409:
137:
893:
1261:
113:
3986:
869:
1249:
5826:
881:
3132:
165:
519:
3126:
510:
3120:
857:
5832:
1237:
5820:
845:
423:
3981:
705:
458:
were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around 400 kilograms (880 lb). Most proterotheriids had body masses of around 15 to 80 kilograms (33 to 176 lb) while many macraucheniids had body masses of around 80–120 kilograms (180–260 lb). Some of the last macraucheniids
2142:
Westbury, Michael; Baleka, Sina; Barlow, Axel; Hartmann, Stefanie; Paijmans, Johanna L.A.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M; Bond, Mariano; Gelfo, Javier N.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; López-Mendoza, Patricio; Taglioretti, Matias; Scaglia, Fernando; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington
492:
Members of the macraucheniid subfamily
Macraucheniinae saw the progressive migration of the nasal opening to the top of the skull, which was often historically suggested to indicate the presence of a trunk, though other authors have suggested that a
629:, with the split from Perissodactyla being estimated at around 66 million years ago. The relationship of Litopterna to other South American native ungulate groups is uncertain, though it may be closely related to the "condylarth" group
408:
136:
1619:
Carrillo, Juan D.; Suarez, Catalina; Benites-Palomino, Aldo
Marcelo; Vanegas, Andrés; Link, Andrés; Rincón, Aldo F.; Luque, Javier; Cooke, Siobhán B.; Tallman, Melissa; Billet, Guillaume (2023-08-31).
691:, along with most other large mammals in the Americas, co-inciding with the arrival of the first humans to the continent. It is possible that hunting had a causal role in their extinction.
2022:"Dietary and palaeoenvironmental inferences in Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae) using carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (Late Pleistocene; Uruguay)"
2067:
Welker, Frido; Collins, Matthew J.; Thomas, Jessica A.; Wadsley, Marc; Brace, Selina; Cappellini, Enrico; Turvey, Samuel T.; Reguero, Marcelo; Gelfo, Javier N. (March 18, 2015).
479:(rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates. Litopterns of the mid-late Cenozoic had hinge-like limb joints and
1844:"Cranial characters associated with the proboscis postnatal-development in Tapirus (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) and comparisons with other extant and fossil hoofed mammals"
1797:"Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications"
5911:
5924:
1732:"Taxonomic reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae ) and phylogenetic relationships of the family"
483:
similar to those of modern ungulates, with the weight being supported on three toes in macraucheniids and one in proterotheriids, with the protherotheriid
6016:
715:
2431:
6011:
2377:
3985:
1795:
Forasiepi, Analía M.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Del Pino, Santiago Hernández; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Amson, Eli; Grohé, Camille (2016-06-22).
444:
groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates. Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with
656:, likely as a result of climatic change and competition with recently immigrated North American ungulates who arrived as part of the
6001:
648:
in the
Antarctic Peninsula, representing the only record of litopterns on the Antarctic continent. Litopterns declined during the
475:
estimated to weigh 7.4–20 kilograms (16–44 lb). Members of the proterotheriid subfamily
Megadolodinae are noted for having
5825:
2441:
1932:
de
Oliveira, Karoliny; Asevedo, Lidiane; Calegari, Marcia R.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Mothé, Dimila; Avilla, Leonardo (August 2021).
369:
730:
441:
568:. Some proterotheriids are suggested to have been browsers, while some members proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae like
6006:
564:
are suggested to have been mixed feeders feeding on both browse and grass. Sparnotheriodontids are suggested to have been
1934:"From oral pathology to feeding ecology: The first dental calculus paleodiet study of a South American native megamammal"
773:
3131:
2424:
1673:"No evidence for parallel evolution of cursorial limb adaptations among Neogene South American native ungulates (SANUs)"
745:
892:
688:
1895:"Macrauchenia patachonica Owen, 1838: Limb bones morphology, locomotory biomechanics, and paleobiological inferences"
5929:
164:
5996:
1260:
657:
436:
The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living
112:
752:
2401:
3125:
586:
Litopterna, like other "South
American native ungulates" is thought to have originated from groups of archaic "
489:
developing greater toe reduction than that present in living horses. Macraucheniids had long necks and limbs.
5097:
5181:
3119:
3048:
2417:
1621:"New remains of Neotropical bunodont litopterns and the systematics of Megadolodinae (Mammalia: Litopterna)"
759:
683:(Proterotheriidae) were the last surviving genera of litopterns. All four became extinct at the end of the
5851:
5819:
868:
357:
5831:
5704:
5963:
5950:
5491:
1560:
3980:
3851:
956:
741:
545:, portraying how the nasal bones shifted backwards on the skull, with the nasal opening following suit.
