T.; Klouj, Afifa; Coronel, Stephanie; Woodson, Karen; Melana, Stella M.; Mourali, Nejib; Holland, James F. (15 August 2004). "Increasing evidence for a human breast carcinoma virus with geographic differences".
286:
proliferation increasing the population of cells that can be infected. During puberty, the virus enters the mammary glands with migrating lymphocytes and infects proliferating mammary gland epithelial cells.
680:
viral infection of the mammary epithelial cells and consequent tumorigenesis...Thus, SAg-mediated stimulation of lymphoid cells is needed for their infection and for virus spread between mammary gland cells
392:. Here Py is the abbreviation of polyoma and MT is the abbreviation for middle T. There are more model systems of breast cancer which use the MMTV promoter. The polyoma middle T-antigen is taken from the
318:
MMTV can be transferred either through an exogenous or endogenous route. If the virus is transferred exogenously, it is passed from the mother mouse to her pups through her milk.
2527:
856:"Human murine mammary tumour virus-like agents are genetically distinct from endogenous retroviruses and are not detectable in breast cancer cell lines or biopsies"
1130:
Cammack, Richard; Smith, Anthony Donald; Attwood, Teresa K.; et al. (eds.). "Bittner factor or
Bittner particle former name for murine mammary tumour virus".
1944:
2540:
326:
endogenous MMTV have the virus's DNA in every cell of its body, as the virus is present in the DNA of the sperm or egg cell from which the animal is conceived.
396:. The MMTV-PyMT model has been shown to be a reliable model of breast cancer metastasis. In human breast cancer the polyoma middle T- antigen was not found.
303:
leukemias of mouse strain GR and DBA/2 which contain extra integrated MMTV proviruses. These leukemias are active when cells are transferred to other mice.
695:
Okeoma, Chioma M.; Lovsin, Nika; Peterlin, B. Matija; Ross, Susan R. (28 January 2007). "APOBEC3 inhibits mouse mammary tumour virus replication in vivo".
2514:
389:
382:
944:
Muñoz, B.; Bolander Jr, F. F. (1989). "Prolactin regulation of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) expression in normal mouse mammary epithelium".
1431:
469:
2000:
298:. When the virus DNA is inserted inside or even near a gene, it is able to change the expression of that gene and potentially produce an
2419:
1898:
381:. This glucocorticoid element is a promoter that is often used to construct mice which develop a breast cancer-like disease, because an
1643:
804:"The Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Transcription Enhancers for Hematopoietic Progenitor and Mammary Gland Cells Share Functional Elements"
1695:
1565:
1550:
290:
As a retrovirus the MMTV is able to insert its viral genome in the host genome. The virus RNA genome is reverse transcribed by
307:
terminal repeat of the genome. In addition the expression of the genome is activated specifically in the mammary gland cells.
2578:
2340:
2424:
2215:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1923:
2479:
45:
2180:
1866:
1861:
1807:
2205:
1872:
1837:
585:"Mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression in B cells is regulated by a central enhancer within the pol gene"
1857:
1424:
897:"Characterization of response elements for androgens, glucocorticoids and progestins in mouse mammary tumour virus"
2545:
2568:
2235:
2175:
1560:
2573:
2210:
1988:
989:"Biomarkers of residual disease, disseminated tumor cells, and metastases in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model"
378:
1496:
2441:
2185:
2170:
1491:
1376:"Recent developments linking retroviruses to human breast cancer: infectious agent, enemy within or both?"
1262:
Indik, Stanislav; Günzburg, Walter H; Kulich, Pavel; Salmons, Brian; Rouault, Francoise (1 January 2007).
748:
Michalides, Rob; Wagenaar, Els; Hilkens, John; Hilgers, Jo; Groner, Bernd; Hynes, Nancy (September 1982).
1507:
2396:
2085:
1933:
1918:
1878:
1444:
1417:
1409:
1046:
Dankort DL, Muller WJ (2000). "Signal transduction in mammary tumorigenesis: a transgenic perspective".
418:
Bittner, J. J. (1936). "Some
Possible Effects of Nursing on the Mammary Gland Tumor Incidence in Mice".
