3098:
3035:
2813:). The lines of these texts are often collectively called the "Forty-Two Declarations of Purity". These declarations varied somewhat from tomb to tomb as they were tailored to the individual, and so cannot be considered a canonical definition of Maat. Rather, they appear to express each tomb owner's individual practices in life to please Maat, as well as words of absolution from misdeeds or mistakes, made by the tomb owner in life, which could be declared as not having been done, and through the power of the written word, wipe particular misdeed from the afterlife record of the deceased. Many of the lines are similar, however, and paint a very unified picture of Maat.
3055:
3123:
2642:
2324:. However, much of ancient Egyptian writing was symbolic and operated on a much deeper level than narratives might suggest. Religious concerns, as well as the hierarchical structure of Ancient Egyptian society, created important distinctions between elite classes and everyone else. The political and ideological interests of the elite dominated and directed the majority of social and cultural life in Ancient Egypt. Rhetoric has also been acknowledged as playing a role in the maintenance of social hierarchies, with its priorities of maintaining harmony and social order.
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power is subject to punishment. Although this procedure was regulated by the local government, it helped provide the poor with the feeling that their petitions were put before higher officials' requests. Although the main responsibility of scribes was to compose the work, transfer it or communicate, some scribes added additional commentary. The scribe's role in judicial system should also be taken into consideration. Local and insignificant crimes were usually led by a scribe or a foreman during the trial.
2997:
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parents, depending on geographical adjacency. The students were taught two types of writing by their teachers who were priests: sacred writing and instructive writing. Sacred writing emphasized Maat and its moral as well as ethical values and instructions, while instructive writing covered specific discussion about land-measurement and arithmetic for evaluating the annual changes of river and land configurations; as well as for calculating tax, logging commercial business, and distributing supply.
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54:
2188:(2062 to c. 1664 BCE) text, the creator declares "I made every man like his fellow". Maat called the rich to help the less fortunate rather than exploit them, echoed in tomb declarations: "I have given bread to the hungry and clothed the naked" and "I was a husband to the widow and father to the orphan".
2234:
There is little surviving literature that describes the practice of ancient
Egyptian law. Maat was the spirit in which justice was applied rather than the detailed legalistic exposition of rules. Maat represented the normal and basic values that formed the backdrop for the application of justice that
2366:
Learning instructions in scribal schools were available for very young prospective students (5–10 years old students). This elementary instruction took 4 years to complete, and then, they could become apprentices of a tutor – an advanced level of education that elevated their scribal careers. In the
2362:
In scribal schools, students were selectively chosen based on the same date of birth around Egypt. Most of the apprentice scribes were boys, but some privileged girls received similar instruction as the boys in the scribal schools. They could either live at school with their peers or stay with their
2311:
Although few were formally literate, writing was an important part of citizens' lives in
Ancient Egypt, and scribes, for the large part, carried out literate functions for large masses of individuals. Since everyone was taxed, for example, their contributions were recorded by scribes. During periods
2382:
or wooden tablets. Once the instructors deemed the pupil had made some progress, they would assign the same first two steps toward Middle
Egyptian manuscripts, consisting of classical work and instructions. After that, the same methods were implemented to Middle Egyptian texts, in which grammar and
2327:
Illiterate people had a priority to get scribes to their villages because this procedure allowed the government to limit excessive abuses by pointing out the importance of the complaints of the poor. Scribal instructional texts emphasize fair treatment of all peoples and how anyone who abuses their
2367:
elementary level, pupils received instructions from the tutors while sitting in circle around the tutors. The lessons were implemented in different fashions: reading was recited aloud or chanted, arithmetic was studied mutely, and writing was practiced by copying classical short literacy and the
2168:
The ancient
Egyptians had a deep conviction of an underlying holiness and unity within the universe. Cosmic harmony was achieved by correct public and ritual life. Any disturbance in cosmic harmony could have consequences for the individual as well as the state. An impious king could bring about
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of Egypt, and are called "the hidden Maati gods, who feed upon Maat during the years of their lives"; i.e., they are the righteous minor deities who deserve offerings. As the deceased follows the set formula of
Negative Confessions, he addresses each god directly and mentions the
2315:
Written texts were often read aloud in public by scribes, who also wrote most of the letters, regardless of the sender's writing ability. Thus, scribes were involved in both writing and reading the letters. Since scribes read the letters out loud in public, they could not use the
2528:
here is beneficence: the reader is advised to be benevolent and kind. An even stronger argument is being made – if you do not feed people, they will become unruly; on the other hand, if you take care of your people, they will take care of your memorial or tomb The excerpt from
2351:(2060–1700 BCE). Although scribal practices had been implemented before this period, there is no evidence of "systematic schooling" occurring in a materialized institution during the Old Kingdom (2635–2155 BCE). Scribal schools were designed to transform people to the literate
2565:
Letter writing became a significant part of the daily function of ancient
Egyptian citizens. It became the means of communication between superiors and families; thus, Egyptians became incessant letter writers. Letters were not merely "mailed" to their recipients; they were
2265:, Greek law existed alongside Egyptian law. The Egyptian law preserved the rights of women, who were allowed to act independently of men and own substantial personal property, and in time, this influenced the more restrictive conventions of the Greeks and Romans. When the
2377:
When learning writing, scribal apprentices were required to go over sequential steps. They firstly had to memorize a brief passage by chanted recital following the teachers. Later on, they were asked to copy some paragraphs to train their writing abilities, either on
2258:. These spiritual texts dealt with common social or professional situations, and how each was best to be resolved or addressed in the spirit of Maat. It was very practical advice, and highly case-based, so few specific and general rules could be derived from them.
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standing on one side and the Shu-feather standing on the other. Other traditions hold that Anubis brought the soul before the posthumous Osiris who performed the weighing. While the heart was weighed the deceased recited the 42 Negative
Confessions as the
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of natural disasters, additionally, scribes worked on distant assignments, which were often in the form of letters. These letters were written and read by scribes for those who were not literate which enabled communication with superiors and families.
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2386:
Besides honing reading, writing, and arithmetic skills, students of scribal schools also learned other skills. Male students were involved in physical training, while female students were asked to practice singing, dancing, and musical instruments.
2582:
James
Herrick states that the major objective of rhetoric is for a rhetor to persuade (to alter) an audience's view to that of the rhetor; for example, an attorney uses rhetoric to persuade a jury that his/her client is innocent of a crime.
501:
Maat was the goddess of harmony, justice, and truth represented as a young woman. Sometimes she is depicted with wings on each arm or as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head. The meaning of this emblem is uncertain, although the god
2541:
is an extended discourse on the nature of Maat in which an officer under the direction of the King is described as taking the wealth of a nobleman and giving it to a poor man he had abused. Another text describes how the divine King:
2338:
the scribe is urged to follow the precepts of Maat in his private life as well as his work. The exhortations to live according to Maat are such that these kinds of instructional texts have been described as "Maat
Literature".
2977:
525:(r. 1372–1355 BCE) in particular emphasising the concept to a degree that the king's contemporaries viewed as intolerance and fanaticism. Some kings incorporated Maat into their names, being referred to as
2191:
To the
Egyptian mind, Maat bound all things together in an indestructible unity: the universe, the natural world, the state, and the individual were all seen as parts of the wider order generated by Maat.
2453:
George Kennedy, a history of rhetoric scholar, defines rhetoric as the transmission of emotion and thought through a system of symbols, including words, to influence the emotions and thoughts of others.
2359:
who could function for society and bureaucracy. Therefore, literacy among ancient Egyptians revolved around the mastery of writing and reading in their specific purposes of conducting administration.
3054:
2130:
Maat as a principle was formed to meet the complex needs of the emergent Egyptian state that embraced diverse peoples with conflicting interests. The development of such rules sought to avert
4884:
2141:
The significance of Maat developed to the point that it embraced all aspects of existence, including the basic equilibrium of the universe, the relationship between constituent parts, the
2443:, indicating that they were successfully upholding the universal order: the interconnection among the cosmic, divine, natural, and human realms. When rhetors are attempting to achieve
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The doctrine of Maat is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Maat and the 42 Negative Confessions listed in the Papyrus of Ani. The following are translations by
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in particular held prestigious positions in ancient Egyptian society as they were a primary means for the transmission of religious, political, and commercial information.
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was the patron of scribes who is described as the one "who reveals Maat and reckons Maat; who loves Maat and gives Maat to the doer of Maat". In texts such as the
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Maat represents the ethical and moral principle that all Egyptian citizens were expected to follow throughout their daily lives. They were expected to act with
2591:
to illustrate a desire to please. To directly disagree with a superior was considered highly inappropriate; instead, inferior citizens would indirectly evoke
2570:
by scribes who often wrote them on behalf of a king. Since language is the basis by which a community identifies itself and others, the scribes would perform
2176:
In addition, several other principles within ancient Egyptian law were essential, including an adherence to tradition as opposed to change, the importance of
2996:
2832:
The negative confessions one would make after death could be individualized, that is, vary from person to person. These were the confessions found in the
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sought to influence its audience to action as well. Scholars have closely examined this relationship between ancient Egyptian rhetoric and the concept of
2304:
had a central role in the society since the ethical and moral concepts of Maat were further formulated, promoted, and maintained by these individuals.
