627:
animal models. Plasmid DNA vaccines elicit potent and protective immune responses in numerous small-animal models of infectious diseases. However, their immunogenicity in primates appears less potent. In the past two decades a large initiative has been put forth to understand the biological and pathogenic properties of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1); this has ultimately led to the development of various experimental vaccination and therapeutic strategies to combat HTLV-1 infection. These strategies include the development of envelope glycoprotein derived B-cell
42:
350:
69:
315:
1638:
286:. Within each species of PTLV, the HTLV is more similar to its cognate STLV than to the other HTLVs. There are currently three species of PTLVs recognized by the ICTV (P/H/STLV-1, -2, -3), plus two that are reported but unrecognized (HTLV-4, STLV-5). The first known, and still most medically important PTLV is HTLV-1, discovered in 1980.
626:
While there is no present licensed vaccine, there are many factors which make a vaccine against HTLV-1 feasible. The virus displays relatively low antigenic variability, natural immunity does occur in humans, and experimental vaccination using envelope antigens has been shown to be successful in
482:
HTLV-1 has seven reported subtypes (subtypes A through G). The great majority of infections are caused by the cosmopolitan subtype A. The HTLV-I/STLV-I history might suggest a simian migration from Asia to Africa not much earlier than 19,500–60,000 years ago.
1986:
Roucoux, Diana F.; Wang, Baoguang; Smith, Donna; Nass, Catharie C.; Smith, James; Hutching, Sheila T.; Newman, Bruce; Lee, Tzong-Hae; et al. (2005). "A Prospective Study of Sexual
Transmission of Human T Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)-I and HTLV-II".
2167:"Neutralizing antibodies against human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) eradicate HTLV-1 in combination with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity while preventing new infection"
2072:
Coovadia HM, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Little K, Coutsoudis A, Bennish ML, Newell ML (2007). "Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection during exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life: an intervention cohort study".
530:
HTLV-4 was discovered at the same site as HTLV-3 in 2005. Even less is known about this virus, as no simian counterpart has ever been found As of 2011. ICTV does not recognize it as a species. The sequence is, however, available.
2309:
Toyama, M; Hamasaki, T; Uto, T; Aoyama, H; Okamoto, M; Hashmoto, Y; Baba, M (2012). "Synergistic inhibition of HTLV-1-infected cell proliferation by combination of cepharanthine and a tetramethylnaphthalene derivative".
635:
T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the HTLV-1 Tax antigen. A vaccine candidate that can elicit or boost anti-gp46 neutralizing antibody response may have a potential for prevention and therapy against HTLV-1 infection.
521:
PTLV-3 is about 40% different from PTLV-1 and -2. It occasionally cross-reacts with HTLV-2 tests. It is not yet known how much further transmission has occurred among humans, or whether the virus can cause disease.
1507:
Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC (November 1982). "A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia".
497:
Discovered in 1982, HTLV-2 has not yet been conclusively linked to any disease. It generally causes no symptoms. It might impact the platelet count, contribute to chronic lung infections, or lead to future
1944:
Rodriguez, Evelyn M.; de Moya, E. Antonio; Guerrero, Ernesto; Monterroso, Edgar R.; Quinn, Thomas C.; Puello, Elizardo; de Quiñones, Margarita Rosado; Thorington, Bruce; et al. (1993).
744:"Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus, types I and II. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Public Health Service Working Group"
1965:
361:, PTLV shares the common gag-pro-pol-env set of genes, yet shows great complexity in the unique 3' end. These new proteins provide a great source of new adaptive function:
445:. A large Canadian study documented this confusion among healthcare workers, where >90% of HTLV tests ordered by physicians were actually intended to be HIV tests.
3041:
369:. In a HTLV-1 infection, it is the first protein to be expressed, and in turn is responsible for the expression of the provirus at the LTR during the early phase.
3611:
3570:
1192:
Siemieniuk, Reed; Fonseca, Kevin; Gill M. John (November 2012). "Using Root Cause
Analysis and Form Redesign to Reduce Incorrect Ordering of HIV Tests".
409:). The virion is spherical to pleomorphic, about 80-100 nm in diameter. Unusually, the single-stranded RNA genome is present in two copies, forming a
655:, an alkaloid from stephania cepharantha hayata; and phosphonated carbocyclic 2'-oxa-3'aza nucleosides (PCOANs). A newer formulation of TDF, called
383:, and is known to be enhance HLTV-1 replication and oncogenicity. It is encoded in the opposite ("antisense") direction compared to all other ORFs.