322:
291:
221:
186:
1576:
1524:
2501:
2102:
1000:
706:
427:
400:
371:
40:
2065:
2048:
2031:
495:"Mouse mammary tumor virus encodes a self-regulatory RNA export protein and is a complex retrovirus"
1738:
754:
264:
204:
2368:
2297:
2280:
1669:
479:
2246:
2111:
2074:
1812:
1362:
969:
730:
670:
451:
208:
1182:
Fernandez-Cobo, Mariana; Melana, Stella M; Holland, James F; Pogo, Beatriz GT (1 January 2006).
233:
199:, and previously the "milk factor", referring to the extra-chromosomal vertical transmission of
2532:
1755:
1721:
750:"Acquisition of Proviral DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus in thymic leukemi cells from GR mice"
2488:
2116:
2020:
2005:
1889:
1787:
1555:
1541:
1397:
1354:
1324:
1295:
1250:
1215:
1170:
1118:
1063:
1028:
961:
926:
877:
833:
781:
722:
662:
614:
565:
524:
443:
1938:
1387:
1346:
1316:
1285:
1275:
1240:
1228:
1205:
1195:
1160:
1152:
1108:
1098:
1085:
Bhadra, Sanchita; Lozano, Mary M.; Payne, Shelley M.; Dudley, Jaquelin P. (1 January 2006).
1055:
1018:
1008:
987:
Franci, C; Zhou, J; Jiang, Z; Modrusan, Z; Good, Z; Jackson, E; Kouros-Mehr, Hosein (2013).
953:
916:
908:
867:
823:
815:
771:
763:
714:
697:
652:
604:
596:
555:
514:
506:
435:
1139:
Courreges, M. C.; Burzyn, D.; Nepomnaschy, I.; Piazzon, I.; Ross, S. R. (31 January 2007).
315:
gene which is present in the provirus is responsible for the production of a superantigen.
1982:
1909:
1848:
1798:
1482:
1449:
641:"B and T cells are required for mouse mammary tumor virus spread within the mammary gland"
338:
that regulate normal mammary development and lactation, response has been demonstrated to
279:
106:
94:
82:
1184:"Transcription profile of a human breast cancer cell line expressing MMTV-like sequences"
1087:"Endogenous MMTV Proviruses Induce Susceptibility to Both Viral and Bacterial Pathogens"
1004:
710:
431:
255:; however, it has recently been established, that MMTV encodes an extra self-regulatory
2150:
2139:
1823:
1612:
1471:
1307:
Lawson, JS; Günzburg, WH; Whitaker, NJ (June 2006). "Viruses and human breast cancer".
1290:
1263:
1210:
1183:
1165:
1140:
1113:
1086:
1023:
988:
519:
510:
494:
375:
347:
191:
142:
921:
896:
828:
803:
776:
749:
609:
584:
2562:
1710:
1623:
1460:
957:
819:
474:
393:
275:
1366:
973:
674:
600:
455:
2493:
2314:
2196:
1928:
1601:
734:
271:
118:
1245:
767:
640:
311:
is able to further activate the expression of the viral genome. The expression of
1141:"Critical Role of Dendritic Cells in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus In Vivo Infection"
1103:
1013:
624:
amplifies the number of virus-infected cells and potential target bystander cells
2473:
2351:
2226:
1658:
1634:
872:
855:
657:
560:
543:
439:
267:
protein, and is therefore the first complex murine retrovirus to be documented.
237:
2464:
2409:
2331:
2161:
1955:
1776:
252:
251:
The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has formerly been classified as a simple
229:
174:
130:
912:
544:"A novel, mouse mammary tumor virus encoded protein with Rev-like properties"
2263:
1686:
1320:
355:
351:
343:
70:
1401:
1392:
1375:
1358:
1328:
1299:
1280:
1254:
1219:
1174:
1122:
1067:
1059:
1032:
881:
837:
726:
569:
528:
447:
259:
export protein, Rem, with resemblance to the human immunodeficiency virus (
232:. The viruses become transported through the gastrointestinal tract to the
1264:"Rapid spread of mouse mammary tumor virus in cultured human breast cells"
1200:
965:
930:
785:
666:
618:
493:
Mertz, JA; Simper, MS; Lozano, MM; Payne, SM; Dudley, JP (December 2005).
2458:
1156:
308:
299:
295:
225:
2519:
718:
243:
1350:
339:
335:
270:
MMTV codes for the retroviral structural genes and additionally for a
2404:
283:
200:
2435:
17:
220:
Several mouse strains carry the virus endogenously, but it is also
1440:
242:
57:
294:
into DNA. This DNA intermediate state of the virus is called the
2414:
895:
Ham, J.; Thomson, A.; Needham, M.; Webb, P.; Parker, M. (1988).