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6562:
475:. Her feather was the measure that determined whether the souls (considered to reside in the heart) of the departed would reach the paradise of the
2745:, or in tomb scenes, shows Anubis overseeing the weighing and Ammit seated awaiting the results to consume those who failed. The image contains a
2169:
famine, and blasphemy could bring blindness to an individual. In opposition to the right order expressed in the concept of Maat is the concept of
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2704:. This is why hearts were left in Egyptian mummies while their other organs were removed, as the heart (called "ib") was seen as part of the
2700:, the hearts of the dead were said to be weighed against her single "Feather of Maat", symbolically representing the concept of Maat, in the
430:
The earliest surviving records indicating that Maat is the norm for nature and society, in this world and the next, were recorded during the
2138:. From an early period the king would describe himself as the "Lord of Maat" who decreed with his mouth the Maat he conceived in his heart.
7439:
6605:
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628:
611:
2708:. If the heart was found to be lighter or equal in weight to the feather of Maat, the deceased had led a virtuous life and would go on to
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Hail, An-af, who comest forth from Maati, I have not snatched away the bread of the child, nor treated with contempt the god of my city.
2798:
3015:
4907:
4734:
4688:
4515:
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reads: "I have made bright the truth which he loved, know that he liveth by it the truth ; it is my bread, I eat of its brightness."
2072:
586:
552:
506:, who in some myths is Maat's brother, also wears it. Depictions of Maat as a goddess are recorded from as early as the middle of the
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The Assessors of Maat are the 42 deities listed in the Papyrus of Nebseni, to whom the deceased make the Negative Confession in the
1735:
655:
2657:
Some of the 42 Judges of Maat are visible, seated and in small size. Maat's feather of truth depicted in the bottom right corner.
540:
Maat had a central role in the ceremony of the Weighing of the Heart, where the decedent's heart was weighed against her feather.
269:
58:
Maat is both the goddess and the personification of truth, cosmic balance, and justice. Her ostrich feather represents the truth.
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989:
358:
332:
310:
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243:
217:
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1975:
646:
591:
324:
211:
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1030:
355:
353:
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338:
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307:
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Hail, Tcheser-tep, who comest forth from the shrine, I have not carried away the khenfu cakes from the spirits of the dead.
6839:
5002:
4937:
3263:
3085:
2623:. The Maat temple at Karnak was also used by courts to meet regarding the robberies of the royal tombs during the rule of
2521:
Another passage emphasizes the importance of Maat and how wisdom was also to be found among the women at the grindstones.
618:
6615:
6555:
2988:
485:
are often depicted with the emblems of Maat to emphasise their roles in upholding the laws and righteousness. From the
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4947:
1957:
623:
521:(chaos). Kings inherited the duty to ensure Maat remained in place, and they with Ra are said to "live on Maat", with
486:
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7205:
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6985:
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651:
181:
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7434:
7424:
6929:
6892:
6448:
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2984:
2716:
came to be seen as the guardian of the gates of Aaru after he became part of the Egyptian pantheon and displaced
560:
464:
463:
After her role in creation and continuously preventing the universe from returning to chaos, her primary role in
7034:
6375:
5027:
4825:
2335:
2135:
682:
2300:
referring to intellectuals, scribes, or bureaucrats. Besides serving as the civil servant of the kingdom, the
2403:
Although little mythology survives concerning the goddess Maat, she was the daughter of the Egyptian Sun god
479:
successfully. In other versions, Maat was the feather as the personification of truth, justice, and harmony.
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7159:
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6721:
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in letters written to subordinates to persuade allegiance to them and the pharaoh; subordinates would evoke
2484:
2348:
2185:
4700:
The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry
4242:
7383:
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31:
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503:
431:
399:
374:
4702:. Translated by Robert Kriech Ritner; et al. (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
2943:
Hail, Ari-em-ab-f, who comest forth from Tebu, I have never stopped the flow of water of a neighbor.
2901:
Hail, Uamenti, who comest forth from the Khebt chamber, I have not debauched the wives of other men.
7282:
6851:
6781:
6756:
6646:
6595:
6135:
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5939:
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Ezzamel, Mahmoud (1994). "The emergence of the 'accountant' in the institutions of Ancient Egypt".
2294:
The ethical aspect of Maat gave rise to the social formation of groups of elite individuals called
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1624:
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Hail, Hetch-abhu, who comest forth from Ta-she, I have not slain the cattle belonging to the god.
2817:
2801:. These often served to guide the deceased through the afterlife, and the most famous one is the
2321:
2317:
2162:
1984:
1018:
789:
606:
2983:
Statuette of a kneeling man, maybe a priest, offering a small Maat figure. Bronze with agemina.
2482:
The Egyptian elite learned how to be part of the elite class through instructions text, such as
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7006:
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6731:
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6285:
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5272:
5036:
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4829:
4806:
4787:
4730:
4713:
4703:
4684:
4653:
4636:
4622:
4594:
4575:
4556:
4511:
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4358:. Research paper series: Centre for East-West Cultural & Economic Studies. Bond University
4316:
4295:
4227:
4208:
4186:
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Hail, Neheb-nefert, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not stolen the bread of the gods.
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2755:
2721:
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2255:
2039:
1996:
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Maat and Order in African Cosmology: A Conceptual Tool for Understanding Indigenous Knowledge
3250:
2937:
Hail, Nefer-Tem, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have wronged none, I have done no evil.
135:
7429:
7388:
7368:
7318:
7210:
7195:
7164:
7149:
7098:
6913:
6741:
6736:
6676:
6651:
6600:
6359:
6195:
5584:
5292:
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3426:
3136:
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Hail, Hept-khet, who comest forth from Kher-aha, I have not committed robbery with violence.
2741:
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2226:
1992:
1797:
1243:
937:
7333:
7200:
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7108:
7088:
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6992:
6811:
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5829:
5789:
5734:
5392:
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3329:
2940:
Hail, Tem-Sepu, who comest forth from Tetu, I have not worked witchcraft against the king.
2916:
Hail, Nekhenu, who comest forth from Heqat, I have not shut my ears to the words of truth.
2746:
2493:
as the basis of concrete principles and guidelines for effective rhetoric. A passage from
1988:
1782:
1500:
1458:
1399:
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517:
came from the primaeval mound of creation only after he set his daughter Maat in place of
415:
141:
4244:
The Instruction of Amenemope: A Critical Edition and Commentary–Prolegomenon and Prologue
4014:
4012:
2423:
movements) is a concept based on humanity's attempt to live in a natural harmonic state.
452:
Later, when most goddesses were paired with a male aspect, her masculine counterpart was
4526:
2934:
Hail, Neb-abui, who comest forth from Sauti, I have not multiplied my words in speaking.
7444:
7154:
7103:
7068:
6761:
6666:
5554:
5474:
5387:
5252:
5079:
4353:"The ancient Egyptian concept of Maat: Reflections on social justice and natural order"
4087:
3151:
3025:
3003:
2925:
Hail, Sera-kheru, who comest forth from Unaset, I have not been a stirrer up of strife.
2883:
Hail, Unem-snef, who comest forth from the execution chamber, I am not a man of deceit.
2833:
2806:
2773:
2658:
2620:
2616:
2131:
1213:
1129:
1042:
895:
736:
2859:
Hail, Arfi-em-khet, who comest forth from Suat, I have not stolen the property of God.
2615:
complex, whilst textual evidence indicates that other temples of Maat were located in
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of which the god is a patron, in order to emphasize the unity of the nomes of Egypt.
2705:
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2000:
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1181:
952:
820:
774:
435:
149:
68:
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6443:
6410:
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5559:
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5247:
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5151:
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was to act in a manner unreproachable or inculpable. So revered was the concept of
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1842:
1827:
1807:
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1540:
1342:
1270:
1218:
1156:
890:
815:
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2952:
Hail, Neheb-ka, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not acted with arrogance.
2928:
Hail, Neb-heru, who comest forth from Netchfet, I have not acted with undue haste.
2895:
Hail, Sertiu, who comest forth from Anu, I have not been angry without just cause.
2931:
Hail, Sekhriu, who comest forth from Uten, I have not pried into other's matters.
2886:
Hail, Unem-besek, who comest forth from Mabit, I have not stolen cultivated land.
