496:, have deep brown color on flattened rhizomes which are profusely dichotomously branched. Each is attached by branched root-like structures coming out of the sides of the rhizomes. Slender main stipes (about 1 centimetre (0.39 in) wide to 30 metres (98 ft) long) come from the rhizome which is up to 0.1 metres (3.9 in) at the widest. Periodically 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide and 35 centimetres (14 in) long flattened leaf-like branches derive from the stipe. They have furrowed surfaces and taper gradually, but then have an oval or rounded float where attached to the stipe. The blade-like branches have notched denticulate edges leading to the terminal blade at the tip of the stipe, which is separated by several smaller branches. It grows to only 6 m (20 ft) long. It is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the
583:
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571:
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481:, which is perennial and individuals persist for many years. Individuals may grow to up to 50 m (160 ft) long or more. The kelp often grows even longer than the distance from the bottom to the surface as it will grow in a diagonal direction due to the ocean current pushing against the kelp. The stalks arise from a basal meristem, with as many as 60 stalks in older well protected individuals. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe, with a single
77:
625:
611:
597:
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830:(central stalk), and splitting of the blades. At the growing tip is a single blade, at the base of which develop small gas bladders along one side. As the bladders and stipe grow, small tears develop in the attached blade. Once the tears have completed, each bladder supports a single separate blade along the stipe, with the bladders and their blades attached at irregular intervals.
55:
823:. To establish itself, a young kelp produces one or two primary blades, and begins a rudimentary holdfast, which serves to anchor the plant to the rocky bottom. As the kelp grows, additional blades develop from the growing tip, while the holdfast enlarges and may entirely cover the rock to which it is attached.
901:
that are home to many marine species that depend upon the kelp directly for food and shelter, or indirectly as a hunting ground for prey. Both the large size of the kelp and the large number of individuals significantly alter the availability of light, the flow of ocean currents, and the chemistry of
1233:
farming industry. By saving oysters that have survived disease outbreaks, they have been able to continue their way of life. It was estimated that by 2019, 95 per cent of the giant kelp forests along
Tasmania's east coast had been lost within just a few decades. Some of this loss was attributed by
1189:
In recent years, the kelp forests have decreased dramatically throughout Japan, Chile, Korea, Australia and North
America. Harvesting of kelp as a food source and other uses may be the least concerning aspect to its depletion. In the Northwest Pacific kelp forests in waters near large population
670:
674:
678:
676:
672:
671:
677:
1246:". Water temperatures along the east coast of Tasmania have been rising at nearly four times the average rate globally. The EAC brings warmer waters, which are also nutrient-poor compared to the previously usual cold water around the coast. Common kelp (
788:
alternates heteromorphic phases from a macroscopic sporophyte to dioecious microscopic gametophytes. It has been studied as a plant fertilizer, increasing bean yields up to 24% and chemical studies indicate presence of phytohormone-like substances.
2683:
Westermeier, R., Patiño, D., & Müller, D. G. (2007). Sexual compatibility and hybrid formation between the giant kelp species
Macrocystis pyrifera and M. integrifoliat (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) in Chile. Journal of Applied Phycology, 19(3),
675:
2254:
Cruz-Suarez, L. Elizabeth; Tapia-Salazar, M., Nieto López, M., Guajardo-Barbosa, C., & Ricque-Marie, D. (2009). Comparison of Ulva clathrata and the kelps
Macrocystis pyrifera and Ascophyllum nodosum as ingredients in shrimp feeds.
2534:
Buschmann, A., Varela, D., Hernández-González, M., & Huovinen, P. (2008). Opportunities and challenges for the development of an integrated seaweed-based aquaculture activity in Chile: determining the physiological capabilities of
1708:, DeCew's Guide to the Seaweeds of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Northern California, Center for Phycological Documentation, University Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, 2002. 13 July 2007
847:
typically grow forming extensive beds, large "floating canopies", on rocky substrata between the low intertidal. It was harvested by barges which used large blades to harvest up to 300 tons a day along the coast of
2667:
Westermeier, R., Patiño, D., Piel, M. I., Maier, I., & Mueller, D. G. (2006). A new approach to kelp mariculture in Chile: production of free-floating sporophyte seedlings from gametophyte cultures of
516:
is found in the subtidal zone of southern North Island, the South Island, Chatham, Stewart, Bounty, Antipodes, Auckland and
Campbell Islands. The species can be found on rock and on sheltered open coasts.
2174:
Gutierrez, A., Correa, T., Muñoz, V., Santibañez, A., Marcos, R., Cáceres, C., et al. (2006). Farming of the Giant Kelp
Macrocystis Pyrifera in Southern Chile for Development of Novel Food Products.
1201:
due to its need for cold waters it would usually find in the North
Pacific Ocean. In California, El Niño also brought along a population bloom of purple sea urchins which feed on the giant kelp.
