208:), or spreadsheets with header columns that can be exported as comma separated values (CSV) are machine readable formats. As HTML is a structural markup language, discreetly labeling parts of the document, computers are able to gather document components to assemble tables of contents, outlines, literature search bibliographies, etc. It is possible to make traditional word processing documents and other formats machine readable but the documents must include enhanced structural elements."
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both. Translation software between multiple languages usually apply bidirectional dictionaries. An MRD may be a dictionary with a proprietary structure that is queried by dedicated software (for example online via internet) or it can be a dictionary that has an open structure and is available for loading in computer databases and thus can be used via various software applications. Conventional dictionaries contain a
200:(OMB) defines "machine readable format" as follows: "Format in a standard computer language (not English text) that can be read automatically by a web browser or computer system. (e.g.; xml). Traditional word processing documents and portable document format (PDF) files are easily read by humans but typically are difficult for machines to interpret. Other formats such as extensible markup language (
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A machine-readable dictionary is a dictionary in an electronic form that can be loaded in a database and can be queried via application software. It may be a single language explanatory dictionary or a multi-language dictionary to support translations between two or more languages or a combination of
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In the United States, the OPEN Government Data Act of 14 January 2019 defines machine-readable data as "data in a format that can be easily processed by a computer without human intervention while ensuring no semantic meaning is lost." The law directs U.S. federal agencies to publish public data in
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dictionary, in the sense that an MRD is the electronic form of a dictionary which was printed before on paper. Although being both used by programs, in contrast, the term NLP dictionary is preferred when the dictionary was built from scratch with NLP in mind. An ISO standard for MRD and NLP is able
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software need to structure their catalog records as per an industry-wide standard, which is MARC, so that bibliographic information can be shared freely between computers. The structure of bibliographic records almost universally follows the MARC standard. Other standards work in conjunction with
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Computers with a camera and suitable software can directly read the information on machine-readable passports. This enables faster processing of arriving passengers by immigration officials, and greater accuracy than manually-read passports, as well as faster data entry, more data to be read and
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The fixed format allows specification of document type, name, document number, nationality, date of birth, sex, and document expiration date. All these fields are required on a passport. There is room for optional, often country-dependent, supplementary information. There are also two sizes of
185:(XML) is designed to be both human- and machine-readable, and Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) is used to improve the presentation of the data for human readability. For example, XSLT can be used to automatically render XML in
179:. A digitally accessible document may be online, making it easier for humans to access via computers, but its content is much harder to extract, transform, and process via computer programming logic if it is not machine-readable.
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with various descriptions. A machine-readable dictionary may have additional capabilities and is therefore sometimes called a smart dictionary. An example of a smart dictionary is the Open Source
169:). These formats are only machine readable if the data contained within them is formally structured; exporting a CSV file from a badly structured spreadsheet does not meet the definition.
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Attempts to create machine-readable data occurred as early as the 1960s. At the same time that seminal developments in machine-reading and natural-language processing were releasing (like
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118:), people were anticipating the success of machine-readable functionality and attempting to create machine-readable documents. One such example was musicologist
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651:), which is usually at the bottom of the identity page at the beginning of a passport. The ICAO 9303 describes three types of documents corresponding to the
263:(OCR) can be used to enable machines to read information available to humans. Any information retrievable by any form of energy can be machine-readable.
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569:. Search engines may use either a vocabulary, a taxonomy or an ontology to optimise the search results. Specialised electronic dictionaries are
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625:(ICAO) requires all ICAO member states to only issue MRPs as of April 1, 2010, and all non-MRP passports must expire by November 24, 2015.
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by virtue of having further structure to provide the necessary context to support the business processes for which they are created.
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chip which enables computers to read a higher amount of information, for example a photo of the bearer. These passports are called
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For purposes of implementation of the
Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Modernization Act, the
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description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books, DVDs, and digital resources. Computerized
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format. Many countries began to issue machine-readable travel documents in the 1980s. Most travel
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such a manner, ensuring that "any public data asset of the agency is machine-readable".
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659:"Type 3" is typical of passport booklets. The MRZ consists of 2 lines × 44 characters.