7378:
7328:
7266:
7144:
7027:
6957:
6936:
6906:
6751:
6711:
6696:
6489:
6320:
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5267:
5262:
5127:
4977:
4942:
4352:
4200:
3107:
3064:
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2898:
Hail, Tutu, who comest forth from Ati, I have not debauched the wife of any man.
2624:
2214:
It is true that evil may gain wealth but the strength of truth is that it lasts;
2025:
1952:
1907:
1285:
1117:
942:
910:
905:
784:
507:
456:, as their attributes are similar. In other accounts, Thoth was paired off with
2868:
Hail, Utu-nesert, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have not uttered curses.
2850:
Hail, Am-khaibit, who comest forth from Qernet, I have not slain men and women.
2439:
that Egyptian kings would often pay tribute to gods, offering small statues of
168:. Ma'at was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the
7292:
7236:
6971:
6821:
6671:
6484:
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5644:
5509:
5447:
5422:
5312:
4962:
3197:
3118:
3103:
2697:
2636:
2427:
is associated with the judgment of the deceased and whether a person has done
2369:
1922:
1862:
1777:
1673:
1505:
1305:
1166:
1102:
1077:
1006:
957:
4717:
2889:
Hail, Neb-Maat, who comest forth from Maati, I have not been an eavesdropper.
2880:
Hail, Ta-retiu, who comest forth from the night, I have not attacked any man.
2462:, using three specific areas: 1) ancient Egyptian texts that actually taught
7348:
7287:
7174:
7128:
6295:
6275:
6210:
6048:
5946:
5929:
5884:
5874:
5824:
5794:
5779:
5699:
5654:
5649:
5417:
5059:
4927:
4862:
3040:
Depiction of the Feast of the Beautiful Meeting, the second reunion between
2904:
Hail, Maa-antuf, who comest forth from Per-Menu, I have not polluted myself.
2395:
2269:
took control of Egypt, the Roman legal system, which existed throughout the
2196:
2112:
1927:
1917:
1892:
1812:
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1602:
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1545:
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1315:
1310:
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522:
476:
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4290:
Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith
4145:
Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
2874:
Hail, Hraf-haf, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have made none to weep.
2871:
Hail, Qerrti, who comest forth from Amentet, I have not committed adultery.
2856:
Hail, Ruruti, who comest forth from Heaven, I have not purloined offerings.
4851:
2910:
Hail, Khemiu, who comest forth from Kaui, I have not transgressed the law.
2865:
Hail, Set-qesu, who comest forth from Hensu, I have not carried away food.
17:
6964:
6494:
6245:
6089:
5991:
5976:
5694:
5689:
5609:
5544:
5534:
5452:
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5112:
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2379:
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1852:
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1357:
1352:
1265:
1203:
1191:
1124:
1062:
880:
769:
665:
161:
2922:
Hail, An-hetep-f, who comest forth from Sau, I am not a man of violence.
2653:
2607:(c. 1569 to 1081 BCE) era, despite the great importance placed on Maat.
493:, indicating that pharaohs were believed to rule through her authority.
176:, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from
7353:
7251:
7058:
6571:
6509:
6479:
6310:
6280:
6270:
6185:
6094:
6033:
5919:
5914:
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5844:
5814:
5759:
5709:
5684:
5549:
5519:
5514:
5412:
5277:
5212:
5187:
2892:
Hail, Tenemiu, who comest forth from Bast, I have not slandered anyone.
2841:
Hail, Usekh-nemmt, who comest forth from Anu, I have not committed sin.
2736:
2646:
2158:
2030:
2020:
1947:
1897:
1887:
1817:
1787:
1592:
1587:
1520:
1510:
1483:
1426:
1377:
1347:
1208:
1176:
1171:
1067:
920:
855:
830:
482:
165:
80:
4765:
4248:
4164:
Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom
7241:
6343:
6290:
6215:
6120:
6063:
6058:
6001:
5986:
5971:
5894:
5879:
5859:
5854:
5799:
5784:
5764:
5729:
5659:
5634:
5614:
5604:
5594:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5432:
5407:
5397:
5332:
5317:
5302:
5232:
5227:
5202:
5197:
5137:
5122:
5089:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5049:
3156:
3146:
3045:
3021:
2949:
Hail, Uatch-rekhit, who comest forth from Sau, I have not cursed God.
2853:
Hail, Neha-her, who comest forth from Rasta, I have not stolen grain.
2717:
2713:
2612:
2356:
2305:
2296:
2251:
2240:
2146:
2142:
2116:
2108:
2100:
1980:
1942:
1932:
1912:
1822:
1707:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1565:
1550:
1530:
1525:
1468:
1453:
1431:
1394:
1320:
1295:
1275:
1255:
1238:
1228:
1223:
1087:
1057:
1052:
977:
962:
947:
875:
870:
845:
840:
794:
779:
746:
731:
721:
711:
706:
457:
173:
115:
95:
2913:
Hail, Shet-kheru, who comest forth from Urit, I have not been angry.
2907:
Hail, Her-uru, who comest forth from Nehatu, I have terrorized none.
2877:
Hail, Basti, who comest forth from Bast, I have not eaten the heart.
2466:
2) ancient Egyptian letter writing that embodied the performance of
2250:
Later scholars and philosophers also would embody concepts from the
2235:
had to be carried out in the spirit of truth and fairness. From the
186:
4757:
4247:(PhD dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from
2919:
Hail, Kenemti, who comest forth from Kenmet, I have not blasphemed.
2320:
to present the king's voice. Thus, the texts were presented in the
7363:
7231:
7073:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6225:
5934:
5899:
5889:
5839:
5809:
5754:
5739:
5714:
5704:
5664:
5639:
5629:
5619:
5574:
5529:
5484:
5462:
5457:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5352:
5322:
5222:
5217:
5192:
4205:
The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs
3041:
2946:
Hail, Ahi, who comest forth from Nu, I have never raised my voice.
2750:
2725:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2411:, the god of wisdom who invented writing, which directly connects
2408:
2394:
2331:
2280:
2225:
2124:
2104:
1882:
1872:
1857:
1832:
1607:
1570:
1560:
1515:
1478:
1421:
1404:
1372:
1367:
1325:
1300:
1290:
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1233:
1186:
1141:
1112:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1001:
967:
865:
860:
835:
453:
153:
105:
4744:
Williams, Ronald J. (1972). "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt".
3230:
3228:
2555:
He who was lacking possessions is (now) the possessor of riches.
2537:
to teach the reader how to be a more effective king. The Tale of
434:, the earliest substantial surviving examples being found in the
7226:
6305:
6260:
6190:
6160:
6155:
6125:
6110:
6079:
6028:
6023:
5961:
5924:
5864:
5744:
5282:
5257:
5242:
5207:
5167:
5107:
5097:
5044:
4822:
Journey through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead
3141:
2709:
2693:
2680:
2574:
to build upon a community's language to become more persuasive.
2420:
1937:
1877:
1792:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1712:
1702:
1636:
1597:
1535:
1409:
925:
900:
885:
850:
810:
764:
754:
701:
596:
472:
439:
169:
6544:
4866:
4226:. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Stanford University Press.
2281:
460:, goddess of writing and measure, who is a lesser-known deity.
53:
5669:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5327:
5102:
4059:
3309:
3307:
2847:
Hail, Fenti, who comest forth from Khemenu, I have not stolen.
2797:
in order to be well equipped for the afterlife as mandated by
1330:
1161:
1151:
1146:
972:
759:
157:
3079:
Relief in the inner room of Hathor's temple in Deir el-Medina
2595:
to assuage a superior's ego to achieve the desired outcome.
5774:
4315:(Rev. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
2404:
1443:
514:
490:
91:
6540:
4410:
Rhetoric and Community: Studies in Unity and Fragmentation
3749:
3747:
3702:
3700:
3687:
3685:
3683:
2862:
Hail, Neba, who comest and goest, I have not uttered lies.
489:(c. 1550 – 1295 BC) Maat was described as the daughter of
4784:
Maʽat: Gerechtigkeit und Unsterblichkeit im Alten Ägypten
4270:
The Book of the Dead: The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day
3734:
3732:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3670:
3668:
3619:
3617:
3367:
3365:
3352:
3350:
2724:. A heart which was unworthy was devoured by the goddess
2549:
and those who are unloved become as those who are loved.
2399:
Winged Maat, depicted in The Tomb of Nefertari (1255 BCE)
2374:
a short composition specifically aimed to teach writing.
2230:
Statue of Maat, adorned with the ostrich feather of truth
2210:
It lies as a path in front even of him who knows nothing.
4279:
The Gods of the Egyptians: Studies in Egyptian Mythology
3577:
3575:
3523:
3521:
3519:
2419:(which is associated with solar, lunar, astral, and the
2206:
It has not been disturbed since the day of its creator,
180:
at the moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was
3976:
3974:
3841:
3839:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3604:
3602:
3550:
3548:
2603:
The earliest evidence for a dedicated temple is in the
2208:
whereas he who transgresses its ordinances is punished.
