653:
381:
1198:
817:
83:
3381:
1120:
1022:
784:
movement experienced a steep decline; this favoured its soft suppression by the emperors, and mitigation of the religious strife that had drained resources in previous centuries. Despite some tactical defeats, the administrative, legislative, cultural and economic situation continued to improve
1243:
The 11th century was also momentous for its religious events. In 1054, relations between Greek and Slavic-speaking
Eastern and Latin-speaking Western Christian traditions reached a terminal crisis. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on July 16, when three papal
797:
establishment began to support the imperial cause, and the state limited the power of the landowning class in favour of agricultural small-holders, who made up an important part of the military. These conditions contributed to the ability of the emperors to wage war against the
1087:
the
Bulgarian forces were completely defeated. and captured. According to medieval legends, 99 out of every 100 Bulgarian soldiers were blinded and the hundredth remaining man was left with one eye so as to lead his compatriots home; reportedly when the aging Tsar
777:(died 855). The latter in particular favoured culture at the court, and, with a careful financial policy, steadily increased gold reserves. The rise of the Macedonian dynasty coincided with developments that strengthened the religious unity of the empire.
906:
sect, which had found a large following in the eastern provinces of the Empire and, facing persecution under the
Byzantines, often fought under the Arab flag. It took several campaigns to subdue the Paulicians, who were eventually defeated by Basil I.
930:
in Syria two years later. Despite this revenge, the
Byzantines were still unable to strike a decisive blow against the Muslims, who inflicted a crushing defeat on the imperial forces when they attempted to regain Crete in 911.
1175:). Kiev never went far enough to actually endanger the empire; the wars were primarily a tool to force the Byzantines to sign increasingly favorable trade treaties, the texts of which are recorded in the Primary Chronicle (
1550:
428:
824:
By 867, the empire had stabilized its position in both the east and the west, while the success of its defensive military structure had enabled the emperors to begin planning wars of reconquest in the east.
681:
1239:
to be an outrage. Accordingly, he planned to reconquer the island, which had belonged to the empire for over three hundred years (c. 535 – c. 902). However, his death in 1025 put an end to the project.
2260:
1152:
Kievan Rus' princes were often married into the
Byzantine imperial family and Constantinople often employed princes' armies; most notably, Vladimir the Great presented Byzantium with the famous
1264:
was a culmination of centuries of gradual separation. Although the schism was brought about by doctrinal disputes (in particular, Eastern refusal to accept the
Western Church doctrine of the
731:
The cities of the empire expanded, and affluence spread across the provinces because of the newfound security. The population rose, and production increased, stimulating new demand for
1189:
alphabet, Byzantine architecture dominated in Kiev, and as the main trading partner the
Byzantine Empire played a critical role in the establishment, rise, and fall of Kievan Rus'.
2493:
674:
1076:. Adrianople was captured again in 923 and in 924 the Bulgarian army laid siege to Constantinople. Pressure from the North was alleviated only after Simeon's death in 927.
1473:
1300:
667:
3369:
1723:
1624:
579:
483:
1083:(reigned 976–1025), Bulgaria became the target of annual campaigns by the Byzantine army. The war was to drag on for nearly twenty years, but eventually, at the
3433:
3428:
3057:
1567:
1092:
saw the remains of his once formidable army, he died of a heart attack. In 1018 Bulgaria surrendered and became part of the
Byzantine Empire thus restoring the
442:
1164:
states the marriage was in exchange for the Rus' conversion to orthodoxy; the
Varangian Guard was a by-product (although a significant one) of this exchange.
380:
3423:
1582:
1577:
457:
452:
2658:
1644:
1619:
1041:
in 894, but this was pushed back by
Byzantine diplomacy, which called on the help of the Hungarians. The Byzantines were in turn defeated, however, at the
503:
478:
3009:
2992:
1649:
1629:
508:
488:
266:
2708:
2554:
2526:
2170:
2162:
1639:
1572:
498:
447:
293:
2904:
2265:
363:
2753:
3233:
2758:
1172:
1149:
employed many architects and artists to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding the Byzantine influence even further.
