379:
47:
291:
283:
2849:
162:
154:
315:
In contrast to the domestic balcony, the Middle-East version of the machicoulis prominently features a wide opening at the bottom for defensive purposes. The opening allows the dropping of hot water and other material intended to cause harm to the enemy below. The otherwise enclosed opening adapted
369:
is a similar structure made of wood, usually temporarily constructed in the event of a siege. Advantages of machicolations over wooden hoardings include the greater strength and fire resistance of stone.
2243:
272:
Similar to a machicolation is a smaller version which opens similar to an enclosed balcony, generally from a tower rather than a larger structure. This is called a box-machicolation.
705:
522:
956:
308:, where they are usually found on defensive walls. The original Arabian design is rather small, and similar to the domestic wooden balcony known as
673:
2059:
907:
551:
319:
Machicolations were more common in French castles than
English, where they were usually restricted to the gateway, as in the 13th-century
334:
and the
Crusaders brought their design to Europe. Machicolations were a common feature in many towers in Rhodes, which were built by the
2653:
2348:
600:
638:
2468:
879:
842:
815:
788:
763:
494:
2253:
898:
Villena, Leonardo (1988). "Sobre las defensas verticales en España: tipología y terminlogía comparadas". In Andrés
Bazzana (ed.).
342:, machicolations also became a common feature on rural buildings, until the 18th century. Buildings with machicolations include
2678:
460:
2874:
1901:
1439:
949:
2238:
1319:
720:
1834:
250:, respectively), are similarly composed from "matar canes" meaning roughly "killing dogs", the latter word being a
2283:
1908:
324:
2780:
1858:
2827:
2602:
2308:
2303:
2223:
2020:
1967:
1937:
1694:
1624:
1568:
1145:
942:
2852:
2668:
2258:
2155:
2040:
1224:
2805:
2643:
2425:
2178:
1915:
1738:
1067:
684:
2790:
2318:
1944:
1743:
1709:
1109:
991:
335:
261:
In Italy and countries which were influenced by the
Italian language, such as Malta, it was known as
169:
2607:
2343:
1699:
1077:
394:
but without the openings, and subsequently became a characteristic of many non-military buildings.
574:
2729:
2338:
2313:
2298:
2293:
2143:
2123:
1920:
1481:
1348:
1092:
669:
366:
295:
562:
351:
46:
2785:
2744:
2719:
2592:
2273:
2113:
1960:
1546:
1424:
1102:
1045:
903:
875:
838:
832:
811:
805:
784:
759:
755:
748:
596:
566:
490:
484:
439:
378:
93:
924:
2759:
2734:
2663:
2587:
2188:
2183:
2118:
1669:
1473:
1052:
867:
359:
355:
323:. One of the first examples of machicolation that still exists in northern France is at the
290:
133:
or boiling cooking-oil) could be dropped by defenders on attackers lurking at the base of a
52:
2648:
2500:
2473:
2413:
2383:
2268:
2233:
2213:
2198:
1753:
1748:
1716:
1477:
1419:
1407:
1389:
1256:
1237:
1163:
1140:
649:
509:
424:
114:
2817:
2812:
2478:
2463:
2398:
2388:
2263:
2248:
2148:
2138:
2103:
1977:
1770:
1467:
1434:
1398:
1214:
1072:
1036:
463:
from the 16th century onwards; and Neo-Gothic buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.
383:
343:
198:
134:
2868:
2822:
2775:
2683:
2673:
2627:
2597:
2582:
2551:
2532:
2393:
2333:
2288:
2203:
2162:
1972:
1600:
1333:
1296:
1281:
1232:
1177:
1156:
965:
130:
316:
from that of a closed balcony also provides cover from enemy attack while using it.