5620:
5599:
5526:
5408:
4939:
4757:
4667:
3867:
2668:
2260:
1248:
969:
809:
451:
273:
5898:
5125:
5104:
4862:
4806:
4624:
4434:
4257:
3522:
2633:
2298:
2217:
2156:
2082:
2021:
1945:
1906:
1743:
1572:
920:
598:
565:
455:
281:
5547:
5139:
4974:
4336:
3918:
3371:
2823:
1981:
1176:
985:
265:
5991:
5505:
5294:
5259:
5081:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4932:
4890:
4827:
4750:
4603:
4533:
4294:
4287:
4176:
4169:
3648:
3627:
3531:
3278:
3207:
1982:"A new 'South American ungulate' (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula"
1502:
1447:
1342:
1089:
1045:
645:
237:
5613:
5401:
5343:
5236:
5167:
5132:
4876:
4610:
4162:
4155:
4074:
3888:
3634:
3545:
3480:
3466:
3164:
2514:
1731:
1356:
1314:
926:
838:
289:
5592:
5287:
4988:
4848:
4841:
4813:
4778:
4764:
4617:
4589:
4511:
4315:
4301:
4280:
4197:
3874:
3613:
3494:
3071:
2684:
2553:
2538:
2322:
2314:
2241:
2233:
2124:
2049:
1961:
1933:
1894:
1875:
1843:
1824:
1777:
1650:
1596:
1426:
976:
822:
557:
159:
5955:
4869:
4743:
4653:
4575:
3839:
3271:
2953:
2626:
2604:
2590:
2560:
1096:
880:
5968:
4834:
4785:
4081:
3904:
3722:
2546:
2524:
2340:
2068:
1321:
911:
5937:
5690:
5540:
5533:
5160:
5051:
4631:
4462:
4236:
4227:
4095:
3958:
3473:
3424:
3392:
3092:
3034:
2995:
2981:
2896:
2373:
2190:
2172:
2145:"A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin's enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica"
2116:
2108:
2041:
2002:
1816:
1769:
1712:
1694:
1642:
1588:
1335:
1224:
1197:
661:
626:
535:
454:) estimated to have had a body mass of 0.5–1.5 kilograms (1.1–3.3 lb), though the Eocene
219:
5942:
5229:
5916:
5697:
5676:
5576:
5364:
5280:
5146:
4646:
4125:
3757:
3743:
3678:
3578:
3406:
3357:
3062:
3025:
2933:
2912:
2882:
2777:
2677:
2409:
2306:
2225:
2180:
2164:
2098:
2090:
2073:
2033:
1994:
1953:
1914:
1893:
Blanco, R. Ernesto; Jones, Washington W.; Yorio, Lara; Rinderknecht, Andrés (October 2021).
1865:
1855:
1808:
1759:
1751:
1702:
1684:
1632:
1580:
1398:
1370:
1230:
1211:
1169:
1007:
897:
815:
684:
673:
667:
393:
313:
151:
5889:
2261:"Analysis of changing diversity patterns in Cenozoic land mammal age faunas, South America"
5660:
5648:
5484:
5250:
5195:
5118:
5060:
4720:
4250:
3785:
3708:
3552:
3385:
3327:
3299:
3262:
3235:
1454:
1300:
1190:
1142:
1110:
1083:
1070:
940:
518:
397:
339:
127:
2069:"Ancient proteins resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin/'s South American ungulates"
2302:
2221:
2160:
2086:
1949:
1910:
1747:
1584:
1576:
766:
5554:
5392:
5378:
5371:
5357:
5067:
4820:
4771:
4660:
4596:
4561:
4525:
4455:
4343:
4243:
4146:
4118:
4104:
4040:
4016:
3860:
3792:
3778:
3764:
3620:
3592:
3559:
3487:
3450:
3437:
3085:
3078:
3041:
3004:
2960:
2919:
2844:
2830:
2786:
2619:
2597:
2574:
2471:
2404:
2185:
2144:
1707:
1672:
1468:
1433:
1412:
1405:
1363:
962:
947:
630:
610:
509:
498:
256:
1796:
856:
660:, following the connection of the previously isolated North and South America via the
5985:
5741:
5725:
5683:
5669:
5498:
5475:
5440:
5422:
5322:
5315:
5174:
5037:
4918:
4911:
4792:
4554:
4484:
4427:
4357:
4061:
3771:
3750:
3694:
3378:
2869:
2807:
2691:
2494:
2393:
2245:
2053:
1965:
1654:
1600:
1419:
1384:
1286:
1183:
829:
679:
446:
70:
2326:
1879:
1828:
1781:
1637:
1620:
5785:
5769:
5748:
5711:
5585:
5512:
5461:
5415:
5336:
5308:
5273:
5208:
4904:
4734:
4706:
4697:
4685:
4540:
4518:
4498:
4477:
4441:
4420:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4371:
4329:
4111:
4003:
3813:
3701:
3501:
3399:
3364:
3350:
3343:
3306:
3292:
3285:
3011:
2816:
2397:
2208:
Webb, S. D. (1976). "Mammalian Faunal
Dynamics of the Great American Interchange".