1053:, typically found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks of British Columbia, Mexico, Peru and Northern Chile. It was considered a distinct species based on blade and holdfast morphology.
485:(gas bladder) at the base of each blade. At the base of each stalk is a cluster of blades that lack pneumatocysts; instead they develop small sacks on the blade that release the biflagellated
3390:
582:
1991:
Demes, Kyle W.; Graham, Michael H.; Suskiewicz, Thew S. (December 2009). "Phenotypic plasticity reconciles incongruous molecular and morphological taxonomies: the Giant Kelp,
2412:
2268:
Wargacki, A.J., Leonard, E., Win, M.N., Regitsky, D.D., Santos, C.N.S., et al. (2012). An engineered microbial platform for direct biofuel production from brown macroalgae.
816:
is one of the fastest-growing organisms on Earth. They can grow at a rate of 60 cm (2 ft) a day to reach over 45 m (150 ft) long in one growing season.
673:
2055:"Phenotypic Plasticity Reconciles Incongruous Molecular and Morphological Taxonomies: The Giant Kelp, Macrocystis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a Monospecific Genus1"
1259:
782:. It prefers water about 7 metres (23 ft) to 10 metres (33 ft) deep and exposed to the open sea and normal salinities, yet sheltered from full wave action.
428:. Individual algae may grow to more than 45 metres (150 feet) long at a rate of as much as 60 cm (2 ft) per day. Giant kelp grows in dense stands known as
3277:
3083:
2867:
3303:
3122:
2906:
2099:
Demes, K.W, Graham, M.H. & Suskiewicz, T.S. (2009). Phenotypic plasticity reconciles incongruous molecular and morphological taxonomies: the giant kelp,
905:
In high-density populations, giant kelp individuals compete with other individuals of the species for space and resources. Giant kelp may also compete with
655:
1262:. Scientists and conservationists are continuously looking into ways to restore the once heavily populated species to its original state. Methods include
1669:
I. Maier, C. Hertweck and W. Boland (2001) Stereochemical specificity of lamoxirene the sperm-releasing pheromone in kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae).
444:, and other minerals. It can be used in cooking in many of the ways other sea vegetables are used, and particularly serves to add flavor to bean dishes.
2474:
1266:, reducing numbers of purple sea urchins in overpopulated areas, and planting roots along the ocean floor. Scientists had built 28 artificial reefs off
1317:
Bory de Saint-Vincent, J.B.G.M. (1826). Macrocyste. In: Dictionnaire
Classique d'Histoire Naturelle. (Audouin, I. et al. Eds) Vol. 10, pp. 8-10. Paris:
1377:
G.E. Rodriguez, A. Rassweiler, D.C. Reed, & S.J. Holbrook (2013) The importance of progressive senescence in the biomass dynamics of giant kelp (
3251:
3057:
2841:
3290:
3096:
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432:, which are home to many marine animals that depend on the algae for food or shelter. The primary commercial product obtained from giant kelp is
1656:
I. Maier, D.G. Müller, G. Gassman, W. Boland and L. Jaenicke (1987) Sexual pheromones and related egg secretions in
Laminariales (Phaeophyta).
3380:
3145:
3036:
2225:
Neushul M (1987) Energy from marine biomass: The historicalrecord. In: Bird KT, Benson PH (eds), Seaweed
Cultivation for Renewable Resources,
1130:
and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement. In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for
3171:
2694:
886:. It thrives in cooler waters where the ocean water temperature remains mostly below 21 °C (70 °F). The species is also found near
2441:
2634:
2449:
958:. In modern times, the large number of species were re-classified based on the holdfast morphology, which distinguished three species (
624:
3031:
2802:
2807:
2610:
2577:
2396:
2369:
2241:
Druehl LD, Baird R, Lindwall A, Lloyd KE, Pakula S (1988) Longline cultivation of some Laminareaceae in British Columbia. Aquacult.
2211:
2142:
1880:
1810:
1765:
1691:
1605:
1523:
1459:
1424:
1401:
1138:, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis during that period. However the commercial production of
930:. Translocation of nutrients along the stipe may be as rapid as 60 cm (24 in) per hour. Most translocation occurs to move
3342:
3210:
2952:
1907:
Reed, D C, M Neushul, & A W Ebeling. (1991) "Role of settlement density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps
1134:. With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of
570:
2582:
934:-rich photosynthate, and typically transfers material from mature regions to actively growing regions where the machinery of
556:
1581:
1305:
3295:
3101:
2885:
1002:
is a monospecific genus, some split it into the four morphs, or sub-species, described below, following pre-2010 taxonomy:
942:(reproductive fronds) at the base of the kelp, where there is little light and thus little photosynthesis to produce food.