282:
2800:
2658:
2622:
2577:
2561:
2489:
2442:
2418:
2408:
2403:
2218:
2035:
1896:
1863:
1728:
1664:
1639:
1551:
1525:
1493:
1487:
1429:
1368:
1338:
1186:
900:
Guerre, fortification et habitat dans le monde méditerranéen au Moyen Age: colloque
320:
102:
77:
161:
929:
2699:
2556:
2525:
2507:
2495:
2437:
2432:
2373:
2368:
2328:
2228:
2193:
2089:
1992:
1763:
1733:
1723:
1629:
1518:
1326:
1135:
1082:
434:
419:
347:
305:
230:
73:
2724:
2704:
2544:
2516:
2447:
2323:
2278:
2208:
2128:
2025:
1930:
1870:
1829:
1807:
1758:
1704:
1654:
1649:
1634:
1593:
1541:
1499:
1444:
1286:
1249:
1202:
414:
404:
309:
251:
188:
181:
126:
570:
2133:
2064:
1891:
1886:
1819:
1460:
1373:
1303:
1261:
1087:
1057:
1018:
984:
304:
The design of a machicoulis (sometimes called drop box) originates from the
165:
17:
390:
Machicolation was later used for decorative effect with spaces between the
153:
129:, through which stones or other material (such as boiling water, hot sand,
871:
2617:
2612:
2537:
2378:
2096:
2071:
2054:
1984:
1925:
1853:
1846:
1689:
1577:
1451:
1271:
1266:
1242:
1170:
1150:
1130:
1097:
429:
409:
173:
180:
The structures are thought to have originated as
Crusader imitations of
2749:
2714:
2709:
2047:
2030:
2015:
1999:
1951:
1879:
1824:
1814:
1782:
1684:
1659:
1644:
1414:
1358:
1276:
1123:
1116:
1062:
391:
255:
2754:
2108:
1674:
1612:
1556:
1534:
1511:
1504:
1380:
1363:
1195:
1027:
1009:
979:
122:
69:
834:
The Oxford
Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
2795:
2739:
2483:
2008:
1839:
1679:
1000:
486:
Stealing from the
Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe
377:
339:
331:
289:
281:
160:
152:
138:
934:
1777:
1619:
1586:
1561:
1353:
1343:
1312:
1291:
938:
719:(1). Rivista tal-Għaqda Maltija tal-Folklor: 19. Archived from
681:
Arx - Online
Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
646:
Arx - Online
Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
236:
Both the
Spanish and Portuguese words denoting this structure (
216:
210:
192:
225:
is only recorded in the 18th century in English, but a verb
141:. A smaller version found on smaller structures is called a
27:
Floor-opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement
837:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 344.
781:
The Castle in England and Wales: an Interpretative History
925:
Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture: machicolation.
386:
in north Wales, which was built between 1822 and 1837
2768:
2692:
2636:
2570:
2456:
2361:
2171:
2082:
1798:
1791:
1223:
972:
88:
83:
65:
60:
32:
747:
176:, with a box-machicolation above the main entrance
807:History of Fortification from 3000 BC to AD 1700
244:
1206:
706:"Il-Muxrabija, wirt l-Iżlam fil-Gżejjer Maltin"
523:"Il-Muxrabija: Wirt l-Izlam fil-Gzejjer Maltin"
1768:
1714:
1532:
1378:
545:
543:
2423:
2153:
1982:
1958:
1575:
1566:
1523:
1247:
1043:
1034:
950:
263:
237:
8:
2542:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2094:
2069:
2045:
2006:
1997:
1949:
1935:
1906:
1877:
1868:
1844:
1805:
1610:
1591:
1509:
1458:
1449:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1324:
1310:
1301:
1184:
1161:
121:) is a floor-opening between the supporting
1193:
1175:
1121:
1107:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
203:
1795:
957:
943:
935:
750:Châteaux forts et fortifications en France
632:
630:
29:
699:
697:
664:
662:
338:. After the Knights were given rule over
157:Annotated sketch of an Italian battlement
754:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. p.
489:. Oxford University Press. p. 265.
593:A.-J; Dictionnaire de l'ancien français
536:(1). Ghaqda Maltija tal-Folklor: 17–22.
475:
452:
783:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 84–87.
552:"A Survey of the Maltese Muxrabijiet"
286:Illustration of machicolations in use
7:
168:(Kisan Gate), now the façade of the
2349:Weapons Storage and Security System
779:Cathcart King, David James (1988).
