Knowledge (XXG)

Barbary macaque

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time engaged in resting and aggressive behaviour, and foraged and moved significantly less than the wild group. The tourist group spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the tourist group, and 1% for the wild-feeding group. Scientists who collected data on the seasonal activity budget and diet composition of the endangered Barbary macaque group inhabiting a tourist site in Morocco found that activity budgets and diet of the study group varied markedly among seasons and habitats. The percentage of daily time spent in foraging and moving was lowest in spring, and the daily time spent in resting was highest in spring and summer. The time budget devoted to aggressive display was highest in spring than the other three seasons. There is an increase in the daily feeding time spent eating flowers and fruits in summer, seeds, acorns, roots and barks in winter and autumn, herbs in spring and summer, and a clear increase in consumption of the human food in spring. The tourist and the wild groups did not differ in the proportion of daily records devoted to terrestrial feeding, but the tourist group spent a significantly lower percentage of daily records in terrestrial foraging, moving and resting, while performing more terrestrial aggressive displays more than the wild group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of terrestrial feeding records spent eating fruits; but the tourist group had lower daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on leaves, seeds and acorns, roots and barks, and herbs, while it spent higher daily percentages of terrestrial feeding on human food.
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proximity and interactions with tourists can also have significant psychological impacts on the Barbary macaques. Fecal samples and stress-indicating behaviours, such as belly scratching, indicate that the presence of tourists has a negative impact on the macaques. Human activities such as taking photographs cause the animals stress, possibly because the people come too close to the animals and make prolonged eye contact (a sign of aggression in many primates). Macaques that live in areas close to human contact have more parasites and lower overall health than those that live in wilder environments, at least in part due to the unhealthy diets they receive as a result of feeding from humans.
1272: 1666:. Since deforestation in Morocco has become a major environmental problem in recent years, research has been conducted to determine the cause of the bark stripping behaviour demonstrated by these macaques. Cedar trees are also vital to this population of Barbary macaques as an area with cedars can support a much higher density of macaques than one without them. A lack of a water source and exclusion of monkeys from water sources are major causes of cedar bark stripping behaviour in Barbary macaques. Density of macaques, however, is less correlated with the behaviour than the other causes considered. 1512:
as relatedness in determining coalitions. Males avoid conflicting with higher ranking males and will more frequently form coalitions with the higher ranking male in a conflict. Close grouping of males occur when infant Barbary macaques are present. Interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant, or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants. This behaviour leads to a type of social buffering, which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group.
1616: 1457: 1180: 113: 1212: 1774:, and illegal capture. In Morocco, tourists interact with Barbary macaques in many regions. Information collected in the interviews with inhabitants in the High Atlas of Morocco indicated that the capture of macaques occurs in these regions. Conflict between local people and wild macaques is one of the greatest challenges to Barbary macaque conservation in Morocco. The main threats to the survival of Barbary macaques in this region have been found to be 179: 1196: 503: 1608: 325: 1703: 137: 1557: 1548:
the calls of other infant macaques as opposed to the calls of their own offspring. More parameters for vocalizations lead to more reliable identification of calls in both infants and in adult macaques so it is not surprising that the same acoustic characteristics that are heard in infant calls are also heard in adult calls.
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periods. Injuries to male macaques peak during the fertile period, which points to male-male competition as an important determinant of male reproductive success. Not allowing a female to mate with other males, however, would be costly to the male, since doing so would not allow him to mate with more
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on the female. Mating is most common during a female's most fertile period. The swelling size of the female reaches a maximum around the time of ovulation, suggesting that size helps a male predict when he should mate. This is further supported by the fact that male ejaculation peaks at the same time
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Barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring's calls through a variety of acoustic parameters. Because of this, infant calls do not have to differ dramatically for mothers to be able to recognize their own infant's call. Mothers demonstrate different behaviours on hearing
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Tourists interact with wild monkeys across the globe, and in some situations, tourists may be encouraged to feed, photograph, and touch the monkeys. Although tourism has the potential to bring in money towards conservation goals and provides an incentive for the protection of natural habitats, close
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In the Central High Atlas, the Barbary macaque occurs in relatively small and fragmented areas restricted to the main valleys at elevations of 700–2,400 m (2,300–7,900 ft). In a 2013 study, researchers reported that they found Barbary macaques in relatively small and fragmented habitats in
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and the impact of livestock grazing, but problems of conflict with inhabitants are also increasing due to crop raiding and the illegal capture of macaques. Human–macaque conflict is mainly due to crop raiding. In the High Atlas of Morocco, macaques attract a large number of tourists every year, and
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with closely related kin more often than they do with distantly related kin. These coalitions are not permanent and may change frequently as male ranking within the group changes. Although males are more likely to form coalitions with males who have helped them in the past, this is not as important
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activity. Local farmers regard the Barbary macaque as pest and engage in its extermination. Once common throughout northern Africa and southern Mediterranean Europe, only an estimated 12,000 to 21,000 Barbary macaques are left in Morocco and Algeria. Once, its distribution was much more extensive,
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levels for the individuals that do the grooming. While stress levels do not appear to be reduced in animals that are groomed, grooming more individuals leads to even lower stress levels; this is a benefit that might outweigh the costs to the groomer, which include less time to participate in other
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tail is greatly reduced compared with other macaque species and, if not absent, measures 4–22 mm (0.16–0.87 in). Males may have a more prominent tail, though data is scarce. The average body weight is 9.9–11 kg (22–24 lb) in females and 14.5–16 kg (32–35 lb) in males.
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Several groups of Barbary macaques can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. Researchers comparing two such groups in the central High Atlas mountains in 2008 found that the tourist group of Barbary macaques spent significantly more
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for the illegal pet trade; it is also killed in retaliation for raiding crops. Today, no accurate data exists on the location and number of individuals out of their natural habitat. An unknown number of individuals are living in zoological collections, at other institutions, in private hands, in
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The Barbary macaque has a dark pink face with a pale buff to golden brown to grey pelage and a lighter underside. The colour of mature adults changes with ages. In adults and subadults the fur on the back is variegated pale and dark which is due to banding on individual hairs. In spring to early
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care of infants. Male care of infants has been of particular interest to research because high levels of care from males are uncommon in groups where paternity is highly uncertain. Males even act as true alloparents of infant macaques by carrying them and caring for them for hours at a time as
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Macaques in Morocco are frequently used as photo props, despite their protected status. Tourists are encouraged to take photos with the animals for a fee. Macaques are also sold as pets in Morocco and Algeria, and exported to Europe to be used as pets and fighting monkeys, both in physical
1647:. Almost every part of the plant is eaten, including flowers, fruits, seeds, seedlings, leaves, buds, bark, gum, stems, roots, bulbs, and corms. Common prey caught and consumed by Barbary macaques are snails, earthworms, scorpions, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, grasshoppers, termites, 1594:. These multiple matings by females decrease the certainty of paternity of male Barbary macaques and may lead them to care for all infants within the group. For a male to ensure his reproductive success, he must maximize his time spent around the females in the group during their 1631:
opposed to just demonstrating more casual interactions with the infants. The social status of females plays a role in female alloparental interactions with infants. Higher-ranking females have more interactions, whereas younger, lower-ranking females have less access to infants.
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Barbary macaque females differ from other nonhuman primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group. While females are active in choosing sexual associations, the mating behaviour of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by
1166:. The youngest known remains of Barbary macaques in Europe are from Hunas, Bavaria, Germany, dated to 85–40,000 years ago. The distribution of Barbary macaques in Europe was likely strongly controlled by climate, only extending into Northern Europe during 2752:
Brauch, Katrin; Pfefferle, Dana; Hodges, Keith; Möhle, Ulrike; Fischer, Julia; Heistermann, Michael (2007). "Female sexual behavior and sexual swelling size as potential cues for males to discern the female fertile phase in free-ranging Barbary macaques
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they are favoured for their potential benefits to tourism. In addition, macaques have some ecological roles; for example, they are the predators of several destructive insects and pests of plants and participate in seed dispersal in many plant species.