2128:
1475:
1440:
1293:
1253:
1236:
1204:
1162:
1155:
1124:
1103:
1076:
885:
861:
606:
541:
461:
389:
384:
around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in
Antarctica during the
146:
122:
2037:
1998:
1918:
1957:
1755:
1689:
388:. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after
5883:
5792:
5778:
5755:
5519:
5350:
5329:
5266:
4897:
4883:
4855:
4639:
4322:
4271:
4183:
4132:
4047:
4033:
3927:
3897:
3806:
3799:
3736:
3687:
3664:
3606:
3459:
3248:
3221:
3199:
3192:
3176:
2946:
2851:
2717:
2705:
2486:
1515:
1482:
1461:
1391:
1349:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1241:
1117:
1059:
1038:
1025:
1019:
1013:
991:
904:
849:
844:
704:
653:
605:
has revealed that litopterns are true ungulates, sharing a common ancestor with
570:
485:
466:
428:
422:
377:
331:
45:
17:
5734:
5627:
5030:
5021:
4582:
4568:
4547:
4470:
4215:
3965:
3729:
3715:
3599:
3538:
2765:
2740:
2490:
2310:
2229:
1860:
1812:
1377:
1328:
1307:
933:
802:
618:
587:
365:
90:
55:
5874:
2176:
2112:
2045:
2006:
1820:
1773:
1698:
1646:
1592:
5634:
5453:
5301:
5111:
5090:
4925:
4799:
4448:
4350:
4308:
4026:
3313:
3214:
3185:
2967:
2837:
2640:
2583:
2531:
1139:
1131:
1052:
1031:
873:
634:
529:
471:
414:
373:
176:
95:
2194:
2120:
1979:
Bond, M.; Reguero, M. A.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; Marenssi, S. A. (January 2006).
1716:
5868:
5222:
5215:
5153:
4981:
4413:
4406:
4190:
3934:
3657:
3336:
2974:
2905:
2793:
2747:
2726:
2654:
2647:
2612:
2459:
1508:
1496:
1148:
998:
649:
594:
591:
575:
476:
437:
381:
196:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2168:
2094:
5606:
4995:
4967:
4713:
2318:
2289:
Webb, S. D. (1991). "Ecogeography and the Great
American Interchange".
2237:
2103:
1870:
1764:
614:
100:
75:
640:
Aside from South
America, sparnotheriodontids are also known from the
3508:
2733:
2465:
2453:
1671:
Croft, Darin A.; Lorente, Malena (2021-08-17). Smith, Thierry (ed.).
1559:
Croft, Darin A.; Gelfo, Javier N.; López, Guillermo M. (2020-05-30).
1489:
641:
622:
385:
206:
186:
5845:
1561:"Splendid Innovation: The Extinct South American Native Ungulates"
1259:
1247:
1235:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
494:
421:
407:
1842:
Moyano, Silvana Rocio; Giannini, Norberto Pedro (November 2018).
5903:
480:
5849:
4001:
3147:
2484:
2413:
2400:, a representative genus of the Litopterna. Retrieved from the
722:
698:
578:
with at least part of their diet consisting of hard fruit.
469:
generally had small body masses, with members of the genus
465:
were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton.
1730:
Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (2014-07-29).
726:
590:" that migrated from North America. Sequencing of the
5766:
5722:
5657:
5645:
5573:
5472:
5437:
5389:
5247:
5192:
5078:
5048:
5018:
4731:
4694:
4682:
4495:
4380:
4368:
4268:
4224:
4212:
4143:
4092:
4058:
3915:
3885:
3848:
3836:
3675:
3645:
3575:
3519:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3324:
3259:
3232:
3173:
3161:
3059:
3022:
2992:
2930:
2893:
2866:
2804:
2774:
2762:
2714:
2702:
2665:
2571:
2511:
633:. The earliest litopterns appeared during the early
400:
being the most diverse and last surviving families.
336:
328:
320:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
253:
5858:
5765:
5721:
5656:
5644:
5572:
5471:
5436:
5388:
5246:
5191:
5077:
5047:
5017:
4730:
4693:
4681:
4494:
4379:
4367:
4267:
4223:
4211:
4142:
4091:
4057:
4014:
3948:
3914:
3884:
3847:
3835:
3674:
3644:
3573:
3518:
3446:
3432:
3420:
3323:
3258:
3231:
3172:
3160:
3058:
3021:
2991:
2929:
2892:
2865:
2803:
2773:
2761:
2713:
2701:
2664:
2570:
2510:
1980:
1801:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
2370:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
2020:Morosi, Elizabeth; Ubilla, Martin (2019-02-07).
1987:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
609:, and with their closest living relatives being
2425:
1565:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
8:
731:introducing citations to additional sources
2368:McKenna, Malcolm C; Bell, Susane K (1997).
501:-like nose to filter dust are more likely.
5846:
5762:
5653:
5569:
5445:
5200:
5044:
4690:
4503:
4376:
4220:
4066:
4011:
3998:
3844:
3584:
3443:
3429:
3240:
3169:
3157:
3144:
2938:
2874:
2770:
2710:
2507:
2503:
2481:
2432:
2418:
2410:
135:
111:
31:
2184:
2102:
1869:
1859:
1763:
1706:
1688:
1636:
392:. It is divided into nine families, with
2259:Marshall, L. G.; Cifelli, R. L. (1990).
1938:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
721:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2372:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1536:
687:around 12,000 years ago as part of the
7:
1666:
1664:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
560:. At least some macraucheniids like
1585:10.1146/annurev-earth-072619-060126
1736:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
6017:Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino
574:have been suggested to have been
5830:
5824:
5818:
3984:
3979:
3130:
3124:
3118:
714:relies largely or entirely on a
703:
517:
508:
163:
2442:South American native ungulates
1638:10.5252/geodiversitas2023v45a15
637:, around 63 million years ago.