25:
866:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
2848:
2847:
45:
639:"Naxxar and its Fortifications"
510:Medieval castle SIEGES in depth
294:15th-century machicolations at
810:. Pen and Sword. p. 103.
461:Scottish baronial architecture
1:
2244:British "hedgehog" road block
864:Allen Brown's English Castles
674:"A Medieval tower at Qrendi?"
550:Azzopardi, Joe (April 2012).
327:built in 1291 outside Paris.
822:(1st ed. 1955; 2nd ed. 1966)
637:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2008).
382:Decorative machicolation at
2654:Cities with defensive walls
2239:Defensive fighting position
2154:
1959:
1769:
1715:
1576:
1567:
1533:
1524:
1379:
209:, probably from Old French
51:A box-machicolation of the
2891:
187:The word derives from the
2838:
2284:Hardened aircraft shelter
2259:Entry control point (ECP)
893:, Oxford University Press
862:Brown, R. Allen (2004) .
736:Brown (2004), p. 66.
704:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002).
648:(1–4): 13. Archived from
624:Villena (1988) p. ?.
521:Jaccarini, C. J. (2002).
44:
37:
2781:Continuity of government
2603:Motte-and-bailey castle
2309:Missile launch facility
2304:Main line of resistance
999:
683:(6): 59. Archived from
217:
211:
193:
137:during (for example) a
39:Mâchicoulis, Piombatoio
2679:Military installations
2543:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2424:
2095:
2070:
2046:
2036:Scarp and Counterscarp
2007:
1998:
1983:
1950:
1936:
1907:
1878:
1869:
1845:
1806:
1611:
1592:
1510:
1459:
1450:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1325:
1311:
1302:
1248:
1207:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1162:
1122:
1108:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
990:
615:Hoad (1986) p. ?.
387:
325:Château de Farcheville
299:
287:
264:
245:
238:
204:
177:
158:
118:
55:, in Birkirkara, Malta
2448:Floating water castle
2179:Admiralty scaffolding
1472:Fortified buildings (
902:. Casa de Velázquez.
872:10.1017/9781846152429
746:Mesqui, Jean (1997).
483:Darke, Diana (2020).
381:
330:The origins are from
293:
285:
215:'crush', 'wound' and
164:
156:
2791:Subterranean warfare
1744:Viking ring fortress
889:Hoad, T. F. (1986),
804:Toy, Sidney (2006).
690:on 26 November 2016.
580:on 15 November 2015.
336:Knights Hospitallers
170:Chapel of Saint Paul
2875:Castle architecture
2608:Quadrangular castle
2344:Weapon storage area
1700:Quadrangular castle
670:Spiteri, Stephen C.
595:. Paris: Larousse.
276:Description and use
61:General information
2339:Underground hangar
2124:Fire control tower
1921:Gunpowder magazine
1349:Butter-churn tower
388:
300:
296:Craigmillar Castle
288:
178:
159:
2862:
2861:
2786:Military urbanism
2720:Fortified gateway
2593:Concentric castle
2357:
2356:
2274:Fire support base
2114:Coastal artillery
1989:(Spanish America)
1583:
1425:Concentric castle
909:978-84-86839-02-4
891:English Etymology
726:on 18 April 2016.
440:Hoarding (castle)
374:Post-medieval use
143:box-machicolation
99:
98:
84:Technical details
16:(Redirected from
2882:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2735:National redoubt
2664:Fortified estate
2588:Circular rampart
2548:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2429:
2189:Anti-tank trench
2184:Air raid shelter
2159:
2119:Disappearing gun
2100:
2075:
2051:
2012:
2003:
1988:
1964:
1955:
1941:
1912:
1883:
1874:
1850:
1811:
1796:
1774:
1754:Bailey (or ward)
1720:
1625:Motte-and-bailey
1616:
1597:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1538:
1529:
1515:
1464:
1455:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1330:
1316:
1307:
1253:
1210:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1167:
1127:
1113:
1053:Circular rampart
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
959:
952:
945:
936:
913:
894:
885:
849:
848:
829:
823:
821:
801:
795:
794:
776:
770:
769:
753:
743:
737:
734:
728:
727:
725:
710:
701:
692:
691:
689:
678:
666:
657:
656:
654:
643:
634:
625:
622:
616:
613:
607:
606:
591:Greimas (1987).