1822:
579:
is the more clinically significant of the two: at least 500,000 of the individuals infected with HTLV-1 eventually develop an often rapidly fatal
2528:
573:
Two HTLVs are well established. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are both involved in actively spreading epidemics, affecting 15–20 million people worldwide.
2209:
1764:
1945:
1111:"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Gag domains have distinct RNA-binding specificities with implications for RNA packaging and dimerization"
2237:
876:"Viral Proteins Originated De Novo by Overprinting Can Be Identified by Codon Usage: Application to the "Gene Nursery" of Deltaretroviruses"
3097:
1788:
Calattini, Sara; Betsem, Edouard; Bassot, Sylviane; Chevalier, SéBastien Alain; Mahieux, Renaud; Froment, Alain; Gessain, Antoine (2009).
3516:
2995:
2260:"Antiretroviral activity of 5-azacytidine during treatment of a HTLV-1 positive myelodysplastic syndrome with autoimmune manifestations"
1335:
Miura, Michi; Tanabe, Junko; Sugata, Kenji; Zhao, Tiejun; Ma, Guangyong; Miyazato, Paola; Yasunaga, Jun-Ichiro; Matsuoka, Masao (2014).
1229:"Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma"
279:. On the other hand, newer PTLVs are simply placed into the group by similarity and their connection to human disease remains unclear.
2740:
2792:
763:
329:
1895:
Chevalier, S. A.; Ko, N. L.; Calattini, S.; Mallet, A.; Prevost, M.-C.; Kehn, K.; Brady, J. N.; Kashanchi, F.; et al. (2008).
2662:
2647:
2339:"Susceptibility of Primary HTLV-1 Isolates from Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors"
3644:
3437:
1468:"Tempo and mode of human and simian T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV/STLV) evolution revealed by analyses of full-genome sequences"
554:
518:
to hunters of monkeys through bites and scratches. Multiple strains have been identified. A strain has been fully sequenced.
472:
264:
201:
194:
1378:
Verdonck, Kristien; González, Elsa; Van Dooren, Sonia; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke; Vanham, Guido; Gotuzzo, Eduardo (April 2007).
784:
Verdonck, Kristien; González, Elsa; Van Dooren, Sonia; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke; Vanham, Guido; Gotuzzo, Eduardo (April 2007).
68:
3521:
3312:
3091:
3073:
3067:
3020:
3277:
2963:
2958:
2904:
492:
464:
276:
51:
1109:
Wu, W; Hatterschide, J; Syu, YC; Cantara, WA; Blower, RJ; Hanson, HM; Mansky, LM; Musier-Forsyth, K (19 October 2018).
3302:
2969:
2934:
1790:"New Strain of Human T Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type 3 in a Pygmy from Cameroon with Peculiar HTLV Serologic Results"
600:
1848:"Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3: Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Characterization of the Human Tax3 Protein"
1627:. US Department of Health and Human Services | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program
1624:
208:
3639:
2954:
2521:
2491:
2475:
2051:
2026:
223:
3616:
3575:
2459:
2443:
2427:
1704:
Mahieux, R.; Gessain, Antoine (2009). "The human HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 retroviruses: New members of the HTLV family".
215:
3332:
3272:
2929:
2657:
499:
283:
825:"Deltaretroviruses have circulated since at least the Paleogene and infected a broad range of mammalian species"
475:. Between 1 in 20 and 1 in 25 infected people are thought to develop cancer as a result of the virus. STLV-1 is
3307:
3085:
2420:
2410:
1179:
1163:
1159:
2258:
Diamantopoulos PT, Michael M, Benopoulou O, Bazanis E, Tzeletas G, Meletis J, Vayopoulos G, Viniou NA (2012).
1175:
2593:
3538:
3282:
3267:
2588:
1897:"Construction and Characterization of a Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 Infectious Molecular Clone"
380:
2604:
3493:
3182:
3030:
3015:
2975:
2541:
2514:
2506:
2416:
2406:
656:
297:
272:
2337:
MacChi, B.; Balestrieri, E.; Ascolani, A.; Hilburn, S.; Martin, F.; Mastino, A.; Taylor, G. P. (2011).