370:South American native ungulates
27:Extinct order of hoofed mammals
442:South American native ungulate
1:
6012:Fossil taxa described in 1889
2038:10.1080/08912963.2017.1355914
1999:10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.258.01.12
1919:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.04.006
613:(the group containing living
426:Historic life restoration of
1958:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103281
1756:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393
1690:10.1371/journal.pone.0256371
689:Quaternary extinction event
497:-like prehensile lip, or a
6033:
898:Xenorhinotherium bahiensis
658:Great American interchange
361:
5816:
5448:
5203:
4506:
4069:
4010:
3997:
3977:
3587:
3243:
3156:
3143:
3116:
2941:
2877:
2506:
2502:
2480:
2448:
2311:10.1017/S0094837300010605
2230:10.1017/S0094837300004802
1861:10.1016/j.jcz.2018.08.005
1813:10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1
250:
245:
160:Scientific classification
158:
143:
134:
119:
110:
34:
6002:Danian first appearances
2497:, and other minor groups
1254:Diadiaphorus majusculus
625:) as part of the clade
556:Litopterns were likely
2402:Red Académica Uruguaya
1269:
1266:Thoatherium crepidatum
1257:
1245:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
677:(Macraucheniidae) and
433:
419:
5964:Paleobiology Database
5951:Paleobiology Database
2394:An artist's rendition
2149:Nature Communications
1848:Zoologischer Anzeiger
1263:
1251:
1239:
895:
883:
871:
862:Cramauchenia normalis
859:
847:
425:
411:
364:"smooth heel") is an
6007:Holocene extinctions
3523:Sparnotheriodontinae
921:Sparnotheriodontidae
874:Theosodon patagonica
727:improve this article
599:mitochondrial genome
582:Evolutionary history
372:that lived from the
282:Sparnotheriodontidae
5705:Pseudohegetotherium
5082:Oldfieldthomasiidae
4170:Edvardotrouessartia
3628:Pseudobrachytherium
2303:1991Pbio...17..266W
2222:1976Pbio....2..220W
2169:10.1038/ncomms15951
2161:2017NatCo...815951W
2095:10.1038/nature14249
2087:2015Natur.522...81W
1950:2021JSAES.10903281D
1911:2021Geobi..68...61B
1748:2014JVPal..34.1231S
1577:2020AREPS..48..259C
1448:Pseudobrachytherium
1242:Anisolophus floweri
646:La Meseta Formation
456:sparnotheriodontids
5593:Archaeotypotherium
5492:Caraguatypotherium
3072:Granastrapotherium
2026:Historical Biology
1270:
1258:
1246:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
558:hindgut fermenters
434:
432:(Proterotheriidae)
420:
376:to the end of the
41:Paleocene–Holocene
5997:Panperissodactyla
5979:
5978:
5938:Open Tree of Life
5852:Taxon identifiers
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5691:Hemihegetotherium
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5541:Pseudotypotherium
5534:Plesiotypotherium
5432:
5431:
5052:Archaeopithecidae
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4677:
4676:
4228:Homalodotheriidae
4207:
4206:
4096:Henricosborniidae
3993:
3992:
3975:
3974:
3944:
3943:
3852:Amilnedwardsiidae
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3569:
3568:
3474:Guilielmofloweria
3425:Proterotherioidea
3416:
3415:
3393:Scalabrinitherium
3139:
3138:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3093:Xenastrapotherium
3035:Astrapothericulus
2996:Albertogaudryinae
2982:Parastrapotherium
2897:Trigonostylopidae
2861:
2860:
2757:
2756:
2379:978-0-231-11013-6
1336:Guilielmofloweria
1225:Proterotherioidea
1198:Scalabrinitherium
957:Amilnedwardsiidae
850:Adiantoides leali
792:
791:
777:
662:Isthmus of Panama
627:Panperissodactyla
536:Scalabrinitherium
418:(Macraucheniidae)
351:
350:
306:Proterotherioidea
241:
220:Panperissodactyla
16:(Redirected from
6024:
5972:
5971:
5959:
5958:
5946:
5945:
5933:
5932:
5920:
5919:
5907:
5906:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5847:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5768:
5763:
5724:
5698:Prohegetotherium
5677:Hegetotheriopsis
5659:
5654:
5647:
5621:Protarchaeohyrax
5600:Bryanpattersonia
5577:Archaeohyracidae
5575:
5570:
5527:Microtypotherium
5474:
5446:
5439:
5409:Guilielmoscottia
5391:
5365:Progaleopithecus
5281:Brucemacfaddenia
5249:
5201:
5194:
5147:Oldfieldthomasia
5080:
5050:
5045:
5020:
4940:Posnanskytherium
4758:Calchaquitherium
4733:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4668:Trimerostephanos
4504:
4497:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4270:
4226:
4221:
4214:
4145:
4126:Peripantostylops
4094:
4067:
4060:
4012:
3999:
3988:
3983:
3917:
3887:
3868:Ernestohaeckelia
3850:
3845:
3838:
3758:Paramacrauchenia
3744:Neobrachytherium
3679:Proterotheriinae
3677:
3647:
3585:
3579:Proterotheriidae
3577:
3521:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3407:Xenorhinotherium
3358:Macraucheniopsis
3326:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3063:Uruguaytheriinae
3061:
3026:Astrapotheriinae
3024:
2994:
2939:
2934:Astrapotheriidae
2932:
2913:Tetragonostylops
2895:
2883:Eoastrapostylops
2875:
2868:
2806:
2778:Colombitheriidae
2776:
2771:
2764:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2678:Asmithwoodwardia
2669:Protolipternidae
2667:
2573:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2482:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2383:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2265:Palaeovertebrata
2256:
2250:
2249:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2106:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1742:(5): 1231–1238.