3157:
1917:
1910:
1466:
1343:
625:
2768:
2056:
2909:
1179:) and other historical documents. Constantinople at the same time constantly pitted Kievan Rus', Bulgaria, and Poland against each other.
1900:
1176:
934:
The situation on the border with the Arab territories remained fluid, with the Byzantines alternatively on the offensive or defensive.
3238:
2651:
720:. The Macedonian dynasty was characterised by a cultural revival in spheres such as philosophy and the arts, and has been dubbed the "
82:
3339:
1905:
1426:
1383:
2402:
1459:
1045:(896), and obliged to pay annual subsidies to the Bulgarians. Later (912) Simeon even had the Byzantines grant him the crown of
3408:
3374:
3196:
1728:
1496:
1053:
marry one of his daughters. When a revolt in Constantinople halted his dynastic project, he again invaded Thrace and conquered
591:
372:
342:
328:
314:
300:
275:
261:
3344:
3334:
3206:
3127:
2813:
2385:
2329:
2250:
2117:
2945:
1182:
The Byzantine influence on Kievan Rus' cannot be overstated. Byzantine-style writing became a standard for the adopted from
951:
3201:
3191:
3106:
2861:
2646:
958:, who continued the offensive with other noteworthy victories in Mesopotamia (943): these culminated in the reconquest of
307:
1016:
3275:
3243:
3147:
2856:
2828:
2636:
2175:
3418:
3413:
2999:
2641:
2488:
2245:
1996:
1160:
mercenaries. Some believe that this was in exchange for the marriage of Basil's sister Anna to Vladimir. However, the
769:(867–886), initiator of the Macedonian dynasty, some later scholars have credited the reforms of Basil's predecessor,
1003:
and its neighbors became vassals of the empire in the east, where the greatest threat to the empire was the Egyptian
943:
939:
3319:
3265:
3004:
2876:
2866:
2566:
2446:
2324:
2255:
2143:
2112:
1955:
1895:
1203:
915:
790:
155:
3179:
2703:
2559:
2344:
2235:
2122:
1310:
605:
2478:
2230:
1717:
1145:
The Byzantine Empire quickly became the main trading and cultural partner for Kiev. After Christianizing, Rus'
1069:
950:, but this time they were crushed, showing the improvements in the Byzantine military position after 907, when
757:, it was stronger, as its territories were both less dispersed and more politically and culturally integrated.
572:
1596:
1274:), disputes over administration and political issues had simmered for centuries. The formal separation of the
462:
3384:
2808:
2534:
2354:
2240:
1275:
1042:
794:
657:
404:
224:
186:
140:
3309:
2899:
2741:
2185:
1991:
1965:
1960:
1733:
1709:
1705:
1672:
1183:
1034:
811:
739:
596:
584:
562:
538:
280:
126:
48:
3027:
2881:
2071:
1981:
1945:
1830:
1560:
1555:
1279:
721:
436:
432:
2618:
3270:
3253:
3074:
2833:
2798:
2681:
2613:
2148:
2091:
1061:
1038:
972:
816:
2180:
2096:
2086:
1950:
1713:
1701:
1588:
1197:
959:
567:
558:
3380:
3258:
3248:
3122:
2793:
2676:
2593:
2456:
1808:
1788:
1768:
1758:
1524:
1295:
1146:
1089:
717:
702:
1235:. Yet even these victories were not enough; Basil considered the continued Arab occupation of
3314:
3219:
3152:
3132:
3100:
3032:
3019:
2940:
2935:
2686:
2451:
2301:
1820:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1422:
1379:
1339:
1283:
1228:
1161:
1108:
1084:
630:
321:
122:
118:
114:
3184:
2977:
2925:
2871:
2838:
2788:
2581:
2571:
2349:
2037:
1929:
1852:
1835:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1697:
1482:
1261:
1257:
976:
927:
919:
857:
725:
553:
3329:
3162:
3142:
3137:
3092:
3082:
3042:
3037:
2982:
2763:
2369:
2286:
2281:
2021:
2011:
1847:
1841:
1825:
1803:
1793:
1778:
1406:] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Colección completa de Crónicas de Rusia. pp. 95–102.
