Kelp - Knowledge

1905:, and went to industries such as fishing and kelping (producing soda ash from the ashes of kelp). At least until the 1840s, when there were steep falls in the price of kelp, landlords wanted to create pools of cheap or virtually free labour, supplied by families subsisting in new crofting townships. Kelp collection and processing was a very profitable way of using this labour, and landlords petitioned successfully for legislation designed to stop emigration. The profitability of kelp harvesting meant that landlords began to subdivide their land for small tenant kelpers, who could now afford higher rent than their gentleman farmer counterparts. But the economic collapse of the kelp industry in northern 2015: 505:. A 2020 study looked at functional traits (blade mass per area, stiffness, strength, etc.) of 14 species of kelp and found that many of these traits evolved convergently across kelp phylogeny. With different species of kelp filling slightly different environmental niches, specifically along a wave disturbance gradient, many of these convergently evolved traits for structural reinforcement also correlate with distribution along that gradient. The wave disturbance gradient that this study refers to is the environments that this kelp inhabit have a varied level of perturbation from the 2057: 1894:

diverse marine food webs in nearshore waters, including many types of fish, shellfish, birds, marine mammals, and seaweeds that were similar from Japan to California, Erlandson and his colleagues also argued that coastal kelp forests reduced wave energy and provided a linear dispersal corridor entirely at sea level, with few obstacles to maritime peoples. Archaeological evidence from California's Channel Islands confirms that islanders were harvesting kelp forest shellfish and fish, beginning as much as 12,000 years ago.

892: 1073: 2033: 2091: 133: 1871: 120: 361: 2045: 3907: 532:, which have evolved to change blade shape in order to increase drag in water and interception of light when exposed to certain environments. Bull kelp are not unique in this adaptation; many kelp species have evolved a genetic plasticity for blade shapes for different water flow habitats. So individuals of the same species will have differences to other individuals of the same species due to what 1065: 2076: 329:, 5 to 23 million years ago based on fossils from California. New fossils of kelp holdfasts from early Oligocene rocks in Washington State show that kelps were present in the northeastern Pacific Ocean by at least 32 million years ago. The organisms require nutrient-rich water with temperatures between 6 and 14 °C (43 and 57 °F). They are known for their high growth rate—the genera 1776: 1101:(sponges, bryozoans and ascidians) are found on kelp stipes and mobile invertebrate fauna are found in high densities on epiphytic algae on the kelp stipes and on kelp holdfasts. More than 100,000 mobile invertebrates per square meter are found on kelp stipes and holdfasts in well-developed kelp forests. While larger invertebrates and in particular sea urchins ( 3895: 551:. Blade adaptations like these are how kelp have evolved for efficiency in structure in a turbulent ocean environment, to the point where their stability can shape entire habitats. Apart from these structural adaptations, the evolution of dispersal methods relating to structure have been important for the success of kelp as well. 1191:

Overfishing nearshore ecosystems leads to the degradation of kelp forests. Herbivores are released from their usual population regulation, leading to over-grazing of kelp and other algae. This can quickly result in barren landscapes where only a small number of species can thrive. Other major factors

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has been found to have plasticity allowing for 4 distinct types of blade morphology depending on habitat. Where many species only have two or three different blade shapes for maximizing efficiency in only two or three habitats. These different blade shapes were found to decrease breakage and increase

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In 2007, Erlandson et al. suggested that kelp forests around the Pacific Rim may have facilitated the dispersal of anatomically modern humans following a coastal route from Northeast Asia to the Americas. This "kelp highway hypothesis" suggested that highly productive kelp forests supported rich and

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have been measured as having evolved around 419–454 Ma while the ancestors of Laminariales are much younger at 189 Ma. Although these groups are distantly related as well as different in evolutionary age, there are still comparisons that can be made between the structures of terrestrial plants and

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features to other species within its own area since the roughness of the wave disturbance regime, but can look fairly different from other members of its own species that are found in different wave disturbance regimes. Plasticity in kelps most often involves blade morphology such as the width,

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Once the Leblanc Process became commercially viable in Britain during the 1820s, common salt replaced kelp ash as raw material for sodium carbonate. Though the price of kelp ash went into steep decline, seaweed remained the only commercial source of iodine. To supply the new industry in iodine

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region. Dispersal by rafts from buoyant species also explains some evolutionary history for non-buoyant species of kelp. Since these rafts commonly have hitchhikers of other diverse species, they provide a mechanism for dispersal for species that lack buoyancy. This mechanism has been recently

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Silberfeld, Thomas; Leigh, Jessica W.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Cruaud, Corinne; de Reviers, Bruno; Rousseau, Florence (August 2010). "A multi-locus time-calibrated phylogeny of the brown algae (Heterokonta, Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae): Investigating the evolutionary nature of the "brown algal crown

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substance in sea kelp, was better at preventing fat absorption than most over-the-counter slimming treatments in laboratory trials. As a food additive, it may be used to reduce fat absorption and thus obesity. Kelp in its natural form has not yet been demonstrated to have such effects.

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and in manufactured goods. Alginate powder is also used frequently in general dentistry and orthodontics for making impressions of the upper and lower arches. Kelp polysaccharides are used in skin care as gelling ingredients and because of the benefits provided by

482:) transport anatomy looked at 6 different laminariales species to see if they had typical vascular plant allometric relationships (if SEs had a correlation with the size of an organism). Researchers expected to find the kelp’s phloem to work similarly to a plant's 3332:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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Christie, H., Jørgensen, N.M., Norderhaug, K.M., Waage-Nielsen, E., 2003. Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the Norwegian coast. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83,

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Erlandson, J.M., M.H. Graham, B.J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J.A. Estes, & R.S. Steneck. 2007. The Kelp Highway hypothesis: marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology

494:. The study found no universal allometric scaling between all tested structures of the laminariales species which implies that the transport network of brown algae is only just beginning to evolve to efficiently fit their current niches. 2672:

Draisma, Stefano G. A.; Prud'Homme van Reine, Willem F.; Stam, Wytze T.; Olsen, Jeanine L. (August 2001). "A Reassessment of Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Phaeophyceae Based on Rubisco Large Subunit and Ribosomal DNA Sequences".