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1692:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1556:
1399:Paramacrauchenia
1371:Neobrachytherium
1231:Proterotheriidae
1212:Xenorhinotherium
1170:Macraucheniopsis
1008:Macrauchenioidea
970:Ernestohaeckelia
816:Asmithwoodwardia
810:Protolipternidae
787:
784:
778:
776:
735:
707:
699:
685:Late Pleistocene
674:Xenorhinotherium
668:Macraucheniopsis
521:
512:
452:Protolipternidae
394:Proterotheriidae
363:
338:
330:
324:Macrauchenioidea
322:
314:Proterotheriidae
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
274:Protolipternidae
272:
264:
255:
236:
231:
168:
167:
152:Proterotheriidae
139:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:Macrauchenioidea
6032:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6021:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5967:
5962:
5954:
5949:
5941:
5936:
5928:
5923:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5897:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5854:
5844:
5835:
5798:
5761:
5717:
5661:Hegetotheriinae
5649:Hegetotheriidae
5640:
5560:
5485:Altitypotherium
5467:
5428:
5384:
5251:Interatheriinae
5242:
5196:Interatheriidae
5187:
5126:Itaboraitherium
5119:Dolichostylodon
5105:Camargomendesia
5098:Brachystephanus
5073:
5061:Archaeopithecus
5043:
5001:
4863:Neoadinotherium
4807:Haplodontherium
4726:
4721:Proadinotherium
4673:
4490:
4435:Henricofilholia
4363:
4263:
4258:Trigonolophodon
4251:Homalodotherium
4203:
4138:
4087:
4053:
4006:
3989:
3971:
3940:
3910:
3880:
3819:
3786:Tetramerorhinus
3709:Diplasiotherium
3670:
3640:
3581:
3565:
3553:Sparnotheriodon
3514:
3440:
3412:
3386:Promacrauchenia
3328:Macraucheniinae
3319:
3300:Phoenixauchenia
3263:Cramaucheniinae
3254:
3236:Macraucheniidae
3227:
3152:
3135:
3098:
3054:
3017:
2987:
2925:
2888:
2857:
2799:
2753:
2697:
2660:
2634:Ricardocifellia
2566:
2498:
2476:
2444:
2438:
2390:
2380:
2367:
2364:
2362:Further reading
2359:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2081:(7554): 81–84.
2066:
2065:
2061:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1683:(8): e0256371.
1670:
1669:
1662:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1533:
1455:Tetramerorhinus
1301:Diplasiotherium
1191:Promacrauchenia
1143:Macraucheniinae
1111:Phoenixauchenia
1084:Cramaucheniinae
1071:Macraucheniidae
941:Sparnotheriodon
788:
782:
779:
736:
734:
720:
708:
697:
584:
554:
549:
548:
547:
546:
524:
523:
522:
514:
513:
440:, unlike other
406:
398:Macraucheniidae
340:Macraucheniidae
235:
229:
162:
128:Macraucheniidae
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5984:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5947:
5934:
5921:
5908:
5895:
5880:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5772:
5760:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5663:
5651:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5579:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5555:Typotheriopsis
5551:
5548:Rusconitherium
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5449:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5397:
5395:
5393:Notopithecinae
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5379:Santiagorothia
5375:
5372:Protypotherium
5368:
5361:
5358:Proargyrohyrax
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5198:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5140:Maxschlosseria
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5068:Teratopithecus
5064:
5056:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4975:Toxodontherium
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4821:Hoffstetterius
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4772:Charruatoxodon
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4661:Teushentherium
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4597:Pascualihippus
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4562:Moqueguahippus
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4526:Deuterotherium
4522:
4515:
4507:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4456:Martinmiguelia
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4386:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4344:Pleurostylodon
4340:
4337:Pleurocoelodon
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4244:Chasicotherium
4240:
4232:
4230:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4149:
4147:Notostylopidae
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4119:Othnielmarshia
4115:
4108:
4105:Henricosbornia
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4041:Carolodarwinia
4037:
4030:
4022:
4020:
4017:incertae sedis
4008:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3950:Incertae sedis
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3921:
3919:Notonychopidae
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3861:Amilnedwardsia
3856:
3854:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3793:Thoatheriopsis
3789:
3782:
3779:Proterotherium
3775:
3768:
3765:Picturotherium
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3621:Prothoatherium
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3593:Mesolicaphrium
3588:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3560:Victorlemoinea
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3488:Paranisolambda
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3451:Anisolambdinae
3441:
3438:Anisolambdidae
3433:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3372:Oxyodontherium
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3179:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3086:Uruguaytherium
3082:
3079:Hilarcotherium
3075:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3042:Astrapotherium
3038:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3005:Albertogaudrya
3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2961:Comahuetherium
2957:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2920:Trigonostylops
2916:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2845:Propyrotherium
2841:
2834:
2831:Carolozittelia
2827:
2824:Berracotherium
2820:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2787:Colombitherium
2782:
2780:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2620:Paulogervaisia
2616:
2609:
2601:
2598:Ernestokokenia
2594:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2575:Didolodontidae
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2472:Laurasiatheria
2468:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:megafauna page
2389:
2388:External links
2386:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2345:paleobiodb.org
2332:
2297:(3): 266–280.