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Machine-readable data may be classified into two groups: human-readable data that is
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866:"Last Week for States to Ensure Expiration of Non-Machine Readable Passports"
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Gil
Francopoulo (edited by) LMF Lexical Markup Framework, ISTE / Wiley 2013 (
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Common machine-readable technologies include magnetic recording, processing
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Apart from optically readable information, many passports contain an
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better data matching against immigration databases and watchlists.
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Examples of machine-readable media include magnetic media such as
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Medium capable of storing data in a format readable by a machine
806:"A Primer on Machine Readability for Online Documents and Data"
665:"Type 1" is of a credit card-size with 3 lines × 30 characters.
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showing both machine-readable bars and human-readable digits
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The term dictionary is also used to refer to an electronic
662:"Type 2" is relatively rare with 2 lines × 36 characters.
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formats intended principally for processing by machines (
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838:, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget
122:'s creation of a machine-readable catalog of composer
613:(MRTD) with the data on the identity page encoded in
442:. Such documents are distinguished from more general
628:Machine-readable passports are standardized by the
466:(machine-readable cataloging) is a standard set of
92:, and the data itself can be described as having
496:International Standard Bibliographic Description
804:Hendler, Jim; Pardo, Theresa A. (2012-09-24).
637:International Organization for Standardization
137:so that it can also be read by machines (e.g.
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527:instead of being printed on paper. It is an
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580:to represent both structures and is called
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438:whose content can be readily processed by
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623:International Civil Aviation Organization
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643:as ISO/IEC 7501-1) and have a special
575:The term MRD is often contrasted with
414:==Applications==need photos passport
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684:and are also described by ICAO 9303.
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66:in a format easily readable by a
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894: This article incorporates
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594:This section is an excerpt from
508:This section is an excerpt from
488:Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
456:This section is an excerpt from
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907:General Services Administration
725:Machine-readable postal marking
492:Resource Description and Access
198:Office of Management and Budget
715:Human-readable medium and data
104:Machine-readable data must be
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998:Optical character recognition
615:optical character recognition
261:Optical character recognition
941:. You can help Knowledge by
872:. Montréal. 17 November 2015
573:or syntactic dictionaries.
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183:Extensible Markup Language
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700:Symmetric Phase Recording
604:machine-readable passport
596:Machine-readable passport
432:machine-readable document
425:Machine-readable document
621:worldwide are MRPs. The
582:Lexical Markup Framework
384:(groove on plastic belt)
305:Floating-gate transistor
187:Portable Document Format
56:computer-readable medium
557:as used for example in
246:magnetic ink characters
175:is not synonymous with
52:machine-readable medium
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937:-related article is a
902:Federal Standard 1037C
896:public domain material
90:computer-readable data
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988:Computing terminology
645:machine-readable zone
529:electronic dictionary
525:machine-readable data
444:machine-readable data
86:machine-readable data
84:The result is called
74:. It contrasts with
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749:opendatahandbook.org
177:digitally accessible
34:ISBN represented as
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486:MARC, for example,
372:Phonograph cylinder
124:William Jay Sydeman
94:machine-readability
62:capable of storing
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745:"Machine readable"
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483:library management
317:Radio transmission
266:Examples include:
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710:Linked data
606:(MRP) is a
519:(MRD) is a
363:(See also:
234:paper tapes
982:Categories
815:2015-02-27
791:stratml.us
773:stratml.us
754:2019-07-22
731:References
551:vocabulary
523:stored as
521:dictionary
365:Audio Data
347:Music roll
342:Paper tape
329:Mechanical
288:Electrical
705:Open data
619:passports
589:Passports
440:computers
418:Documents
382:DictaBelt
361:Grooves
354:Music box
307:used in
271:Acoustics
253:waveforms
220:, cards,
151:data file
135:marked up
48:computing
876:11 March
832:Archived
810:Data.gov
787:"HR4174"
769:"HR4174"
689:See also
639:and the
567:ontology
563:taxonomy
473:for the
451:Catalogs
436:document
297:volatile
295:used in
276:Chemical
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655:sizes:
555:lexicon
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471:formats
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222:tapes
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870:ICAO
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678:RFID
631:ICAO
531:and
481:and
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