1153:
1050:
130:
1171:
and other Byzantine cities were attacked several times by the armies of Kievan Rus' (see
962:(944), which was especially celebrated for the return to Constantinople of the venerated
3167:
3047:
2780:
2539:
2433:
2419:
2218:
2081:
1922:
1677:
1249:
1220:
1168:
1135:
1127:
1033:
continued, spurred by the question of religious supremacy over the newly Christianized
955:
935:
926:. The Byzantines responded by destroying an Arab fleet in 908, and sacking the city of
923:
899:
710:
640:
635:
524:
110:
100:
63:
1332:
1134:
Between 800 and 1100, the empire developed a mixed relationship with the new state of
3402:
3087:
2964:
2930:
2668:
2603:
2576:
2461:
2076:
2016:
1072:(917). The following year the Bulgarians ravaged modern-day northern Greece south to
743:
620:
1441:
828:
The process of reconquest began with variable fortunes. The temporary reconquest of
2848:
2823:
2803:
2608:
2586:
2441:
1689:
1684:
1518:
1245:
911:
895:
706:
701:
underwent a revival during the late 9th, 10th, and early 11th centuries. Under the
543:
533:
528:
398:
1167:
The relationship was not always friendly. During this three-hundred-year interval
1231:
and Armenia, to the total annihilation of an invading force of Egyptians outside
3349:
3324:
2818:
2628:
2395:
2001:
1986:
1271:
1157:
1123:
774:
770:
754:
211:
2623:
2483:
2473:
2306:
2296:
2006:
1253:
871:
These drawbacks were later counterbalanced by a victorious expedition against
781:
17:
3172:
3052:
2544:
2412:
2359:
2291:
1305:
1223:
in the west. Many successes had been achieved, ranging from the conquest of
1139:
1126:
leads a squadron of horse-driven boats to the walls of Tsargrad. A medieval
1100:
1065:
996:
964:
903:
888:
786:
423:
1119:
836:, while the emperors were unable to prevent the ongoing Muslim conquest of
1451:
738:
Culturally, there was considerable growth in education and learning (the "
2698:
2598:
2549:
2407:
2339:
2127:
1266:
1224:
1216:
1186:
1080:
1030:
947:
884:
880:
872:
865:
833:
88:
1338:. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. p. 95.
1021:
3064:
2950:
2891:
2390:
2364:
2042:
1232:
1212:
1104:
1073:
1004:
861:
849:
845:
841:
766:
174:
2987:
2693:
2468:
2334:
1236:
1093:
1054:
1000:
992:
837:
747:
335:
1196:
1118:
1020:
988:
980:
876:
829:
815:
799:
732:
2972:
984:
898:
was meanwhile reduced by inner struggles and by the rise of the
853:
714:
3298:
2729:
2514:
2206:
1873:
1494:
1455:
1111:, paving the way for the westward spread of Byzantine culture.
1096:
frontier, which had not been held since the days of Heraclius.
995:. At one point under John, the empire's armies even threatened
765:
Although tradition attributed the "Byzantine Renaissance" to
40:
753:
Though the empire was much smaller than during the reign of
379:
902:
in the east. Muslims received assistance however from the
384:
Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
1207:
of the Byzantine Empire at the death of Basil II in 1025.
