722:
31:
518:
321:; however, there are examples of sulfate-reducing microorganisms that are tolerant of oxygen, and some of them can even perform aerobic respiration. No growth is observed when oxygen is used as the electron acceptor. In addition, there are sulfate-reducing microorganisms that can also reduce other electron acceptors, such as
871:
in Canada discovered sulfate-reducing microorganisms living 7,900 feet (2,400 m) below the surface. The sulfate reducers discovered in Kidd Mine are lithotrophs, obtaining their energy by oxidizing minerals such as pyrite rather than organic compounds. Kidd Mine is also the site of the oldest
529:
is a waste product of sulfate-reducing microorganisms; its rotten egg odor is often a marker for the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms in nature. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are responsible for the sulfurous odors of salt marshes and mud flats. Much of the hydrogen sulfide will react
591:
In engineering, sulfate-reducing microorganisms can create problems when metal structures are exposed to sulfate-containing water: Interaction of water and metal creates a layer of molecular hydrogen on the metal surface; sulfate-reducing microorganisms then oxidize the hydrogen while creating
282:
of sulfur compounds. Depending on the context, "sulfate-reducing microorganisms" can be used in a broader sense (including all species that can reduce any of these sulfur compounds) or in a narrower sense (including only species that reduce sulfate, and excluding strict thiosulfate and
1442:
Lollar, Garnet S.; Warr, Oliver; Telling, Jon; Osburn, Magdalena R.; Lollar, Barbara
Sherwood (18 July 2019). "'Follow the Water': Hydrogeochemical Constraints on Microbial Investigations 2.4 km Below Surface at the Kidd Creek Deep Fluid and Deep Life Observatory".
649:
below the seabed is oxidized by sulfate-reducing microorganisms in the transition zone separating the methanogenesis from the sulfate reduction activity in the sediments. This process is also considered a major sink for sulfate in marine sediments.
1793:, by L. Li, B. A. Wing, T. H. Bui, J. M. McDermott, G. F. Slater, S. Wei, G. Lacrampe-Couloume & B. Sherwood Lollar October 27, 2016. Nature Communications volume 7, Article number: 13252 (2016.)
753:(EC 1.8.99.5), that catalyzes the last step of dissimilatory sulfate reduction, is the functional gene most used as a molecular marker to detect the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms.
680:
compounds are often added to water to inhibit the microbial activity of sulfate-reducing microorganisms, in order to but not limited to, avoid anaerobic methane oxidation and the generation of
305:. By contrast, the sulfate-reducing microorganisms considered here reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste; this is known as
769:, for identification purposes. They are found in several different phylogenetic lines. As of 2009, 60 genera containing 220 species of sulfate-reducing bacteria are known.
1781:, Garnet S. Lollar, Oliver Warr, Jon Telling, Magdalena R. Osburn & Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Received 15 Jan 2019, Accepted 01 Jul 2019, Published online: 18 Jul 2019.
1729:, Garnet S. Lollar, Oliver Warr, Jon Telling, Magdalena R. Osburn & Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Received 15 Jan 2019, Accepted 01 Jul 2019, Published online: 18 Jul 2019.
718:
using another molecule of ATP. The overall process, thus, involves an investment of two molecules of the energy carrier ATP, which must to be regained from the reduction.
907:
486:
Sulfate occurs widely in seawater, sediment, and water rich in decaying organic material. Sulfate is also found in more extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents,
290:
Sulfate-reducing microorganisms can be traced back to 3.5 billion years ago and are considered to be among the oldest forms of microbes, having contributed to the
941:
1796:
1779:'Follow the Water': Hydrogeochemical Constraints on Microbial Investigations 2.4 km Below Surface at the Kidd Creek Deep Fluid and Deep Life Observatory
1727:'Follow the Water': Hydrogeochemical Constraints on Microbial Investigations 2.4 km Below Surface at the Kidd Creek Deep Fluid and Deep Life Observatory
1750:
549:
seems to have occurred where these forms of bacteria became the dominant force in oceanic ecosystems, producing copious amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
1842:
1787:, G. Holland, B. Sherwood Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G. F. Slater & C. J. Ballentine, Nature volume 497, pages 357–360 (16 May 2013)
542:
490:
sites, oil fields, and the deep subsurface, including the world's oldest isolated ground water. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are common in
1162:
Kasper U. Kjeldsen; Catherine
Joulian & Kjeld Ingvorsen (2004). "Oxygen Tolerance of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Activated Sludge".