3375:
3109:
2893:
1142:
never became reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in prices of alginates, the research into farming
982:) in 1986. In 2009 and 2010, however, two studies that used both morphological and molecular assessments demonstrate that
596:
3395:
3385:
523:
2550:
Buschmann, A. H., Hernández-González, M. C., Astudillo, C., Fuente, L. d. l., Gutierrez, A., & Aroca, G. (2005).
610:
76:
2500:
1252:) is better at nitrogen storage than giant kelp, so has been taking over the areas formerly occupied by giant kelp.
467:
grows to over 45 m (150 ft) long. The stipes are unbranched and each blade has a gas bladder at its base.
3308:
2285:
1563:
Phylum: Phaeophyta, Class: Phaeophyceae, Order: Laminariales, Family: Lessoniaceae, Macrocystis integrifolia (Bory)
459:. Some individuals are so huge that the thallus may grow to up to 60 m (200 ft). The stipes arise from a
3127:
2911:
1330:
Macaya, Erasmo C.; Zuccarello, Giuseppe C. (August 2010). "DNA barcoding and genetic divergence in the Giant Kelp
797:
1110:
806:
373:
are perennial and the individual may live for up to three years; stipes/fronds within a whole individual undergo
2660:
Simenstad, C.A., Estes, J.A. and Kenyon, K.W., 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternatestable state communities.
3150:
2999:
2561:
Chaoyuan, W., & Guangheng, L. (1987). Progress in the genetics and breeding of economic seaweeds in China.
966:
960:
907:
1891:
Reed, D C. (1990) "The effects of variable settlement and early competition on patterns of kelp recruitment."
1213:, kelp forests have been significantly affected by several factors, including warming waters, shifting of the
1214:
938:
is not yet fully in place. Translocation also moves nutrients downward from light-exposed surface fronds to
3370:
2729:
2475:"These giant kelp forests were a boon for Tasmania's economy in the 60s and 70s. Now they're all but gone"
463:
and branch three or four times from near the base. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe.
1717:
2635:
https://web.archive.org/web/20101226110745/http://aquanic.org/species/documents/6_Algae_3__Culturing.pdf
2619:." Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 2001. Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. 10 Jan 2007
1226:
978:
685:
214:
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1471:
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cycles warm, tropical water from the South Pacific to Northern waters. This has been known to kill off
756:, which find their way to the oogonia following the lamoxirene. The egg is then fertilized to form the
1731:
Effects of kelp (Macrocystis integrifolia and Ecklonia maxima) foliar applications on bean crop growth
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3215:
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2323:
1562:
1007:
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63:
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Species algarum rite cognitae, cum synonymis, differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis.
2103:(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a monospecific genus (note). Journal of Phycology 45(6): 1266-1269.
3013:
641:
3334:
3202:
1857:
436:, but humans also harvest this species on a limited basis for use directly as food. It is rich in
2082:
2020:
1730:
1351:
1101:
coast as well as in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and most sub-Antarctic islands to 60°S.
1097:
is distributed along the eastern Pacific coast from Alaska to Mexico and from Peru and along the
883:
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460:
236:
71:
2781:
738:
3282:
3088:
2717:
2041:
381:, temperate, and sub-Antarctic oceans of the Southern Hemisphere and in the northeast Pacific.
3316:
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2392:
2365:
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2012:
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1806:
1761:
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1455:
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locals to the harvesting of the forests by Alginates Australia, which opened its factory near
2944:
2767:
2501:"Threatened Ecological Community Profile — Giant Kelp Marine Forests of South East Australia"
3321:
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2934:
2331:
2066:
2004:
1343:
1248:
1239:
1068:
887:
775:
505:
2709:
2188:
1118:
has been utilized for many years as a food source; it also contains many compounds such as
3158:
2551:
1263:
893:
Where the bottom is rocky and affords places for it to anchor, giant kelp forms extensive
405:
2327:
377:, where each frond may persist for approximately 100 days. The genus is found widely in
17:
2828:
2590:
Graham,M.H., Vásquez, J.A. and Buschmann, A.H. (2007) Global ecology of the giant kelp
1489:
1243:
1158:
935:
927:
827:
750:
114:
101:
3364:
2388:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Seaweed Symposium, Halifax, August 25–28, 1965
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2008:
1639:
M.H. Graham, J.A. Vásquez and A.H. Buschmann (2007) Global ecology of the giant kelp
1347:
1238:
in 1963, shutting down operations 10 years later as uneconomical. However, expert in
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1064:
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1020:
871:
859:
771:
501:
413:
401:
177:
31:
2311:
2086:
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1355:
532:
2794:
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1242:
Craig Johnson says that the loss of the forests "is almost certainly the result of
1036:
875:
746:
482:
433:
417:
362:
350:
127:
35:
954:. In 1874, Hooker, following blade morphology, put them all under the same taxon,
2386:
2359:
1514:
1392:
703:
has many specialized blades growing near the holdfast. These blades bear various
3329:
3264:
3197:
3114:
3070:
2993:
2898:
2854:
2761:
2701:
1705:
1040:
922:
is translocated up the stipe through sieve elements that very much resemble the
898:
897:
with large "floating canopies". When present in large numbers, giant kelp forms
879:
839:
820:
753:
719:
429:
425:
386:
378:
354:
332:
157:
3242:
2752:
2312:"Sea urchin barrens as alternative stable states of collapsed kelp ecosystems"
1218:
1194:
1166:
1154:
1072:
1028:
990:), which is currently accepted by the phycological community (see AlgaeBase).