1846:
Calattini, S.; Chevalier, S. A.; Duprez, R.; Afonso, P.; Froment, A.; Gessain, A.; Mahieux, R. (2006).
1789:
301:, an economically-important cattle pathogen. As its name suggests, this virus causes leukemia in cows.
2673:
2621:
3199:
1517:
1417:
Gonçalves DU, Proietti FA, Ribas JG, Araújo MG, Pinheiro SR, Guedes AC, Carneiro-Proietti AB (2010).
1240:
887:
648:
391:
3162:
3145:
3128:
2835:
2166:
1740:
1419:"Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases"
3465:
3394:
3377:
2766:
1577:"Long-term increases in lymphocytes and platelets in human T-lymphotropic virus type II infection"
1551:
991:"Overview on HTLV-1 p12, p8, p30, p13: accomplices in persistent infection and viral pathogenesis"
41:
3343:
3208:
3171:
2909:
2233:
2201:
2098:
1379:
785:
63:
2852:
2818:
357:
HTLV-1 is the prototypical PTLV, from which comparisons are drawn for the newly-known types. A
349:
3213:
3117:
3102:
2986:
2884:
2652:
2638:
2370:
2319:
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2004:
1957:
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1317:
1268:
1209:
1142:
1073:
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971:
915:
856:
805:
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725:
631:
for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, as well as a strategy to generate a multivalent
558:
468:
410:
165:
3035:
2360:
2350:
2281:
2271:
2191:
2181:
2129:
2082:
1996:
1916:
1908:
1867:
1859:
1804:
1713:
1676:
1668:
1596:
1588:
1525:
1479:
1438:
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1391:
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1348:
1307:
1299:
1258:
1248:
1201:
1132:
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1063:
1053:
1012:
1002:
961:
951:
905:
895:
846:
836:
797:
715:
705:
541:
256:
694:"HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects"
463:
and colleagues in 1980, HTLV-1 has been implicated in several kinds of diseases, including
3079:
3006:
2945:
2895:
2579:
2546:
2023:"Die Vorteile eines GPS-Tracking-Halsbandes für Hunde - HTLV1 Hunde GPS Tracker Vergleich"
1484:
1467:
291:
177:
129:
117:
105:
743:
1521:
1244:
891:
328:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3247:
3236:
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1921:
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1312:
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990:
966:
939:
910:
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851:
824:
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693:
604:
562:
2086:
1395:
1263:
1228:
1205:
801:
3633:
2807:
2720:
2557:
2134:
2117:
1642:
652:
640:
1946:"HIV-1 and HTLV-I in sexually transmitted disease clinics in the Dominican Republic"
1303:
647:, an anti-metabolite, which has been credited with the cure of a patient in Greece;
643:, a vitamin B-1 derivative, which has been shown to reduce viral load and symptoms;
3411:
3293:
3025:
2698:
2205:
2102:
460:
405:
and a host of other molecules), and ending with lysis of the cell (in this case, a
141:
1717:
1592:
900:
3448:
3323:
2755:
2731:
2186:
1353:
644:
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841:
592:
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358:
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244:
153:
2143:
1127:
1040:
Ghez, D; Lepelletier, Y; Jones, KS; Pique, C; Hermine, O (29 November 2010).
1007:
956:
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2783:
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1529:
1253:
632:
476:
93:
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2323:
2295:
2094:
2008:
1930:
1881:
1818:
1760:
1725:
1690:
1610:
1493:
1452:
1403:
1380:"Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection"
1321:
1213:
1146:
1077:
1058:
1026:
975:
919:
860:
809:
786:"Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection"
729:
459:
PTLV-1 is the medically most important species in the class. Discovered by
314:
2276:
2151:
1961:
1537:
1272:
940:"HTLV-1 Rex: the courier of viral messages making use of the host vehicle"
759:
3596:
3555:
1912:
1863:
1434:
628:
580:
539:
STLV-5 is a name used for a highly divergent PTLV-1 strain isolated from
511:
376:. As it gets expressed, Rex binds mRNA to control the extent of splicing.
2047:
2022:
874:
Pavesi, Angelo; Magiorkinis, Gkikas; Karlin, David G. (15 August 2013).