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Möhle, U.; Heistermann, M.; Dittami, J.; Reinberg, V.; Hodges, J. K.; Hodges, J. K. (2005). "Patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free-ranging barbary macaques
440:. The species is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Because of uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising all infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of both sexes and all ages contribute in 1783:
10 sites, and that the species no longer occurred in four localities. This could be attributed to habitat degradation, hunting activities, the impact of livestock grazing, and disturbance by people. As deforestation for agriculture and
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Male Barbary macaques interfere in conflicts and form coalitions with other males, usually with related males rather than with unrelated males. These relationships suggest that males do so in order to indirectly increase their own
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variation in the calls of different social groups. Instead, minor variations in acoustic structure among groups similar to the vocal accommodation seen in humans are the likely cause. However, acoustic characteristics such as
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period is 147 to 192 days, and females usually have only one offspring per pregnancy. Females rear twins in rare instances. Offspring reach maturity at three to four years of age, and may live for 20 years or more.
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Fidalgo, Darío; Rosas, Antonio; Estalrrich, Almudena; García-Tabernero, Antonio; Pastor, Francisco J.; Pineda, Antonio; Huguet, Rosa; Cáceres, Isabel; Ollé, Andreu; Vallverdú, Josep; Saladie, Palmira (June 2023).
541:(129–c.216) dissected the Barbary macaque in the second century CE, presuming the internal structure to be the same as a human. Such was the authority of his work, some mistakes he made were not corrected until 1585:
peaks. Change in female sexual behaviour around the time of ovulation is insufficient to demonstrate to the male that the female is fertile. The swellings, therefore, appear necessary for predicting fertility.
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intervals, while they were restricted to more southerly regions during colder glacial phases. It has been suggested that they disappearance of macaques from Europe may have been caused by human activity.
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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides
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Von Segesser, F.; Menard, N.; Gaci, B.; Martin, R. D. (1999). "Genetic differentiation within and between isolated Algerian subpopulations of Barbary macaques: evidence from microsatellites".
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El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2012). "Differences in activity budgets and diet between semiprovisioned and wild-feeding groups of the endangered Barbary macaque (
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Ciani, A. C.; Camperio, A.; Martinoli, L.; Capiluppi, C.; Arahou, M.; Mouna, M. (2001). "Effects of water availability and habitat quality on barkstripping behavior in Barbary macaques".
1409:) forests, but this could reflect the present habitat availability rather than a specific preference for this habitat. In Algeria, the Barbary macaque inhabits mainly Grande and Petite 2419: 3706:
El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2014). "Distribution of the endangered Barbary macaque and human-macaque interaction in the tourist region of Ouzoud, central High Atlas of Morocco".
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spreading east through Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, and north to the United Kingdom. Its range is no longer continuous, with only isolated areas of range remaining. By the
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infants. In this way, a strong social bond is formed between males and juveniles, both the male's own offspring and those of others in the troop. This may be a result of
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for the Barbary macaque. During the next 150 years primate taxonomy was subject to great changes and the Barbary macaque was placed in over thirty different
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O'Reagan, H. (2008). "The Iberian Peninsula corridor or cul-de-sac? Mammalian faunal change and possible routes of dispersal in the last 2 million years".
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continues, the remaining forest becomes increasingly fragmented. Consequently, the Barbary macaque is now restricted to small, fragmented relict habitats.
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with males larger than females. The mean head-body length is 55.7 cm (21.9 in) in females and 63.4 cm (25.0 in) in males. The boneless
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activities such as foraging. The mechanism for reducing stress may be explained by the social relationships (and support) that are formed by grooming.
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to the lead female. Unlike other macaques, the males participate in rearing the young. Males may spend a considerable amount of time playing with and
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2015). "Roles of tourism in the local people opinion regarding human-macaque conflict in the central High Atlas, Morocco".
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and the only population of wild monkeys in Europe. Barbary macaques were once widely distributed in Europe, as far north as England, from the Early
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may only prey on cubs, since it is morphologically not adapted to hunt primates. The approach of eagles and domestic dogs is known to elicit an
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are varied based on the vocalizations of individuals they associate with, and social situations play a role in the acoustic structure of calls.
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Historically, the Barbary macaque occurred across North Africa from Libya to Morocco. It is the only African primate that survives north of the
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Li, Jing; Han, Kyudong; Xing, Jinchuan; Kim, Heui-Soo; Rogers, Jeffrey; Ryder, Oliver A.; Disotell, Todd; Yue, Bisong; Batzer, Mark A. (2009).
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Barbary macaques were traded or perhaps given as diplomatic gifts as long ago as the Iron Age, as indicated by remains found in such sites as
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to all Asian macaque species. The results of a phylogenetic analysis show that the chromosomes of Barbary macaque resemble those of the
2436:"First presence of Macaca sylvanus at the late Early Pleistocene of Barranc de la Boella (La Mina locality, Francolí Basin, NE Iberia)" 5521: 5427: 5191: 3282:
Kuester, J.; Paul, Andreas (1992). "Influence of male competition and female mate choice on male mating success in Barbary macaques".
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The Barbary macaque is gregarious, forming mixed groups of several females and males. Troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are
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Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
609: 356: 5496: 5295: 1347: 141: 3924: 2495:"The Evolutionary History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study" 2387:"Fossil remains of Macaca sylvanus (Mammalia, Cercopithecidae) from the early Middle Pleistocene locality of Mauer (SW Germany)" 667:, can infer primate phylogenetic relationships. Using this method the phylogenetic relationship of ten species within the genus 2203: 2199: 314: 3788: 5313: 4003: 2836: 2278: 1910: 5274: 2027: 1370:
ordered for more Barbary macaques to be introduced to Gibraltar to reverse population declines. Today, there are around 300
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Deag, J. M (1980). "Interactions between males and unweaned Barbary macaques: testing the agonistic buffering hypothesis".
1371: 471: 1527:. Barbary macaques can discriminate calls by individuals in their own group from those by individuals in other groups of 1331: 640:
with the exception of chromosomes 1, 4, 9, and 16. It was also discovered that chromosome 18 in the Barbary macaque is
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at all points during a female's reproductive cycle, male Barbary macaques determine a female's most fertile period by
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Wild populations of Barbary macaques have suffered a major decline in recent years to the point of being declared an
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An open mouth display by the Barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness.
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The diet of the Barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey. It consumes a large variety of
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noted in the early 17th century that the macaques had been present "from time immemorial". Most likely, the
753: 459:. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true 2189: 545:(1514–1564) proved otherwise over a thousand years later. The Barbary macaque was included in the grouping 5079: 4797: 4183: 2555: 1863: 1523:
The main purpose of calls in Barbary macaques is to alert other group members to possible dangers such as
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Kuester, J.; Paul, A. (1984). "Female reproductive characteristics in semifree-ranging Barbary macaques (
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Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1995). "Individual differences in vocalisations of young Barbary macaques (
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since 2008. The Barbary macaque is threatened by fragmentation and degradation of forest habitat, and
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Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K.; Todt, D. (1998). "Local variation in Barbary macaque shrill barks".
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its use in 1929. This meant the Barbary macaque was placed in the next oldest genus assigned to it,
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Widdig, A.; Streich, W. J.; Tembrock, G. (2000). "Coalition formation among male Barbary macaques (
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2012). "Seasonal variation in activity budget and diet of the endangered
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periods also in England. A Tunisian population was mentioned in the works of ancient Greek writer
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endemic to Sardinia-Corsica during the Early Pleistocene, usually considered to have derived from
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Taub, David Milton (1977). "Geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the Barbary macaque
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Bautista, Jesús; Castillo, Salvador; Paz, Joé Luis; Llamas, Jesús; Ellis, David H. (2018).