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of certain structural traits has been a key for the evolutionary history of the phyla. Plasticity helps with a very important aspect of kelp adaptations to ocean environments, and that is the unusually high levels of morphological

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Abdullah, M.I., Fredriksen, S., 2004. Production, respiration and exudation of dissolved organic matter by the kelp Laminaria hyperborea along the west coast of Norway. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 84:

1823:, an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine, since medieval times. An intake of roughly 150 micrograms of iodine per day is beneficial for preventing hypothyroidism. Overconsumption can lead to kelp-induced 2789:

Hurd, C. L.; Harrison, P. J.; Druehl, L. D. (August 1996). "Effect of seawater velocity on inorganic nitrogen uptake by morphologically distinct forms of Macrocystis integrifolia from wave-sheltered and exposed sites".

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of this alga on a very large commercial scale was realized in China only in the 1950s. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, kelp production in China increased from about 60 to over 250,000 dry weight metric tons annually.

584:, adaptation of pneumatocysts and raft forming have made the species dispersal method so successful that the immense spread of coast in which the species can be found has been found to actually be very recently 2306:

Kiel, S., J.L. Goedert, T.L. Huynh, M. Krings, D. Parkinson, R. Romero, C.V. Looy. 2024. Early Oligocene kelp holdfasts and stepwise evolution of the kelp ecosystem in the North Pacific. PNAS 121: e2317054121

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Kelp may develop dense forests with high production, biodiversity and ecological function. Along the Norwegian coast these forests cover 5,800 km, and they support large numbers of animals. Numerous

1810:. Known locally as "Sea Cabbage" (Морская капуста in Russian), it comes in retail trade in dried or frozen, as well as in canned form and used as filler in different types of salads, soups and pastries. 597:. Studies of kelp structure evolution have helped in the understanding of the adaptations that have allowed for kelp to not only be extremely successful as a group of organisms but also successful as an 1850:

Commercial production of kelp harvested from its natural habitat has taken place in Japan for over a century. Many countries today produce and consume laminaria products; the largest producer is China.

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Fraser, Ceridwen I.; McGaughran, Angela; Chuah, Aaron; Waters, Jonathan M. (August 2016). "The importance of replicating genomic analyses to verify phylogenetic signal for recently evolved lineages".

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Rinde, E., 2009. Dokumentasjon av modellerte marine Naturtyper i DNs Naturbase. Førstegenerasjonsmodeller til kommunenes startpakker for kartlegging av marine naturtyper 2007. NIVA report, 32 pp.

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Rychen, Guido; Aquilina, Gabriele; Azimonti, Giovanna; Bampidis, Vasileios; Bastos, Maria de Lourdes; Bories, Georges; Chesson, Andrew; Cocconcelli, Pier Sandro; Flachowsky, Gerhard (2017).

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includes six species, some that have adapted buoyancy and others that have not. Those that have adapted buoyancy have done so thanks to the evolution of a gas filled structure called the

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and waves that pull at the kelp. It can be assumed from these results that niche partitioning along wave disturbance gradients is a key driver of divergence between closely related kelp.

1975:, literally "sea waiting"). This expression is contrasted with the employed returnee, having a dynamic ability to travel across the ocean: the "sea turtle" (simplified Chinese: 2014: 3753: 3311: 501:. This niche conservatism means that some species of kelp have convergently evolved to share similar niches, as opposed to all species diverging into distinct niches through 2886:"The Biogeographic Importance of Buoyancy in Macroalgae: A Case Study of the Southern Bull-Kelp Genus Durvillaea (Phaeophyceae), Including Descriptions of Two New Species 1" 1749:

and others), several Pacific species of kelp, is a very important ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cuisines. Kombu is used to flavor broths and stews (especially

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Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., Rinde, E., 2002. Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna; a study of mobility patterns. Marine Biology 141, 965-973.

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Sala, E., C.F. Bourdouresque and M. Harmelin-Vivien. 1998. Fishing, trophic cascades, and the structure of algal assemblages: evaluation of an old but untested paradigm.

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Pessarrodona, A.; Assis, J.; Filbee-Dexter, K.; Burrows, M. T.; Gattuso, J-P.; Duarte, C. M.; Krause-Jensen, D.; Moore, P. J.; Smale, D. A.; Wernberg, T. (23 July 2020).

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The thallus (or body) consists of flat or leaf-like structures known as blades that originate from elongated stem-like structures, the stipes. A root-like structure, the

1965:), is used to describe an unemployed returnee. It has negative overtones, implying the person is drifting aimlessly, and is also a homophonic expression (Chinese: 566:

of certain kelp structures allows for species to disperse with the flow of water. Certain kelp form kelp rafts, which can travel great distances away from the source

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Edward C. C. Stanford, Wentworth L. Scott, ‘The Economic Applications of Seaweed’, February 14, 1862, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, Vol 10, No. 482, 185-199

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John J. McKetta Jr. Taylor & Francis, Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 27 - Hydrogen Cyanide to Ketones Dimethyl (Acetone), 1988, p. 283

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Some of the earliest evidence for human use of marine resources, coming from Middle Stone Age sites in South Africa, includes the harvesting of foods such as

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Garden, Christopher J.; Currie, Kim; Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Waters, Jonathan M. (2014-03-31). "Rafting dispersal constrained by an oceanographic boundary".

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which is an adaptation that allows the kelp to float higher towards the surface to photosynthesize and also aids in dispersal by floating kelp rafts. For

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Apart from undergoing convergent evolution with plants, species of kelp have undergone convergent evolution within their own phylogeny that has led to

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Kelp forests are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world - they are home to a great diversity of species. Many groups, like those at the

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Manley, Steven L. (March 1983). "Composition of Sieve Tube Sap from Macrocystis Pyrifera (Phaeophyta) With Emphasis on the Inorganic Constituents".