401:(Env) surface subunit (SU) binding to a cellular receptor (in this case
386:
p12, p8, p30, p13 are the newest class of proteins only found in HTLV-1.
2122:
Journal of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology
1227:
Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980).
588:
353:
3501:
2355:
710:
515:
454:
379:
HBZ is the first novel protein, only common among PLTV. It encodes a
268:
3532:
1575:
Bartman MT, Kaidarova Z, Hirschkorn D, et al. (November 2008).
17:
2000:
1809:
1655:
Mirvish, Ezra D.; Pomerantz, Rebecca G.; Geskin, Larisa J. (2011).
2537:
1091:
442:
402:
348:
80:
1641:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1337:"STLV-1-infected Japanese macaque as a model of HTLV-1 infection"
3511:
434:
3536:
2510:
425:
The use of "HTLV-3" can cause some confusion, because the name
3061:
2118:"An HTLV-I/II vaccine: from animal models to clinical trials?"
430:
308:
56:
2165:
Tanaka Y, Takahashi Y, Kodama A, Tanaka R, Saito M (2014).
599:
is associated with milder neurologic disorders and chronic
1194:
The Joint
Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety
659:(TAF), also has promise as a treatment with less toxicity.
607:
rates among volunteer blood donors average 0.016 percent.
397:
The lifecycle is common to retroviruses, starting at the
390:
HTLV-1 has three tandem imperfect 21-base repeats as the
2048:"Grundlagen der Druckluft Drehdurchführungen – htlv1.eu"
1042:"Current concepts regarding the HTLV-1 receptor complex"
2234:"Nervous System Disease: A New Outlet for an Old Drug?"
651:(TDF), a reverse-transcriptase inhibitor used for HIV;
251:
to reproduce. The ones that infect humans are known as
437:
literature, but has since fallen out of use. The name
823:
Hron, T; Elleder, D; Gifford, RJ (27 November 2019).
1743:[New human retroviruses: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4]
610:
No specific illnesses have yet been associated with
326:
about more on the fresh new genes, like Tax and Rex.
295:. The only other recognized species in the genus is
263:(STLVs). PTLVs are named for their ability to cause
3586:
3545:
3492:
3463:
3446:
3426:
3409:
3392:
3375:
3358:
3341:
3321:
3291:
3256:
3245:
3234:
3197:
3180:
3160:
3143:
3126:
3115:
3050:
3004:
2984:
2943:
2918:
2893:
2882:
2871:
2850:
2833:
2816:
2805:
2781:
2764:
2753:
2729:
2718:
2707:
2696:
2671:
2636:
2619:
2602:
2577:
2566:
2555:
185:
62:
34:
2401:
1741:"Les nouveaux rétrovirus humains HTLV-3 et HTLV-4"
1657:"Infectious agents in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma"
1466:Salemi M, Desmyter J, Vandamme AM (March 2000).
1950:Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
1556:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
3042:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
1661:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
933:
931:
929:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
2522:
561:or sharing needles when using drugs) and via
514:, and were, it is presumed, transmitted from
8:
1092:"Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1 ~ ViralZone"
583:, while others will develop a debilitative
3533:
3253:
3242:
3123:
2890:
2879:
2813:
2761:
2726:
2715:
2704:
2574:
2563:
2529:
2515:
2507:
502:(CTCL), among a host of other proposals.
365:Tax, the transactivator, is common to all
40:
31:
2419:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2409:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
2364:
2354:
2285:
2275:
2195:
2185:
2133:
1920:
1871:
1808:
1680:
1600:
1483:
1442:
1362:
1352:
1311:
1262:
1252:
1178:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1162:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1136:
1126:
1067:
1057:
1016:
1006:
965:
955:
909:
899:
850:
840:
719:
709:
2402:International Retrovirology Association
667:
510:HTLV-3 was discovered in 2005 in rural
1485:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026317
557:, by blood to blood contact (e.g. by
553:HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can be transmitted
7:
3098:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
1625:"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 2"
692:Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (July 2011).
595:, or another inflammatory disorder.
3517:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
2996:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
1160:Human+T-Lymphotropic+Virus+Type+III
1115:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
413:speficially packed by parts of the
2741:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
2494:Untyped Human T-lymphotropic virus
1989:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1797:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1176:Human+T+Lymphotropic+Virus+Type+IV
247:that infect primates, using their
27:Informal grouping of virus species
25:
2793:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
603:. In the United States, HTLV-1/2
587:, and yet others will experience
394:, but other PTLVs only have two.