256:
178:
2506:
2439:
1413:
1964:
260:
182:
542:
Indik, S; Gunzburg, WH; Salmons, B; Rouault, F (June 2005).
203:
breast cancer by adoptive nursing, demonstrated in 1936, by
854:
Mant, C; Gillett, C; D'Arrigo, C; Cason, J (Jan 5, 2004).
1374:
Salmons, B; Lawson, JS; Gunzburg, WH (December 2014).
1132:
Oxford
Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog
388:
The MMTV promoter is used in the PyMT model system of
224:
via milk from mother to pup. It is contained as a DNA
385:
close to the human disease is very much looked for.
2448:
2395:
2366:
2349:
2329:
2312:
2295:
2278:
2261:
2244:
2224:
2194:
2159:
2148:
2137:
2100:
2083:
2063:
2046:
2029:
2018:
1953:
1907:
1887:
1846:
1821:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1753:
1736:
1719:
1708:
1684:
1667:
1656:
1632:
1621:
1610:
1599:
1574:
1539:
1522:
1505:
1480:
1469:
1458:
639:Golovkina, TV; Dudley, JP; Ross, SR (Sep 1, 1998).
366:The MMTV promoter in models of human breast cancer
802:Reuss, F. U.; Coffin, J. M. (1 September 2000).
1229:"Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Infects Human Cells"
634:
632:
1945:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
330:Hormonal responsiveness of integrated MMTV DNA
1425:
334:Endogenous MMTV reacts to the whole range of
278:with a certain type of V beta chain in their
8:
690:
688:
849:
847:
797:
795:
2436:
2156:
2145:
2026:
1793:
1782:
1716:
1664:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1477:
1466:
1432:
1418:
1410:
29:
1391:
1289:
1279:
1244:
1209:
1199:
1164:
1112:
1102:
1022:
1012:
920:
871:
827:
775:
656:
608:
559:
518:
390:mouse models of breast cancer metastasis
410:
383:animal model system for breast cancer
7:
2001:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
946:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
321:Alternatively, pups can be infected
2420:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
1899:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
583:Reuss, FU; Coffin, JM (July 1998).
1644:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
511:10.1128/JVI.79.23.14737-14747.2005
25:
1696:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
236:where they infect the new host's
1967:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
820:10.1128/JVI.74.17.8183-8187.2000
44:
1971:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
1566:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
1551:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
601:10.1128/JVI.72.7.6073-6082.1998
478:. 18 March 1946. Archived from
2341:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
1989:Equine infectious anemia virus
228:integrated in the DNA of milk
1:
2425:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
2216:Strawberry vein banding virus
1995:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
1977:Feline immunodeficiency virus
1924:Abelson murine leukemia virus
1246:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2609
768:10.1128/JVI.43.3.819-829.1982
195:. MMTV was formerly known as
2181:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
1808:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
1188:Infectious Agents and Cancer
1104:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020128
1014:10.1371/journal.pone.0058183
958:10.1016/0303-7207(89)90109-3
2206:Carnation etched ring virus
1873:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
1838:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
1380:Journal of General Virology
1227:Indik, S. (1 August 2005).
873:10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.027
658:10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2375
561:10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.040
440:10.1126/science.84.2172.162
282:, which in turn stimulates
2595:
1858:Human T-lymphotropic virus
398:
189:. It belongs to the genus
2480:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2450:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2236:Cassava vein mosaic virus
2176:Cacao swollen shoot virus
1833:Mouse mammary tumor virus
1561:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
167:Mouse mammary tumor virus
157:Mouse mammary tumor virus
39:
34:Mouse mammary tumor virus
32:
2211:Cauliflower mosaic virus
470:"Medicine: Cancer Virus"
379:hormone response element
240:, and then lymphocytes.
216:Infection and life cycle
173:) is a milk-transmitted
1497:Heron hepatitis B virus
1321:10.2217/17460913.1.1.33
2186:Rubus yellow net virus
2171:Banana streak MY virus
1492:Duck hepatitis B virus
1393:10.1099/vir.0.070631-0
1281:10.1186/1742-4690-4-73
1060:10.1038/sj.onc.1203272
913:10.1093/nar/16.12.5263
901:Nucleic Acids Research
248:
222:transmitted vertically
2579:Animal viral diseases
1934:Feline leukemia virus
1919:Murine leukemia virus
1879:Bovine leukemia virus
1201:10.1186/1750-9378-1-7
645:Journal of Immunology
482:on February 19, 2011.