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yielded the greatest amount of iodine (between 10 and 15 lbs per ton) and was most abundant in Guernsey. Iodine was extracted from kelp ash using a

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was commercialized in the early 19th century, burning of kelp in Scotland was one of the principal industrial sources of soda ash (predominantly

3394: 3344: 2222:"The biogeography of kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae): a global analysis with new insights from recent advances in molecular phylogenetics" 2182: 1107:) are important secondary consumers controlling large barren ground areas on the Norwegian coast, they are scarce inside dense kelp forests. 3869: 2355: 2090: 1208: 414:

stage. The haploid phase begins when the mature organism releases many spores, which then germinate to become male or female gametophytes.

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Silberfeld, Thomas; Rousseau, Florence; de Reviers, Bruno (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)".

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are used in the surveying of sites and the data extracted is used to learn about which conditions are best suited for kelp restoration.

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Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biology Research 5, 515-528.

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Norderhaug, KM., Christie, H. 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine Biology Research 5: 515-528.

621: 3339:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). 2207:

Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Deutsch-Österreich und der Schweiz. Band II. Algen. 2. Teil. Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Characeae

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Jørgensen, N.M., Christie, H., 2003. l Diurnal, horizontal and vertical dispersal of kelp associated fauna. Hydrobiologia 50, 69-76.

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Fraser, Ceridwen I.; Velásquez, Marcel; Nelson, Wendy A.; Macaya, Erasmo C.; Hay, Cameron H. (February 2020). Buschmann, A. (ed.).

2075: 1690:). Around 23 tons of seaweed was required to produce 1 ton of kelp ash. The kelp ash would consist of around 5% sodium carbonate. 4146: 474:. In kelp this transportation network uses trumpet-shaped sieve elements (SEs). A 2015 study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of 1694:

synthesis, kelp ash production continued in some parts of West and North Scotland, North West Ireland and Guernsey. The species

498: 871:(Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America) 1948: 4066: 3358: 2044: 4074: 1940: 3299: 132: 2623:

Starko, Samuel; Demes, Kyle W.; Neufeld, Christopher J.; Martone, Patrick T. (October 2020). Carrington, Emily (ed.).

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Kombu can be used to soften beans during cooking, and to help convert indigestible sugars and thus reduce flatulence.

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Giant kelp can be harvested fairly easily because of its surface canopy and growth habit of staying in deeper water.

4092: 3275: 2148: 1141: 1857:, the important commercial seaweed, was first introduced into China in the late 1920s from Hokkaido, Japan. Yet 442:. Where plants have leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, kelp have independently evolved blades, stipes, and 4179: 1704:

process. As with sodium carbonate however, mineral sources eventually supplanted seaweed in iodine production.

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Through the 19th century, the word "kelp" was closely associated with seaweeds that could be burned to obtain

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then results in the beginning of the diploid sporophyte stage, which will develop into a mature individual.

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confirmed to be the cause of some dispersal and evolutionary history for kelp species in a study done with

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Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)

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Miller, Eric P.; Auerbach, Hendrik; Schünemann, Volker; Tymon, Teresa; Carrano, Carl J. (20 April 2016).

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Jonathan Pereira, Fred B. Kilmer, The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 1, 1854, p. 558

979: 4174: 4123: 2024: 1540: 1203:, are studying the health, habitat, and population trends in order to understand why certain kelp (like 995: 891: 785: 777: 616: 513: 31: 1641: 1072: 939: 348:(primarily sodium carbonate). The seaweeds used included species from both the orders Laminariales and 3605:

Powers, John M. Powers. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 022006. p. 270

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kelp but in terms of evolutionary history, most of these similarities come from convergent evolution.

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J. M. Bumsted, The People's Clearance: Highland Emigration to British North America, 1770-1815, 1981

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between lineages. This in fact has made classifying brown algae difficult. Kelp often have similar

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Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)

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can grow as fast as half a metre a day, ultimately reaching 30 to 80 metres (100 to 260 ft).

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Some kelp species including giant kelp, have evolved transport mechanisms for organic as well as

447: 438:, but are only very distantly related to plants, and have evolved plant-like structures through 372: 127: 4128: 3445:

Brownlee, Iain A.; Seal, Chris J.; Wilcox, Matthew; Dettmar, Peter W.; Pearson, Jeff P. (2009).

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Drobnitch, Sarah Tepler; Jensen, Kaare H.; Prentice, Paige; Pittermann, Jarmila (2015-10-07).

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The parenchymatous thalli are generally covered with a mucilage layer, rather than cuticle.

271: 119: 360: 3777:"Surface binding, localization and storage of iron in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera" 2082: 2064: 1683: 1220: 1098: 963: 947: 292: 2951:"Genetic structure of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera along the southeastern Pacific" 2694: 1653:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

3011: 2966: 2901: 2854: 2803: 2686: 2640: 2582: 2539: 2237: 1792:, and former Soviet Union countries several types of kelp are of commercial importance: 3726: 3583: 3548: 3524: 3489: 3453:. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 13. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–228. 3141: 3106: 2453: 2418: 1824: 1719: 548: 471: 455: 170: 157: 4168: 3446: 3053: 2935: 2590: 2494: 2477: 1910: 1835: 1276: 1029: 646: 642: 559: 400: 263: 228: 77: 2827: 2710: 2606: 2295: 2282: 3988: 2274: 2096: 1252: 903: 830: 589: 585: 575: 376: 307: 267: 183: 2209:. Gera: Verlag Friedriech von Zezschwitz. pp. i–iv, 1–382, 122 (41 col.) pls. 1064: 2136: – Organic material deposited at high tide on beaches and other coastal area 4079: 4035: 3955: 3881:

Kelp Restoration Guidebook: Lessons Learned from Kelp Projects Around the World.

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Uzunović, Alija; Mehmedagić, Aida; Lačević, Amela; Vranić, Edina (2004-11-20).

3334: 3080: 2729:"How kelp produce blade shapes suited to different flow regimes: A new wrinkle" 2476:

Clarke, John T.; Warnock, Rachel C. M.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (October 2011).