372:Rex is also common to all extant
282:HTLVs have evolved from STLVs by
255:(HTLV), and the ones that infect
3064:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
2392:human T-cell lymphotrophic virus
2135:10.1097/00042560-199600001-00029
2116:de Thé, G.; Kazanji, M. (1996).
1636:
1286:WELSH, JAMES S. (January 2011).
313:
67:
3068:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
2663:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
2648:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
2240:from the original on 2018-01-18
2215:from the original on 2015-09-10
2054:from the original on 2015-11-20
2029:from the original on 2015-11-02
1968:from the original on 2012-10-06
1828:from the original on 2019-09-01
1770:from the original on 2011-07-15
1739:Mahieux, R; Gessain, A (2005).
1472:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1304:10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0301
938:Nakano, K; Watanabe, T (2012).
766:from the original on 2017-08-29
441:has also been used to describe
3438:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
3086:Equine infectious anemia virus
1384:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
790:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
473:adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
265:adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
237:primate T-lymphotropic viruses
209:Primate T-lymphotropic virus 3
202:Primate T-lymphotropic virus 2
195:Primate T-lymphotropic virus 1
1:
3522:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
3313:Strawberry vein banding virus
3092:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
3074:Feline immunodeficiency virus
3021:Abelson murine leukemia virus
2087:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60283-9
1396:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6
1206:10.1016/S1553-7250(12)38067-7
802:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70081-6
639:Potential treatments include
261:simian T-lymphotropic viruses
224:Simian T-lymphotropic virus 5
35:Primate T-lymphotropic virus
3588:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
3547:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
3278:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
2905:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
2478:Human T-lymphotropic virus 4
2462:Human T-lymphotropic virus 3
2446:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
2430:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
2417:Human+T-lymphotropic+virus+2
2407:Human+T-lymphotropic+virus+1
1718:10.1016/j.patbio.2008.02.015
1593:10.1182/blood-2008-05-155960
1233:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
901:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003162
493:Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
465:tropical spastic paraparesis
277:tropical spastic paraparesis
216:Human T-lymphotropic virus 4
52:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
3303:Carnation etched ring virus
2970:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
2935:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
2187:10.1186/1742-4690-11-s1-o39
1354:10.1186/1742-4690-11-S1-O12
421:Nomenclatural clarification
3661:
2955:Human T-lymphotropic virus
1673:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.692
989:Bai, XT; Nicot, C (2012).
880:PLOS Computational Biology
622:Vaccination and treatments
490:
452:
289:HTLVs belong to the genus
253:human T-lymphotropic virus
49:a micrograph showing both
3333:Cassava vein mosaic virus
3273:Cacao swollen shoot virus
2930:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2658:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
1552:"HTLV Type I and Type II"
995:Frontiers in Microbiology
944:Frontiers in Microbiology
842:10.1186/s12977-019-0495-9
500:cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
429:was one of the names for
284:interspecies transmission
190:
64:Scientific classification
48:
39:
3308:Cauliflower mosaic virus
2421:Medical Subject Headings
2411:Medical Subject Headings
1180:Medical Subject Headings
1164:Medical Subject Headings
1128:10.1074/jbc.RA118.005531
1008:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00400
957:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00330
2594:Heron hepatitis B virus
1530:10.1126/science.6981847
1254:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7415
3283:Rubus yellow net virus
3268:Banana streak MY virus
2589:Duck hepatitis B virus
1059:10.1186/1742-4690-7-99
479:in Japanese macaques.
354:
324:is missing information
3645:Unaccepted virus taxa
3031:Feline leukemia virus
3016:Murine leukemia virus
2976:Bovine leukemia virus
2500:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2484:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2468:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2452:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2436:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2277:10.1186/1743-422X-9-1
2128:(Suppl 1): S191–198.
657:tenofovir alafenamide
399:envelope glycoprotein
352:
298:Bovine leukemia virus
273:demyelinating disease
267:, but in the case of
2542:Reverse transcribing
1913:10.1128/JVI.00247-08
1864:10.1128/JVI.00799-06
1435:10.1128/CMR.00063-09
1423:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
1096:viralzone.expasy.org
754:(RR-9): 1–13. 1993.