2281:
2251:
2216:(3): 220–234.
2200:
2143:(2017-06-27).
2134:
2059:
2032:(2): 196–202.
2012:
1993:(1): 163–176.
1971:
1924:
1885:
1834:
1787:
1722:
1660:
1606:
1571:(1): 259–290.
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1469:Thoatheriopsis
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1434:Proterotherium
1430:
1423:
1416:
1413:Picturotherium
1409:
1406:Paranisolambda
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1364:Mesolicaphrium
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1177:Oxyodontherium
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1023:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
986:Notonychopidae
982:
981:
980:
973:
966:
963:Amilnedwardsia
953:
952:
951:
948:Victorlemoinea
944:
937:
930:
917:
916:
915:
908:
835:
834:
833:
826:
819:
806:
790:
789:
725:. Please help
711:
709:
702:
696:
695:Classification
693:
666:Macrauchenia,
631:Didolodontidae
611:Perissodactyla
583:
580:
553:
550:
526:
525:
516:
515:
507:
506:
505:
504:
503:
405:
402:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
334:
318:
317:
316:
292:
284:
276:
268:
266:Notonychopidae
260:
257:Didolodontidae
248:
247:
243:
242:
227:
223:
222:
217:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
156:
155:
141:
140:
132:
131:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6029:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5970:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5833:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5742:Propachyrucos
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5726:Pachyrukhinae
5720:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5684:Hegetotherium
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5670:Ethegotherium
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5571:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5506:Eutypotherium
5503:
5501:
5500:
5499:Eotypotherium
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5476:Mesotheriinae
5470:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Mesotheriidae
5435:
5425:
5424:
5423:Transpithecus
5420:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5323:Interatherium
5320:
5318:
5317:
5316:Federicoanaya
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:Choichephilum
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:Archaeophylus
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5182:Xenostephanus
5179:
5177:
5176:
5175:Ultrapithecus
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5038:Griphotherion
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5016:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:Stereotoxodon
4958:
4956:
4955:
4954:Stenotephanos
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:Prototrigodon
4944:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4933:Plesiotoxodon
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4919:Piauhytherium
4916:
4914:
4913:
4912:Pericotoxodon
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4891:Ocnerotherium
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4828:Hyperoxotodon
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:Falcontoxodon
4790:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4751:Andinotoxodon
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4680:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4604:Patagonhippus
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4555:Mendozahippus
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4534:Edvardocopeia
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4485:Termastherium
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4358:Thomashuxleya
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:Distylophorus
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:Coelostylodon
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:Homalostylops
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Notioprogonia
4056:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3987:
3982:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:Prolicaphrium
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3751:Neolicaphrium
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:Brachytherium
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3649:Megadolodinae
3643:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3532:Heteroglyphis
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3379:Paranauchenia
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:Coniopternium
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:Proheptaconus
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Astrapotheria
2864:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2808:Pyrotheriidae
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:Protolipterna
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2495:Astrapotheria
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1504:
1503:Megadolodinae
1501:
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1420:Prolicaphrium
1417:
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1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1385:Neolicaphrium
1382:
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1368:
1366:
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1343:Heteroglyphis
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1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
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1288:
1287:Brachytherium
1284:
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1277:
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1199:
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1188:
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1184:Paranauchenia
1181:
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1090:Coniopternium
1087:
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1046:Proheptaconus
1043:
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875:
870:
864:
863:
858:
852:
851:
846:
842:
841:
840:
836:
832:
831:
830:Protolipterna
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
817:
813:
812:
811:
807:
805:
804:
800:
799:
798:
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786:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744: –
743:
739:
738:Find sources:
732:
728:
724:
718:
717:
716:single source
712:This section
710:
706:
701:
700:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
681:
680:Neolicaphrium
676:
675:
670:
669:
663:
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643:
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628:
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468:
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447:Protolipterna
443:
439:
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430:
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417:
416:
410:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
358:Ancient Greek
355:
341:
335:
333:
327:
326:
325:
319:
315:
309:
308:
307:
301:
300:
299:
298:Lopholipterna
293:
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120:Skeleton of
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5859:
5823:
5791:
5786:Paedotherium
5784:
5777:
5770:Pachyrukhini
5754:
5749:Prosotherium
5747:
5740:
5733:
5712:Sallatherium
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5614:Pascualhyrax
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5586:Archaeohyrax
5584:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5513:Hypsitherium
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5462:Trachytherus
5460:
5452:
5421:
5416:Notopithecus
5414:
5407:
5402:Antepithecus
5400:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5344:Neoicochilus
5342:
5337:Miocochilius
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5309:Eopachyrucos
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5274:Boleatherium
5272:
5265:
5258:
5237:Punapithecus
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5209:Antofagastia
5207:
5180:
5173:
5168:Tsamnichoria
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5133:Kibenikhoria
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5066:
5059:
5036:
5029:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4905:Paratrigodon
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4877:Nesodonopsis
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:Toxodontinae
4719:
4712:
4707:Adinotherium
4705:
4698:Nesodontinae
4686:Toxodontidae
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4611:Perhippidion
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4541:Eomorphippus
4539:
4532:
4524:
4519:Argyrohippus
4517:
4510:
4499:Notohippidae
4483:
4478:Taubatherium
4476:
4469:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4442:Huilatherium
4440:
4433:
4426:
4421:Elmerriggsia
4419:
4412:
4405:
4400:Ancylocoelus
4398:
4393:Anayatherium
4391:
4384:Leontiniidae
4372:Eutoxodontia
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4330:Periphragnis
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4163:Chilestylops
4161:
4156:Boreastylops
4154:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4112:Nanolophodon
4110:
4103:
4080:
4075:Satshatemnus
4073:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4015:
4004:Notoungulata
3964:
3957:
3949:
3933:
3926:
3903:
3896:
3889:Indaleciidae
3873:
3866:
3859:
3814:Villarroelia
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3702:Diadiaphorus
3700:
3693:
3686:
3663:
3656:
3635:Salladolodus
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3558:
3551:
3546:Phoradiadius
3544:
3537:
3530:
3507:
3502:Protheosodon
3500:
3493:
3486:
3481:Lambdaconops
3479:
3472:
3467:Eolicaphrium
3465:
3458:
3405:
3400:Windhausenia
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3365:Micrauchenia
3363:
3356:
3351:Macrauchenia
3349:
3344:Huayqueriana
3342:
3335:
3312:
3307:Pternoconius
3305:
3298:
3293:Llullataruca
3291:
3286:Cramauchenia
3284:
3277:
3270:
3247:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3165:Eulitopterna
3149:
3123:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3012:Astraponotus
3010:
3003:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2881:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:Baguatherium
2815:
2792:
2785:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2515:Kollpaniidae
2470:Superorder:
2398:Macrauchenia
2369:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2294:
2291:Paleobiology
2290:
2284:
2273:. Retrieved
2268:
2264:
2254:
2213:
2210:Paleobiology
2209:
2203:
2155:(1): 15951.
2152:
2148:
2137:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2029:
2025:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1680:
1676:
1628:
1624:
1568:
1564:
1514:
1507:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1476:Villarroelia
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1441:Protheosodon
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1357:Lambdaconops
1355:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1315:Eolicaphrium
1313:
1306:
1299:
1294:Diadiaphorus
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1223:Superfamily
1210:
1205:Windhausenia
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1163:Macrauchenia
1161:
1156:Huayqueriana
1154:
1147:
1130:
1125:Pternoconius
1123:
1116:
1109:
1104:Cramauchenia
1102:
1095:
1088:
1077:Llullataruca
1075:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1006:Superfamily
997:
990:
975:
968:
961:
946:
939:
932:
927:Phoradiadius
925:
910:
903:
896:
886:Macrauchenia
884:
872:
860:
848:
839:Indaleciidae
828:
821:
814:
801:
796:
780:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:"Litopterna"
737:
713:
678:
672:
665:
639:
607:Notoungulata
603:Macrauchenia
602:
585:
569:
562:Macrauchenia
561:
555:
542:Macrauchenia
540:
534:
528:
491:
484:
470:
462:Macrauchenia
460:
445:
435:
427:
413:
412:Skeleton of
390:Notoungulata
353:
352:
323:
305:
297:
290:Indaleciidae
232:
213:
147:Diadiaphorus
145:
144:Skeleton of
123:Macrauchenia
121:
29:
5884:Wikispecies
5793:Tremacyllus
5779:Pachyrukhos
5756:Tremacyllus
5520:Mesotherium
5351:Patriarchus
5330:Juchuysillu
5288:Caenophilus
5267:Argyrohyrax
4989:Trigodonops
4898:Palyeidodon
4884:Nonotherium
4856:Mixotoxodon
4849:Minitoxodon
4842:Mesotoxodon
4814:Hemixotodon
4779:Dinotoxodon
4765:Ceratoxodon
4640:Rhynchippus
4618:Plexotemnus
4590:Pampahippus
4512:Acoelohyrax
4323:Pampatemnus
4316:Lophocoelus
4302:Hedralophus
4281:Anisotemnus
4272:Isotemnidae
4198:Parastylops
4184:Notostylops
4133:Simpsonotus
4048:Perutherium
4034:Archaeogaia
3928:Notonychops
3898:Adiantoides
3875:Rutimeyeria
3807:Uruguayodon
3800:Thoatherium
3737:Lambdaconus
3688:Anisolophus
3665:Megadolodus
3614:Promylophis
3607:Olisanophus
3495:Polyacrodon
3460:Anisolambda
3249:Polymorphis
3222:Tricoelodus
3200:Proectocion
3193:Proadiantus
3177:Adianthidae
2947:Antarctodon
2852:Pyrotherium
2718:Carodniidae
2706:Xenungulata
2685:Miguelsoria
2554:Simoclaenus
2539:Pascualodus
2487:Xenungulata
2104:11336/14769
1871:11336/86349
1854:: 143–147.