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has been resolved, showing the Barbary macaque to be a sister group to all other macaques.
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Fossil evidence indicates that the Barbary macaque occurred in southern Europe during the
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have been found across Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black Sea, dating from the
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El Alami, A.; Chait, A. (2013). "Comparison of the terrestriality of Barbary macaques (
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and Norfolk in the British Isles. The species decreased with the arrival of the last
1715: 1652: 1627: 1537: 1430: 1394: 1288: 1140: 645: 566: 464: 310: 146: 70: 3888: 3692: 3650: 3600: 3518: 3483: 3346: 3005: 2938: 2786: 2735: 2254: 2092: 5418: 5157: 4898: 4853: 4612: 4351: 4224: 4215: 4156: 3230: 3183: 1888: 1767: 1691: 1687: 1675: 1441: 1363: 1355: 1300: 1167: 633: 625: 507: 433: 3248:): a multi-parametric analysis to identify critical cues in acoustic signalling". 1561: 3394:
van Uhm, D. P. (2016). "Monkey business: the illegal trade in Barbary macaques".
2461: 2296: 2016:. Vol. I (Decima, reformata ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentii Salvii. p. 25. 1658:
Barbary macaques can cause major damage to the trees in their prime habitat, the
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macaques. Neither genetic variation nor habitat differences are likely causes of
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with seasonal extremes of temperature. In Morocco, most Barbary macaques inhabit
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Like all Old World monkeys, the Barbary macaque has well-developed sitting pads (
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Rathke, E. -M.; Berghänel, A.; Bissonnette, A.; Ostner, J.; Schülke, O. (2017).
1842: 1784: 1771: 1732: 1659: 1644: 1640: 1591: 1477: 1465: 1437: 1402: 1359: 1249: 655: 45: 3684: 3592: 2338: 1448:, indicating the species has become extinct there within the last 2,500 years. 332:
Native Range in Red (Northeast Africa); Introduced Range in Violet (Gibraltar)
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Kuester, J. (1999). "Male migration in Barbary macaques at Affenberg Salam".
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The nomenclature for man, the chimpanzee, the orang-utan, and the Barbary ape
5432: 5196: 5178: 4531: 4269: 3839:"Barbary macaques exploited as photo-props in Marrakesh's punishment square" 3295: 3261: 3197:
Fischer, J.; Hammerschmidt, K. (2002). "An overview of the Barbary macaque,
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molars (molars with two ridges); the third molar is elongated. The diploid
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of the Barbary macaque is 42, like other members of the Old World monkey
1116: 483: 479: 210: 85: 80: 65: 60: 50: 3902: 2470: 2124: 2108:"Age-dependent change of coalitionary strategy in male Barbary macaques" 5453: 5445: 5235: 4821: 4812: 4541: 3407: 3303: 3094:
10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(200001)50:1<37::aid-ajp4>3.3.co;2-v
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Waters, S. S. (2013). "Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys". In
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Wallis, J.; Benrabah, M.E.; Pilot, M.; Majolo, B.; Waters, S. (2020).
559:, a name which he claimed was already in use by the Greeks. Gessner's 5248: 4922: 4836: 4513: 4334: 4233: 4047: 3765: 1845:
in Ireland, dating to no later than 95 BC; an Iron Age hillfort, the
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of his time prevented his performing any actual dissections of human
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Preuschoft, S. (1992). ""Laughter" and "smile" in Barbary macaques (
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quarantine, or waiting to be relocated to appropriate destinations.
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The Barbary macaque is first described in scientific literature by
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Ustun, C. (2004). "Galen and his anatomic eponym: vein of Galen".
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El Alami, A.; Van Lavieren, E.; Aboufatima, R.; Chait, A. (2013).
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The habitat of the Barbary macaque is under threat from increased
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on the part of the females, who may prefer highly parental males.
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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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in the tourist valley of Ouzoud, Central High Atlas, Morocco".
3024:"Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive?" 1803:
are apparently due to his use of the Barbary macaque, the only
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Shutt, K.; MacLarnon, A.; Heistermann, M.; Semple, S. (2007).
1386: 1382: 1296: 2906:"Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of 2224:"Macaques at the margins: the biogeography and extinction of 1626:
Barbary macaques from all age and sex groups participate in
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mountain chain, but there is also an isolated population in
1148:, is generally considered a distinct species. Remains from 2295:
Stiles, Charles Wardell; Orleman, Mabelle Blanche (1927).
2372:
The Barbary macaque: biology, management and conservation
3942:. Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland: Wordwell. pp. 49–50. 2564:
Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 3. Primates
1655:, beetles, butterflies, moths, ants, and even tadpoles. 1483:
The mating season runs from November through March. The
3832: 3830: 2805:"The Curious Case of the Last 'Wild' Monkeys in Europe" 2833:
The Rock of the Gibraltarians – A History of Gibraltar
2217: 2215: 2213: 1220:
summer, as the temperatures rise, the adult macaques
3396:
Journal of Trafficking, Organized Crime and Security
2600:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2290: 2288: 5402: 5086: 5023: 4935: 4911: 4834: 4810: 4769: 4539: 4530: 4332: 4282: 4196: 4154: 4113: 4089: 4080: 3662: 3660: 3612: 3610: 3570: 3568: 3530: 3528: 2400:: 5–13. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 596:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