27:
Egyptian deity and concepts of truth, order and justice
4610:
The Interpretation of Old Testament Wisdom Literature
2212:
Wrongdoing has never yet brought its venture to port.
190:), meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil.
4272:. Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
688:
201:
7311:
7275:
7219:
7183:
7137:
7051:
6830:
6634:
6578:
6472:
6429:
6334:
6144:
6103:
6072:
6014:
5146:
5088:
5035:
5026:
4970:
4900:
4391:
The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction
3418:
3416:
2683:
using the feather of Maat as the measure in balance
2216:a man can say: "It was the property of my father."
745:
692:
111:
101:
87:
75:
63:
39:
4548:
4287:
4126:The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study
2247:and in later periods judges wore images of Maat.
4650:The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology
4258:Ancient Records of Egypt: The Eighteenth Dynasty
2551:He causes the lesser folk to emulate the great,
2728:and its owner condemned to remain in the Duat.
2544:
2499:
2201:
6556:
4878:
3181:
2506:It is the food to be shared which is coveted,
2470:3) ancient Egyptian letter writing that used
2080:
8:
4643:. Vol. 2: G-O. Oxford University Press.
4489:Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Discourse
4372:Ancient Egyptian Religion: An Interpretation
4281:. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications.
4260:. Vol. II. University of Chicago Press.
4451:Ancient Egyptian: Anatomy of a Civilization
2504:What leaves the storehouse does not return;
6563:
6549:
6541:
5032:
4885:
4871:
4863:
3106:depicting the Egyptian statuette of Maat.
2087:
2073:
689:
547:
343:
315:
291:
279:
259:
234:
222:
205:
52:
4224:Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies
4106:Learn how and when to remove this message
4090:so that sources are clearly identifiable.
3941:
3474:
3313:
4746:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4641:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
4021:, Appendix: From the Papyrus of Nebseni.
3753:
3706:
3691:
3623:
3193:
2447:in their arguments, they are practicing
4470:100 Hieroglyphs: Think Like An Egyptian
3965:
3917:
3905:
3869:
3830:
3777:
3765:
3738:
3723:
3674:
3593:
3581:
3527:
3450:
3371:
3356:
3212:
3173:
2973:
2561:Performance in ancient Egyptian letters
2508:One whose belly is empty is an accuser;
2243:responsible for justice was called the
559:
394:Cuneiform texts indicate that the word
4429:Maat: The Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt
4412:. University of South Carolina Press.
4185:. American University in Cairo Press.
3980:
3881:
3857:
3845:
3818:
3806:
3789:
3566:
3554:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3407:
3341:
3325:
3286:
2776:. They represent the forty-two united
2578:Persuasion in ancient Egyptian letters
2204:Maat is good and its worth is lasting.
36:
4683:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4508:Rhetoric Before and Beyond the Greeks
4042:
4030:
4018:
4003:
3953:
3893:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3608:
3539:
3462:
3438:
3298:
3246:
3234:
3219:
7:
6606:Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
4698:Simpson, William Kelly, ed. (2003).
4309:Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (1998).
4046:
3929:
3422:
3395:
4491:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4256:Breasted, James Henry, ed. (1906).
3383:
3129:Traditional African religion portal
2809:(known to the ancient Egyptians as
2799:ancient Egyptian funerary practices
2793:Egyptians were often entombed with
2649:weighed against the feather of Maat
2347:Scribal schools emerged during the
2516:For the years after the function.
2322:third person grammatical structure
2180:and the significance of achieving
402:, having lost the feminine ending
398:was pronounced /múʔʕa/ during the
25:
7359:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
6621:Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn
6396:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
6391:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
4727:The Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt
4525:Mark, Joshua J. (27 April 2017).
4286:Cohn, Norman Rufus Colin (1993).
3196:, p. 123: An inscription of
2547:educates the ignorant to wisdom,
2510:One deprived becomes an opponent,
2285:Maat wearing the feather of truth
6523:
6439:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
4961:
4850:
4805:(in French). Editions Michalon.
4786:(in German). C. H. Beck Verlag.
4648:Redford, Donald B., ed. (2003).
4312:How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs
4088:add missing citation information
4064:
3121:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3053:
3033:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2263:Greek period in Egyptian history
2239:(c. 2510–2370 BCE) onwards, the
2195:A passage in the Instruction of
2056:
570:
7021:The Stratagem and other Stories
4207:. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
4183:Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt
2811:The Book of Coming Forth by Day
2502:Be generous as long as you live
2383:vocabulary took the most part.
2184:and "righteous action". In one
2044:Church of the Most High Goddess
4679:Silverman, David, ed. (1997).
4332:Management Accounting Research
4166:. Cambridge University Press.
4147:. Cambridge University Press.
4128:. Cambridge University Press.
2553:the last become as the first.
2512:Don't have him for a neighbor.
2497:presents Maat as instruction:
2415:to ancient Egyptian rhetoric.
1:
6840:Aleister Crowley bibliography
4820:Taylor, John H., ed. (2010).
4555:. University of Texas Press.
4277:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1969) .
4162:Allen, James P., ed. (2015).
3048:. Temple of Edfu, Upper Egypt
2611:commissioned a temple in the
2485:The Instructions of Ptahhotep
443:
6616:Society Ordo Templi Orientis
4803:Maât: L'ordre juste du monde
4574:. Cornell University Press.
4408:Hogan, Michael, ed. (2008).
3180:Hieroglyphs can be found in
2514:Kindness is a man's memorial
2173:: chaos, lies and violence.
7440:Ancient Egyptian philosophy
6591:Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
6381:Book of Traversing Eternity
4241:Black, James Roger (2002).
3268:corpling.uis.georgetown.edu
3182:Collier & Manley (1998)
3091:Maat represented with wings
2735:, as typically pictured on
2524:The lesson learned through
2431:in their life. Thus, to do
2134:and it became the basis of
156:, balance, order, harmony,
7461:
6986:Little Essays Toward Truth
6406:Litany of the Eye of Horus
4959:
4570:Morenz, Siegfried (1973).
4547:McCall, Henrietta (1990).
4531:World History Encyclopedia
4181:Armour, Robert A. (2001).
3264:"Coptic Dictionary Online"
3024:of Maat in east upstairs.
3002:Ancient artisans’ village
2765:
2634:
2277:Scribes and scribal school
2199:presents Maat as follows:
29:
6930:The Holy Books of Thelema
6893:The Diary of a Drug Fiend
6518:
6449:Coronation of the pharaoh
6421:Spell of the Twelve Caves
5158:
4894:Ancient Egyptian religion
4801:Menu, Bernadette (2005).
4725:Strudwick, Helen (2006).
4527:"The Negative Confession"
4427:Karenga, Maulana (2004).
4370:Frankfort, Henri (2000).
4294:. Yale University Press.
2985:Third Intermediate Period
2824:42 Negative Confessions (
2478:In ancient Egyptian texts
803:
465:ancient Egyptian religion
51:
44:
7035:The Vision and the Voice
6530:Ancient Egypt portal
6376:Book of the Heavenly Cow
4826:The British Museum Press
4510:. New York: SUNY Press.
4487:Kennedy, George (1991).
4351:Ferguson, R. J. (2016).
4143:Allen, James P. (2014).
2336:Instruction of Amenemope
2273:, was imposed in Egypt.
2107:in matters that involve
2063:Ancient Egypt portal
406:. Vowel assimilation of
7160:Eroto-comatose lucidity
6921:The Equinox of the Gods
6722:Charles Stansfeld Jones
6231:Horus on the Crocodiles
4608:Murphy, Roland (2012).
4538:Martin, Denise (2008).
4468:Kemp, Barry J. (2005).
4453:. New York: Routledge.
4389:Herrick, James (2017).
3184:, pp. 27, 29, 154.
510:(c. 2680 to 2190 BCE).
471:that took place in the
6900:Eight Lectures on Yoga
6401:Great Hymn to the Aten
6181:Crown of justification
5905:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
5183:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
5018:Veneration of the dead
4652:. Berkley Publishing.
4589:Powell, Anton (1995).
4506:Lipson, Carol (2004).
4374:. Dover Publications.
4344:10.1006/mare.1994.1014
3063:depicting the pharaoh
2684:
2662:
2650:
2558:
2519:
2400:
2286:
2231:
2219:
2161:, and truthfulness in
2151:religious observations
1576:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
826:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
7420:Ancient Near East law
4782:Assmann, Jan (1990).
4619:Reflections on Osiris
4617:Ray, John D. (2002).
4222:Assmann, Jan (2006).
4033:, vol. 1, pp. 418–20.