1775: 2246: 2221: 2133: 2125: 2100: 1723: 1579: 1391: 1171: 1161: 746: 580: 567: 475: 407: 396: 259: 251: 203: 97: 62: 3802: 3574: 3565: 3515: 3506: 3404: 3037: 2984: 2919: 2870: 2819: 2754: 2702: 2658: 2598: 2503: 2444: 2387: 383:(Mert. & Post & Rupr.) to hold the kelp blades close to the surface. 4009: 3970: 3717: 3687: 2649: 2624: 1815: 1761: 1711: 1566: 1485: 1472: 1459: 1204: 1154: 1115:

Some animals are named after the kelp, either because they inhabit the same

1033: 721: 716: 528: 518: 487: 443: 352:. The word "kelp" was also used directly to refer to these processed ashes. 144: 102: 17: 3832: 3810: 3735: 3592: 3533: 3354: 3150: 3122: 3045: 2927: 2762: 2625:"Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests" 2555: 2511: 2462: 2435: 325:) in shallow oceans. Kelps were previously thought to have appeared in the 3894: 3701: 3940: 3879:

Eger, A. M., Layton, C., McHugh, T. A, Gleason, M., and Eddy, N. (2022).

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ruffle, and thickness of blades. Just one example is the giant bull kelp

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Koehl, M. A. R.; Silk, W. K.; Liang, H.; Mahadevan, L. (December 2008).

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and the quality of water, climate changes and certain invasive species.

3793: 3776: 2811: 1925: 1901:, many Scottish Highlanders were moved on to areas of estates known as 1879: 1354: 1021: 638: 533: 404: 375:, anchors the kelp to the substrate of the ocean. Gas-filled bladders ( 349: 326: 311: 288: 193: 107: 82: 3019: 2975: 2950: 2910: 2885: 2862: 2419:"Convergent evolution of vascular optimization in kelp (Laminariales)" 1769:) are used as an edible decorative wrapping for rice and other foods. 4040: 1956: 1929: 1887: 1883: 1820: 1671: 1667: 1442: 1145: 959:(C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa) 395:, where the blades and stipe meet. Growth may be limited by grazing. 364: 318: 3917: 1989:) and is also homophonic with another word (simplified Chinese: 4027: 4014: 1710:, a kelp-derived carbohydrate, is used to thicken products such as 450:

and the measure Ma “unequivocal minimum constraint for total group

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University of California Museum of Paleontology: The Miocene Epoch

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Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)

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and the Role of Type Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy by Davide Olivero

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Due to the often varied and turbulent habitat that kelp inhabit,

3251:"Green Glossary: Kelp Forests: Other Marine Life: Animal Planet" 1675: 1618: 506: 467: 3921: 789:

Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)

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Iodine Helps Kelp Fight Free Radicals and May Aid Humans, Too

2130:, also known as southern bull kelps – Genus of seaweeds 605:, some of the most diverse and dynamic ecosystems on earth. 1842:

Kelp's rich iron content can help prevent iron deficiency.

991:(Linnaeus, C.Agardh) (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa) 863:

Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)

588:. This can be observed by the low genetic diversity in the 3304:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2170:

Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects: Chapter 13 "

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during the 1820s led to further emigration, especially to

710:(Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack) 379:) form at the base of blades of American species, such as 3490:"Formulation ingredients for toothpastes and mouthwashes" 1813:

Because of its high concentration of iodine, brown kelp (

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Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:

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Oxford University Press, 1989. Retrieved 1 December 2006

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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applied by outsiders rather than the natives themselves

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for different wave disturbance regimes but giant kelp

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as kelp or because they feed on kelp. These include:

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Leung, Angela M.; Braverman, Lewis E. (March 2014).