939:
919:
867:
849:
779:
708:
700:
509:
478:
397:
374:
370:
147:
2984:
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2037:
1853:
1577:
1301:
1235:
1123:
1098:
1044:
734:
441:
421:
88:
54:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2078:
2016:
1538:
3163:
3023:
2156:
Abbott, I. A. (1996). Ethnobotany of seaweeds: clues to uses of seaweeds.
1743:
1177:
has been examined as a possible feedstock for conversion into ethanol for
3236:
2978:
2746:
2237:
2235:
2053:
Demes, Kyle W.; Graham, Michael H.; Suskiewicz, Thew S. (December 2009).
1210:
1135:
1131:
915:
894:
486:
3256:
3062:
2846:
1222:
1178:
1162:
1060:
767:
730:
723:
712:
497:
137:
3269:
3075:
2859:
2626:(Laminariales;Phaeophyceae) in northern Chile on spore-based culture.
2336:
722:. These gametophytes, after reaching the appropriate substrata, grow
1733:, Plant and Soil, June 1989, Volume 117, Issue 1, pp. 85-92 (paywall)
1477:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol 5, issue 1.
1230:
1119:
1024:
931:
923:
863:
757:
715:
437:
409:
2723:
1573:
1571:
1308:, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
2554:, product development and integrated aquaculture studies in Chile.
796:
704:
474:
393:
366:
1173:
as feed for other aquaculture species such as shrimps. Recently,
1085:, is found in shallow waters of South Africa and South Australia.
766:
is found on intertidal rocks or shallow subtidal rocks along the
3176:
1977:
C. Ag. (Phaeophyta) from Marion Island, southern Indian Ocean.
1849:
1847:
1190:
centres may be most affected by the sewer/stormwater discharge.
328:
167:
3049:
2727:
1221:. Locals have noticed significant effects on the population of
1153:
is increasing due to the newfound uses of these plants such as
2820:
1270:
by 2019, and were hopeful of bringing the kelp forests back.
1229:
for thousands of years. These changes have also affected the
2622:
Macchiavello, J., Araya, E., & Bulboa, C. Production of
1411:
1409:
2442:"Scientists in race to save giant kelp off Tasmanian coast"
819:
Juvenile giant kelp grow directly upon their parent female
400:. Giant kelp is common along the coast of the northeastern
2499:
Department of the Environment, Commonwealth of Australia.
477:. The stage of the life cycle that is usually seen is the
1939:, I. Akatsuka (ed.). Hague: Academic Publishing, 447–527.
1841:
Volume 1. Algae and Fungi. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
976:) and on blade morphology, which added a fourth species (
1995:(Laminariales, Phaeophyceae), is a monospecific genus".
2720:
California Biota Home Page... Protoctista... Phaeophyta
1600:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 100.
1539:"Biology of the Macrocystis resource in North America"
950:
Initially, 17 species were described within the genus
741:. This compound triggers sperm release by males. The
662:
Giant kelp floating just outside the Santa Cruz harbor
1169:
feed. There is current research going into utilizing
34:. For the condition of enlarged red blood cells, see
1784:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
3226:
2968:
2736:
2639:
North, W J, G A Jackson, & S L Manley. (1986) "
2310:Filbee-Dexter, K; Scheibling, Re (9 January 2014).
2286:"Scientists Work to Save Disappearing Kelp Forests"
718:, which will grow into microscopic female and male
2385:Young, E. Gordon; McLachlan, J. L. (16 May 2014).
2112:M. Neushul (1971) The biology of giant kelp beds (
1512:Hoek, C van den; D G Mann & H M Jahns. (1995)
2596:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
1720:, Pearson College UWC. Retrieved 6 February 2013
1718:The Race Rocks Taxonomy, Macrocystis integrifolia
1645:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
1565:, Pearson College UWC. Retrieved 6 February 2013
1390:C. van den Hoek, D.G. Mann and H.M. Jahns (1995)
1368:W.J. North (1971) The biology of giant kelp beds.
1059:, a smaller, intertidal species, is found on the
2633:Mariculture of Seaweeds. (2010). Retrieved from
2435:
2433:
1658:Zeitschrift Naturforschung Section C Biosciences
1598:New Zealand seaweeds : an illustrated guide
1498:Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential.