1827:
1544:
G.C. Compeau & R. Bartha (August 1985), "Sulfate-Reducing
Bacteria: Principal Methylators of Mercury in Anoxic Estuarine Sediment",
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1052:
1011:
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Sulfur mass-independent fractionation in subsurface fracture waters indicates a long-standing sulfur cycle in
Precambrian rocks
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306:
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576:, and they have been used to clean up contaminated soils. Their use has also been proposed for other kinds of contaminations.
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521:
Sludge from a pond; the black color is due to metal sulfides that result from the action of sulfate-reducing microorganisms.
1817:
1210:, organic compounds and inorganic sulfur compounds coupled to reduction of O2 or nitrate by sulfate-reducing bacteria".
1778:
1726:
1527:
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495:
1096:
Rückert, Christian (2016). "Sulfate reduction in microorganisms—recent advances and biotechnological applications".
1001:
600:
1137:
1837:
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314:
284:
278:). Other than sulfate reduction, some sulfate-reducing microorganisms are also capable of other reactions like
1651:
MĂĽller, Albert
Leopold; Kjeldsen, Kasper Urup; Rattei, Thomas; Pester, Michael; Loy, Alexander (2014-10-24).
834:
773:
711:
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Pfennig N.; Biebel H. (1986), "The dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria", in Starr; et al. (eds.),
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35:
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882:
715:
123:
71:
1307:
Liamleam, Warounsak; Annachhatre, Ajit P. (2007). "Electron donors for biological sulfate reduction".
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environments where they aid in the degradation of organic materials. In these anaerobic environments,
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Before sulfate can be used as an electron acceptor, it must be activated. This is done by the enzyme
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of inorganic mercury present in their surroundings. They are known to be the dominant source of this
253:
107:
1206:
Simone
Dannenberg; Michael Kroder; Dilling Waltraud & Heribert Cypionka (1992). "Oxidation of H
785:
725:
Overview of the three key enzymatic steps of the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. Enzymes:
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Muyzer G, Stams AJ (June 2008). "The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria".
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is the best-studied sulfate-reducing microorganism species; the bar in the upper right is 0.5
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Plugge, Caroline M.; Zhang, Weiwen; Scholten, Johannes C. M.; Stams, Alfons J. M. (2011).
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1602:"Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria as an Effective Tool for Sustainable Acid Mine Bioremediation"
17:
1799:, By Brandon Specktor, Live Science, December 11, 2018, published online at nbcnews.com.
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and sulfate to create adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS). APS is subsequently reduced to
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in anaerobic conditions. Some sulfate-reducing microorganisms can directly use metallic
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788:. This accounts for the largest group of sulfate-reducing bacteria, about 23 genera.
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respectively stand for sulfate adenylyltransferase and ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4);
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extract energy from large organic molecules; the resulting smaller compounds such as
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538:(FeS), are insoluble and often black or brown, leading to the dark color of sludge.
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Most sulfate-reducing microorganisms can also reduce some other oxidized inorganic
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The
Prokaryotes: a handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria
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261:
203:
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Earth's mysterious 'deep biosphere' may harbor millions of undiscovered species
1344:"Microbial extracellular electron transfer and its relevance to iron corrosion"
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Some sulfate-reducing microorganisms play a role in the anaerobic oxidation of
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Hydrogen sulfide from sulfate-reducing microorganisms also plays a role in the
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Strange life-forms found deep in a mine point to vast 'underground
Galapagos'
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Sulfate-reducing microorganisms are considered a possible way to deal with
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The second largest group of sulfate-reducing bacteria is found among the
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are both used to adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase (EC 1.8.4.8); and
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1479:"World's Oldest Groundwater Supports Life Through Water-Rock Chemistry"
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Biochemistry, Physiology and
Biotechnology of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria
864:. They are found in hydrothermal vents, oil deposits, and hot springs.
714:. Sulfite is then further reduced to sulfide, while AMP is turned into
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Many organisms reduce small amounts of sulfates in order to synthesize
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World's Oldest
Groundwater Supports Life Through Water-Rock Chemistry
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Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era
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684:, ultimately resulting in minimizing potential production loss.
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There are also three known genera of sulfate-reducing archaea:
942:"The ecology and biotechnology of sulphate-reducing bacteria"
1763:
Oldest Water on Earth Found Deep Within the Canadian Shield
761:
The sulfate-reducing microorganisms have been treated as a
1515:. Comstock Publishing Associates/Cornell University Press.
833:
sulfate-reducing bacteria are given their own phyla, the
745:
is the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase (EC 1.8.99.5);
114:), which is the terminal electron acceptor reduced to
1247:"Metabolic Flexibility of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria"
1596:Ayangbenro, Ayansina S.; Olanrewaju, Oluwaseyi S.;
552:Sulfate-reducing bacteria also generate neurotoxic
514:and the competing sulfate-reducing microorganisms.