2733:weighing of the heart
2688:Weighing of the Heart
2677:Weighing of the Heart
2668:
2656:
2644:
2398:
2391:As rhetorical concept
2284:
2229:
469:Weighing of the Heart
32:Maat (disambiguation)
7374:Magical organization
7000:Magick Without Tears
6872:Clouds without Water
6802:Wilfred Talbot Smith
6747:Grady Louis McMurtry
6687:Jeanne Robert Foster
6611:Ordo Templi Orientis
5003:Opening of the mouth
4859:at Wikimedia Commons
4593:. Psychology Press.
4075:needs more complete
2539:The Eloquent Peasant
2143:cycle of the seasons
432:Old Kingdom of Egypt
400:New Kingdom of Egypt
30:For other uses, see
7283:Number of the beast
7184:Ceremony and ritual
7104:Holy Guardian Angel
6853:The Book of the Law
6782:Helen Parsons Smith
6757:Marcelo Ramos Motta
6596:Fraternitas Saturni
6136:The Indestructibles
5940:Hermes Trismegistus
4674:. Guild Publishing.
4266:Budge, E. A. Wallis
3908:, pp. 176–177.
3872:, pp. 129–131.
3489:, pp. 117–125.
3316:, pp. 106–107.
2163:social interactions
1736:Symbols and objects
1723:The Indestructibles
1613:Hermes Trismegistus
414:later produced the
7410:Egyptian goddesses
7303:Unicursal hexagram
7119:Stele of Revealing
7052:Concepts and ideas
6979:Liber Trigrammaton
6944:The Law is for All
6857:Liber AL vel Legis
6727:George Cecil Jones
6707:Lady Frieda Harris
6642:List of Thelemites
6349:Books of Breathing
5368:Four sons of Horus
4637:Redford, Donald B.
4551:Mesopotamian myths
2818:E. A. Wallis Budge
2702:Hall of Two Truths
2685:
2663:
2651:
2407:; and the wife of
2401:
2349:Middle Kingdom Era
2287:
2232:
2147:heavenly movements
1985:Books of Breathing
1019:Four sons of Horus
487:Eighteenth Dynasty
422:"truth, justice".
7415:Justice goddesses
7397:
7396:
7339:Book of Abramelin
7079:Astral projection
7014:One Star in Sight
6865:The Book of Thoth
6732:Richard Kaczynski
6717:Christopher Hyatt
6682:Lon Milo DuQuette
6647:Ankh-af-na-khonsu
6538:
6537:
6500:Mysteries of Isis
6473:Related religions
6366:Book of the Earth
6010:
6009:
4855:Media related to
4835:978-0-7141-1989-2
4621:. Profile Books.
4600:978-0-415-17042-0
4581:978-0-8014-8029-4
4572:Egyptian Religion
4438:978-0-429-23385-2
4301:978-0-300-05598-6
4214:978-0-8050-5462-0
4192:978-977-424-669-2
4173:978-1-107-08743-9
4154:978-1-139-91709-4
4135:978-1-107-03246-0
4116:
4115:
4108:
3821:, pp. 80–81.
3441:, pp. 41–42.
3301:, vol. 1, p. 418.
3237:, vol. 1, p. 416.
2768:Assessors of Maat
2762:Assessors of Maat
2756:Assessors of Maat
2669:A section of the
2256:wisdom literature
2097:
2096:
2040:Kemetic Orthodoxy
2015:Related religions
1997:Book of the Earth
1687:
1686:
392:
391:
366:
365:
362:
361:
342:
341:
314:
313:
290:
289:
278:
277:
258:
257:
233:
232:
221:
220:
121:
120:
64:Major cult center
16:(Redirected from
7452:
7435:Personifications
7425:Book of the Dead
7389:Whore of Babylon
7369:Magical alphabet
7319:Abbey of Thelema
7211:Rites of Eleusis
7196:Pentagram Ritual
7150:Ceremonial magic
7099:Hermetic Qabalah
6914:The Blue Equinox
6846:The Book of Lies
6737:Rose Edith Kelly
6677:Marjorie Cameron
6652:Aleister Crowley
6565:
6558:
6551:
6542:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6360:Book of the Dead
6196:Egyptian obelisk
5585:Kothar-wa-Khasis
5033:
4998:Offering formula
4993:Mortuary temples
4983:Embalming ritual
4965:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4864:
4854:
4839:
4816:
4797:
4769:
4740:
4721:
4694:
4675:
4663:
4644:
4632:
4613:
4604:
4585:
4566:
4554:
4543:
4534:
4521:
4502:
4483:
4464:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4385:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4347:
4326:
4305:
4293:
4282:
4273:
4261:
4252:
4237:
4218:
4196:
4177:
4158:
4139:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4007:
4001:
3984:
3978:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3942:Silverman (1997)
3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3860:, p. 82-83.
3855:
3849:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3695:
3689:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3475:Frankfort (2000)
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3420:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3314:Strudwick (2006)
3311:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3254:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3191:
3185:
3178:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3057:
3037:
3018:
2999:
2980:
2803:Book of the Dead
2749:with an upright
2742:Book of the Dead
2722:Ogdoad tradition
2672:Book of the Dead
2178:rhetorical skill
2089:
2082:
2075:
2061:
2060:
2059:
1993:Book of the Dead
1798:Egyptian obelisk
1244:Kothar-wa-Khasis
690:
656:Offering formula
574:
563:
562:Ancient Egyptian
548:
448:
445:
421:
344:
316:
292:
280:
260:
235:
223:
206:
202:
198:
197:
150:ancient Egyptian
148:) comprised the
83:feather, Balance
69:ancient Egyptian
56:
46:Goddess of Order
37:
21:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7334:Boleskine House
7307:
7271:
7215:
7201:Bornless Ritual
7179:
7170:Obeah and wanga
7133:
7109:Magical formula
7089:English Qaballa
7047:
6993:Magick (Book 4)
6879:Collected Works
6826:
6812:James Wasserman
6797:Phyllis Seckler
6692:J. F. C. Fuller
6630:
6626:Typhonian Order
6574:
6569:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6522:
6514:
6468:
6425:
6354:Book of Caverns
6330:
6176:Crook and flail
6147:
6140:
6099:
6068:
6006:
5358:Dionysus-Osiris
5154:
5142:
5084:
5022:
4966:
4957:
4896:
4891:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4819:
4813:
4800:
4794:
4781:
4777:
4775:Further reading
4772:
4743:
4737:
4729:. Amber Books.
4724:
4710:
4697:
4691:
4678:
4666:
4660:
4647:
4635:
4629:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4591:The Greek World
4588:
4582:
4569:
4563:
4546:
4537:
4524:
4518:
4505:
4499:
4486:
4480:
4467:
4461:
4445:
4439:
4426:
4420:
4407:
4401:
4388:
4382:
4381:978--0486411385
4369:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4329:
4323:
4308:
4302:
4285:
4276:
4264:
4255:
4240:
4234:
4221:
4215:
4199:
4193:
4180:
4174:
4161:
4155:
4142:
4136:
4122:Allen, James P.
4120:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4085:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3754:Williams (1972)
3752:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3707:Williams (1972)
3705:
3698:
3692:Williams (1972)
3690:
3681:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3624:Ferguson (2016)
3622:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3194:Breasted (1906)
3192:
3188:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3089:
3080:
3077:
3068:
3067:presenting Maat
3058:
3049:
3038:
3029:
3019:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2981:
2972:
2967:
2830:
2791:
2770:
2764:
2747:balancing scale
2696:, the Egyptian
2690:
2639:
2633:
2601:
2580:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2480:
2393:
2345:
2343:Scribal schools
2292:
2279:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2093:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1989:Book of Caverns
1971:
1963:
1962:
1783:Crook and flail
1738:
1728:
1727:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1683:
799:
741:
686:
671:
670:
642:
634:
633:
582:
561:
546:
535:Beloved of Maat
499:
467:dealt with the
449:and 2345 BCE).
447: 2375 BCE
446:
428:
419:
372:
354:
325:
323:
306:
304:
299:
270:
250:
242:
210:
196:
59:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7458:
7456:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7402:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7312:Related topics
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7155:Enochian magic
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7124:Stellar wisdom
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6849:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6832:Thelemic texts
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6767:Victor Neuburg
6764:
6762:Nema Andahadna
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6667:William Breeze
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5555:Khenti-Amentiu
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5343:Cavern deities
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Creation myths
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4846:
4845:External links
4843:
4841:
4840:
4834:
4817:
4811:
4798:
4792:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4758:10.2307/600648
4752:(2): 214–221.
4741:
4736:978-1904687993
4735:
4722:
4708:
4695:
4690:978-0195219524
4689:
4676:
4664:
4658:
4645:
4633:
4627:
4614:
4605:
4599:
4586:
4580:
4567:
4561:
4544:
4535:
4522:
4517:978-0791461006
4516:
4503:
4498:978-0195064865
4497:
4484:
4478:
4465:
4459:
4443:
4437:
4424:
4419:978-1570037856
4418:
4405:
4400:978-1315404127
4399:
4386:
4380:
4367:
4348:
4327:
4322:978-0520215979
4321:
4306:
4300:
4283:
4274:
4262:
4253:
4251:on 2014-04-30.