1019:species, found in intermediate-to-deep water of
412:, and is also found in the southern oceans near
2221:
2219:
1415:Mondragon, Jennifer and Mondragon, Jeff (2003)
589:Habit of individual in relatively shallow water
2413:"Warming has dire effects in oceans 1/19/2020"
2280:
2278:
1682:Abbott, I. A. & G. J. Hollenberg. (1976)
1258:has become Australia’s first federally-listed
2655:The Biology and Ecology of Giant Kelp Forests
2572:Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium.
2206:Monterey, California: Monterey Bay Aquarium.
1797:
1795:
902:the ocean water in the area where they grow.
455:is a monospecific genus; the sole species is
349:. This genus contains the largest of all the
8:
3391:Flora of the West Coast of the United States
2568:Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989)
2202:Connor, Judith & Charles Baxter. (1989)
1805:San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books.
1508:
1506:
1325:
1323:
914:Where surface waters are poor in nutrients,
2653:Schiel, D. R., & Foster, M. S. (2015).
2643:and its environment, knowns and unknowns."
2468:
2466:
1867:
1865:
1820:
1818:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1296:
1294:
492:The smaller morphs, formerly identified as
2724:
2531:Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. , -168. Lund: Berling.
1485:
1483:
53:
42:
2335:
2152:
2150:
1518:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1396:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
760:, which, through mitosis, begins growth.
1701:
1699:
1450:I.A. Abbott and G.J. Hollenberg (1976)
385:is often a major component of temperate
2605:University of Western Australia Press.
2137:University of Western Australia Press.
1875:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1871:Lobban, C S & P J Harrison. (1994)
1686:California: Stanford University Press.
1454:Stanford University Press, California.
1419:Sea Challengers, Monterey, California.
1290:
519:
335:) with all species now synonymous with
1756:White, L P & L G Plaskett, (1982)
826:Growth occurs with lengthening of the
1950:The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of
1591:
1589:
1533:
1531:
634:of a small individual (plastic model)
603:Kelp fronds floating near the surface
7:
3138:6bba5615-b3b7-4fd0-87cb-9967cbdc2ec0
2922:a2cb7dc1-73d2-4063-9424-26b477e14e33
1496:in Guiry, M D and Blunden, G (1991)
512:) and South America. In New Zealand
392:Despite its appearance, it is not a
2450:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2440:MacDonald, Lucy (5 February 2019).
2364:. Academic Press. 5 November 1987.
1515:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology
2586:(2007). retrieved from ftp.fao.org
2584:Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics
1393:Algae An Introduction to Phycology
25:
2657:. University of California Press.
1973:C.H. Hay (1986) A new species of
1828:Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1582:Species: Macrocystis integrifolia
1306:Species: Macrocystis integrifolia
890:in the Mid-South Atlantic Ocean.
2545:Journal of Applied Phycology, 20
2176:Journal of Applied Phycology, 18
2116:) in California: the species of
2071:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00752.x
2009:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00752.x
1671:Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole)
1494:Cultivation of attached seaweeds
1348:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00845.x
1193:The natural phenomenon known as
668:
654:
640:
623:
609:
595:
581:
569:
555:
540:
531:
522:
75:
30:For the genus of mushrooms, see
2594:: From ecotypes to ecosystems.
2361:Advances in Ecological Research
1873:Seaweed Ecology and Physiology.
1643:: From ecotypes to ecosystems.
1300:Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M.,
726:to eventually produce gametes.
2714:. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
2473:Kean, Zoe (27 February 2021).
2316:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1417:Seaweeds of the Pacific Coast.
1126:, other minerals vitamins and
550:growing in the Channel Islands
1:
3381:Marine biota of North America
2718:Macrocystis integrifolia Bory
1858:Species: Macrocystis pyrifera
1729:Temple, W. D., A. A. Bomke,
1706:Macrocystis integrifolia Bory
1381:). Ecology, 94(8), 1848-1858.
489:: these are the sporophylls.
2628:Journal of Applied Phycology
1931:W.J. North (1971) Review of
1781:(L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters
1475:(L.) Ag. in Tasmanian waters
729:Females release their eggs (
617:Growing apex (plastic model)
2603:Marine Plants of Australia.
2227:Elsevier Science Publishers
2135:Marine Plants of Australia.
1684:Marine Algae of California.
1452:Marine Algae of California.
1260:endangered marine community
327:is a monospecific genus of
3412:
2708:Bushing, William W (2000)
2187:Bushing, William W (2000)
1108:
1015:, most widely distributed
837:
688:swimming inside giant kelp
341:. It is commonly known as
308:Bory de Saint-Vincent 1826
29:
27:Genus of large brown algae
2257:Aquaculture Nutrition, 15
1964:. London: Reeve Brothers.
