33:
712:
of its activity through calcite inclusions within the cell of the microorganism. It also helps make magnesia crystals and the combination of the two provide the majority of the moonmilk formation that provides a mesophilic environment for several
Archaea ad Bacterial phyla that live within the
687:
lives in several different environments. Other than its communal living in moonmilk formations in certain caves, it was first isolated from a white mat formed in a waste-water. This microorganism is also found as a free-living microbe adapted to high-calcium and high alkaline, freshwater
699:
has an indirect connection to the discovery of several antibiotics within the moonmilk formations, but its greatest importance is in its chemical cycling of minerals such as sulfur and calcium in mesophilic environments. This microbe plays a major, holistic role in
488:
still rely heavily on its morphological characteristics. However, it has been used as a phylogenetic comparison frequently so its 16s rRNA is catalogued: it is 1461 bp. The same study shows that the genome contains 67.6% GC content.
1227:""Malikia Granosa" Gen. Nov., sp. nov., a novel polyhydroxyalkanoate- and polyphoosphate- accumulating bacterium isolated from activated sludge, and reclassification of "Pseudomonas spinosa" as "Malikia spiniosa" comb. nov"
447:: it includes sodium acetate (1 g/L), calcium chloride (0.1 g/L), casein hydrolysate (0.1g/L), yeast extract (0.1g/L), and agar (1g/L) along with a vitamin supplement, trace elements, and FeS as a sulfide source.
676:
and calcium deposition in the form of a calcite crystals. This bacterium recently classified as colorless sulfuric bacterium which has the ability to partially oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds.
316:
Years later, Dubinina, Grabovich, and La Rivière isolated this species from the precipitates of sewage aeration tanks called the white mat. Upon more research of this organism, it was renamed
934:
La Rivière, J.W.M.; Schmidt, K. (2006). "Morphologically
Conspicuous Sulfur-Oxidizing Eubacteria". In Dworkin, M.; Falkow, S.; Rosenberg, E.; Schleifer, K. H.; Stackebrandt, E. (eds.).
570:, it would decompose upon chemical interaction with the reduced sulfur compounds, whose presence is characteristic for the habitat of these bacteria. When grown on the media containing
1540:
472:
level for growing is around 7.2–7.4. The colonies that form produce a white film on the surface of the plate along with flat, finegrained colonies of 1–4 mm diameter.
856:
Eprintsev, A. T., Falaleeva, M. I., Klimova, M. A., & Parfenova, N. V. (2006). "Isolation and properties of malate dehydrogenase from Meso-and thermophilic bacteria".
1266:
1153:
Suzuki, Shino; Kuenen, J. Gijs; Schipper, Kira; van der Velde, Suzanne; Ishii, Shun'ichi; Wu, Angela; Sorokin, Dimitry Y.; Tenney, Aaron; Meng, XianYing (2014-05-21).
1136:
1009:
891:
801:
325:. "Macro" is the Greek term for large, as the cell itself is on average larger than most bacteria. Additionally, this species can also be found in many caves where
1553:
1514:
1114:
1527:
1373:
Hinck, Susanne (2008). "Eco-physiological, chemotactic and taxonomic characterization of hypersaline
Beggiatoa originating from microbial mats".
284:
was first isolated by
Gicklhorn in the slime of a large basin Gratz in a botanical garden in 1924. Gicklhorn treated this species as a colorless
1322:
Karavaiko, G. I.; Dubinina, G. A.; Kondrat'eva, T. F. (2006-10-01). "Lithotrophic microorganisms of the oxidative cycles of sulfur and iron".
1034:
Reitschuler C, Lins P, Wagner AO, Illmer P (2014). "Cultivation of moonmilk-born non-extremophilic Thaum and
Euryarchaeota in mixed culture".
1418:
993:
772:
1599:
1155:"Physiological and genomic features of highly alkaliphilic hydrogen-utilizing Betaproteobacteria from a continental serpentinizing site"
951:
246:" was used as a medicine. People often used it to cure infections and accelerate the healing process. Moonmilk is more than simply
762:
1087:
1532:
603:
metabolism throughout different cultures was seen through three different enzymes. One of them leads to the formation of
476:
has a cell area at 9 μm x 20 μm . This species is also pear-shaped, gram-negative and catalase positive.