3789:"Law enforcement: an attempt at social dissection" 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2747: 2745: 3837:Nijman, V.; Bergin, D.; van Lavieren, E. (2015). 3621:) in the Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco". 3017: 3015: 2301:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 3–10. 3903:"Tourists upset Morocco Barbary macaque monkeys" 2493:Meloro, Carlo; Elton, Sarah (14 February 2013). 2418:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2798: 2796: 2266: 2264: 1849:in Luxembourg; and two Roman sites in Britain. 3370:) in northern Morocco: evidences of predation" 3366:) as potential predators of Barbary macaques ( 2591: 2589: 2587: 2374:. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press. 2312: 2310: 2308: 2003: 2001: 1984:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12561A50043570.en 1763:except for Gibraltar around 30,000 years ago. 1611:Closeup of the face of a juvenile in Gibraltar 1397:scrub, and rocky ridges full of vegetation in 1377:It can live in a variety of habitats, such as 1240:) on its rear. Females exhibit an exaggerated 428:, along with a small introduced population in 4011: 3541:in the central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco" 2549: 2547: 2545: 2319:"Phylogeny of the macaques (Cercopithecidae: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2063:"Alloparental behaviour in Barbary macaques, 1674:The Barbary macaque's main predators are the 8: 3991:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3856:Bergin, D.; Atoussi, S.; Nijman, V. (2017). 3537:"A survey of the endangered Barbary macaque 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 1619:A young macaque at the Montagne des Singes, 663:insertions, small pieces of genetic code in 2952: 2950: 2948: 2858: 2856: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1123:, assigned to various subspecies including 5074: 4536: 4086: 4018: 4004: 3996: 3845:(July–September ed.). pp. 38–41. 2191:Systematic Review of the Barbary Macaque, 1460:Female Barbary macaque with young suckling 1224:their thick winter fur. The species shows 323: 135: 111: 31: 3968:images and movies of the Barbary macaque 3556: 3438: 3047: 2685: 2469: 2346: 2222:Elton, Sarah; O'Regan, Hannah J. (2014). 2133: 2123: 2082: 1982: 1244:swelling, which increases in size during 2831:(1987). "1. Mons Calpe to Djebel Musa". 2385:Schreiber, H. Dieter (29 January 2021). 1248:. It has cheek pouches and high-crowned 2036:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1880: 1795:Many of the mistaken ideas about human 1743:and France in the west, east to Italy, 1330:The Barbary macaque also occurs in the 3921:"Monkeys and tourism – a price to pay" 3421:van Lavieren, E.; Wich, S. A. (2010). 2411: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1494:other Barbary macaques leads to lower 120:Young Barbary macaque with its mother 2670:"The Barbary macaque of North Africa" 1766:The Barbary macaque is threatened by 1759:, going functionally extinct on the 1468:, with their hierarchy determined by 7: 5459:C1FC5985-3C54-41F8-8F13-BA4F9BC1E881 5223:23a30052-d393-44e0-8070-93e11e9c1732 2986:International Journal of Primatology 2482:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 1970:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1433:forests, and scrub-covered gorges. 1119:(5.3-3.6 million years ago) to the 1006: 999: 974: 904: 897: 872: 865: 795: 788: 745: 738: 731: 724: 699: 686: 506:Skull and brain, as illustrated in 5527:Species endangered by habitat loss 3858:"Online trade of Barbary macaques 3141:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00864.x 2904:Elton, S.; O'Regan, H. J. (2014). 2370:Hodges, J. K.; Cortes, J. (2006). 25: 512:Histoire naturelle des mammifères 5482:IUCN Red List endangered species 3940:Navan Fort: archaeology and myth 3468:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00582.x 3339:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2001.99019.x 2598:Primate adaptation and evolution 620:The Barbary macaque is the most 590:. The confusion over the use of 565:was subsequently used as one of 451:, they are the only free-living 177: 3623:American Journal of Primatology 3519:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.007 3082:American Journal of Primatology 2939:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025 2708:American Journal of Primatology 2255:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.025 2204:Field Museum of Natural History 1413:, ranges that form part of the 579:in 1758. Linnaeus proposed the 531:in the fourth century BCE work 2837:Fairleigh Dickinson University 2279:Johns Hopkins University Press 2200:Fieldiana: Zoology. New series 1911:Johns Hopkins University Press 1572:Although Barbary macaques are 1421:. It lives in mixed cedar and 825:(southern pig-tailed macaque) 1: 4586:Northern pig-tailed macaque ( 4577:Southern pig-tailed macaque ( 3869:Biodiversity and Conservation 2084:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80874-7 1799:contained in the writings of 1372:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar 1348:Alonso Hernández del Portillo 472:Barbary macaques in Gibraltar 2462:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103368 1903:; Reeder, D. M (eds.). 677:Phylogeny of ten species of 5532:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4370:Greater spot-nosed monkey ( 2771:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.06.001 1859:Djebel Babor Nature Reserve 1826:and teacher of physicians. 610:Bernard Germain de Lacépède 27:Species of Old World monkey 5548: 5517:Endangered biota of Europe 5512:Endangered fauna of Africa 4442:Lesser spot-nosed monkey ( 3708:African Journal of Ecology 3685:10.1515/mammalia-2013-0061 3593:10.1515/mammalia-2011-0054 3499:Quaternary Science Reviews 2918:Quaternary Science Reviews 2441:Journal of Human Evolution 2339:10.1016/j.gene.2009.05.013 2235:Quaternary Science Reviews 2202:. Vol. 113. Chicago: 1507:. Furthermore, males form 1332:British Overseas Territory 1199:Skull photographed at the 1183:Head of individual at the 757:(Celebes crested macaque) 5522:Mammals described in 1758 5060: 4984:Golden-bellied mangabey ( 4658:Celebes crested macaque ( 4042: 4026:Extant species of family 3881:10.1007/s10531-017-1434-5 3558:10.1017/s0030605311001463 3440:10.1017/s0030605309990172 2687:10.1017/S0030605300015581 2596:Fleagle, John G. (2013). 2271:McDermott, W. C. (1938). 1830:marketplaces and online. 1706:19th century illustration 1560:Barbary macaques mating ( 1354:introduced macaques from 1152:, England, dating to the 1029: 1011: 1004: 997: 979: 972: 927: 909: 902: 895: 877: 870: 863: 818: 800: 793: 786: 750: 743: 736: 729: 722: 704: 697: 652:Polymerase chain reaction 594:became so great that the 463:. Its name refers to the 357:É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 343: 336: 331: 322: 299: 292: 174:Scientific classification 172: 155: 133: 124: 119: 110: 34: 4798:Black crested mangabey ( 4397:Campbell's mona monkey ( 4184:Blue Nile patas monkey ( 2323:) based on Alu elements" 1358:to Gibraltar during the 1275:Barbary macaques at the 1267:Distribution and habitat 474:is the only one outside 5497:Mammals of North Africa 4789:Grey-cheeked mangabey ( 4757:White-cheeked macaque ( 4694:Formosan rock macaque ( 4451:White-throated guenon ( 4243:Bale Mountains vervet ( 4166:Southern patas monkey ( 3988:Encyclopædia Britannica 3862:in Algeria and Morocco" 3296:10.1163/156853992x00606 3262:10.1163/156853995x00621 2998:10.1023/A:1020536317646 2971:10.1163/156853980x00564 2558:; Rylands, Anthony B.; 2556:Mittermeier, Russell A. 1869:Celebes crested macaque 1338:at the southern tip of 934:(stump-tailed macaque) 5011:White-naped mangabey ( 4676:Stump-tailed macaque ( 4595:Pagai Island macaque ( 4101:Allen's swamp monkey ( 3168:10.1006/anbe.1998.0796 3040:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0052 1864:Trentham Monkey Forest 1822:, even in his role as 1751:, and as far north as 1707: 1623: 1612: 1569: 1461: 1346:. Gibraltar historian 1284: 1216: 1208: 1192: 986:(crab-eating macaque) 807:(lion-tailed macaque) 632:analyses show it is a 524: 514: 498:Taxonomy and phylogeny 470:The population of the 412:species native to the 5361:Paleobiology Database 4993:Tana River mangabey ( 4667:Crab-eating macaque ( 4568:Lion-tailed macaque ( 4415:Crested mona monkey ( 4292:(Terrestrial guenons) 4175:Common patas monkey ( 3735:Revue de Primatologie 3201:, vocal repertoire". 