910:
In 904, disaster struck the empire when its second city,
832:(843) was followed by a crushing Byzantine defeat on the
1282:
would have wide-ranging consequences for the future of
883:(863), the confirmation of the imperial authority over
864:
in 900 and the final Greek stronghold, the fortress of
793:
system reached its definitive form in this period. The
952:
only diplomacy had been able to push back the invaders
1068:
ended again with a crushing Byzantine defeat at the
954:. The vanquisher of the Rus' was the famous general
3215:
3115:
3073:
3018:
2963:
2918:
2890:
2847:
2779:
2740:
2667:
2525:
2432:
2378:
2317:
2274:
2217:
2161:
2136:
2105:
2064:
2055:
2030:
1974:
1938:
1884:
1742:
1658:
1605:
1536:
1507:
221:
208:
196:
180:
168:
154:
146:
136:
106:
96:
32:
1331:
1301:Family trees of the Byzantine imperial dynasties
1037:. This prompted an invasion by the mighty Tsar
750:graced the interiors of the many new churches.
742:"). Ancient texts were preserved and recopied.
1842:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1025:Emperor Basil II the Bulgar Slayer (976–1025).
844:as their launching pad, the Muslims conquered
1467:
1443:Prince Oleg's Campaign Against Constantinople
705:emperors, the empire gained control over the
675:
8:
942:, constituted another new challenge. In 941
887:(867) and Basil I's offensives towards the
55:
3295:
2746:
2737:
2726:
2522:
2511:
2223:
2214:
2203:
2061:
1888:
1881:
1870:
1504:
1491:
1474:
1460:
1452:
1296:Macedonian dynasty and related family tree
1099:During this period the Byzantine princess
785:under Basil's successors, especially with
682:
668:
357:
267:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty
81:
29:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
294:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty
1322:
979:(969–76) expanded the empire well into
611:
604:
516:
470:
415:
390:
371:
360:
1211:The Byzantine Empire now stretched to
1049:of Bulgaria and had the young emperor
1252:on a Saturday afternoon and placed a
1138:that emerged to the north across the
220:
207:
203:
179:
167:
163:
153:
87:The Byzantine Empire at the death of
7:
3434:11th century in the Byzantine Empire
3429:10th century in the Byzantine Empire
983:, defeating the emirs of north-west
27:867–1057 period of Byzantine history
3424:9th century in the Byzantine Empire
999:, far to the south. The emirate of
938:, who appeared near Constantinople
150:Bureaucratic semi-elective monarchy
1060:A great imperial expedition under
1029:The traditional struggle with the
713:, and all of the territory of the
25:
3340:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1103:, wife of the Holy Roman Emperor
879:(856), the defeat of the Emir of
3379:
1227:, to the annexation of parts of
944:they appeared on the Asian shore
651:
340:
326:
312:
298:
273:
259:
1729:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1551:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1419:The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204
592:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
429:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
373:History of the Byzantine Empire
2814:Great Palace of Constantinople
2555:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1270:, or double procession of the
1:
1374:Norwich, John Julius (1998).
840:(827–902). Using present-day
773:(842–867) and of the erudite
308:County of Apulia and Calabria
3276:University of Constantinople
2857:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2007:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1696:Byzantine successor states (
1376:A Short History of Byzantium
1260:on the altar, the so-called
699:under the Macedonian dynasty
2946:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2002:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1997:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1177:Rus'–Byzantine Treaty (907)
820:Byzantine Empire, c. 867 AD
658:Byzantine Empire portal
550:Byzantine successor states
3450:
3335:Neo-Byzantine architecture
1956:Comes sacrarum largitionum
1115:Relations with Kievan Rus'
1107:, served as regent of the
1014:
809:
746:flourished, and brilliant
41:
3362:
3305:
3294:
2905:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2749:
2736:
2725:
2521:
2510:
2226:
2213:
2202:
1891:
1880:
1869:
1503:
1490:
1330:Browning, Robert (1992).
1311:Phokas (Byzantine family)
940:for the first time in 860
238:
234:
204:
192:
164:
80:
75:
2479:Droungarios of the Fleet
1417:Angold, Michael (1997).