3930: 2775:Lobban, C. S., Wynne, M. J., & Lobban. (1981). 1617: 1604: 1591: 1578: 1565: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1505: 1484: 1471: 1458: 1441: 1424: 1407: 1390: 1373: 1352: 1317: 1293: 1275: 1265: 1249: 1235: 1230: 620:, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 3336:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 999:Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America) 3222:Dayton, P.K. 1985a. Ecology of kelp communities. 2412: 2410: 2370:Structure and Reproduction of the Algae, Volume 2 1517: 1364: 3181: 3179: 434:Seaweed were generally considered homologues of 2949:Macaya, E. C.; Zuccarello, G. C. (2010-12-16). 2478:"Establishing a time-scale for plant evolution" 2618: 2616: 1231:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 570:and colonize other areas. The bull kelp genus 27:Large brown seaweeds in the order Laminariales 3864:Lembi, C.A. and Waaland, J.R. (Editors) 1988. 3750:"Is Seaweed The Answer To A Dieter's Prayer?" 2722: 2720: 2314: 2312: 8: 1225: 982:(C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America) 3883:The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. 3857:Druehl, L.D. 1988. Cultivated edible kelp. 3253:. Animals.howstuffworks.com. Archived from 2372:. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 2322:The Natural History Museum, London, p. 15. 1674:. In great amount, kelp ash can be used in 923:Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 3918: 3752:. Sky News. March 22, 2010. Archived from 3300:United States Food and Drug Administration 2341:Oxford English Dictionary (Second Edition) 1334: 1224: 536:they grow in. Many species have different 399:, for example, can reduce entire areas to 118: 38: 3792: 3725: 3582: 3564: 3523: 3505: 3494:Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 3140: 3130: 3027: 2974: 2909: 2744: 2648: 2493: 2452: 2434: 2245: 1168:), South America and the Falkland Islands 686:(Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle) 3224:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2081:Washed-up kelp found along the coast of 1207:) thrives in some areas and not others. 558:methods that can make successful use of 466:, similar to mechanisms of transport in 302:. Despite its appearance, kelp is not a 2167:William Miller, III (13 October 2011). 2159: 2010: 3845:dictionary.com definition for "Kelper" 3379:Clow, Archibald; Clow, Nan L. (1952). 1890:associated with kelp forest habitats. 3834:allwords.com definition for "Kelper", 3660:"Features of the Far Eastern cuisine" 2528:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1726:, as well as an ingredient in exotic 7: 4103:345fd211-8828-434a-9ad5-fc1856af7aa6 3690:Newswise, Retrieved on July 8, 2008. 3618:, p. 78, Hermes House, 2002, p. 78. 2695:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.037004586.x 2356:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1743:(昆布 in Japanese, and 海带 in Chinese, 637:, the largest seaweed. Found in the 3451:Alginates: Biology and Applications 3447:"Applications of Alginates in Food" 3085:The Marine Life Information Network 2733:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2050:An underwater shot of a kelp forest 943:J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand) 745:Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 1158:), Pacific coast of North America. 1138:), Pacific coast of North America. 1076:Anemone and seastar in kelp forest 25: 3636:The Best-Ever Vegetarian Cookbook 2779:. University of California Press. 1928:". This designation is primarily 1104:Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 951:(Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa) 849:(Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of 720:worldwide, listing of species at 403:. The kelp life cycle involves a 391:Growth occurs at the base of the 3905: 3893: 3081:"Dabberlocks (Alaria esculenta)" 2591:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1983.00118.x 2495:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03794.x 2220:Bolton, John J. (23 July 2010). 2089: 2074: 2055: 2043: 2031: 2013: 1830:In 2010, researchers found that 906:that may be considered as kelp: 131: 3702:"Consequences of excess iodine" 3361:from the original on 2024-05-09 3314:from the original on 2024-03-27 2116: – Species of Phaeophyceae 1765:). Transparent sheets of kelp ( 298:. There are about 30 different 3449:. In Rehm, Bernd H. A. (ed.). 2955:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2843:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2275:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117 2177:. Elsevier. pp. 224–226. 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1952: 1944: 765:Klellm. (California - America) 486:and therefore display similar 1: 3276:"Kelp and coastal ecosystems" 3107:"Global Seaweed Productivity" 1788:In Russia, especially in the 3706:Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2038:Blue rockfish in kelp forest 1649:Percentages estimated using 1192:which threaten kelp include 3459:10.1007/978-3-540-92679-5_9 3249:Planet, Team (2012-01-12). 2548:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.020 2023:in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 2003:, literally "sea return"). 1993:; traditional Chinese: 1979:; traditional Chinese: 1642:Link to USDA Database entry 4201: 1874:Scuba diver in kelp forest 1241:180 kJ (43 kcal) 1218: 1209:Remotely Operated Vehicles 1089: 694:(Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie) 317:Kelp grows in "underwater 310:, a group containing many 29: 2247:10.1007/s10152-010-0211-6 2226:Helgoland Marine Research 2149:Aquaculture of giant kelp 2145: – Genus of seaweeds 1966: 1819:) has been used to treat 1648: 1638: 1630: 1501: 1497: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1313: 1309: 1289: 1285: 1245: 241: 236: 128:Scientific classification 126: 117: 41: 3862:Algae and Human Affairs. 