399:Further information:
374:) of MMTV contains a
292:reverse transcriptase
246:
207:while working at the
1445:Reverse transcribing
1157:10.1128/JVI.02728-06
401:Human betaretrovirus
372:long terminal repeat
41:Virus classification
1508:Herpetohepadnavirus
1309:Future Microbiology
1145:Journal of Virology
1005:2013PLoSO...858183F
808:Journal of Virology
755:Journal of Virology
719:10.1038/nature05540
711:2007Natur.445..927O
589:Journal of Virology
499:Journal of Virology
432:1936Sci....84..162B
205:John Joseph Bittner
2112:Simian foamy virus
2086:Prosimiispumavirus
2075:Feline foamy virus
1813:Rous sarcoma virus
1351:10.1002/cncr.20436
274:. This stimulates
249:
209:Jackson Laboratory
2556:
2555:
2442:Taxon identifiers
2433:
2432:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2117:Human foamy virus
2021:Spumaretrovirinae
2014:
2013:
2006:Visna-maedi virus
1890:Epsilonretrovirus
1788:Orthoretrovirinae
1770:
1769:
1704:
1703:
1652:
1651:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1556:Hepatitis B virus
1542:Orthohepadnavirus
705:(7130): 927–930.
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
2586:
2569:Betaretroviruses
2549:
2548:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2522:
2510:
2509:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2437:
2157:
2146:
2140:dsDNA-RT viruses
2027:
1939:Koala retrovirus
1794:
1783:
1717:
1665:
1630:
1619:
1613:ssRNA-RT viruses
1608:
1577:Parahepadnavirus
1525:Metahepadnavirus
1478:
1467:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1332:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1258:
1248:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1178:
1168:
1135:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1072:
1071:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1016:
984:
978:
977:
941:
935:
934:
924:
892:
886:
885:
875:
851:
842:
841:
831:
799:
790:
789:
779:
745:
739:
738:
692:
683:
682:
660:
636:
627:
626:
612:
580:
574:
573:
563:
539:
533:
532:
522:
505:(23): 14737–47.
490:
484:
483:
466:
460:
459:
415:
49:
48:
30:
27:Species of virus
21:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2574:Rodent diseases
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2444:
2434:
2429:
2379:
2362:
2345:
2325:
2308:
2291:
2274:
2257:
2240:
2220:
2190:
2121:
2103:Simiispumavirus
2096:
2079:
2059:
2042:
2010:
1983:Puma lentivirus
1949:
1910:Gammaretrovirus
1903:
1883:
1849:Deltaretrovirus
1842:
1817:
1799:Alpharetrovirus
1766:
1749:
1732:
1700:
1680:
1648:
1587:
1570:
1535:
1518:
1501:
1483:Avihepadnavirus
1454:
1450:Revtraviricetes
1438:
1408:
1386:(12): 2589–93.
1373:
1335:
1306:
1261:
1233:Cancer Research
1226:
1181:
1138:
1129:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1045:
1044:
1040:
986:
985:
981:
943:
942:
938:
907:(12): 5263–76.
894:
893:
889:
853:
852:
845:
801:
800:
793:
747:
746:
742:
694:
693:
686:
638:
637:
630:
582:
581:
577:
541:
540:
536:
492:
491:
487:
468:
467:
463:
417:
416:
412:
408:
403:
368:
348:glucocorticoids
332:
280:T cell receptor
247:MMTV genome map
234:Peyer's patches
218:
160:
108:Revtraviricetes
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2470:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2154:
2151:Caulimoviridae
2143:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2066:Felispumavirus
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:Equispumavirus
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:Bovispumavirus
2024:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1901:
1895:
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1876:
1870:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1824:Betaretrovirus
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1768:
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1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1472:Hepadnaviridae
1464:
1456:
1455:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1371:
1333:
1304:
1259:
1239:(15): 6651–9.
1224:
1179:
1151:(8): 3769–77.
1136:
1127:
1091:PLOS Pathogens
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1054:(8): 1038–44.
1038:
979:
936:
887:
866:(1): 393–404.
843:
814:(17): 8183–7.
791:
762:(3): 819–829.