1937:Biology of Economic Algae
1111:Aquaculture of giant kelp
807:Point Lobos State Reserve
242:
235:
220:
213:
72:Scientific classification
70:
61:
52:
45:
3228:Macrocystis integrifolia
2703:Macrocystis integrifolia
2678:Aquaculture Research, 37
1909:Pterygophora californica
1225:, a food source for the
1079:Macrocystis angustifolia
1051:Macrocystis integrifolia
911:in these circumstances.
908:Pterygophora californica
786:Macrocystis integrifolia
764:Macrocystis integrifolia
563:Macrocystis integrifolia
494:Macrocystis integrifolia
305:Macrocystis integrifolia
300:Macrocystis angustifolia
18:Macrocystis integrifolia
1217:(EAC), and invasion of
1215:East Australian current
2563:Hydrobiologia, 151-152
2505:www.environment.gov.au
1824:Prescott, G W. (1968)
1596:Nelson, W. A. (2013).
1219:long-spine sea urchins
810:
473:is the largest of all
2556:World Aquaculture, 36
1801:Davis, Chuck. (1991)
1227:Aboriginal Tasmanians
800:
3376:Flora of the Pacific
3037:Macrocystis_pyrifera
3000:Macrocystis pyrifera
2970:Macrocystis pyrifera
2674:Macrocystis pyrifera
2670:Lessonia trabeculata
2624:Macrocystis pyrifera
2617:Macrocystis pyrifera
2601:Huisman, J M (2000)
2527:Agardh, C A. (1820)
2160:, 326-327(1), 15-20.
2133:J.M. Huisman (2000)
2059:Journal of Phycology
1997:Journal of Phycology
1948:J.D. Hooker (1874)
1917:Journal of Phycology
1913:Macrocystis pyrifera
1826:The Algae: A Review.
1779:Macrocystis pyrifera
1500:John Wiley and Sons.
1473:Macrocystis pyrifera
1379:Macrocystis pyrifera
1336:Journal of Phycology
1256:Macrocystis pyrifera
1116:Macrocystis pyrifera
1075:) and South America.
1008:Macrocystis pyrifera
986:is monospecific (as
956:Macrocystis pyrifera
856:Macrocystis pyrifera
814:Macrocystis pyrifera
803:Macrocystis pyrifera
471:Macrocystis pyrifera
338:Macrocystis pyrifera
291:Heterotypic synonyms
224:Macrocystis pyrifera
64:Macrocystis pyrifera
3396:Laminariales genera
3386:Flora of California
2711:Giant Bladder Kelp
2552:Seaweed cultivation
2328:2014MEPS..495....1F
2190:Giant Bladder Kelp
1962:I. Flora Antarctica
1839:Cryptogamic Botany.
1776:Cribb, A B. (1953)
1083:southern giant kelp
408:north to southeast
365:at the base of its
2696:Macrocystis pyrifa
2243:Fish Management 19
2229:, Amsterdam, 1–37.
2042:Genus: Macrocystis
1837:Smith, G.M. 1955.
1470:A.B. Cribb (1953)
1157:, cultivation for
1057:Macrocystis laevis
884:southern Australia
811:
745:sperm consists of
313:Macrocystis laevis
254:Laminaria pyrifera
3358:
3357:
3317:Open Tree of Life
3185:Open Tree of Life
2930:Open Tree of Life
2730:Taxon identifiers
2337:10.3354/meps10573
1915:(Phaeophyceae)."
1803:California Reefs.
1334:(Laminariales)".
1280:Largest organisms
1240:marine ecosystems
1209:Off the coast of
805:, Whaler's Cove (
679:
320:
319:
309:
295:
286:
274:
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195:
16:(Redirected from
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3115:NHMSYS0020703533
3105:
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2899:NHMSYS0020703529
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2110:
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2097:
2091:
2090:
2065:(6): 1266–1269.
2050:
2044:
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2003:(6): 1266–1269.
1988:
1982:
1971:
1965:
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1760:Academic Press.
1758:Biomass as Fuel.
1754:
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1309:
1298:
1264:artificial reefs
1249:Ecklonia radiata
1069:British Columbia
888:Tristan da Cunha
776:British Columbia
711:, which release
699:The macroscopic
681:
680:
658:
644:
627:
613:
599:
585:
573:
559:
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506:British Columbia
307:
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265:(Bonpland) C.Ag.
264:
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206:M. pyrifera
193:
80:
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3159:Observation.org
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2691:
2645:Aquatic Biology
2615:Lopez, James. "
2543:as biofilters.
2524:
2522:Further reading
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1745:The Brown Algae
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1187:
1149:The demand for
1146:also declined.