3566:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4945 3507:10.17305/bjbms.2004.3362 3385:. Ayer Co Pub. pp. 2402:The Voyage of the Beagle 1755:), as a savory garnish ( 1172:Kelp pigeon (sheathbill) 1004:Pterygophora californica 543:Macrocystis integrifolia 3718:10.1038/nrendo.2013.251 2777:The Biology of Seaweeds 2650:10.1111/1365-2435.13621 2368:Fritsch, F. E. (1945). 1651:US recommendations 1150:Heterosticbus rostratus 1044:, Fucales (New Zealand) 829:Greville ex J. Agardh ( 554:Kelp have had to adapt 387:Growth and reproduction 3123:10.1126/sciadv.abn2465 3068:AlgaeBase Laminariales 2436:10.1098/rspb.2015.1667 2263:Cryptogamie, Algologie 1875: 1785: 1682:production. Until the 1655:the National Academies 1077: 1069: 1056:) Areschoug, Fucales ( 899: 794:Laminaria groenlandica 677:in the British Isles; 368: 4124:Paleobiology Database 1873: 1846:Commercial production 1778: 1339:Vitamins and minerals 1162:Kelp goose (kelp hen) 1075: 1067: 996:Pleurophycus gardneri 902:Other species in the 894: 884:Laminaria stenophylla 876:Laminaria solidungula 802:Laminaria longicruris 702:Bachelot de la Pylaie 617:Nereocystis luetkeana 529:Nereocystis luetkeana 381:Nereocystis lueteana, 363: 32:Kelp (disambiguation) 3902:at Wikimedia Commons 3642:Books, 1999, p. 59. 2890:Journal of Phycology 2675:Journal of Phycology 2571:Journal of Phycology 2099:in a kelp forest in 1795:Saccharina latissima 1784:in canned salad form 1781:Saccharina latissima 1697:Saccharina latissima 1666:Kelp ash is rich in 1049:Durvillaea potatorum 1017:Durvillea antarctica 988:Macrocystis pyrifera 868:Laminaria sinclairii 860:Laminaria setchellii 852:Saccharina latissima 846:Laminaria saccharina 838:Laminaria platymeris 818:Laminaria ontermedia 754:Laminaria cuneifolia 742:Laminaria bongardina 707:Saccharina latissima 699:Laminaria ochroleuca 691:Laminaria hyperborea 634:Macrocystis pyrifera 581:Macrocystis pyrifera 480:Macrocystis pyrifera 440:convergent evolution 30:For other uses, see 3382:Chemical Revolution 3012:2016MolEc..25.3683F 2967:2010MEPS..420..103M 2902:2020JPcgy..56...23F 2855:2014MEPS..501..297G 2804:1996MarBi.126..205H 2687:2001JPcgy..37..586D 2641:2020FuEco..34.2131S 2583:1983JPcgy..19..118M 2540:2010MolPE..56..659S 2238:2010HMR....64..263B 2205:Migula, W. (1909). 2062:A close up view of 2025:Kelp Forest exhibit 1949:traditional Chinese 1899:Highland Clearances 1807:Saccharina japonica 1746:Saccharina japonica 1426:Pantothenic acid (B 1227: 980:Hedophyllum sessile 762:Laminaria dentigera 658:Saccharina japonica 490:trends to minimize 464:inorganic compounds 416:Sexual reproduction 3794:10.1039/C6MT00027D 3640:Barnes & Noble 2812:10.1007/BF00347445 2746:10.1093/icb/icn069 2629:Functional Ecology 2429:(1816): 20151667. 1941:simplified Chinese 1876: 1854:Laminaria japonica 1801:Laminaria digitata 1786: 1226:Seaweed, kelp, raw 1166:Chloephaga hybrida 1132:graceful kelp crab 1124:Northern kelp crab 1078: 1070: 900: 810:Laminaria nigripes 786:Laminaria farlowii 778:Laminaria ephemera 770:Laminaria digitata 730:Laminaria agardhii 683:Laminaria digitata 663:Laminaria japonica 622:indigenous peoples 599:ecosystem engineer 503:adaptive radiation 499:niche conservatism 448:radiometric dating 436:terrestrial plants 369: 4162: 4161: 4111:Open Tree of Life 3924:Taxon identifiers 3898:Media related to 3756:on March 25, 2010 3664:www.eastrussia.ru 3634:Graimes, Nicola: 3396:978-0-8369-1909-7 3346:978-0-309-48834-1 3020:10.1111/mec.13708 3006:(15): 3683–3695. 3000:Molecular Ecology 2976:10.3354/meps08893 2911:10.1111/jpy.12939 2863:10.3354/meps10675 2635:(10): 2131–2146. 2318:Thomas, D. 2002. 2184:978-0-08-047535-6 1661: 1660: 1634: 1633: 1136:Pugettia gracilis 1128:Pugettia producta 1041:Durvillea willana 972:Egregia menziesii 940:Ecklonia brevipes 896:Costaria costata, 826:Laminaria pallida 609:Prominent species 492:pressure gradient 291:that make up the 278: 277: 232: 16:(Redirected from 4192: 4155: 4154: 4142: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4083: 4082: 4080:NHMSYS0021058669 4070: 4069: 4057: 4056: 4044: 4043: 4031: 4030: 4018: 4017: 4005: 4004: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3978: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3919: 3910:Data related to 3909: 3897: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3666:. Archived from 3656: 3650: 3632: 3626: 3616:Japanese Cooking 3612: 3606: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3586: 3568: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3527: 3509: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3280:Seattle Aquarium 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3134: 3117:(37): eabn2465. 