588:
582:
581:
579:
573:. Archived from
561:(41). Valletta:
556:
547:
538:
537:
527:
518:
512:
507:
501:
500:
480:
464:
457:
360:Tal-Wejter Tower
356:Birkirkara Tower
267:
248:
241:
220:
214:
207:
196:
53:Tal-Wejter Tower
49:
30:
21:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2842:
2834:
2764:
2688:
2632:
2566:
2501:Imperial castle
2474:Coercion castle
2469:Coastal defence
2452:
2414:Promontory fort
2384:Hillside castle
2353:
2269:Fallout shelter
2234:Concertina wire
2214:Border security
2167:
2078:
1787:
1420:Coercion castle
1408:Cheval de frise
1390:Chemin de ronde
1238:Albarrana tower
1219:
1164:Schwedenschanze
1141:Promontory fort
968:
963:
921:
916:
910:
897:
888:
882:
861:
857:
852:
845:
831:
830:
826:
818:
803:
802:
798:
791:
778:
777:
773:
766:
745:
744:
740:
735:
731:
723:
708:
703:
702:
695:
687:
676:
668:
667:
660:
655:on 21 May 2017.
652:
641:
636:
635:
628:
623:
619:
614:
610:
603:
590:
589:
585:
577:
563:Din l-Art Ħelwa
554:
549:
548:
541:
525:
520:
519:
515:
508:
504:
497:
482:
481:
477:
473:
468:
467:
458:
454:
449:
444:
425:Defensive walls
400:
376:
352:Captain's Tower
302:
301:
278:
229:is attested in
197:, mentioned in
151:
56:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2818:Trench warfare
2815:
2813:Tunnel warfare
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Fortifications
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2479:Counter-castle
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Border barrier
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Lowland castle
2396:
2391:
2389:Hilltop castle
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Electric fence
2261:
2256:
2254:Dragon's teeth
2251:
2249:Czech hedgehog
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2163:Wire obstacles
2160:
2151:
2149:Polygonal fort
2146:
2141:
2139:Martello tower
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Border outpost
2101:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1978:Polygonal fort
1975:
1970:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1470:
1468:Flanking tower
1465:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Counter-castle
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:Post-classical
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1215:Vitrified fort
1212:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Defensive wall
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
996:
987:
982:
976:
974:
970:
969:
966:Fortifications
964:
962:
961:
954:
947:
939:
933:
932:
927:
920:
919:External links
917:
915:
914:
908:
895:
886:
880:
858:
856:
853:
851:
850:
843:
824:
816:
796:
789:
771:
764:
738:
729:
715:(in Maltese).
693:
658:
626:
617:
608:
602:2-03-340-302-5
601:
583:
539:
532:(in Maltese).