1017:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
806:Wars against the Muslims
471:Middle period (717–1204)
2993:Early Byzantine mosaics
2355:Domestic of the Schools
1400:Лаврентьевская летопись
1276:Eastern Orthodox Church
1043:Battle of Bulgarophygon
795:Eastern Orthodox Church
517:Late period (1204–1453)
225:Theodora Porphyrogenita
187:Theodora Porphyrogenita
141:Eastern Orthodox Church
3409:1057 disestablishments
3310:Byzantine commonwealth
2072:Praetorian prefectures
1992:Logothetes tou genikou
1966:Quaestor sacri palatii
1961:Comes rerum privatarum
1734:Fall of Constantinople
1673:Sack of Constantinople
1208:
1131:
1026:
821:
812:Early Muslim conquests
740:Macedonian Renaissance
597:Fall of Constantinople
585:Despotate of the Morea
539:Principality of Achaea
416:Early period (330–717)
385:
281:First Bulgarian Empire
127:South Slavic languages
56:
3010:Komnenian renaissance
3005:Macedonian period art
2910:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2882:Walls of Thessaloniki
1982:Logothetes tou dromou
1597:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1561:Valentinianic dynasty
1556:Constantinian dynasty
1200:
1156:– an army of vicious
1122:
1024:
1015:Further information:
1011:Wars against Bulgaria
975:(reigned 963–69) and
971:The soldier emperors
819:
761:Internal developments
463:Twenty Years' Anarchy
437:Valentinianic dynasty
433:Constantinian dynasty
383:
107:Common languages
3207:Units of measurement
2941:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2834:Pammakaristos Church
2682:Corpus Juris Civilis
2633:Missionary activity
2092:Exarchate of Ravenna
1918:Imperial bureaucracy
1334:The Byzantine Empire
1244:legates entered the
973:Nikephoros II Phokas
894:The threat from the
2731:Culture and society
2594:Ecumenical councils
2097:Exarchate of Africa
2087:Quaestura exercitus
1951:Magister officiorum
1946:Praetorian prefects
1589:Byzantine Dark Ages
1404:Códice de Laurencio
1173:Rus'-Byzantine Wars
1070:Battle of Anchialus
787:Romanos I Lekapenos
3419:Macedonian dynasty
3414:867 establishments
3148:Flags and insignia
2794:Baths of Zeuxippus
2677:Codex Theodosianus
2567:Oriental Orthodoxy
1525:Later Roman Empire
1286:and Christianity.
1209:
1147:Vladimir the Great
1132:
1130:illumination (907)
1090:Samuil of Bulgaria
1079:Under the emperor
1027:
924:Byzantine renegade
822:
718:Samuil of Bulgaria
386:
3396:
3395:
3358:
3357:
3315:Byzantine studies
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3101:Alexander Romance
2959:
2958:
2936:Nea Moni of Chios
2799:Blachernae Palace
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2687:Code of Justinian
2535:Eastern Orthodoxy
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2428:
2427:
2302:Scholae Palatinae
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2163:Foreign relations
2157:
2156:
2051:
2050:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1664:(1204–1453)
1345:978-0-8132-0754-4
1162:Primary Chronicle
1109:Holy Roman Empire
1085:Battle of Kleidon
1066:Romanos Lekapenos
987:and reconquering
918:by an Arab fleet
692:
691:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
322:Catepanate of Ras
286:
285:
210:• Murder of
182:• 1055–1056
123:Old Church Slavic
115:Romance languages
16:(Redirected from
3441:
3383:
3296:
3239:Imperial Library
3185:Byzantine Greeks
2926:Daphni Monastery
2877:Panagia Chalkeon
2872:Hagios Demetrios
2839:Prison of Anemas
2789:Basilica Cistern
2747:
2738:
2727:
2582:West Syriac Rite
2572:Alexandrian Rite
2523:
2516:Religion and law
2512:
2447:Maritime themata
2403:Palaiologan army
2256:Military manuals
2224:
2215:
2204:
2062:
2038:Megas logothetes
1889:
1882:
1871:
1744:By modern region
1665:
1612:
1611:(717–1204)
1543:
1505:
1492:
1483:Byzantine Empire
1476:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1327:
1278:and the Western
1258:ex-communication
1215:in the east, to
977:John I Tzimiskes
696:Byzantine Empire
684:
677:
670:
656:
655:
654:
358:
344:
343:
330:
329:
316:
315:
302:
301:
290:
289:
277:
276:
263:
262:
256:
255:
240:
239:
223:• Death of
217:24 September 867
85:
67:
59:
57:Imperium Romanum
52:
44:
43:
42:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
34:Byzantine Empire
30:
21:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3354:
3330:Cyrillic script
3301:
3282:
3227:
3211:
3111:
3093:Digenes Akritas
3069:
3014:
2955:
2919:Other locations
2914:
2886:
2843:
2775:
2764:Cross-in-square
2732:
2713:
2663:
2517:
2498:
2424:
2374:
2370:Varangian Guard
2313:
2287:East Roman army
2282:Late Roman army
2270:
2209:
2190:
2153:
2132:
2101:
2047:
2026:
2022:Epi ton deeseon
2012:Epi tou eidikou
1970:
1934:
1876:
1857:
1844:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1724:Palaiologan era
1666:
1663:
1654:
1625:Nikephorian era
1613:
1610:
1601:
1544:
1542:(330–717)
1541:
1532:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1480:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1353:
1346:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1292:
1280:Catholic Church
1195:
1154:Varangian Guard
1117:
1051:Constantine VII
1019:
1013:
814:
808:
789:(920–944). The
763:
688:
652:
650:
645:
580:Palaiologan era
484:Nikephorian era
367:
341:
327:
313:
299:
274:
260:
227:
214:
183:
171:
170:• 867–886
131:Syriac language
92:
71:
70:
61:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2862:Byzantine Bath
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2781:Constantinople
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Byzantine Rite
2531:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2420:Grand domestic
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2386:Komnenian army
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:Military units
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Battle tactics
2227:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:Medieval Greek
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:Fourth Crusade
1669:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Macedonian era
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1568:Theodosian era
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1427:
1409:
1391:
1384:
1351:
1344:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1250:Divine Liturgy
1221:Southern Italy
1194:
1191:
1169:Constantinople
1116:
1114:
1113:
1012:
1009:
956:John Kourkouas
807:
804:
762:
759:
711:Southern Italy
690:
689:
687:
686:
679:
672:
664:
661:
660:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
556:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
525:Fourth Crusade
519:
518:
514:
513:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Macedonian era
491:
486:
481:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
443:Theodosian era
440:
426:
418:
417:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
408:
393:
392:
388:
387:
376:
375:
369:
368:
361:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
338:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
296:
287:
284:
283:
278:
270:
269:
264:
252:
251:
246:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:31 August 1056
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
181:
178:
177:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
111:Medieval Greek
108:
104:
103:
101:Constantinople
98:
94:
93:
86:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
68:
53:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
18:Macedonian era
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3446:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3297:
3293:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Encyclopedias
3232:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Hellenization
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:Everyday life
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:Acritic songs
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Hosios Loukas
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Monophysitism
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Armenian Rite
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2495:
2494:Naval battles
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Protasekretis
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Komnenian era
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:Heraclian era
1581:
1579:
1578:Justinian era
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1428:0-582-29468-1
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1385:0-14-025960-0
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1008:
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990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