4238:
4232:
4219:
4213:
4197:
4191:
4178:
4172:
4159:
4153:
4140:
4134:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4035:
4023:
4008:
3985:
3970:
3966:Herrick (2017)
3958:
3946:
3944:, p. 102.
3934:
3932:, p. 131.
3922:
3918:Assmann (2002)
3910:
3906:Simpson (2003)
3898:
3896:, p. 329.
3886:
3874:
3870:Simpson (2003)
3862:
3850:
3835:
3831:Kennedy (1991)
3823:
3811:
3794:
3782:
3780:, p. 438.
3778:Simpson (2003)
3770:
3768:, p. 230.
3766:Ezzamel (1994)
3758:
3756:, p. 216.
3743:
3741:, p. 232.
3739:Ezzamel (1994)
3728:
3726:, p. 229.
3724:Ezzamel (1994)
3711:
3709:, p. 220.
3696:
3694:, p. 214.
3679:
3677:, p. 228.
3675:Ezzamel (1994)
3664:
3662:, p. 157.
3652:
3650:, p. 132.
3640:
3638:, p. 131.
3628:
3613:
3611:, p. 234.
3598:
3594:Herrick (2017)
3586:
3582:Karenga (2004)
3571:
3559:
3544:
3542:, p. 130.
3532:
3528:Karenga (2004)
3515:
3513:, p. 303.
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3465:, p. 116.
3455:
3451:Assmann (2006)
3443:
3431:
3412:
3410:, p. 951.
3400:
3388:
3376:
3374:, p. 190.
3372:Redford (2003)
3361:
3359:, p. 320.
3357:Redford (2001)
3346:
3334:
3318:
3303:
3291:
3289:, p. 273.
3279:
3255:
3239:
3224:
3222:, p. 147.
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:Me (mythology)
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3026:Temple of Edfu
3020:
3013:
3011:
3004:Deir el-Medina
3001:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2834:Papyrus of Ani
2829:
2826:Papyrus of Ani
2822:
2807:Papyrus of Ani
2795:funerary texts
2790:
2789:Funerary texts
2787:
2774:Papyrus of Ani
2766:Main article:
2763:
2760:
2689:
2686:
2659:British Museum
2632:
2629:
2621:Deir el-Medina
2600:
2597:
2579:
2576:
2562:
2559:
2545:
2500:
2479:
2476:
2474:as persuasion
2392:
2389:
2344:
2341:
2291:
2288:
2278:
2275:
2245:Priest of Maat
2223:
2220:
2202:
2186:Middle Kingdom
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
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2017:
2014:
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2010:
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1976:Funerary texts
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990:Cavern deities
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49:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7457:
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7347:
7345:
7344:Cake of Light
7342:
7340:
7337:
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7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:Abramelin oil
7322:
7320:
7317:
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7087:
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7084:Body of light
7082:
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6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:Leila Waddell
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:C. F. Russell
6790:
6788:
6787:Theodor Reuss
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:Sara Northrup
6770:
6768:
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6763:
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6758:
6755:
6753:
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6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
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6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6702:Kenneth Grant
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6662:Allan Bennett
6660:
6658:
6657:Kenneth Anger
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:Personalities
6633:
6627:
6624:
6622:
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6617:
6614:
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6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
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6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:Organizations
6577:
6573:
6566:
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6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
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6543:
6531:
6521:
6520:
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6508:
6506:
6505:Temple of Set
6503:
6501:
6498:
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6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
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6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Opet Festival
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6416:Pyramid Texts
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:Book of Gates
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:Vulture crown
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
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6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
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6259:
6257:
6254:
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6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:Egyptian pool
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
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6153:
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6149:
6143:
6137:
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6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6039:Hieracosphinx
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6013:
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6000:
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5886:
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5871:
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5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5805:Renpetneferet
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
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5334:
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5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
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5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
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5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
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5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
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5189:
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5179:
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5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
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5161:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4812:2-84186-283-6
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4793:3-406-34667-7
4789:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4709:0-300-09920-7
4705:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4682:
4681:Ancient Egypt
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4659:0-425-19096-X
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4562:0-292-72076-9
4558:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4479:1-86207-658-8
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4460:0-415-01281-3
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:. Routledge.
4430:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:. Routledge.
4392:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4233:0-8047-4523-4
4229:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4107:
4099:
4096:February 2024
4089:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4073:This article
4071:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4048:
4045:as quoted in
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3983:, p. 91.
3982:
3981:Lipson (2004)
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:, p. 12.
3967:
3962:
3959:
3956:, p. xv.
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3920:, p. 48.
3919:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3884:, p. 83.
3883:
3882:Lipson (2004)
3878:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:Lipson (2004)
3854:
3851:
3848:, p. 79.
3847:
3846:Lipson (2004)
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:Lipson (2004)
3815:
3812:
3809:, p. 81.
3808:
3807:Lipson (2004)
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:, p. 80.
3791:
3790:Lipson (2004)
3786:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3626:, p. 27.
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3596:, p. 13.
3595:
3590:
3587:
3584:, p. 35.
3583:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:, p. 86.
3568:
3567:Lipson (2004)
3563:
3560:
3557:, p. 85.
3556:
3555:Lipson (2004)
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3530:, p. 38.
3529:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:Powell (1995)
3507:
3504:
3500:
3499:Murphy (2012)
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:Morenz (1973)
3483:
3480:
3477:, p. 62.
3476:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3453:, p. 34.
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3408:Martin (2008)
3404:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3386:, p. 64.
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3342:Armour (2001)
3338:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:McCall (1990)
3322:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:Morenz (1973)
3283:
3280:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Aeon of Ma'at
3135:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:and his wife
3043:
3036:
3031:
3028:, Upper Egypt
3027:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Egyptian soul
2703:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2645:The heart of
2643:
2638:
2637:True of Voice
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:Amenhotep III
2606:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:what is right
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:Fifth Dynasty
2228:
2221:
2217:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
2001:Book of Gates
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Hieracosphinx
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1803:Egyptian pool
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Book of Thoth
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:Renpetneferet
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
802:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
697:
695:
691:
684:
680:
675:
674:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
578:
577:
573:
569:
568:
565:
558:
554:
550:
549:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:Lords of Maat
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
450:
441:
437:
436:Pyramid Texts
433:
425:
423:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
370:
369:
357:
352:
349:
346:
345:
337:
334:
331:
328:
321:
318:
317:
309:
302:
297:
294:
293:
285:
282:
281:
273:
268:
265:
262:
261:
248:
245:
240:
237:
236:
228:
225:
224:
216:
213:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:Pronunciation
193:
191:
189:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
19:
7298:Tree of Life
7261:
7206:Gnostic Mass
7114:Night of Pan
7042:White Stains
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6852:
6844:
6777:Jack Parsons
6464:Sed festival
6454:Min festival
6444:Cattle count
6411:Litany of Re
6386:Coffin Texts
6358:
6301:Solar barque
6241:Imiut fetish
6236:Hypocephalus
6221:Hemhem crown
6206:Eye of Horus
6131:Land of Manu
6085:Djadjaemankh
5966:
5956:
5909:
5819:
5769:
5749:
5724:
5680:Nebethetepet
5674:
5599:
5589:
5560:Khenti-kheti
5539:
5479:
5382:
5378:Gate deities
5372:
5362:
5347:
5337:
5287:
5162:
5152:Theban Triad
4978:Canopic jars
4922:
4821:
4802:
4783:
4749:
4745:
4726:
4699:
4680:
4671:
4649:
4640:
4628:186197-490-6
4618:
4609:
4590:
4571:
4550:
4539:
4530:
4507:
4488:
4469:
4450:
4428:
4409:
4390:
4371:
4360:. Retrieved
4338:(3–4): 228.
4335:
4331:
4310:
4289:
4278:
4269:
4257:
4249:the original
4243:
4223:
4204:
4201:Assmann, Jan
4182:
4163:
4144:
4125:
4102:
4093:
4086:Please help
4081:verification
4074:
4043:Budge (1898)
4038:
4031:Budge (1969)
4026:
4019:Budge (1898)
4004:Budge (1898)
3961:
3954:Hogan (2008)
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3894:Allen (2015)
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3833:, p. 7.