513:
502:
495:
474:
472:
469:
466:
465:
451:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
399:
396:
384:Penrhyn Castle
375:
372:
344:Cavalier Tower
280:
279:
277:
274:
199:Medieval Latin
150:
147:
135:defensive wall
97:
96:
94:sometimes wood
90:
86:
85:
81:
80:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2854:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:Urban warfare
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Civil defense
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Bastion forts
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2628:Z-plan castle
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:L-plan castle
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Bridge castle
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Refuge castle
2550:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Military base
2531:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Hunting lodge
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Moated castle
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Island castle
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:By topography
2360:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:Submarine pen
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Hesco bastion
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Blast shelter
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Place-of-arms
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:Machicolation
1604:
1602:
1601:L-plan castle
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Bridge castle
1332:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:Bent entrance
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Battery tower
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Advanced work
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:Refuge castle
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1002:
997:
994:
993:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
967:
960:
955:
953:
948:
946:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:Machicolation
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
911:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
881:1-84383-069-8
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
859:
854:
846:
844:9780195334036
840:
836:
835:
828:
825:
819:
817:9781844153589
813:
809:
808:
800:
797:
792:
790:0-918400-08-2
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
765:2-08-012271-1
761:
757:
752:
751:
742:
739:
733:
730:
722:
718:
714:
707:
700:
698:
694:
686:
682:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
651:
647:
640:
633:
631:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
604:
598:
594:
587:
584:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
546:
544:
540:
535:
531:
524:
517:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
496:9781787383050
492:
488:
487:
479:
476:
470:
462:
459:For example,
456:
453:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
397:
395:
393:
385:
380:
373:
371:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
317:
313:
311:
307:
297:
292:
284:
275:
273:
270:
268:
266:
259:
257:
254:referring to
253:
249:
247:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
213:
208:
206:
200:
195:
190:
185:
183:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:machicolation
104:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
36:
33:Machicolation
31:
19:
2846:
2801:Siege engine
2769:Other topics
2693:Related word
2659:Defense line
2623:Tower castle
2578:Bastion fort
2562:Urban castle
2490:Ganerbenburg
2488:
2443:Water castle
2419:Ridge castle
2404:Marsh castle
2219:Bomb shelter
2199:Belgian gate
2172:20th century
2083:19th century
2021:Retrenchment
1993:Punji sticks
1902:Entrenchment
1897:Device Forts
1864:Counterguard
1799:Early modern
1729:Tower castle
1665:Powder tower
1640:Outer bailey
1605:
1552:Inner bailey
1526:Gulyay-gorod
1494:Ganerbenburg
1492:
1488:Fujian tulou
1430:Corner tower
1369:Chamber gate
1339:Bridge tower
1187:Trou de loup
899:
890:
863:
855:Bibliography
833:
827:
806:
799:
780:
774:
749:
741:
732:
721:the original
716:
712:
685:the original
680:
672:(May 2008).
650:the original
645:
620:
611:
592:
586:
575:the original
558:
533:
529:
516:
505:
485:
478:
455:
389:
364:
329:
321:Conwy Castle
318:
314:
303:
271:
262:
260:
243:
235:
227:machicollāre
226:
222:
202:
186:
179:
142:
110:
106:
103:architecture
100:
78:North Africa
18:Machicolated
2700:Castle town
2557:Toll castle
2526:Lustschloss
2508:Kaiserpfalz
2438:Spur castle
2433:Rock castle
2374:Hill castle
2369:Cave castle
2329:Spider hole
2229:Bremer wall
2194:Barbed tape
2090:Barbed wire
1764:Witch tower
1734:Tower house
1724:Toll castle
1710:Shield wall
1630:Murder hole
1519:Guard tower
1136:Pincer gate
1083:Faussebraye
435:Murder hole
348:Gauci Tower
306:Middle East
298:in Scotland
231:Anglo-Latin
223:Machicolate
205:machecollum
149:Terminology
119:mâchicoulis
111:machicolade
74:Middle East
2725:Gatekeeper
2545:Ordensburg
2517:Landesburg
2324:Sentry gun
2279:Flak tower
2209:Blast wall
2129:Gun turret
2026:Sally port
1931:Kotta mara
1871:Couvreface
1835:Breastwork
1830:Blockhouse
1808:Abwurfdach
1759:Watchtower
1749:Wall tower
1705:Shell keep
1655:Portcullis
1650:Peel tower
1635:Neck ditch
1594:Landesburg
1542:Half tower
1500:Gate tower
1445:Drawbridge
1287:Battlement
1203:Wagon fort
1046:Chengqiang
471:References
415:Battlement
405:Arrow slit
310:mashrabiya
265:piombatoio
189:Old French
182:mashrabiya
127:battlement
2828:Guerrilla
2571:By design
2319:Revetment
2134:Land mine
2065:Star fort
1892:Crownwork
1887:Covertway
1820:Barricade
1461:Embrasure
1374:Chartaque
1304:Bergfried
1262:Arrowslit
1088:Gatehouse
1058:City gate
1019:Castellum
985:Acropolis
571:1026-132X
565:: 26–33.