649:tenofovir disoproxil
601:pulmonary infections
392:long terminal repeat
381:basic leucine zipper
271:it can also cause a
2605:Herpetohepadnavirus
2312:Anticancer Research
1901:Journal of Virology
1852:Journal of Virology
1706:Pathologie Biologie
1522:1982Sci...218..571K
1288:"Contagious Cancer"
1245:1980PNAS...77.7415P
1121:(42): 16261–16276.
892:2013PLSCB...9E3162P
3209:Simian foamy virus
3183:Prosimiispumavirus
3172:Feline foamy virus
2910:Rous sarcoma virus
1749:Médecine Tropicale
355:
3640:Deltaretroviruses
3627:
3626:
3539:Taxon identifiers
3530:
3529:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3214:Human foamy virus
3118:Spumaretrovirinae
3111:
3110:
3103:Visna-maedi virus
2987:Epsilonretrovirus
2885:Orthoretrovirinae
2867:
2866:
2801:
2800:
2749:
2748:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2653:Hepatitis B virus
2639:Orthohepadnavirus
2081:(9567): 1107–16.
1587:(10): 3995–4002.
559:blood transfusion
469:virus cancer link
347:
346:
257:Old World monkeys
243:) are a group of
233:
232:
167:Orthoretrovirinae
16:(Redirected from
3652:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3534:
3254:
3243:
3237:dsDNA-RT viruses
3124:
3036:Koala retrovirus
2891:
2880:
2814:
2762:
2727:
2716:
2710:ssRNA-RT viruses
2705:
2674:Parahepadnavirus
2622:Metahepadnavirus
2575:
2564:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2455:
2439:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2356:10.3390/v3050469
2334:
2328:
2327:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2189:
2180:(Suppl 1): O39.
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1746:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1347:(Suppl 1): O12.
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1010:
986:
980:
979:
969:
959:
935:
924:
923:
913:
903:
871:
865:
864:
854:
844:
820:
814:
813:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
740:
734:
733:
723:
713:
711:10.3390/v3071074
689:
542:Macaca arctoides
342:
339:
333:
317:
309:
305:General virology
186:Groups included
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3476:
3459:
3442:
3422:
3405:
3388:
3371:
3354:
3337:
3317:
3287:
3218:
3200:Simiispumavirus
3193:
3176:
3156:
3139:
3107:
3080:Puma lentivirus
3046:
3007:Gammaretrovirus
3000:
2980:
2946:Deltaretrovirus
2939:
2914:
2896:Alpharetrovirus
2863:
2846:
2829:
2797:
2777:
2745:
2684:
2667:
2632:
2615:
2598:
2580:Avihepadnavirus
2551:
2547:Revtraviricetes
2535:
2490:
2474:
2458:
2442:
2426:
2387:
2382:
2349:(12): 469–483.
2336:
2335:
2331:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1907:(13): 6747–52.
1894:
1893:
1889:
1858:(19): 9876–88.
1845:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1516:(4572): 571–3.
1506:
1505:
1501:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1200:(11): 506–512.
1191:
1190:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1039:
1038:
1034:
988:
987:
983:
937:
936:
927:
886:(8): e1003162.
873:
872:
868:
822:
821:
817:
783:
782:
778:
769:
767:
748:MMWR Recomm Rep
742:
741:
737:
691:
690:
669:
665:
624:
571:
551:
537:
528:
508:
495:
489:
457:
451:
423:
374:Deltaretrovirus
367:Deltaretrovirus
343:
337:
334:
327:
318:
307:
292:Deltaretrovirus
179:Deltaretrovirus
131:Revtraviricetes
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3608:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3567:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3251:
3248:Caulimoviridae
3240:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3163:Felispumavirus
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:Equispumavirus
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:Bovispumavirus
3121:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2921:Betaretrovirus
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2888:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2724:
2713:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2569:Hepadnaviridae
2561:
2553:
2552:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2488:
2472:
2456:
2440:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2386:
2385:External links
2383:
2381:
2380:
2329:
2318:(7): 2639–45.
2301:
2250:
2225:
2157:
2108:
2064:
2039:
2014:
2001:10.1086/429410
1978:
1936:
1887:
1838:
1810:10.1086/596206
1780:
1731:
1696:
1667:(2): 423–431.