3826:
3814:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3660:Black (2002)
3655:
3648:Black (2002)
3643:
3636:Black (2002)
3631:
3609:Allen (2015)
3589:
3562:
3540:Black (2002)
3535:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3463:Allen (2014)
3458:
3446:
3439:Romer (1988)
3434:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3337:
3321:
3299:Budge (1969)
3294:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3247:Allen (2013)
3242:
3235:Budge (1969)
3220:Allen (2014)
3215:
3189:
3176:
2831:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2792:
2771:
2740:
2730:
2701:
2691:
2675:showing the
2670:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2546:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:river Nile's
2416:
2412:
2402:
2385:
2376:
2370:Miscellanies
2368:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2318:first person
2314:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2271:Roman Empire
2260:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2182:impartiality
2175:
2167:
2140:
2136:Egyptian law
2129:
2098:
1979:
1848:Imiut fetish
1843:Hypocephalus
1828:Hemhem crown
1808:Eye of Horus
1718:Land of Manu
1642:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1581:
1580:
1489:
1488:
1437:
1436:
1415:
1414:
1388:
1387:
1343:Nebethetepet
1336:
1335:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1219:Khenti-kheti
1197:
1196:
1135:
1134:
1036:
1035:
1031:Gate deities
1024:
1023:
1012:
1011:
995:
994:
983:
982:
931:
930:
805:
601:
539:
534:
530:
526:
518:
513:The sun-god
512:
500:
481:
462:
451:
429:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
371:Goddess Maat
185:
152:concepts of
136:
127:
123:
122:
7379:Solar deity
7329:Agape Lodge
7267:Harpocrates
7145:Abrahadabra
7028:Thoth Tarot
6958:Liber Aleph
6937:Konx Om Pax
6907:The Equinox
6886:Confessions
6817:Sam Webster
6752:Mogg Morgan
6712:Leah Hirsig
6697:Karl Germer
6490:Hermeticism
6321:Was-sceptre
6148:and objects
5625:Mehet-Weret
5468:Harpocrates
5298:Banebdjedet
5263:Arensnuphis
4943:Osiris myth
4668:Romer, John
4447:Kemp, Barry
4056:Works cited
4047:Mark (2017)
3930:Kemp (1989)
3423:Cohn (1993)
3396:Kemp (2005)
3344:, p. .
3108:Old Kingdom
3065:Ramesses IX
3008:Upper Egypt
2989:Late Period
2758:looked on.
2625:Ramesses IX
2605:New Kingdom
2261:During the
2254:, a native
2121:environment
2026:Hermeticism
1953:Was-sceptre
1908:Seqtet boat
1286:Mehet-Weret
1118:Harpocrates
943:Banebdjedet
906:Arensnuphis
508:Old Kingdom
375:hieroglyphs
140:/ˈmuʀʕat/,
7404:Categories
7293:Rose Cross
7237:Heru-ra-ha
7191:Liber Resh
7094:Great Work
6972:Liber Resh
6822:Jane Wolfe
6742:James Lees
6672:Mary Butts
6485:Gnosticism
6326:Winged sun
6171:Corn mummy
6073:Characters
5997:Werethekau
5835:Sebiumeker
5645:Meretseger
5510:Ikhemu-sek
5448:Hermanubis
4948:Philosophy
4938:Numerology
4824:. London:
4472:. Granta.
4362:2024-02-02
3425:, p.
3384:Ray (2002)
3328:, p.
3273:2017-03-16
3249:, p.
3198:Hatshepsut
3163:References
3104:Bas-relief
2698:underworld
2635:See also:
2489:that used
2155:good faith
2123:, and the
2036:Kemeticism
1958:Winged sun
1923:Set animal
1863:Matet boat
1778:Corn mummy
1674:Werethekau
1506:Sebiumeker
1306:Meretseger
1167:Ikhemu-sek
1103:Hermanubis
1007:Duau (god)
624:Philosophy
619:Numerology
184:(Egyptian
18:Ma'at
7384:The Beast
7349:Choronzon
7288:Pentagram
7276:Symbolism
7175:Sex magic
7129:True Will
7007:Moonchild
6951:Liber 777
6431:Festivals
6296:Shen ring
6276:Ouroboros
6211:Eye of Ra
6166:Cartouche
6104:Locations
6049:Serpopard
6016:Creatures
5947:Tjenenyet
5930:Ta-Bitjet
5875:Shesmetet
5795:Renenutet
5780:Raet-Tawy
5700:Nehmetawy
5650:Meskhenet
5418:Hedjhotep
5273:Assessors
4971:Practices
4933:Mythology
4928:Maa Kheru
4908:Afterlife
4718:234083884
4672:Testament
4077:citations
3208:Citations
2661:, London.
2631:Afterlife
2568:performed
2531:Phahhotep
2495:Ptahhotep
2197:Ptahhotep
2113:community
1928:Shen ring
1918:Serpopard
1893:Ouroboros
1813:Eye of Ra
1773:Cartouche
1697:Locations
1620:Tjenenyet
1603:Ta-Bitjet
1546:Shesmetet
1464:Renenutet
1449:Raet-Tawy
1363:Nehmetawy
1311:Meskhenet
1073:Hedjhotep
916:Assessors
652:Offerings
641:Practices
607:Mythology
592:Cosmology
587:Afterlife
544:Principle
531:Meri-Maat
523:Akhenaten
477:afterlife
112:Offspring
7220:Godforms
6965:Liber OZ
6495:Kemetism
6336:Writings
6246:Khepresh
6090:Rededjet
5992:Wepwawet
5977:Wadj-wer
5695:Nehebkau
5690:Nefertem
5610:Mandulis
5545:Kebechet
5535:Iusaaset
5453:Heryshaf
5403:Hatmehit
5238:Apedemak
5113:Nephthys
5008:Pyramids
4988:Funerals
4670:(1988).
4639:(2001).
4449:(1989).
4268:(1898).
4203:(2002).
4124:(2013).
3115:See also
3061:Ostracon
2533:employs
1853:Khepresh
1669:Wepwawet
1654:Wadj-wer
1358:Nehebkau
1353:Nefertem
1266:Mandulis
1204:Kebechet
1192:Iusaaset
1125:Heryshaf
1063:Hatmehit
881:Apedemak
770:Nephthys
666:Pyramids
647:Funerals
564:religion
553:a series
551:Part of
483:Pharaohs
162:morality
132:Egyptian
79:scales,
7430:Thelema
7354:Dianism
7252:Babalon
7247:Therion
6572:Thelema
6510:Thelema
6480:Atenism
6311:Ushabti
6281:Pschent
6271:Neshmet
6186:Deshret
6146:Symbols
6095:Ubaoner
6034:Griffin
5920:Taweret
5915:Tatenen
5850:Serapis
5845:Sekhmet
5815:Resheph
5760:Qed-her
5710:Nekhbet
5685:Nebtuwi
5550:Khensit
5520:Imhotep
5515:Imentet
5413:Hedetet
5278:Astarte
5213:Andjety
5188:Amesemi
5028:Deities
5013:Temples
4901:Beliefs
2970:Gallery
2739:in the
2737:papyrus
2720:in the
2692:In the
2679:in the
2647:Hunefer
2619:and at
2617:Memphis
2599:Temples
2445:balance
2380:ostraca
2357:scribes
2306:Scribes
2290:Scribes
2159:honesty
2031:Thelema
2021:Atenism
1948:Ushabti
1898:Pschent
1888:Neshmet
1818:Griffin
1788:Deshret
1593:Taweret
1588:Tatenen
1521:Serapis
1511:Sekhmet
1484:Resheph
1427:Qed-her
1378:Nekhbet
1348:Nebtuwi
1209:Khensit
1177:Imhotep
1172:Imentet
1068:Hedetet
921:Astarte
856:Andjety
831:Amesemi
679:Deities
661:Temples
581:Beliefs
497:Goddess
426:History
174:seasons
166:justice
102:Consort
88:Parents
81:ostrich
7242:Aiwass
7165:Goetia
7138:Magick
6601:O∴A∴A∴
6344:Amduat
6291:Serekh
6286:Scarab
6216:Hedjet
6121:Benben
6064:Uraeus
6059:Sphinx
6044:Medjed
6002:Wosret
5987:Wepset
5972:Wadjet
5895:Sopdet
5880:Shezmu
5860:Seshat
5855:Serket
5800:Renpet
5785:Rekhyt
5765:Qetesh
5730:Pakhet
5660:Mnevis
5635:Menhit
5615:Medjed
5605:Mafdet
5595:Maahes
5580:Khonsu
5570:Kherty
5565:Khepri
5433:Hemsut
5408:Hauron
5398:Hathor
5333:Buchis
5318:Ba-Pef
5303:Bastet
5233:Anuket
5228:Anubis
5203:Amu-Aa
5198:Am-heh
5147:Triads
5138:Tefnut
5123:Osiris
5090:Ennead
5075:Naunet
5065:Kauket
5055:Hauhet
5050:Amunet
5037:Ogdoad
4832:
4809:
4790:
4766:600648
4764:
4733:
4716:
4706:
4687:
4656:
4625:
4597:
4578:
4559:
4514:
4495:
4476:
4457:
4435:
4416:
4397:
4378:
4319:
4298:
4230:
4211:
4189:
4170:
4151:
4132:
3157:Themis
3147:Dharma
3046:Hathor
3022:Relief
2718:Anubis
2714:Osiris
2613:Karnak
2267:Romans
2252:Sebayt
2241:vizier
2119:, the
2117:nation
2115:, the
2111:, the
2109:family
1981:Amduat
1943:Uraeus
1933:Sphinx
1913:Serekh
1903:Scarab
1868:Medjed
1823:Hedjet
1708:Benben
1679:Wosret
1664:Wepset
1649:Wadjet
1566:Sopdet
1551:Shezmu
1531:Seshat
1526:Serket
1469:Renpet
1454:Rekhyt
1432:Qetesh
1395:Pakhet
1321:Mnevis
1296:Menhit
1276:Mafdet
1271:Medjed
1256:Maahes
1239:Khonsu
1229:Kherty
1224:Khepri
1088:Hemsut
1058:Hathor
1053:Hauron
978:Buchis
963:Ba-Pef
948:Bastet
876:Anuket
871:Anubis
846:Amu-Aa
841:Am-heh
795:Tefnut
780:Osiris
747:Ennead
732:Naunet
722:Kauket
712:Hauhet
707:Amunet
694:Ogdoad
458:Seshat
420:ⲙⲉⲉ/ⲙⲉ
416:Coptic
164:, and
142:Coptic
116:Seshat
96:Hathor
76:Symbol
71:cities
7445:Thoth
7364:IPSOS
7262:Ma'at
7257:Chaos
7232:Hadit
7074:Agape
7064:Abyss
6266:Nemes
6256:Menat
6251:Kneph
6226:Hennu
6116:Akhet
5982:Weneg
5935:Thoth
5900:Sopdu
5890:Sobek
5840:Seker
5830:Satis
5810:Repyt
5755:Qebui
5740:Petbe
5735:Perit
5720:Neper
5715:Nemty
5705:Neith
5665:Montu
5640:Meret
5630:Mehit
5620:Mehen
5600:Ma'at
5575:Khnum
5530:Iunit
5485:Iabet
5463:Horus
5458:Hesat
5443:Heqet
5438:Henet
5428:Hemen
5353:Dedun
5323:Bennu
5223:Anput
5218:Anhur
5193:Ammit
5178:Akhty
4918:Isfet
4762:JSTOR
4356:(PDF)
3168:Notes
3042:Horus
2778:nomes
2751:heart
2726:Ammit
2468:Maat;
2464:Maat;
2449:Maat.