1765:11336/18953
1516:Megadolodus
1483:Uruguayodon
1462:Thoatherium
1427:Promylophis
1392:Olisanophus
1350:Lambdaconus
1280:Anisolophus
1273:Anisolambda
1118:Polymorphis
1060:Tricoelodus
1039:Proadiantus
1026:Adianthinae
1020:Proectocion
1014:Adianthidae
992:Notonychops
977:Rutimeyeria
905:Adiantoides
823:Miguelsoria
654:Pleistocene
588:condylarths
571:Megadolodus
486:Thoatherium
467:Adianthidae
429:Thoatherium
378:Pleistocene
362:λῑτή πτέρνα
332:Adianthidae
5992:Litopterns
5986:Categories
5890:Litopterna
5860:Litopterna
5735:Medistylus
5628:Pseudhyrax
5031:Campanorco
5022:Typotheria
4870:Neotoxodon
4744:Abothrodon
4654:Stilhippus
4583:Notohippus
4576:Nesohippus
4569:Morphippus
4548:Eurygenium
4471:Scarrittia
4216:Toxodontia
3966:Proacrodon
3840:Notopterna
3730:Epitherium
3716:Eoauchenia
3600:Neodolodus
3539:Notiolofos
3272:Caliphrium
3150:Litopterna
2954:Astrapodon
2766:Pyrotheria
2741:Notoetayoa
2627:Raulvaccia
2605:Escribania
2591:Enneoconus
2561:Tiuclaenus
2491:Pyrotheria
2440:Genera of
2350:2022-04-29
2275:2018-10-08
1944:: 103281.
1531:References
1378:Neodolodus
1329:Epitherium
1308:Eoauchenia
1097:Caliphrium
1082:Subfamily
934:Notiolofos
803:Proacrodon
797:Litopterna
783:April 2022
753:newspapers
619:rhinoceros
576:omnivorous
354:Litopterna
246:Subgroups
233:Litopterna
35:Litopterna
5635:Punahyrax
5454:Fiandraia
5302:Cochilius
5112:Colbertia
5091:Allalmeia
4926:Pisanodon
4835:Mesenodon
4800:Gyrinodon
4786:Eutomodus
4449:Leontinia
4351:Rhyphodon
4309:Isotemnus
4082:Seudenius
4027:Acoelodus
3905:Indalecia
3723:Epecuenia
3314:Theosodon
3215:Thadanius
3186:Adianthus
2968:Liarthrus
2838:Griphodon
2641:Saltaodus
2584:Didolodus
2547:Pucanodus
2532:Molinodus
2525:Andinodus
2452:Kingdom:
2271:: 169–210
2246:251050063
2177:2041-1723
2113:1476-4687
2054:133673644
2046:0891-2963
2007:0305-8719
1966:233678648
1905:: 61–70.
1821:0003-0090
1774:0272-4634
1699:1932-6203
1655:261638835
1647:1280-9659
1601:213737574
1593:0084-6597
1322:Epecuenia
1140:Subfamily
1132:Theosodon
1053:Thadanius
1032:Adianthus
912:Indalecia
723:talk page
635:Paleocene
530:Theosodon
472:Adianthus
438:ungulates
415:Theosodon
404:Diversity
374:Paleocene
368:order of
183:Kingdom:
177:Eukaryota
5869:Wikidata
5223:Johnbell
5216:Ignigena
5161:Suniodon
5154:Paginula
4982:Trigodon
4632:Purperia
4463:Purperia
4414:Coquenia
4407:Colpodon
4237:Asmodeus
4191:Otrhonia
3959:Kyraodus
3935:Requisia
3658:Bounodus
3337:Cullinia
2975:Maddenia
2906:Shecenia
2794:Proticia
2748:Rodcania
2727:Carodnia
2655:Xesmodon
2648:Umayodus
2613:Lamegoia
2466:Mammalia
2460:Chordata
2458:Phylum:
2454:Animalia
2327:88305955
2195:28654082
2121:25799987
1880:92143497
1829:89219979
1807:: 1–76.
1782:86091386
1717:34403434
1677:PLOS ONE
1509:Bounodus
1497:Xesmodon
1149:Cullinia
999:Requisia
650:Pliocene
595:proteome
592:collagen
566:browsers
477:bunodont
382:Holocene
238:Ameghino
207:Mammalia
197:Chordata
193:Phylum:
187:Animalia
173:Domain:
5943:5327063
5930:1563124
5904:4471814
5875:Q132153
5607:Eohyrax
5230:Munizia
4996:Xotodon
4968:Toxodon
4714:Nesodon
4647:Rosendo
3049:Scaglia
2464:Class:
2319:2400869
2299:Bibcode
2238:2400220
2218:Bibcode
2186:5490259
2157:Bibcode
2129:4467386
2083:Bibcode
1946:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1899:Geobios
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