3111:Science Advances 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3031: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2978: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2913: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2786: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2652: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2497: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2438: 2414: 2405: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2336: 2330: 2316: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2164: 2139: 2093: 2078: 2069:giant brown kelp 2059: 2047: 2035: 2017: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1954: 1946: 1918:Falkland Islands 1790:Russian Far East 1688:sodium carbonate 1521: 1446: 1429: 1412: 1395: 1378: 1368: 1335: 1228: 1201:Seattle Aquarium 1194:marine pollution 956:Ecklonia radiata 932:Costaria costata 920:Alaria marginata 915:(North Atlantic) 912:Alaria esculenta 898:five-ribbed kelp 595:genomic analysis 272:Pseudochordaceae 227: 136: 135: 122: 112: 49: 48:Lutetian–Present 45:Temporal range: 39: 21: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4180:Edible seaweeds 4165: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4109: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4047: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3926: 3890: 3854: 3852:Further reading 3849: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3633: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3397: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3258: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3061: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2726: 2725: 2718: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2482:New Phytologist 2475: 2474: 2470: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2399: 2395: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2137: 2110: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2083:La Jolla Shores 2079: 2070: 2065:Ecklonia maxima 2060: 2051: 2048: 2039: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 1916:Natives of the 1868: 1848: 1684:Leblanc process 1644: 1639: 1625: 1612: 1599: 1586: 1573: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1522: 1492: 1479: 1466: 1453: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1419: 1410: 1402: 1393: 1385: 1376: 1369: 1340: 1329: 1324: 1305: 1300: 1261: 1256: 1223: 1217: 1189: 1113: 1099:sessile animals 1094: 1088: 1083: 975:(Turn.) Aresch. 964:Eisenia arborea 948:Ecklonia maxima 611: 549:photosynthesize 472:vascular plants 456:vascular plants 432: 427: 389: 358: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 248:Akkesiphycaceae 246: 226: 130: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4143: 4133: 4120: 4107: 4097: 4084: 4071: 4058: 4045: 4032: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3980: 3967: 3952: 3936: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3914:at Wikispecies 3903: 3889: 3888:External links 3886: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3873: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3836: 3825: 3816: 3787:(4): 403–411. 3767: 3741: 3712:(3): 136–142. 3692: 3680: 3651: 3627: 3607: 3598: 3539: 3480: 3467: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3395: 3371: 3345: 3324: 3291: 3267: 3241: 3228: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3175: 3166: 3156: 3097: 3072: 3059: 2990: 2941: 2876: 2833: 2798:(2): 205–214. 2792:Marine Biology 2781: 2768: 2739:(6): 834–851. 2716: 2681:(4): 586–603. 2664: 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3562: 3559:(7): e04945. 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3470: 3468:9783540926795 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3328: 3325: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3257:on 2012-10-24 3256: 3252: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2834: 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Retrieved 2173: 2169: 2162: 2126: 2097:Scuba diving 2063: 1998: 1984: 1970: 1960: 1934: 1915: 1896: 1892: 1877: 1852: 1849: 1841: 1829: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1760: 1757:tororo konbu 1756: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1706: 1695: 1692: 1665: 1662: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1319: 1295: 1251: 1221:Kelp farming 1198: 1190: 1187:Conservation 1182:), Antarctic 1179: 1176:Chionis alba 1175: 1165: 1153: 1149: 1135: 1127: 1114: 1111:Interactions 1102: 1095: 1086:Kelp forests 1060:; Australia) 1047: 1039: 1015: 1010: 1002: 994: 986: 978: 970: 962: 954: 946: 938: 930: 918: 910: 904:Laminariales 901: 895: 882: 874: 866: 858: 850: 844: 836: 831:South Africa 824: 816: 808: 800: 792: 784: 776: 768: 760: 752: 740: 728: 715: 713: 705: 697: 689: 681: 674: 672: 662: 656: 632: 631:Giant kelp, 626:fishing nets 615: 603:kelp forests 590:subantarctic 579: 571: 553: 541: 538:morphologies 527: 511: 496: 479: 461: 433: 420: 410:and haploid 390: 380: 370: 343: 336: 330: 323:kelp forests 316: 308:stramenopile 296:Laminariales 295: 280: 279: 268:Lessoniaceae 242: 224:Laminariales 223: 214:Phaeophyceae 204:Ochrophytina 177: 164: 151: 36: 18:Laminariales 4036:iNaturalist 3956:Wikispecies 3781:Metallomics 2961:: 103–112. 2849:: 297–302. 2400:Darwin, C. 2358:95: 135-144 2338:"Kelp," in 2143:Sea lettuce 2120:Blue carbon 1935:In Chinese 1897:During the 1859:mariculture 1767:oboro konbu 1702:lixiviation 1375:Thiamine (B 1092:Kelp forest 1026:New Zealand 714:Species of 673:Species of 614:Bull kelp, 547:ability to 412:gametophyte 397:Sea urchins 356:Description 338:Nereocystis 332:Macrocystis 285:brown algae 200:Subphylum: 4169:Categories 3876:2:161-174. 3674:2021-01-14 3474:2019-01-25 3365:2024-06-21 3318:2024-03-28 3285:2024-05-29 3261:2013-02-12 2155:References 2134:Wrack zone 2127:Durvillaea 2101:California 2021:Giant kelp 1939:, "kelp" ( 1866:In culture 1724:toothpaste 1580:Phosphorus 747:California 661:(formerly 624:to create 572:Durvillaea 568:population 514:plasticity 488:allometric 476:giant kelp 470:and other 408:sporophyte 367:beach kelp 283:are large 260:Chordaceae 252:Alariaceae 3971:AlgaeBase 3803:1756-591X 3760:March 23, 3575:1831-4732 3516:1840-4812 3405:243798097 3054:206183570 3038:0962-1083 2985:0171-8630 2936:204850695 2920:0022-3646 2871:0171-8630 2820:1432-1793 2755:1540-7063 2703:0022-3646 2659:0269-8463 2599:0022-3646 2504:0028-646X 2445:0962-8452 2388:223742770 2320:Seaweeds. 