2803:Nosowitz, D. (2019). 2759:Hormones and Behavior 2274:The apes in antiquity 2188:Fooden, Jack (2007). 2061:Small, M. F. (1990). 2008:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 1977:: e.T12561A50043570. 1807:available to him, in 1791:Human use and tourism 1705: 1618: 1610: 1559: 1459: 1452:Behaviour and ecology 1399:Mediterranean climate 1291:. It lives mainly in 1274: 1214: 1198: 1182: 522: 505: 467:of Northwest Africa. 41:Early Pliocene–Recent 5218:Fauna Europaea (new) 4505:De Brazza's monkey ( 4433:Dent's mona monkey ( 4424:Wolf's mona monkey ( 4406:Lowe's mona monkey ( 3793:The Yale Law Journal 3505:(23–24): 2136–2144. 3319:Conservation Biology 2668:Taub, D. M. (1978). 2570:. pp. 550–639. 1163:Homo heidelbergensis 523:3d model of skeleton 4966:Collared mangabey ( 4779:(Crested mangabeys) 4748:Arunachal macaque ( 4649:Gorontalo macaque ( 4487:Red-tailed monkey ( 4478:Moustached guenon ( 4320:Sun-tailed monkey ( 4030:(Old World monkeys) 3982:"Barbary Ape"  3787:Arnold, T. (1932). 3511:2008QSRv...27.2136O 3331:2001ConBi..15..259C 3203:Folia Primatologica 3133:1992Ethol..91..220P 2931:2014QSRv...96..117E 2870:Folia Primatologica 2839:Press. p. 28. 2635:Folia Primatologica 2500:Folia Primatologica 2454:2023JHumE.17903368F 2247:2014QSRv...96..117E 2125:10.5194/pb-4-1-2017 1776:habitat destruction 1757:Last Glacial Period 1419:Chréa National Park 1319:mountain region in 1307:mountain ranges in 1238:ischial callosities 1158:53 degrees latitude 1018:(Japanese macaque) 654:studies have found 127:Conservation status 5492:Primates of Africa 4872:Hamadryas baboon ( 4703:Japanese macaque ( 4469:Red-eared guenon ( 4460:Sclater's guenon ( 4342:(Arboreal guenons) 4302:L'Hoest's monkey ( 4133:Angolan talapoin ( 2281:. pp. 88–100. 1901:Wilson, D. E. 1889:Groves, C. P. 1712:endangered species 1708: 1624: 1613: 1570: 1462: 1285: 1217: 1209: 1193: 1154:Middle Pleistocene 916:(Tibetan macaque) 573:when he published 556:Historia Animalium 534:History of Animals 525: 515: 5502:Mammals of Europe 5469: 5468: 5348:Open Tree of Life 5080:Taxon identifiers 5071: 5070: 5056: 5055: 4950: 4847: 4782: 4739:Tibetan macaque ( 4631:Tonkean macaque ( 4604:Siberut macaque ( 4559:Barbary macaque ( 4552: 4526: 4525: 4496:Hamlyn's monkey ( 4345: 4311:Preuss's monkey ( 4295: 4252:Tantalus monkey ( 4209: 4126: 4031: 3970:(Macaca sylvanus) 3938:Lynn, C. (2003). 3927:on 25 March 2015. 3720:10.1111/aje.12191 3635:10.1002/ajp.21989 3456:Molecular Ecology 3377:Go-South Bulletin 3364:Aquila chrysaetos 3215:10.1159/000060417 2883:10.1159/000155781 2757:) of Gibraltar". 2720:10.1002/ajp.20161 2706:) of Gibraltar". 2647:10.1159/000156173 2577:978-84-96553-89-7 2513:10.1159/000343494 1920:978-0-8018-8221-0 1761:Iberian Peninsula 1368:Winston Churchill 1344:Iberian Peninsula 1254:chromosome number 1226:sexual dimorphism 1133:M. s. florentina. 1104: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1036:(rhesus macaque) 961: 960: 952: 951: 943: 942: 884:(bonnet macaque) 852: 851: 843: 842: 834: 833: 775: 774: 766: 765: 710:(Barbary macaque) 624:macaque species. 553:in his 1551 work 492:Rock of Gibraltar 442:alloparental care 404:), also known as 392: 391: 387: 380:Pithecus pygmaeus 377: 367: 360: 350: 167: 150: 16:(Redirected from 5539: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5448: 5436: 5435: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5395: 5394: 5382: 5381: 5369: 5368: 5356: 5355: 5343: 5342: 5330: 5329: 5317: 5316: 5304: 5303: 5291: 5290: 5278: 5277: 5265: 5264: 5252: 5251: 5239: 5238: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5212: 5200: 5199: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5160: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5075: 5002:Sanje mangabey ( 4975:Agile mangabey ( 4957:Sooty mangabey ( 4949: 4948: 4942: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4721:Bonnet macaque ( 4685:Rhesus macaque ( 4640:Heck's macaque ( 4622:Booted macaque ( 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4453:C. erythrogaster 4361:Roloway monkey ( 4344: 4343: 4339: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4245:C. djamdjamensis 4208: 4207: 4206:(Vervet monkeys) 4203: 4142:Gabon talapoin ( 4125: 4124: 4120: 4087: 4029: 4028:Cercopithecidae 4020: 4013: 4006: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3954: 3953: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3923:. Archived from 3917: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3866: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3766:10.1002/ca.20013 3754:Clinical Anatomy 3749: 3743: 3742: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3572: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3362:"Golden eagles ( 3357: 3351: 3350: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3290:(3/4): 192–216. 3279: 3266: 3265: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3156:Animal Behaviour 3151: 3145: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3073: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3019: 3010: 3009: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2914: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2593: 2582: 2581: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2507:(3–6): 216–235. 2490: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2350: 2314: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2232: 2219: 2208: 2207: 2195:(Linnaeus, 1758) 2185: 2148: 2147: 2137: 2127: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2071:Animal Behaviour 2058: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2010:"Simia sylvanus" 2005: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1956: 1933: 1932: 1909:(3rd ed.). 1885: 1737:Balearic Islands 1578:sexual swellings 1407:Cedrus atlantica 1277:Ziama Mansouriah 1201:Museum Wiesbaden 1191:, Czech Republic 1121:Late Pleistocene 1111:Barbary macaque 1007: 1000: 975: 905: 898: 873: 866: 796: 789: 746: 739: 732: 725: 700: 687: 674: 543:Andreas Vesalius 521: 488:Late Pleistocene 382: 372: 365: 355: 348: 327: 305: 285:M. sylvanus 182: 181: 161: 144: 139: 138: 115: 105: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 21: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5426: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5335:Observation.org 5333: 5325: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5299: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5242: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5216: 5208: 5203: 5195: 5190: 5182: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5143: 5138: 5132:Macaca_sylvanus 5130: 5125: 5118:Macaca sylvanus 5116: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5088:Macaca sylvanus 5082: 5072: 5067: 5052: 5019: 4986:C. chrysogaster 4946: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4907: 4890:Chacma baboon ( 4881:Guinea baboon ( 4865:P. cynocephalus 4863:Yellow baboon ( 4843: 4842: 4840: 4830: 4806: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4730:Assam macaque ( 4712:Toque macaque ( 4669:M. fascicularis 4548: 4547: 4545: 4522: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4328: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4278: 