1508:
587:Problems caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms
1753:, By Corey S. Powell, Sept. 7, 2019, nbcnews.com.
908:Quinone-interacting membrane-bound oxidoreductase
776:the orders of sulfate-reducing bacteria include
749:The enzyme dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase,
572:Some sulfate-reducing microorganisms can reduce
1000:Ernst-Detlef Schulze; Harold A. Mooney (1993),
645:An important fraction of the methane formed by
1035:Barton, Larry L. & Fauque, Guy D. (2009).
301:-containing cell components; this is known as
1653:"Phylogenetic and environmental diversity of
8:
556:as a byproduct of their metabolism, through
1657:-type dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductases"
583:that are produced by other microorganisms.
62:) are a group composed of sulfate-reducing
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592:hydrogen sulfide, which contributes to
1546:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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940:Muyzer, G.; Stams, A. J. (June 2008).
27:Microorganisms that "breathe" sulfates
7:
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1164:Environmental Science and Technology
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867:In July 2019, a scientific study of
564:form of mercury in aquatic systems.
1006:, Springer-Verlag, pp. 88–90,
1003:Biodiversity and ecosystem function
309:. They use sulfate as the terminal
1765:, December 14, 2016, Maggie Romuld
294:soon after life emerged on Earth.
102:S). Therefore, these sulfidogenic
25:
545:(250 million years ago) a severe
543:Permian–Triassic extinction event
482:Ecological importance and markers
70:(SRA), both of which can perform
1741:, July 29, 2019, deepcarbon.net.
1321:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.05.002
1039:. Vol. 68. pp. 41–98.
820:phylum we find sulfate-reducing
534:. These metal sulfides, such as
1098:Current Opinion in Microbiology
694:Dissimilatory sulfate reduction
462:), for which they compete with
307:dissimilatory sulfate reduction
48:Sulfate-reducing microorganisms
1843:Microbial growth and nutrition
1526:Peter D. Ward (October 2006),
1342:Kato, Souichiro (2016-03-01).
438:), and aromatic hydrocarbons (
303:assimilatory sulfate reduction
106:"breathe" sulfate rather than
1:
1566:10.1128/AEM.50.2.498-502.1985
1457:10.1080/01490451.2019.1641770
1045:10.1016/s0065-2164(09)01202-7
829:Two more groups that include
1507:Dexter Dyer, Betsey (2003).
1401:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
56:sulfate-reducing prokaryotes
949:Nature Reviews Microbiology
657:, fluids are used to frack
454:). The lithotrophs oxidize
375:, this group contains both
66:(SRB) and sulfate-reducing
1859:
1828:Environmental microbiology
1136:Larry Barton, ed. (1995),
765:, together with the other
691:
601:biogenic sulfide corrosion
1606:Frontiers in Microbiology
1511:A Field Guide to Bacteria
1251:Frontiers in Microbiology
1139:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
1110:10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.007
18:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
1619:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01986
1264:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00081
1212:Archives of Microbiology
767:sulfur-reducing bacteria
506:are further oxidized by
315:electron transport chain
1483:Deep Carbon Observatory
1445:Geomicrobiology Journal
1360:10.1111/1751-7915.12340
1348:Microbial Biotechnology
835:Thermodesulfobacteriota
795:, including the genera
774:Thermodesulfobacteriota
1673:10.1038/ismej.2014.208
1598:Babalola, Olubukola O.
1528:"Impact from the Deep"
1309:Biotechnology Advances
872:known water on Earth.
746:
522:
432:aliphatic hydrocarbons
44:
36:Desulfovibrio vulgaris
883:Anaerobic respiration
724:
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72:anaerobic respiration
33:
898:Microbial metabolism
655:hydraulic fracturing
607:. It also occurs in
1818:Martinus Beijerinck
1558:1985ApEnM..50..498C
1532:Scientific American
1413:10.1038/nrmicro1892
1176:2004EnST...38.2038K
961:10.1038/nrmicro1892
823:Thermodesulfovibrio
786:Syntrophobacterales
496:fermenting bacteria
474:(Fe, also known as
383:. The organotrophs
317:. Most of them are
124:aerobic respiration
1600:(22 August 2018).
1224:10.1007/BF00245211
782:Desulfovibrionales
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488:acid mine drainage
456:molecular hydrogen
366:dimethyl sulfoxide
280:disproportionation
45:
1184:10.1021/es034777e
840:Thermodesulfobium
810:Desulfosporosinus
778:Desulfobacterales
388:organic compounds
311:electron acceptor
94:, reducing it to
92:electron acceptor
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