1647:
1616:
1567:
1543:
1499:
1458:
1409:
1390:(4): 266–281.
1370:
1327:
1292:The Oncologist
1278:
1239:(12): 7415–9.
1219:
1184:
1168:
1152:
1101:
1083:
1032:
981:
925:
866:
815:
796:(4): 266–281.
776:
735:
704:(7): 1074–90.
666:
664:
661:
623:
620:
605:seroprevalence
570:
567:
563:breast feeding
550:
547:
536:
533:
527:
524:
507:
504:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
422:
419:
388:
387:
384:
377:
370:
345:
344:
321:
319:
312:
306:
303:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:(unrecognized)
220:
219:(unrecognized)
212:
205:
198:
188:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
119:Artverviricota
115:
111:
110:
103:
99:
98:
91:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3657:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:Pseudoviridae
2804:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2721:Belpaoviridae
2717:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:Blubervirales
2554:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Retrovirology
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2104:
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3412:Solendovirus
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3395:Ruflodivirus
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3378:Rosadnavirus
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3294:Caulimovirus
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1970:. Retrieved
1956:(3): 313–8.
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569:Epidemiology
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143:Ortervirales
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107:Pararnavirae
106:
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87:
77:(unranked):
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29:
3449:Tungrovirus
3344:Dioscovirus
3324:Cavemovirus
2972:(types 1-4)
2836:Pseudovirus
2756:Metaviridae
2732:Semotivirus
645:azacytidine
259:are called
249:lymphocytes
162:Subfamily:
3634:Categories
3494:Endogenous
3429:Soymovirus
3259:Badnavirus
3053:Lentivirus
2244:2018-03-09
2219:2014-03-05
2058:2015-11-04
2033:2015-11-04
1972:2010-12-10
1832:2019-09-01
1774:2010-12-10
1631:2019-02-22
1561:2019-02-22
1298:(1): 1–4.
770:2017-09-09
663:References
593:dermatitis
585:myelopathy
407:lymphocyte
359:retrovirus
3361:Petuvirus
2853:Sirevirus
2819:Hemivirus
2784:Metavirus
2544:viruses (
2502:. 318275.
2486:. 318279.
2397:eMedicine
2144:1077-9450
835:(1): 33.
633:cytotoxic
477:oncogenic
467:and as a
433:in early
417:protein.
330:talk page
102:Kingdom:
95:Riboviria
3603:Q2720986
3597:Wikidata
3562:Q1280388
3556:Wikidata
2470:. 28332.
2454:. 11909.
2438:. 11908.
2375:21994743
2324:22753721
2296:22214262
2264:Virol. J
2238:Archived
2210:Archived
2095:17398310
2052:Archived
2027:Archived
2009:15809908
1966:Archived
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1882:16973592
1823:Archived
1819:19099485
1765:Archived
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920:23966842
861:31775783
810:17376384
764:Archived
730:21994771
629:epitopes
581:leukemia
555:sexually
512:Cameroon
427:HTLV-III
150:Family:
114:Phylum:
2966:, 3, 4)
2366:3185762
2343:Viruses
2287:3305386
2206:7065527
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2103:6183061
1962:8450407
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1873:1617244
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1518:Bibcode
1510:Science
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1273:6261256
1241:Bibcode
1138:6200928
1069:3001707
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888:Bibcode
852:6882180
760:8393133
721:3185789
698:Viruses
589:uveitis
516:monkeys
439:HTLV-IV
275:called
174:Genus:
138:Order:
126:Class:
3507:ERVWE1
3502:ERV-Fc
3088:(EIAV)
3038:(KoRV)
2964:HTLV-2
2959:HTLV-1
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526:HTLV-4
506:HTLV-3
487:HTLV-2
455:HTLV-1
449:PTLV-1
269:HTLV-1
3617:11909
3576:11908
3094:(BIV)
3082:(PLV)
3076:(FIV)
3070:(SIV)
2538:Virus
2270:: 1.
2213:(PDF)
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2170:(PDF)
2099:S2CID
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1581:Blood
443:HIV-2
411:dimer
403:GLUT1
241:PTLVs
88:Realm
81:Virus
3612:NCBI
3571:NCBI
3512:HCP5
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614:and
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