1113:
1107:
1092:
1081:Bory, known as
1043:, and southern
996:
967:M. integrifolia
961:M. angustifolia
948:
928:vascular plants
918:in the form of
842:
836:
795:
733:) along with a
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2689:External links
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1342:(4): 736–742.
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1244:climate change
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1159:bioremediation
1109:Main article:
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2680:(2), 164-171.
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2578:1-878244-01-9
2575:
2571:
2570:Kelp Forests.
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2547:(5), 571-577.
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2204:Kelp Forests.
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2178:(3), 259-267.
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2158:Hydrobiologia
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2143:1-876268-33-6
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2122:Nova Hedwigia
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1692:0-8047-0867-3
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1673:201: 121–125.
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1460:0-8047-0867-3
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1102:
1100:
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1080:
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1065:North America
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1038:
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1033:South America
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1026:
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534:
529:
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502:North America
499:
495:
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447:
445:
443:
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419:
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414:South America
411:
407:
403:
402:Pacific Ocean
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:pneumatocysts
360:
356:
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348:
344:
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330:
326:
325:
314:
311:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
292:
283:
279:
276:
271:
268:
263:
262:M. humboldtii
260:
255:
252:
247:
246:Fucus pyrifer
244:
243:
241:
238:
234:
230:(L.) C.Agardh
227:
225:
219:
216:
215:Binomial name
212:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
191:
190:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:Laminariaceae
176:
173:
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152:
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146:
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128:Stramenopiles
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107:
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100:
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83:
78:
73:
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66:
65:
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
32:Macrocystidia
19:
3227:
2969:
2737:
2710:
2702:
2695:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:Science, 200
2661:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2602:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2453:. Retrieved
2445:
2420:. Retrieved
2417:Star Tribune
2416:
2407:
2391:. Elsevier.
2387:
2380:
2360:
2354:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:
2270:Science, 335
2269:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2242:
2226:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2157:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2033:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1981:25: 241–252.
1978:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1935:biology. In
1932:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1872:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1802:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1742:Fenner, Bob
1738:
1725:
1713:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1660:42: 948–954.
1657:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1597:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1513:
1497:
1493:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1416:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1313:
1268:Maria Island
1255:
1254:
1247:
1208:
1199:M. pyrifera,
1198:
1192:
1188:
1185:Conservation
1174:
1170:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1093:
1090:Distribution
1082:
1078:
1056:
1050:
1037:South Africa
1016:
1012:
1006:
999:
997:
987:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
955:
951:
949:
913:
906:
904:
899:kelp forests
892:
876:South Africa
858:is found in
855:
854:
844:
843:
825:
818:
813:
812:
802:
785:
784:
763:
762:
754:antherozoids
747:biflagellate
742:
728:
720:gametophytes
698:
648:Kelp harvest
562:
547:
513:
493:
491:
483:pneumatocyst
470:
469:
464:
456:
452:
451:
430:kelp forests
418:South Africa
391:
387:kelp forests
382:
358:
351:Phaeophyceae
347:bladder kelp
346:
342:
337:
336:
323:
322:
321:
312:
304:
299:
290:
289:
281:
277:
269:
261:
253:
245:
223:
221:
205:
204:
188:
187:
168:Laminariales
158:Phaeophyceae
148:Ochrophytina
121:
108:
95:
62:
46:
40:
36:Macrocytosis
3330:SeaLifeBase
3265:iNaturalist
3198:SeaLifeBase
3071:iNaturalist
2994:Wikispecies
2855:iNaturalist
2808:Macrocystis
2768:Macrocystis
2762:Wikispecies
2738:Macrocystis
2641:Macrocystis
2592:Macrocystis
2565:(1), 57-61.
2558:(3), 51-53.
2537:Macrocystis
2484:28 February
2455:28 February
2124:32: 211–22.
2118:Macrocystis
2114:Macrocystis
2101:Macrocystis
1993:Macrocystis
1975:Macrocystis
1956:Erebus and
1933:Macrocystis
1641:Macrocystis
1543:www.fao.org
1332:Macrocystis
1175:M. pyrifera
1171:M. pyrifera
1155:fertilizers
1151:M. pyrifera
1144:Macrocystis
1140:M. pyrifera
1105:Aquaculture
1099:Argentinian
1095:Macrocystis
1041:New Zealand
1017:Macrocystis
1011:, known as
1000:Macrocystis
988:M. pyrifera
984:Macrocystis
973:M. pyrifera
952:Macrocystis
940:sporophylls
920:amino acids
880:New Zealand
845:Macrocystis
840:Kelp forest
821:gametophyte
743:Macrocystis
724:mitotically
707:containing
686:Calico bass
548:M. pyrifera
514:M. pyrifera
465:M. pyrifera
457:M. pyrifera
453:Macrocystis
448:Description
426:New Zealand
383:Macrocystis
379:subtropical
371:Sporophytes
359:Macrocystis
355:brown algae
333:brown algae
324:Macrocystis
278:M. pyrifera
189:Macrocystis
144:Subphylum:
47:Macrocystis
3365:Categories
2664:: 403-411.