246:mata-cães
166:Bab Kisan
131:quicklime
2869:Category
2853:Category
2843:See also
2730:Loophole
2618:Ringwork
2613:Ringfort
2538:Obstacle
2379:Hillfort
2299:Loophole
2097:Barbette
2072:Tenaille
2055:Sea fort
1985:Presidio
1945:Magazine
1926:Hornwork
1859:Cavalier
1854:Casemate
1847:Caponier
1690:Ringwork
1578:Detinets
1547:Hoarding
1452:Enceinte
1327:Bretèche
1272:Bartizan
1267:Barbican
1243:Alcazaba
1171:Stockade
1151:Ringfort
1131:Palisade
1103:Landwehr
1098:Hillfort
713:L-Imnara
530:L-Imnara
430:Jettying
420:Bretèche
410:Bartizan
398:See also
367:hoarding
256:infidels
221:'neck'.
194:machecol
174:Damascus
89:Material
66:Location
2760:Vedette
2750:Schloss
2715:Festung
2710:Dungeon
2705:Château
2649:Castles
2457:By role
2314:Pillbox
2144:Outpost
2060:Station
2048:Schanze
2031:Sandbag
2016:Redoubt
2000:Ravelin
1968:Palanka
1952:Orillon
1938:Lunette
1880:Coupure
1825:Bastion
1815:Arsenal
1783:Zwinger
1695:Roundel
1685:Ricetto
1660:Postern
1645:Outwork
1569:Kremlin
1440:Curtain
1415:Citadel
1399:Chemise
1359:Caltrop
1277:Bastion
1250:Alcázar
1146:Rampart
1124:Oppidum
1117:Nuraghe
1063:Crannog
1037:Castros
973:Ancient
392:corbels
239:matacán
212:machier
123:corbels
92:Stone,
2755:Trench
2745:Picket
2156:Sangar
2109:Bunker
2041:Sconce
1961:Ostrog
1909:Flèche
1792:Modern
1771:Yagura
1739:Turret
1675:Reduit
1613:Merlon
1557:Kasbah
1535:Gusuku
1512:Glacis
1505:Gabion
1474:church
1381:Chashi
1364:Castle
1208:Laager
1196:Vallum
1153:(Rath)
1028:Castra
1010:Burgus
980:Abatis
906:
878:
841:
814:
787:
762:
599:
569:
559:Vigilo
493:
358:, and
350:, the
115:French
70:Europe
2796:Siege
2740:Palas
2684:Walls
2674:Forts
2637:Lists
2484:Fence
2426:Rocca
2294:Kabal
2009:Redan
1916:Gorge
1840:Canal
1717:Shiro
1680:Ribat
1670:Qalat
1482:Dzong
1478:house
1178:Sudis
1110:Limes
1068:Ditch
1001:Broch
992:Agger
724:(PDF)
709:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
677:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
642:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
555:(PDF)
526:(PDF)
447:Notes
340:Malta
332:Syria
191:word
139:siege
125:of a
2806:list
2224:Buoy
1778:Yett
1620:Moat
1587:Ksar
1562:Keep
1354:Caer
1344:Burh
1320:Boom
1313:Berm
1292:Bawn
1257:Amba
1093:Gord
904:ISBN
876:ISBN
839:ISBN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
760:ISBN
597:ISBN
567:ISSN
491:ISBN
252:slur
242:and
105:, a
76:and
1078:Dun
868:doi
756:493
233:.
218:col
201:as
172:in
109:or
101:In
2871::
2845::
1480:,
1476:,
874:.
758:.
711:.
696:^
679:.
661:^
644:.
629:^
557:.
542:^
528:.
365:A
362:.
354:,
346:,
312:.
269:.
258:.
184:.
145:.
117::
72:,
1582:)
1574:(
1484:)
1211:)
1205:(
958:e
951:t
944:v
912:.
884:.
870::
847:.
820:.
793:.
768:.
717:7
605:.
534:7
499:.
113:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