740:
684:
651:(5): 2375–82.
628:
595:(7): 6073–82.
575:
534:
485:
461:
409:
407:
404:
376:glucocorticoid
367:
364:
354:), as well as
331:
328:
217:
214:
192:Betaretrovirus
162:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
144:Betaretrovirus
140:
136:
135:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
104:
100:
99:
96:Artverviricota
92:
88:
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80:
76:
75:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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2:
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2508:
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2169:
2168:
2166:
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2163:
2158:
2155:
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2152:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
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2062:
2056:
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2045:
2039:
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2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
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1952:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
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1932:
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1927:
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1711:Pseudoviridae
1707:
1697:
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1691:
1689:
1688:
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1655:
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1625:
1624:Belpaoviridae
1620:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1578:
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1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1461:Blubervirales
1457:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1399:
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1368:
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1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Retrovirology
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:. p. 79.
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:(3): e58183.
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
937:
932:
928:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
874:
869:
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861:
857:
850:
848:
844:
839:
835:
830:
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821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
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792:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
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741:
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728:
724:
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654:
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629:
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475:TIME magazine
471:
465:
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457:
453:
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445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:(2172): 162.
425:
421:
414:
411:
405:
402:
397:
395:
394:polyoma virus
391:
386:
384:
380:
377:
373:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
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329:
327:
324:
319:
316:
314:
310:
304:
301:
297:
293:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:T lymphocytes
273:
268:
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258:
254:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Bittner virus
194:
193:
188:
185:viruses, and
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
158:
153:
150:
149:
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145:
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138:
137:
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117:
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113:
110:
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105:
102:
101:
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86:
85:
81:
78:
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73:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
35:
31:
19:
2449:
2369:Vaccinivirus
2367:
2350:
2330:
2315:Solendovirus
2313:
2298:Ruflodivirus
2296:
2281:Rosadnavirus
2279:
2262:
2245:
2225:
2197:Caulimovirus
2195:
2160:
2149:
2101:
2084:
2064:
2047:
2030:
2019:
1954:
1929:Friend virus
1908:
1888:
1847:
1832:
1822:
1797:
1786:
1777:Retroviridae
1775:
1754:
1737:
1720:
1709:
1685:
1670:Errantivirus
1668:
1657:
1633:
1622:
1602:Ortervirales
1600:
1575:
1540:
1523:
1506:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1448:
1383:
1379:
1345:(4): 721–6.
1342:
1338:
1315:(1): 33–51.
1312:
1308:
1271:
1267:
1236:
1232:
1191:
1187:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1097:(12): e128.
1094:
1090:
1051:
1047:
1041:
996:
992:
982:
952:(1): 23–29.
949:
945:
939:
904:
900:
890:
863:
859:
811:
807:
759:
753:
743:
702:
696:
678:
648:
644:
622:
592:
588:
578:
551:
547:
537:
502:
498:
488:
480:the original
473:
464:
423:
419:
413:
387:
369:
360:
333:
320:
317:
312:
305:
289:
272:superantigen
269:
250:
219:
196:
190:
170:
166:
165:
156:
155:
143:
132:Retroviridae
131:
120:Ortervirales
119:
107:
95:
84:Pararnavirae
83:
71:
64:
54:(unranked):
33:
2474:Wikispecies
2352:Tungrovirus
2247:Dioscovirus
2227:Cavemovirus
1875:(types 1-4)
1739:Pseudovirus
1659:Metaviridae
1635:Semotivirus
238:macrophages
230:lymphocytes
2563:Categories
2397:Endogenous
2332:Soymovirus
2162:Badnavirus
1956:Lentivirus
1078:References
554:(1): 1–6.
352:progestins
342:hormones (
323:vertically
253:retrovirus
175:retrovirus
2264:Petuvirus
1756:Sirevirus
1722:Hemivirus
1687:Metavirus
1447:viruses (
1274:(1): 73.
370:The LTR (
356:prolactin
344:androgens
181:viruses,
177:like the
151:Species:
79:Kingdom:
72:Riboviria
2533:11460295
2520:10243224
2465:Q1775519
2459:Wikidata
1402:25217613
1367:42247400
1359:15305401
1329:17661684
1300:17931409
1255:16061645
1220:17173685
1194:(1): 7.