2409:Thoth
2332:Thoth
2171:Isfet
2132:chaos
2105:truth
2101:honor
1970:Texts
1883:Nemes
1873:Menat
1858:Kneph
1833:Hennu
1659:Weneg
1608:Thoth
1571:Sopdu
1561:Sobek
1516:Seker
1501:Satis
1479:Repyt
1422:Qebui
1405:Petbe
1400:Perit
1383:Neper
1373:Nemty
1368:Neith
1326:Montu
1301:Meret
1291:Mehit
1281:Mehen
1261:Ma'at
1234:Khnum
1187:Iunit
1142:Iabet
1113:Horus
1108:Hesat
1098:Heqet
1093:Henet
1083:Hemen
1002:Dedun
968:Bennu
866:Anput
861:Anhur
836:Ammit
821:Akhty
612:Index
602:Ma'at
529:, or
519:isfet
454:Thoth
418:word
182:Isfet
178:chaos
170:stars
154:truth
128:Maʽat
106:Thoth
40:Ma'at
7227:Nuit
7069:Aeon
6586:A∴A∴
6306:Tyet
6261:Nebu
6191:Djed
6161:Atef
6156:Ankh
6126:Duat
6111:Aaru
6080:Dedi
6029:Abtu
6024:Aani
5962:Unut
5952:Tutu
5925:Tayt
5870:Shed
5865:Shai
5745:Ptah
5500:Igai
5423:Heka
5393:Hapi
5313:Bata
5293:Babi
5283:Aten
5258:Aqen
5248:Apis
5243:Apep
5208:Anat
5173:Aker
5168:Aati
5108:Isis
5098:Atum
5045:Amun
4953:Soul
4923:Maat
4857:Maat
4830:ISBN
4807:ISBN
4788:ISBN
4731:ISBN
4714:OCLC
4704:ISBN
4685:ISBN
4654:ISBN
4623:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4576:ISBN
4557:ISBN
4512:ISBN
4493:ISBN
4474:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4395:ISBN
4376:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4187:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4149:ISBN
4130:ISBN
4079:for
3142:Asha
2783:nome
2731:The
2710:Aaru
2694:Duat
2681:Duat
2593:Maat
2589:Maat
2585:Maat
2572:Maat
2535:Maat
2526:Maat
2491:Maat
2472:Maat
2460:Maat
2456:Maat
2441:Maat
2437:Maat
2433:Maat
2425:Maat
2417:Maat
2413:Maat
2353:sesh
2302:sesh
2297:sesh
2153:and
2125:gods
2103:and
1938:Tyet
1878:Nebu
1793:Djed
1763:Atet
1758:Atef
1753:Ankh
1748:Abtu
1743:Aani
1713:Duat
1703:Aaru
1637:Unut
1625:Tutu
1598:Tayt
1541:Shed
1536:Shai
1410:Ptah
1157:Igai
1078:Heka
1048:Hapi
958:Bata
938:Babi
926:Aten
901:Aqen
891:Apis
886:Apep
851:Anat
816:Aker
811:Aati
765:Isis
755:Atum
702:Amun
683:list
629:Soul
597:Duat
473:Duat
440:Unas
396:m3ˤt
187:jzft
137:mꜣꜥt
124:Maat
94:and
67:All
6054:Sha
5885:Sia
5825:Sah
5790:Rem
5670:Mut
5655:Min
5525:Ipy
5505:Ihy
5495:Iat
5490:Iah
5328:Bes
5308:Bat
5268:Ash
5253:Apt
5133:Shu
5128:Set
5118:Nut
5103:Geb
5070:Kek
5060:Heh
4754:doi
4340:doi
3006:in
2805:or
2355:or
2222:Law
1556:Sia
1496:Sah
1459:Rem
1331:Mut
1316:Min
1182:Ipy
1162:Ihy
1152:Iat
1147:Iah
973:Bes
953:Bat
911:Ash
896:Apt
790:Shu
785:Set
775:Nut
760:Geb
727:Kek
717:Heh
537:).
504:Shu
438:of
410:to
373:in
158:law
146:ⲙⲉⲓ
126:or
7406::
7059:93
5775:Ra
5475:Hu
5388:Ha
5080:Nu
4828:.
4760:.
4750:92
4748:.
4712:.
4529:.
4334:.
4011:^
3988:^
3973:^
3838:^
3797:^
3746:^
3731:^
3714:^
3699:^
3682:^
3667:^
3616:^
3601:^
3574:^
3547:^
3518:^
3415:^
3364:^
3349:^
3330:46
3306:^
3266:.
3251:25
3227:^
2836::
2820:.
2712:.
2627:.
2405:Ra
2165:.
2157:,
2149:,
2145:,
2127:.
2042:•
1999:•
1995:•
1991:•
1987:•
1983:•
1444:Ra
1130:Hu
1043:Ha
737:Nu
654::
555:on
515:Ra
491:Ra
444:c.
347:or
319:or
295:or
283:or
263:or
238:or
226:or
172:,
160:,
144::
134::
92:Ra
6859:)
6855:(
6564:e
6557:t
6550:v
5967:W
5957:U
5910:T
5820:S
5770:R
5750:Q
5725:P
5675:N
5590:M
5540:K
5480:I
5383:H
5373:G
5363:F
5348:D
5338:C
5288:B
5163:A
4886:e
4879:t
4872:v
4838:.
4815:.
4796:.
4768:.
4756::
4739:.
4720:.
4693:.
4662:.
4631:.
4612:.
4603:.
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4565:.
4542:.
4533:.
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4482:.
4463:.
4441:.
4422:.
4403:.
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4365:.
4346:.
4342::
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4325:.
4304:.
4236:.
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4176:.
4157:.
4138:.
4109:)
4103:(
4098:)
4094:(
4084:.
4049:.
4006:.
3501:.
3429:.
3427:9
3398:.
3332:.
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3253:.
2987:/
2828:)
2487:,
2372:,
2088:e
2081:t
2074:v
2046:)
2038:(
2004:)
1978:(
1643:W
1631:U
1582:T
1490:S
1438:R
1416:Q
1389:P
1337:N
1250:M
1198:K
1136:I
1037:H
1025:G
1013:F
996:D
984:C
932:B
806:A
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681:(
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