4261:Vervet monkey ( 4205: 4204: 4202: 4192: 4150: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4109: 4103:A. nigroviridis 4076: 4038: 4035:Cercopithecinae 4024: 3975: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3950: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3864: 3860:Macaca sylvanus 3855: 3854: 3850: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3669:Macaca sylvanus 3666: 3665: 3658: 3619:Macaca sylvanus 3616: 3615: 3608: 3577:Macaca sylvanus 3574: 3573: 3566: 3539:Macaca sylvanus 3534: 3533: 3526: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3372: 3368:Macaca sylvanus 3359: 3358: 3354: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3246:Macaca sylvanus 3243: 3242: 3238: 3199:Macaca sylvanus 3196: 3195: 3191: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3117:Macaca sylvanus 3114: 3113: 3109: 3078:Macaca sylvanus 3075: 3074: 3065: 3028:Biology Letters 3021: 3020: 3013: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2956: 2955: 2946: 2912: 2908:Macaca sylvanus 2903: 2902: 2898: 2865:Macaca sylvanus 2862: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2829:Jackson, W.G.F. 2827: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2755:Macaca sylvanus 2751: 2750: 2743: 2704:Macaca sylvanus 2700: 2699: 2695: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2631:Macaca sylvanus 2628: 2627: 2623: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2230: 2226:Macaca sylvanus 2221: 2220: 2211: 2193:Macaca sylvanus 2187: 2186: 2151: 2112:Primate Biology 2105: 2104: 2100: 2065:Macaca sylvanus 2060: 2059: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2030:Macaca sylvanus 2026: 2025: 2021: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1963:Macaca sylvanus 1958: 1957: 1936: 1921: 1913:. p. 164. 1895:Macaca sylvanus 1887: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1855: 1793: 1700: 1672: 1637: 1605: 1583:sexual swelling 1574:sexually active 1554: 1521: 1454: 1425:forests, humid 1269: 1177: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1046: 983:M. fascicularis 962: 953: 944: 853: 844: 835: 776: 767: 708:Macaca sylvanus 618: 608:, described by 581:scientific name 576:Systema Naturae 569:' four primate 517: 500: 476:Northern Africa 414:Atlas Mountains 401:Macaca sylvanus 396:Barbary macaque 378: 368: 361: 353:Inuus ecaudatus 351: 318: 307: 303:Macaca sylvanus 301: 288: 261:Cercopithecidae 176: 168: 151: 140: 136: 129: 106: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 35:Barbary macaque 28: 23: 22: 18:Macaca sylvanus 15: 12: 11: 5: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5474: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5450: 5437: 5424: 5408: 5406: 5404:Simia sylvanus 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5318: 5305: 5292: 5279: 5266: 5253: 5240: 5227: 5214: 5205:Fauna Europaea 5201: 5188: 5175: 5162: 5149: 5136: 5123: 5108: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5046:M. leucophaeus 5041: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4899:Kinda baboon ( 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4854:Olive baboon ( 4850: 4848: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4613:Moor macaque ( 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4516:C. lomamiensis 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4352:Diana monkey ( 4348: 4346: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4263:C. pygerythrus 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4225:Green monkey ( 4222: 4216:Dryas monkey ( 4212: 4210: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4186:E. poliophaeus 4181: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4092:Allenopithecus 4084: 4082:Cercopithecini 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3979:, ed. (1911). 3977:Chisholm, Hugh 3973: 3962: 3961:External links 3959: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3930: 3912: 3894: 3875:(2): 531–534. 3848: 3826: 3805:10.2307/791414 3779: 3760:(6): 454–457. 3744: 3725: 3714:(3): 375–377. 3698: 3679:(4): 539–542. 3656: 3629:(3): 210–216. 3606: 3564: 3551:(3): 451–456. 3524: 3489: 3462:(3): 433–442. 3446: 3433:(1): 133–138. 3413: 3386: 3352: 3325:(1): 259–265. 3309: 3267: 3256:(5): 381–399. 3236: 3189: 3162:(3): 623–629. 3146: 3127:(3): 220–236. 3107: 3063: 3034:(3): 231–233. 3011: 2976: 2944: 2896: 2877:(2): 108–133. 2852: 2845: 2820: 2792: 2765:(3): 375–383. 2741: 2714:(4): 351–368. 2693: 2680:(3): 245–253. 2660: 2641:(2–3): 69–83. 2621: 2606: 2583: 2576: 2560:Wilson, Don E. 2541: 2485: 2425: 2377: 2362: 2333:(2): 242–249. 2304: 2284: 2260: 2209: 2149: 2098: 2077:(2): 297–306. 2048: 2019: 1997: 1934: 1919: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1792: 1789: 1699: 1696: 1671: 1668: 1649:water striders 1636: 1633: 1604: 1601: 1553: 1550: 1520: 1517: 1453: 1450: 1317:Petite Kabylie 1281:Jijel Province 1268: 1265: 1215:Hands and feet 1176: 1173: 1129:M. s. pliocena 1125:M. s. sylvanus 1117:Early Pliocene 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 978: 973: 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 959: 958: 955: 954: 950: 949: 946: 945: 941: 940: 937: 936: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 908: 903: 901: 896: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 876: 871: 869: 864: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 850: 849: 846: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 832: 831: 828: 827: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 799: 794: 792: 787: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 773: 772: 769: 768: 764: 763: 760: 759: 749: 744: 742: 737: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 703: 698: 696: 685: 682: 681: 638:rhesus macaque 617: 614: 584:Simia sylvanus 551:Conrad Gessner 499: 496: 390: 389: 370:Simia pithecus 366:Linnaeus, 1766 349:Linnaeus, 1758 346:Simia sylvanus 341: 340: 334: 333: 329: 328: 320: 319: 308: 297: 296: 290: 289: 282: 280: 276: 275: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 170: 169: 156: 153: 152: 134: 131: 130: 125: 122: 121: 117: 116: 108: 107: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 43: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5544: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4945:(White-eyelid 4940: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4914:Theropithecus 4910: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4759:M. leucogenys 4755: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4732:M. assamensis 4728: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4651:M. nigrescens 4647: 4645: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4579:M. nemestrina 4575: 4573: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4471:C. erythrotis 4467: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4444:C. petaurista 4440: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4388:Mona monkey ( 4386: 4384: 4382: 4379:Blue monkey ( 4377: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4335:Cercopithecus 4331: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4285:Allochrocebus 4281: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4168:E. baumstarki 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3990: 3989: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949:9781869857677 3945: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992:(1): 85–106. 