1175:17267484
1123:17140288
1068:10713687
1048:Oncogene
1033:23520493
993:PLOS ONE
974:40515926
882:14972564
860:Virology
838:10933730
727:17259974
675:26055839
570:15914215
548:Virology
529:16282474
456:31163817
448:17793252
336:hormones
309:Estrogen
300:oncogene
296:provirus
226:provirus
127:Family:
91:Phylum:
1869:, 3, 4)
1291:2169256
1211:1764410
1166:1866091
1114:1665650
1024:3592916
1001:Bibcode
966:2545485
931:2838812
786:6292463
735:4316435
707:Bibcode
667:9725233
619:9621071
520:1287593
428:Bibcode
420:Science
340:steroid
139:Genus:
115:Order:
103:Class:
2507:540039
2410:ERVWE1
2405:ERV-Fc
1991:(EIAV)
1941:(KoRV)
1867:HTLV-2
1862:HTLV-1
1400:
1365:
1357:
1339:Cancer
1327:
1298:
1288:
1253:
1218:
1208:
1173:
1163:
1121:
1111:
1066:
1031:
1021:
972:
964:
929:
922:336766
919:
880:
836:
829:112353
826:
784:
777:256192
774:
733:
725:
698:Nature
673:
665:
617:
610:110413
607:
568:
527:
517:
454:
446:
284:B cell
201:murine
2546:11757
2528:IRMNG
2494:44GRB
1997:(BIV)
1985:(PLV)
1979:(FIV)
1973:(SIV)
1441:Virus
1363:S2CID
970:S2CID
731:S2CID
671:S2CID
452:S2CID
406:Notes
65:Realm
58:Virus
2541:NCBI
2515:GBIF
2415:HCP5
1398:PMID
1355:PMID
1325:PMID
1296:PMID
1251:PMID
1216:PMID
1171:PMID
1119:PMID
1064:PMID
1029:PMID
962:PMID
927:PMID
878:PMID
834:PMID
782:PMID
723:PMID
663:PMID
615:PMID
566:PMID
525:PMID
444:PMID
350:and
257:mRNA
171:MMTV
18:MMTV
2502:EoL
2489:CoL
1965:HIV
1388:doi
1347:doi
1343:101
1317:doi
1286:PMC
1276:doi
1241:doi
1206:PMC
1196:doi
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1109:PMC
1099:doi
1056:doi
1019:PMC
1009:doi
954:doi
917:PMC
909:doi
868:doi
864:318
824:PMC
816:doi
772:PMC
764:doi
715:doi
703:445
653:doi
649:161
605:PMC
597:doi
556:doi
552:337
515:PMC
507:doi
436:doi
313:sag
265:Rev
261:HIV
187:BLV
179:HTL
2565::
2543::
2530::
2517::
2504::
2491::
2476::
2461::
1443::
1396:.
1384:95
1382:.
1378:.
1361:.
1353:.
1341:.
1323:.
1311:.
1294:.
1284:.
1270:.
1266:.
1249:.
1237:65
1235:.
1231:.
1214:.
1204:.
1190:.
1186:.
1169:.
1159:.
1149:81
1147:.
1143:.
1117:.
1107:.
1093:.
1089:.
1062:.
1052:19
1050:.
1027:.
1017:.
1007:.
995:.
991:.
968:.
960:.
950:62
948:.
925:.
915:.
905:16
903:.
899:.
876:.
862:.
858:.
846:^
832:.
822:.
812:74
810:.
806:.
794:^
780:.
770:.
760:43
758:.
752:.
729:.
721:.
713:.
701:.
687:^
677:.
669:.
661:.
647:.
643:.
631:^
621:.
613:.
603:.
593:72
591:.
587:.
564:.
550:.
546:.
523:.
513:.
503:79
501:.
497:.
472:.
450:.
442:.
434:.
424:84
422:.
358:.
346:,
263:)
183:HI
67::
2142:)
2138:(
1860:(
1615:)
1611:(
1453:)
1433:e
1426:t
1419:v
1404:.
1390::
1369:.
1349::
1331:.
1319::
1313:1
1302:.
1278::
1272:4
1257:.
1243::
1222:.
1198::
1192:1
1177:.
1155::
1125:.
1101::
1095:2
1070:.
1058::
1035:.
1011::
1003::
997:8
976:.
956::
933:.
911::
884:.
870::
840:.
818::
788:.
766::
737:.
717::
709::
655::
599::
572:.
558::
531:.
509::
458:.
438::
430::
169:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