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357:
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191:
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364:
20–40 μm long that moves around using a structural beam of polar flagella located at one end of its body.
305:
can be separated into the Latin roots "bi", meaning two, and "punctata" , meaning spotted, as seen in cultured
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inside the cell. This process is possible due to the presence of the high oxaloacetate hydrolase activity in
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species. In fact, the moonmilk produced was referenced as a remedy for infections in the Middle Ages.
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1291:"Enrichment of Macromonas Sp. Densely Populating an Upper Boundary of the H2S Layer of Lake Kaiike"
709:
226:
1437:
1401:
Rodríguez-Martínez, Marta (2011-01-01). "Mud Mounds". In
Reitner, Joachim; Thiel, Volker (eds.).
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360:. M. bipunctata has a very large cell area at 9 μm x 20 μm . Its motility consists of
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1115:"Peculiarities of carbon metabolism in the colorless sulfur bacterium "Macromonas bipunctata""
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has formed. In the 1920s, researcher
Gicklhorn first discovered this organism under the name
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through the environment. This bacteria has the ability to precipitate fine crystals of
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1405:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 667–675.
985:
976:
Robertson, L. A., Muyzer, G. Kuenen, J. G. (2006). "Colorless Sulfur
Bacteria".
443:
Most of the culturing procedures model
Dubinina and Grabovich's 1984 article on
354:
297:. The Greek root "monad/monas" was commonly used for microbiology to indicate a
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270:
262:
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as optimum for cultivation set at around 28 degrees) before several species of
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273:. This could explain why it was effective as a potential agent for healing.
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Spring, Stefan, Michael Wagner, Peter
Schumann, and Peter Kampfer (2005).
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Grabovich, M.Y., G.A. Dubinina, V.V. Churikova and A.E. Glushkov (1993).
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accumulation. Furthermore, in the end process of becoming a toxic
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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
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Dubininia, Galina A., Fred A. Rainey, and J. GiJs Kuenen (1924).
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or single unit organism(s)/bacterium in the 1920s. Furthermore,
203:. It is commonly found in sewage aeration tanks and caves where
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469:
938:. Vol. 7 (3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 941–954.
672:, at least in part, is responsible for the metabolism of
532:, but also in the course of utilization of intracellular
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Genus VII. Macromonas Utermohl and Koppe in Koppe 1924
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1080:"Is it gnome, is it berg, is it mont, is it mond"
637:was found that reduced sulfur compounds such as
435:has a 95.61% similarity in its 16S rRNA gene.
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1446:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
722:
1258:
1128:
1001:
883:
790:
780:
1396:
1394:
858:Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology
225:. This organism is thought to be non-
40:Moonmilk in the cave Bergmilchkammer
7:
1148:
1146:
668:in respiration. It is assumed that
578:, the unicellular sulfur bacterium
455:plate for 2–3 days at 28 °C (
269:, which are the main producers of
253:. It also contains populations of
14:
980:. Vol. 2. pp. 985–999.
767:. Vol. 2. pp. 721–724.
645:were not used by the strains as
585:is able to synthesize and store
661:. This was a main product of O
1088:National Speleological Society
1048:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.10.002
1:
1411:10.1007/978-1-4020-9212-1_153
653:was due to interaction with H
520:: not only in the process of
986:10.1007/978-3-642-30141-4_78
1289:Matsuyama, Michiro (1991).
692:Biogeochemical significance
484:Many of the studies using
1616:
1600:Bacteria described in 1920
1403:Encyclopedia of Geobiology
1078:Reinbacher, W. R. (1994).