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846:0-8386-3237-8 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2810: 2809:Atlas Obscura 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607:9780123786326 2603: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2568:Lynx Edicions 2566:. Barcelona: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277:. Baltimore: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739:and mainland 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1716:IUCN Red List 1713: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1653:scale insects 1650: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592:female choice 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:thermophilous 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295:areas of the 1294: 1290: 1289:Sahara Desert 1282: 1278: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137:insular dwarf 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107:Fossil record 1106: 1095: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 990: 987: 985: 984: 977: 976: 970: 969: 966: 965: 957: 956: 948: 947: 939: 938: 935: 933: 932: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 915: 914: 907: 906: 900: 899: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 883: 882: 875: 874: 868: 867: 861: 860: 857: 856: 848: 847: 839: 838: 830: 829: 826: 824: 823: 822:M. nemestrina 816: 815: 812: 811: 808: 806: 805: 798: 797: 791: 790: 784: 783: 780: 779: 771: 770: 762: 761: 758: 756: 755: 748: 747: 741: 740: 734: 733: 727: 726: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 711: 709: 702: 701: 694: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 676: 675: 672: 670: 666: 662: 661: 658: 653: 649: 647: 646:chromosome 13 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 615: 613: 611: 607: 606: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 582: 578: 577: 572: 568: 567:Carl Linnaeus 564: 563: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 535: 530: 520: 513: 509: 504: 497: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 465:Barbary Coast 462: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 436:of the genus 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402: 397: 388: 385: 381: 375: 371: 364: 358: 354: 347: 342: 339: 335: 330: 326: 321: 316: 312: 306: 304: 298: 295: 294:Binomial name 291: 287: 286: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 269: 266: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 171: 165: 159: 154: 148: 143: 132: 128: 123: 118: 114: 109: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 33: 30: 19: 5403: 5087: 5062: 5045: 5036: 5024: 5013:C. lunulatus 5012: 5003: 4995:C. galeritus 4994: 4985: 4976: 4968:C. torquatus 4967: 4958: 4936: 4924: 4912: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4874:P. hamadryas 4873: 4864: 4855: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4800:L. aterrimus 4799: 4790: 4770: 4758: 4749: 4741:M. thibetana 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4678:M. arctoides 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4540: 4515: 4507:C. neglectus 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4399:C. campbelli 4398: 4389: 4380: 4372:C. nictitans 4371: 4362: 4353: 4333: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4283: 4272:C. cynosuros 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4197: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4157:Erythrocebus 4155: 4144:M. ogouensis 4143: 4134: 4114: 4102: 4090: 3986: 3969: 3939: 3933: 3925:the original 3915: 3897: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3402:(1): 36–49. 3399: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3287: 3283: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3209:(1): 32–45. 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3088:(1): 37–51. 3085: 3081: 3077: 3031: 3027: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2965:(1): 54–80. 2962: 2958: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2899: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2832: 2823: 2812:. 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Retrieved 1974: 1968: 1962: 1905: 1894: 1883: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1794: 1781: 1768:habitat loss 1765: 1725: 1709: 1688:golden eagle 1676:domestic dog 1673: 1657: 1638: 1628:alloparental 1625: 1588: 1581:that female 1571: 1546: 1522: 1514: 1501: 1490: 1482: 1463: 1442:interglacial 1435: 1406: 1376: 1364:World War II 1356:North Africa 1329: 1286: 1235: 1218: 1168:interglacial 1161: 1145: 1139: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1110: 1031: 1030: 1013: 1012: 981: 980: 931:M. arctoides 929: 928: 913:M. thibetana 911: 910: 879: 878: 820: 819: 802: 801: 752: 751: 707: 706: 705: 690: 678: 668: 660: 656: 650: 634:sister group 626:Phylogenetic 619: 603: 591: 583: 574: 560: 554: 546: 532: 526: 511: 469: 446: 437: 434:type species 432:. It is the 405: 400: 399: 395: 393: 379: 369: 362: 352: 345: 344: 302: 300: 284: 283: 271: 247:Infraorder: 29: 5244:iNaturalist 5112:Wikispecies 4813:Rungwecebus 4791:L. albigena 4696:M. cyclopis 4633:M. tonkeana 4624:M. ochreata 4597:M. pagensis 4561:M. sylvanus 4489:C. ascanius 4462:C. sclateri 4417:C. pogonias 4270:Malbrouck ( 4254:C. tantalus 4236:C. aethiops 4199:Chlorocebus 4135:M. talapoin 4123:(Talapoins) 4116:Miopithecus 4033:(subfamily 3799:(1): 1–24. 3587:: 245–250. 3408:1874/358227 2925:: 117–130. 2633:L. 1758)". 2241:: 117–130. 1843:Emain Macha 1809:dissections 1785:overgrazing 1772:overgrazing 1733:Pleistocene 1662:forests in 1660:Atlas cedar 1645:angiosperms 1641:gymnosperms 1529:conspecific 1519:Alarm calls 1478:selectivity 1466:matriarchal 1440:and during 1438:Pleistocene 1403:Atlas cedar 1360:Middle Ages 1250:bilophodont 1175:Description 1146:M. sylvanus 648:in humans. 406:Barbary ape 384:Reichenbach 363:Simia inuus 251:Simiiformes 5476:Categories 5419:Q109647596 5035:Mandrill ( 5026:Mandrillus 4947:mangabeys) 4938:Cercocebus 4892:P. ursinus 4824:R. kipunji 4772:Lophocebus 4750:M. munzala 4723:M. radiata 4705:M. fuscata 4687:M. mulatta 4588:M. leonina 4570:M. silenus 4549:(Macaques) 4498:C. hamlyni 4363:C. roloway 4322:A. solatus 4313:A. preussi 4304:A. lhoesti 4227:C. sabaeus 4072:Haplorhini 4070:Suborder: 3383:: 172–179. 2910:in Europe" 2814:2022-04-03 2448:: 103368. 2228:in Europe" 2118:(1): 1–7. 1990:17 January 1875:References 1805:anthropoid 1694:response. 1692:alarm call 1509:coalitions 1427:Portuguese 1415:Tell Atlas 1391:grasslands 1305:High Atlas 1293:fragmented 1242:anogenital 1185:Prague Zoo 1033:M. mulatta 1015:M. fuscata 881:M. radiata 804:M. silenus 642:homologous 600:suppressed 444:of young. 241:Haplorhini 237:Suborder: 160:Appendix I 142:Endangered 5037:M. sphinx 5004:C. sanjei 4977:C. agilis 4925:T. gelada 4901:P. kindae 4856:P. anubis 4844:(Baboons) 4822:Kipunji ( 4714:M. sinica 4606:M. siberu 4532:Papionini 4480:C. cephus 4046:Kingdom: 3966:ARKive - 3821:150797237 3284:Behaviour 3250:Behaviour 2959:Behaviour 2616:820107187 2521:0015-5713 2394:Carolinea 1893:"Species 1847:Titelberg 1824:physician 1811:. Strong 1670:Predators 1603:Parenting 1599:females. 1525:predators 1485:gestation 1446:Herodotus 1389:forests, 1362:. During 1336:Gibraltar 1283:, Algeria 1261:Papionini 1230:vestigial 1207:, Germany 1205:Wiesbaden 1141:M. majori 630:molecular 616:Phylogeny 612:in 1799. 