2172:Zoophycos 1922:nicknamed 1816:Laminaria 1762:tsukudani 1712:ice cream 1593:Potassium 1567:Manganese 1554:Magnesium 1486:Vitamin K 1473:Vitamin E 1460:Vitamin C 1443:Folate (B 1409:Niacin (B 1205:bull kelp 1155:Gibbonsia 1148:) (e.g., 1034:Australia 722:AlgaeBase 717:Laminaria 675:Laminaria 641:coast of 586:colonized 556:dispersal 519:homoplasy 444:sporangia 430:Phylogeny 244:Agaraceae 237:Families 145:Eukaryota 4185:Seaweeds 3947:Q1055316 3941:Wikidata 3811:27009567 3736:24342882 3593:32625597 3534:15628997 3359:Archived 3355:30844154 3312:Archived 3302:(2024). 3186:687-699. 3151:36103524 3090:1 August 3046:27238591 2928:31642057 2828:84195060 2763:21669836 2711:83876632 2607:84778708 2556:20412862 2512:21729086 2463:26423844 2283:86227768 2108:See also 1907:Scotland 1832:alginate 1734:fucoidan 1728:dog food 1708:Alginate 1514:Quantity 1508:Minerals 1437:0.642 mg 1361:Quantity 1355:Vitamins 1152:, genus 1142:Kelpfish 1058:Tasmania 564:Buoyancy 452:Pinaceae 425:Taxonomy 393:meristem 373:holdfast 346:soda ash 312:protists 289:seaweeds 190:Phylum: 141:Domain: 3727:3976240 3584:7009951 3525:7245492 3142:9473579 3008:Bibcode 2963:Bibcode 2898:Bibcode 2851:Bibcode 2800:Bibcode 2683:Bibcode 2637:Bibcode 2579:Bibcode 2536:Bibcode 2454:4614777 2234:Bibcode 2190:1 April 2007:Gallery 2000:hǎi gūi 1986:hǎi gūi 1962:hǎi dài 1926:Kelpers 1888:mussels 1884:limpets 1880:abalone 1626:1.23 mg 1548:2.85 mg 1528:Calcium 1480:0.87 mg 1420:0.47 mg 1403:0.15 mg 1386:0.05 mg 1321:Protein 1117:habitat 1081:Ecology 1022:Fucales 925:America 735:America 639:Pacific 534:habitat 446:. With 405:diploid 365:Alaskan 350:Fucales 327:Miocene 319:forests 220:Order: 210:Class: 194:Gyrista 4139:437548 4136:uBio: 4129:306707 4116:878347 4100:NZOR: 4015:1LMINO 3868: 3809: 3801: 3734: 3724: 3646: 3622: 3591: 3581: 3573: 3532: 3522: 3514: 3465: 3403: 3393: 3353: 3343: 3149: 3139: 3052: 3044: 3036: 2983: 2934: 2926: 2918: 2869: 2826: 2818: 2761: 2753: 2709: 2701: 2657: 2605: 2597: 2554: 2510: 2502: 2461: 2451: 2443: 2386: 2376: 2326: 2281: 2181: 1972:hǎidài 1959:: 1957:pinyin 1951:: 1943:: 1903:crofts 1886:, and 1834:, the 1821:goiter 1722:, and 1672:alkali 1668:iodine 1613:233 mg 1606:Sodium 1574:0.2 mg 1561:121 mg 1535:168 mg 1454:180 μg 1328:1.68 g 1304:0.56 g 1267:Sugars 1260:9.57 g 1237:Energy 1146:blenny 1130:) and 1032:, and 306:but a 300:genera 231:, 1909 229:Migula 4147:WoRMS 4067:11211 4054:11666 4049:IRMNG 4041:68789 3989:7NFBR 3387:65–90 3237:Oikos 3050:S2CID 2932:S2CID 2824:S2CID 2707:S2CID 2603:S2CID 2279:S2CID 1937:slang 1752:dashi 1741:Kombu 1716:jelly 1680:glass 1600:89 mg 1587:42 mg 1493:66 μg 1281:1.3 g 733:(NE. 667:Japan 653:Kombu 484:xylem 468:trees 304:plant 293:order 281:Kelps 178:Clade 165:Clade 152:Clade 4093:2886 4088:NCBI 4062:ITIS 4023:GBIF 4010:EPPO 4002:3565 3976:4586 3866:ISBN 3807:PMID 3799:ISSN 3762:2010 3732:PMID 3644:ISBN 3620:ISBN 3589:PMID 3571:ISSN 3530:PMID 3512:ISSN 3463:ISBN 3401:OCLC 3391:ISBN 3351:PMID 3341:ISBN 3164:887. 3147:PMID 3092:2019 3042:PMID 3034:ISSN 2981:ISSN 2924:PMID 2916:ISSN 2867:ISSN 2816:ISSN 2759:PMID 2751:ISSN 2699:ISSN 2655:ISSN 2595:ISSN 2552:PMID 2508:PMID 2500:ISSN 2459:PMID 2441:ISSN 2384:OCLC 2374:ISBN 2324:ISBN 2192:2013 2179:ISBN 1678:and 1676:soap 1670:and 1619:Zinc 1541:Iron 1467:3 mg 1215:Uses 1178:and 645:and 507:tide 335:and 53:PreꞒ 42:Kelp 4152:845 4075:NBN 4028:560 3997:EoL 3984:CoL 3789:doi 3722:PMC 3714:doi 3579:PMC 3561:doi 3520:PMC 3502:doi 3455:doi 3308:FDA 3137:PMC 3127:hdl 3119:doi 3024:hdl 3016:doi 2971:doi 2959:420 2906:doi 2859:doi 2847:501 2808:doi 2796:126 2741:doi 2691:doi 2645:doi 2587:doi 2544:doi 2490:doi 2486:192 2449:PMC 2431:doi 2427:282 2271:doi 2242:doi 1624:11% 1611:10% 1559:29% 1546:16% 1533:13% 1519:%DV 1491:55% 1452:45% 1435:13% 1401:12% 1366:%DV 1297:Fat 1271:0.6 601:of 321:" ( 287:or 171:SAR 4171:: 4149:: 4126:: 4113:: 4090:: 4077:: 4064:: 4051:: 4038:: 4025:: 4012:: 3999:: 3986:: 3973:: 3958:: 3943:: 3859:in 3805:. 3797:. 3783:. 3779:. 3730:. 3720:. 3710:10 3708:. 3704:. 3662:. 3638:, 3587:. 3577:. 3569:. 3557:15 3555:. 3551:. 3528:. 3518:. 3510:. 3496:. 3492:. 3461:. 3399:. 3389:. 3357:. 3349:. 3310:. 3306:. 3278:. 3178:^ 3145:. 3135:. 3125:. 3113:. 3109:. 3083:. 3048:. 3040:. 3032:. 3022:. 3014:. 3004:25 3002:. 2979:. 2969:. 2957:. 2953:. 2930:. 2922:. 2914:. 2904:. 2894:56 2892:. 2888:. 2865:. 2857:. 2845:. 2822:. 2814:. 2806:. 2794:. 2757:. 2749:. 2737:48 2735:. 2731:. 2719:^ 2705:. 2697:. 2689:. 2679:37 2677:. 2653:. 2643:. 2633:34 2631:. 2627:. 2615:^ 2601:. 2593:. 2585:. 2575:19 2573:. 2550:. 2542:. 2532:56 2530:. 2506:. 2498:. 2484:. 2480:. 2457:. 2447:. 2439:. 2425:. 2421:. 2409:^ 2382:. 2311:^ 2277:. 2267:35 2265:. 2240:. 2230:64 2228:. 2224:. 1995:海歸 1991:海归 1981:海龜 1977:海龟 1967:海待 1955:; 1953:海帶 1947:; 1945:海带 1932:. 1913:. 1882:, 1827:. 1804:, 1798:, 1737:. 1718:, 1714:, 1598:3% 1585:3% 1572:9% 1478:6% 1465:3% 1418:3% 1384:4% 1028:, 1020:, 724:: 655:, 562:. 454:” 314:. 180:: 167:: 154:: 103:Pg 3872:. 3813:. 3791:: 3785:8 3764:. 3738:. 3716:: 3677:. 3595:. 3563:: 3536:. 3504:: 3498:4 3477:. 3457:: 3407:. 3368:. 3321:. 3288:. 3264:. 3153:. 3129:: 3121:: 3115:8 3094:. 3056:. 3026:: 3018:: 3010:: 2987:. 2973:: 2965:: 2938:. 2908:: 2900:: 2873:. 2861:: 2853:: 2830:. 2810:: 2802:: 2765:. 2743:: 2713:. 2693:: 2685:: 2661:. 2647:: 2639:: 2609:. 2589:: 2581:: 2558:. 2546:: 2538:: 2514:. 2492:: 2465:. 2433:: 2390:. 2343:. 2285:. 2273:: 2250:. 2244:: 2236:: 2194:. 2067:, 1924:" 1657:. 1447:) 1445:9 1430:) 1428:5 1413:) 1411:3 1396:) 1394:2 1379:) 1377:1 1174:( 1164:( 1144:( 1134:( 1126:( 1052:( 1036:) 1024:( 927:) 833:) 749:) 737:) 669:. 649:. 628:. 478:( 108:N 98:K 93:J 88:T 83:P 78:C 73:D 68:S 63:O 58:Ꞓ 34:. 20:)

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