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967:
966:
961:
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932:
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921:
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869:
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839:
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831:
826:
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813:
805:
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796:
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788:
783:
778:
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756:
751:
749:
745:
744:Byzantine art
741:
736:
734:
729:
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723:
719:
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532:
531:
530:
526:
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522:
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520:
515:
510:
507:
505:
504:Komnenian era
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
464:
461:
459:
458:Heraclian era
456:
454:
453:Justinian era
451:
449:
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444:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
425:
424:Tetrarchy era
422:
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389:
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105:
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99:
95:
90:
84:
79:
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65:
58:
54:
50:
49:Ancient Greek
39:
38:
31:
19:
3099:
2867:Hagia Sophia
2849:Thessalonica
2824:Hagia Sophia
2804:Chora Church
2742:Architecture
2619:Great Schism
2609:Paulicianism
2587:Miaphysitism
2442:Karabisianoi
1746:or territory
1706:Thessalonica
1690:Latin Empire
1685:Frankokratia
1660:
1634:
1620:Isaurian era
1607:
1538:
1523:
1519:Roman Empire
1509:
1442:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1375:
1333:
1325:
1265:
1262:Great Schism
1246:Hagia Sophia
1242:
1210:
1202:
1181:
1166:
1158:Scandinavian
1151:
1144:
1133:
1098:
1078:
1059:
1046:
1028:
970:
963:
933:
912:Thessaloniki
909:
896:Arab Muslims
893:
870:
827:
823:
779:
764:
752:
737:
730:
707:Adriatic Sea
698:
695:
693:
563:Thessalonica
534:Latin Empire
493:
479:Isaurian era
403:
399:Roman Empire
249:Succeeded by
248:
243:
3350:Megali Idea
3325:Byzantinism
3028:Agriculture
2819:Hagia Irene
2652:Kievan Rus'
2629:Mount Athos
2452:Cibyrrhaeot
2396:Vestiaritai
2251:Mercenaries
2128:Catepanates
1987:Sakellarios
1906:Family tree
1831:Mesopotamia
1650:Angelid era
1630:Amorian era
1421:. Longman.
1378:. Penguin.
1272:Holy Spirit
1136:Kievan Rus'
1128:Kievan Rus'
1124:Prince Oleg
1031:See of Rome
936:Kievan Rus'
775:Theoktistos
771:Michael III
509:Angelid era
489:Amorian era
244:Preceded by
212:Michael III
3403:Categories
3345:Third Rome
3271:University
3254:Philosophy
3244:Inventions
3107:Historians
3075:Literature
3058:Varangians
2900:San Vitale
2829:Hippodrome
2809:City Walls
2709:Mutilation
2704:Hexabiblos
2624:Bogomilism
2614:Iconoclasm
2484:Megas doux
2474:Greek fire
2457:Aegean Sea
2330:Kleisourai
2307:Excubitors
2297:Bucellarii
2149:Despotates
2118:Kleisourai
2057:Provincial
1901:Coronation
1875:Governance
1640:Doukid era
1573:Leonid era
1317:References
1062:Leo Phokas
1055:Adrianople
868:, in 902.
810:See also:
782:iconoclast
722:Golden Age
703:Macedonian
626:Government
529:Latin rule
499:Doukid era
448:Leonid era
147:Government
3173:Octoechos
3053:Silk Road
2545:Hesychasm
2413:Paramonai
2360:Hetaireia
2292:Foederati
2181:Diplomacy
2176:Diplomats
2082:Provinces
1911:Empresses
1714:Trebizond
1510:Preceding
1306:Lekapenos
1140:Black Sea
1101:Theophanu
1007:kingdom.
997:Jerusalem
965:Mandylion
904:Paulician
889:Euphrates
755:Justinian
726:Byzantium
568:Trebizond
391:Preceding
137:Religion
3266:Scholars
3259:Rhetoric
3249:Medicine
3224:Learning
3123:Calendar
3000:Painters
2699:Basilika
2637:Bulgaria
2599:Arianism
2550:Hayhurum
2527:Religion
2489:Admirals
2408:Allagion
2340:Droungos
2246:Generals
2208:Military
2171:Treaties
2077:Dioceses
1896:Emperors
1809:Sardinia
1789:Dalmatia
1769:Bulgaria
1759:Anatolia
1718:Theodoro
1712: /
1708: /
1700: /
1290:See also
1267:filioque
1225:Bulgaria
1217:Calabria
1187:Cyrillic
1184:Bulgaria
1081:Basil II
1047:basileus
1039:Simeon I
1035:Bulgaria
948:Bosporus
928:Laodicea
891:(870s).