524:with the participation of
427:has a 96.5% similarity to
1336:10.1134/S002626170605002X
870:10.1134/S0003683806030033
353:, irregular/pear shaped,
146:
139:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
1375:Diss. Universität Bremen
944:10.1007/0-387-30747-8_40
530:electron transport chain
411:nests within the family
516:is formed in different
372:The closest species to
1308:10.3739/rikusui.52.215
468:appeared. The optimal
368:Phylogeny and taxonomy
1546:macromonas-bipunctata
1465:Macromonas bipunctata
1440:Macromonas bipunctata
1244:10.1099/ijs.0.63356-0
1159:Nature Communications
697:Macromonas bipunctata
670:Macromonas bipunctata
518:biochemical reactions
242:In the Middle Ages, "
150:Macromonas bipunctata
25:Macromonas bipunctata
433:Hydrogenophaga flava
16:Species of bacterium
1171:2014NatCo...5.3900S
451:was cultured on an
1179:10.1038/ncomms4900
381:Betaproteobacteria
132:M. bipunctata
81:Betaproteobacteria
1582:
1581:
1567:Open Tree of Life
1457:Taxon identifiers
1420:978-1-4020-9211-4
1237:(Pt 2): 621–629.
995:978-3-642-30140-7
774:978-0-387-24145-6
379:within the class
187:, colorless, and
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342:
337:
336:
333:Microbiology
329:is present.
322:
317:
315:
310:
306:
302:
294:
289:
281:
280:
247:
241:
222:
217:
213:
208:
198:
179:
176:
175:
174:
149:
147:
131:
130:
116:
24:
18:
522:respiration
431:, whereas
299:unicellular
291:Pseudomonas
271:antibiotics
263:green algae
210:Pseudomonas
1589:Categories
1125:: 421–428.
717:References
635:bipunctata
605:glyoxylate
594:bipunctata
583:bipunctata
568:metabolite
558:leads to H
537:inclusions
503:bipunctata
499:Macromonas
493:Metabolism
466:bipunctata
462:Macromonas
377:bipunctata
374:Macromonas
343:bipunctata
339:Macromonas
323:bipunctata
319:Macromonas
311:bipunctata
303:bipunctata
295:bipunctata
251:bipunctata
249:Macromonas
233:Background
227:pathogenic
223:bipunctata
219:Macromonas
214:bipunctata
200:Macromonas
180:bipunctata
177:Macromonas
118:Macromonas
1480:Q24976895
1379:CiteSeerX
1344:0026-2617
1042:: 73–79.
1004:cite book
793:ignored (
783:cite book
710:byproduct
666:reduction
651:oxidation
576:TCA cycle
545:Oxidation
541:cytoplasm
457:mesophile
439:Culturing
401:based on
277:Etymology
158:Gicklhorn
126:Species:
1474:Wikidata
1360:35722643
1352:17091584
1253:15774634
1197:24845058
1165:: 3900.
1056:24513652
1036:Anaerobe
480:Genomics
403:16S rRNA
362:flagella
327:moonmilk
244:moonmilk
205:moonmilk
163:Utermöhl
100:Family:
64:Phylum:
57:Bacteria
52:Domain:
1572:1031240
1520:3220108
1489:BacDive
1188:4050266
1167:Bibcode
1095:: 1–13.
878:5886877
706:calcite
680:Ecology
621:oxalate
617:formate
609:oxalate
601:oxalate
574:of the
556:oxidase
553:oxalate
549:oxalate
539:in the
534:oxalate
528:of the
526:enzymes
421:aerobic
408:Malikia
398:spinosa
395:Malikia
389:granosa
386:Malikia
351:aerobic
238:History
194:of the
112:Genus:
88:Order:
76:Class:
1559:183670
1533:963087
1442:at Bac
1417:
1381:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1251:
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771:
265:, and
1507:3X6N8
1356:S2CID
1083:(PDF)
874:S2CID
708:as a
611:to CO
345:is a
259:fungi
196:genus
183:is a
167:Koppe
160:1920)
1554:NCBI
1541:LPSN
1528:ITIS
1515:GBIF
1494:2976
1444:Dive
1415:ISBN
1348:PMID
1340:ISSN
1267:link
1249:PMID
1193:PMID
1137:link
1052:PMID
1010:link
990:ISBN
948:ISBN
892:link
802:link
795:help
769:ISBN
615:via
599:The
453:agar
392:and
383:are
165:and
1502:CoL
1407:doi
1332:doi
1303:doi
1239:doi
1183:PMC
1175:doi
1044:doi
982:doi
940:doi
866:doi
623:by
547:of
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781:{{
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632:M.
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591:M.
580:M.
470:pH
423:.
349:,
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261:,
257:,
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641:2
639:H
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560:2
513:2
511:O
509:2
507:H
307:M
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