529:Aristotle 486:) to the 430:Gibraltar 279:Species: 197:Kingdom: 191:Eukaryota 5413:Wikidata 5374:Species+ 5314:12100565 5262:10216022 5097:Wikidata 5064:Category 4923:Gelada ( 4883:P. papio 4660:M. nigra 4642:M. hecki 4615:M. maura 4514:Lesula ( 4435:C. denti 4426:C. wolfi 4408:C. lowei 4381:C. mitis 4354:C. diana 4234:Grivet ( 4218:C. dryas 4177:E. patas 4066:Primates 4060:Mammalia 4054:Chordata 4052:Phylum: 4048:Animalia 3889:41616038 3774:15300863 3693:87021869 3673:Mammalia 3651:18223816 3643:24006539 3601:87795900 3581:Mammalia 3484:23657621 3476:10199007 3347:86080812 3223:12065939 3121:Ethology 3102:10588434 3058:17327200 3006:43112228 2787:30650507 2779:17644098 2736:19899619 2728:16104035 2562:(eds.). 2534:19 March 2529:23363585 2480:37094515 2404:24 March 2357:19497354 2144:32110686 2093:53192425 1929:62265494 1891:(2005). 1853:See also 1820:cadavers 1813:cultural 1720:poaching 1542:loudness 1533:acoustic 1492:Grooming 1474:grooming 1431:cork oak 1423:holm oak 1325:Holocene 1311:and the 1299:and the 754:M. nigra 484:Zanclean 480:Pliocene 453:primates 374:Schreber 338:Synonyms 311:Linnaeus 257:Family: 231:Primates 221:Mammalia 211:Chordata 207:Phylum: 201:Animalia 187:Domain: 147:IUCN 3.1 5507:Maghreb 5454:ZooBank 5446:5739448 5301:1000623 5236:2436618 5103:Q199962 5044:Drill ( 4959:C. atys 4390:C. mona 4064:Order: 4058:Class: 3507:Bibcode 3327:Bibcode 3304:4535008 3231:9791964 3184:6947829 3176:9784211 3129:Bibcode 3049:2464693 2927:Bibcode 2655:6519600 2450:Bibcode 2348:2783879 2243:Bibcode 2135:7041515 1797:anatomy 1753:Germany 1728:logging 1714:on the 1698:Threats 1680:leopard 1664:Morocco 1596:fertile 1568:, 2008) 1566:Algeria 1505:fitness 1470:lineage 1411:Kabylia 1321:Algeria 1309:Morocco 1246:oestrus 1150:Norfolk 1113:fossils 695:  665:genomes 659:element 598:(ICZN) 508:Gervais 426:Morocco 422:Tunisia 418:Algeria 410:macaque 408:, is a 267:Genus: 227:Order: 217:Class: 162: ( 145: ( 5487:Macaca 5366:232422 5353:689645 5275:573027 5210:305552 5184:MCCASY 5171:323959 4542:Macaca 3946:  3887:  3819:  3813:791414 3811:  3772:  3741:: 1–7. 3691:  3649:  3641:  3599:  3482:  3474:  3345:  3302:  3229:  3221:  3182:  3174:  3100:  3056:  3046:  3004:  2891:403111 2889:  2843:  2785:  2777:  2734:  2726:  2653:  2614:  2604:  2574:  2527:  2519:  2478:  2355:  2345:  2321:Macaca 2142:  2132:  2091:  1927:  1917:  1816:taboos 1745:Sicily 1741:Iberia 1686:; the 1684:eagles 1621:Alsace 1562:Béjaïa 1552:Mating 1496:stress 1385:, and 1340:Europe 1313:Grande 1301:Middle 1189:Prague 692:Macaca 679:Macaca 669:Macaca 605:Macaca 571:genera 461:monkey 457:Europe 449:humans 438:Macaca 386:, 1863 376:, 1799 359:, 1812 272:Macaca 5433:15962 5428:EUNIS 5340:84508 5288:12561 5257:IRMNG 5249:43452 5197:15707 5192:EUNIS 5158:3WWP8 5145:30410 4837:Papio 3885:S2CID 3865:(PDF) 3843:SWARA 3817:S2CID 3809:JSTOR 3689:S2CID 3647:S2CID 3597:S2CID 3480:S2CID 3373:(PDF) 3343:S2CID 3300:JSTOR 3227:S2CID 3180:S2CID 3002:S2CID 2913:(PDF) 2867:L.". 2783:S2CID 2732:S2CID 2390:(PDF) 2231:(PDF) 2089:S2CID 1899:. In 1801:Galen 1749:Malta 1538:pitch 1379:cedar 1352:Moors 1258:tribe 1222:moult 1156:, at 622:basal 592:Simia 562:Simia 547:Simia 539:Galen 164:CITES 158:CITES 5441:GBIF 5392:9774 5379:6923 5327:9546 5322:NCBI 5283:IUCN 5270:ITIS 5231:GBIF 5179:EPPO 5140:BOLD 3944:ISBN 3770:PMID 3639:PMID 3545:Oryx 3472:PMID 3427:Oryx 3219:PMID 3172:PMID 3119:)". 3098:PMID 3080:)". 3054:PMID 2887:PMID 2841:ISBN 2775:PMID 2724:PMID 2674:Oryx 2651:PMID 2612:OCLC 2602:ISBN 2572:ISBN 2536:2024 2525:PMID 2517:ISSN 2476:PMID 2420:link 2406:2024 2353:PMID 2327:Gene 2140:PMID 2043:2021 1992:2022 1975:2020 1925:OCLC 1915:ISBN 1682:and 1643:and 1635:Diet 1540:and 1429:and 1315:and 1303:and 1135:The 1131:and 628:and 588:taxa 424:and 394:The 315:1758 46:PreꞒ 5387:TSA 5309:MSW 5296:MDD 5166:EoL 5153:CoL 5127:ADW 3907:BBC 3877:doi 3801:doi 3762:doi 3716:doi 3681:doi 3631:doi 3589:doi 3553:doi 3515:doi 3464:doi 3435:doi 3404:hdl 3335:doi 3292:doi 3288:120 3258:doi 3254:132 3211:doi 3164:doi 3137:doi 3090:doi 3044:PMC 3036:doi 2994:doi 2967:doi 2935:doi 2879:doi 2767:doi 2716:doi 2682:doi 2643:doi 2509:doi 2466:hdl 2458:doi 2446:179 2343:PMC 2335:doi 2331:448 2251:doi 2130:PMC 2120:doi 2079:doi 1979:doi 1387:oak 1383:fir 1342:'s 1334:of 1297:Rif 1279:in 1203:in 1187:in 657:Alu 644:to 549:by 455:in 416:of 5478:: 5456:: 5443:: 5430:: 5415:: 5389:: 5376:: 5363:: 5350:: 5337:: 5324:: 5311:: 5298:: 5285:: 5272:: 5259:: 5246:: 5233:: 5220:: 5207:: 5194:: 5181:: 5168:: 5155:: 5142:: 5129:: 5114:: 5099:: 3985:. 3905:. 3883:. 3873:27 3871:. 3867:. 3841:. 3829:^ 3815:. 3807:. 3797:42 3795:. 3791:. 3768:. 3758:17 3756:. 3737:. 3712:53 3710:. 3687:. 3677:78 3675:. 3659:^ 3645:. 3637:. 3627:74 3625:. 3609:^ 3595:. 3585:76 3583:. 3567:^ 3549:47 3547:. 3543:. 3527:^ 3513:. 3503:27 3501:. 3478:. 3470:. 3458:. 3431:44 3429:. 3425:. 3398:. 3381:15 3379:. 3375:. 3341:. 3333:. 3323:15 3321:. 3298:. 3286:. 3270:^ 3252:. 3225:. 3217:. 3207:73 3205:. 3178:. 3170:. 3160:56 3158:. 3135:. 3125:91 3123:. 3096:. 3086:50 3084:. 3066:^ 3052:. 3042:. 3030:. 3026:. 3014:^ 3000:. 2990:20 2988:. 2963:75 2961:. 2947:^ 2933:. 2923:96 2915:. 2885:. 2875:27 2873:. 2855:^ 2835:. 2807:. 2795:^ 2781:. 2773:. 2763:52 2761:. 2744:^ 2730:. 2722:. 2712:66 2710:. 2678:14 2676:. 2672:. 2649:. 2639:43 2637:. 2610:. 2586:^ 2544:^ 2523:. 2515:. 2505:83 2503:. 2497:. 2474:. 2464:. 2456:. 2444:. 2438:. 2416:}} 2412:{{ 2398:78 2396:. 2392:. 2351:. 2341:. 2329:. 2325:. 2307:^ 2287:^ 2263:^ 2249:. 2239:96 2237:. 2233:. 2212:^ 2198:. 2152:^ 2138:. 2128:. 2114:. 2110:. 2087:. 2075:39 2073:. 2069:. 2051:^ 2034:. 2012:. 2000:^ 1973:. 1967:. 1937:^ 1923:. 1770:, 1747:, 1678:, 1651:, 1564:, 1393:, 1381:, 1374:. 1366:, 1327:. 1263:. 1127:, 510:' 420:, 313:, 96:Pg 5048:) 5039:) 5015:) 5006:) 4997:) 4988:) 4979:) 4970:) 4961:) 4927:) 4903:) 4894:) 4885:) 4876:) 4867:) 4858:) 4826:) 4802:) 4793:) 4761:) 4752:) 4743:) 4734:) 4725:) 4716:) 4707:) 4698:) 4689:) 4680:) 4671:) 4662:) 4653:) 4644:) 4635:) 4626:) 4617:) 4608:) 4599:) 4590:) 4581:) 4572:) 4563:) 4518:) 4509:) 4500:) 4491:) 4482:) 4473:) 4464:) 4455:) 4446:) 4437:) 4428:) 4419:) 4410:) 4401:) 4392:) 4383:) 4374:) 4365:) 4356:) 4324:) 4315:) 4306:) 4274:) 4265:) 4256:) 4247:) 4238:) 4229:) 4220:) 4188:) 4179:) 4170:) 4146:) 4137:) 4105:) 4037:) 4019:e 4012:t 4005:v 3952:. 3909:. 3891:. 3879:: 3823:. 3803:: 3776:. 3764:: 3739:7 3722:. 3718:: 3695:. 3683:: 3653:. 3633:: 3603:. 3591:: 3561:. 3555:: 3521:. 3517:: 3509:: 3486:. 3466:: 3460:8 3443:. 3437:: 3410:. 3406:: 3400:2 3349:. 3337:: 3329:: 3306:. 3294:: 3264:. 3260:: 3233:. 3213:: 3186:. 3166:: 3143:. 3139:: 3131:: 3104:. 3092:: 3060:. 3038:: 3032:3 3008:. 2996:: 2973:. 2969:: 2941:. 2937:: 2929:: 2893:. 2881:: 2849:. 2817:. 2789:. 2769:: 2753:( 2738:. 2718:: 2702:( 2690:. 2684:: 2657:. 2645:: 2618:. 2580:. 2538:. 2511:: 2468:: 2460:: 2452:: 2422:) 2408:. 2359:. 2337:: 2257:. 2253:: 2245:: 2206:. 2146:. 2122:: 2116:4 2095:. 2081:: 2067:" 2045:. 2032:" 2028:" 1994:. 1981:: 1965:" 1961:" 1931:. 1897:" 1405:( 482:( 398:( 317:) 309:( 166:) 149:) 101:N 91:K 86:J 81:T 76:P 71:C 66:D 61:S 56:O 51:Ꞓ 20:)

Index

Macaca sylvanus
PreꞒ

O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N

Conservation status
Endangered
IUCN 3.1
CITES
CITES
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Haplorhini
Simiiformes
Cercopithecidae
Macaca

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