885:Dalmatia
881:Melitene
873:Damietta
866:Taormina
860:in 878,
858:Syracuse
856:in 859,
852:in 842,
848:in 831,
834:Bosporus
612:By topic
606:Timeline
573:Theodoro
405:Dominate
364:a series
362:Part of
119:Armenian
89:Basil II
76:867–1056
3375:Outline
3320:Museums
3220:Science
3197:Slavery
3153:Gardens
3133:Cuisine
3065:Dynatoi
3033:Coinage
3020:Economy
2988:Mosaics
2951:Mystras
2892:Ravenna
2754:Secular
2642:Moravia
2391:Pronoia
2365:Akritai
2350:Tagmata
2325:Themata
2266:Revolts
2236:Battles
2144:Kephale
2113:Themata
2043:Mesazon
1885:Central
1821:Maghreb
1774:Corsica
1764:Armenia
1754:Albania
1497:History
1248:during
1233:Antioch
1229:Georgia
1213:Armenia
1204:themata
1193:Triumph
1105:Otto II
1074:Corinth
1005:Fatimid
946:of the
862:Catania
850:Messina
846:Palermo
842:Tunisia
767:Basil I
748:mosaics
631:Economy
197:History
175:Basil I
156:Emperor
97:Capital
3385:Portal
3300:Impact
3180:People
3128:Cities
2978:Enamel
2759:Sacred
2694:Ecloga
2560:Saints
2469:Dromon
2345:Bandon
2335:Tourma
2318:Middle
2241:Beacon
2123:Bandon
2106:Middle
1975:Middle
1930:Senate
1853:Thrace
1836:Serbia
1814:Sicily
1799:Greece
1784:Cyprus
1702:Epirus
1698:Nicaea
1608:Middle
1485:topics
1425:
1382:
1342:
1284:Europe
1237:Sicily
1094:Danube
1001:Aleppo
993:Cyprus
960:Edessa
916:sacked
914:, was
838:Sicily
559:Epirus
554:Nicaea
544:others
366:on the
336:Duklja
200:
160:
91:, 1025
60:
45:
3370:Index
3202:Death
3192:Women
3163:Music
3143:Dress
3138:Dance
3083:Novel
3043:Trade
3038:Mints
2983:Glass
2973:Icons
2769:Domes
2647:Serbs
2462:Samos
2275:Early
2065:Early
1939:Early
1848:Syria
1826:Malta
1804:Italy
1794:Egypt
1779:Crete
1710:Morea
1539:Early
1402:[
989:Crete
981:Syria
922:by a
900:Turks
877:Egypt
830:Crete
800:Arabs
791:theme
733:trade
724:" of
64:Latin
3168:Lyra
3048:silk
2659:Jews
2434:Navy
2379:Late
2219:Army
2186:Wars
2137:Late
2031:Late
1661:Late
1423:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1254:bull
1201:The
1064:and
991:and
985:Iraq
854:Enna
780:The
715:Tsar
694:The
641:Navy
636:Army
527:and
2965:Art
2669:Law
1256:of
1219:in
920:led
875:in
621:Art
3405::
1354:^
1142:.
1057:.
968:.
802:.
735:.
728:.
709:,
435:–
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
1720:)
1716:–
1704:–
1591:"
1587:"
1475:e
1468:t
1461:v
1431:.
1388:.
1348:.
683:e
676:t
669:v
561:/
439:)
431:(
66:)
62:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
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