2598:45: 39-88.
2541:Gracilaria
2422:19 January
2245:, 253–263.
1979:Phycologia
1647:45: 39-88.
1548:27 January
1286:References
1167:sea urchin
1161:purposes,
1073:California
1029:California
1013:giant kelp
868:California
850:California
780:California
739:lamoxirene
701:sporophyte
695:Life cycle
576:Giant kelp
510:California
479:sporophyte
398:heterokont
396:; it is a
375:senescence
343:giant kelp
282:humboldtii
3009:AlgaeBase
2777:AlgaeBase
2346:0171-8630
2038:AlgaeBase
1854:AlgaeBase
1616:841897290
1578:AlgaeBase
1490:Kain, J M
1302:AlgaeBase
1236:Triabunna
1136:alginates
1124:potassium
1063:coast of
1045:Australia
998:Although
979:M. laevis
895:kelp beds
801:Juvenile
770:coast of
751:synthetic
735:pheromone
709:sporangia
500:coast of
487:zoospores
442:potassium
422:Australia
294:C. Agardh
273:C. Agardh
200:Species:
89:Eukaryota
3283:10901122
3243:Q6725248
3237:Wikidata
3089:11413847
3032:eFloraSA
3021:BioLib:
2979:Wikidata
2829:Fungorum
2803:eFloraSA
2753:Q2304985
2747:Wikidata
2684:215-221.
2479:ABC News
2446:ABC News
2322:: 1–25.
2295:20 April
2087:29176127
2079:27032582
2025:29176127
2017:27032582
1922:361-366.
1898:776-787.
1356:84033275
1274:See also
1211:Tasmania
1205:Tasmania
1132:soda ash
916:nitrogen
632:Holdfast
461:holdfast
434:alginate
285:Bonplan.
237:Synonyms
194:C.Agardh
174:Family:
134:Phylum:
85:Domain:
3257:5422327
3063:5422328
2985:Q278392
2945:4990158
2873:1362553
2847:3195765
2510:29 July
2324:Bibcode
1893:Ecology
1492:(1991)
1223:abalone
1195:El Niño
1179:biofuel
1163:abalone
1061:Pacific
946:Species
834:Ecology
768:Pacific
731:oogonia
713:haploid
498:Pacific
404:, from
331:(large
184:Genus:
164:Order:
154:Class:
138:Gyrista
3348:372509
3335:113205
3322:123943
3309:169774
3270:528651
3216:232231
3203:121002
3190:753585
3177:232231
3164:561350
3135:NZOR:
3076:124748
3050:906815
3024:299873
2958:206527
2942:uBio:
2935:753589
2919:NZOR:
2860:124749
2630:, 1-7.
2609:
2576:
2395:
2368:
2344:
2210:
2141:
2085:
2077:
2023:
2015:
1958:Terror
1954:Ships
1879:
1809:
1787:5 (1):
1764:
1690:
1614:
1604:
1522:
1458:
1423:
1400:
1354:
1231:oyster
1120:iodine
1025:Alaska
994:Morphs
970:, and
932:carbon
924:phloem
882:, and
864:Alaska
793:Growth
758:zygote
737:, the
716:spores
438:iodine
424:, and
410:Alaska
367:blades
3343:WoRMS
3296:11273
3278:IRMNG
3211:WoRMS
3146:NZPCN
3128:35122
3102:11274
3084:IRMNG
2953:WoRMS
2912:35121
2886:11272
2868:IRMNG
2834:18005
2821:11510
2795:7PD82
2782:35715
2650:9-26.
2083:S2CID
2021:S2CID
1789:1-34.
1352:S2CID
1181:use.
828:stipe
774:from
475:algae
394:plant
280:var.
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
3304:NCBI
3291:ITIS
3252:GBIF
3172:OBIS
3151:7012
3123:NCBI
3097:ITIS
3058:GBIF
3014:4427
2907:NCBI
2881:ITIS
2842:GBIF
2672:and
2607:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2539:and
2512:2021
2486:2021
2457:2021
2424:2020
2393:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2342:ISSN
2297:2016
2208:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2075:PMID
2013:PMID
1911:and
1877:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1612:OCLC
1602:ISBN
1550:2021
1520:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1165:and
749:non-
705:sori
361:has
329:kelp
3110:NBN
3045:EoL
2894:NBN
2816:EoL
2790:CoL
2648:26:
2332:doi
2320:495
2290:VOA
2067:doi
2005:doi
1920:27:
1896:71:
1344:doi
1071:to
1031:),
1027:to
926:of
870:),
866:to
778:to
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353:or
345:or
115:SAR
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
