1058:, which indicate that it is common in poorly controlled diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes and a magnesium deficiency have a higher risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation and microvascular complications. Oral magnesium supplements has been demonstrated to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. A 2016 meta-analysis not restricted to diabetic subjects found that increasing dietary magnesium intake, while associated with a reduced risk of stroke, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality, was not clearly associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or total cardiovascular disease (CVD).
1275:
1302:, or yellowing between leaf veins, which stay green, giving the leaves a marbled appearance. Due to magnesium's mobile nature, the plant will first break down chlorophyll in older leaves and transport the Mg to younger leaves which have greater photosynthetic needs. Therefore, the first sign of magnesium deficiency is the chlorosis of old leaves which progresses to the young leaves as the deficiency progresses. Magnesium also acts as an activator for many critical enzymes, including ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (
1105:, with the remainder, about 40-50%, being stored in muscle or soft tissue, with about 1% being in the plasma. Therefore, normal plasma levels of magnesium may sometimes be seen despite a person being in a state of magnesium deficiency and plasma magnesium levels may underestimate the level of deficiency. Plasma magnesium levels may more accurately reflect magnesium stores when consideration is also given to urinary magnesium losses and oral intake of magnesium.
766:: Alcohol intake leads to enhanced diuresis of electrolytes, possibly due to alcohol induced kidney tubular cell damage. Hypomagnesemia is also thought to occur due to reduced magnesium intake due to malnutrition and increased gastrointestinal losses. Hypomagnesemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in those with chronic alcoholism. Chronic hypomagnesemia in those with chronic alcoholism is associated with
64:
870:(Na-K-ATPase) which normally pumps sodium to the extracellular space and potassium into the intracellular space, using ATP as energy to pump both cations against their concentration gradient, to maintain relatively high levels of potassium in the intracellular compartment and high levels of sodium in the extracellular space. Hypomagnesemia also causes activation of the
890:). And this potassium is then lost as blood is filtered in the kidney as ROMK channel activation causes potassium losses in the cortical collecting duct and NCC inhibition causes decreased sodium-chloride reabsorption by kidney tubules, with subsequent increased sodium-chloride (and water) delivery to the distal tubule, and associated
1249:
Hypomagnesemia may be seen in 3-10% of the general population. It is present in an estimated 10-30% of people with diabetes, 10-60% of hospitalized people and greater than 65% of people in the ICU. In hospitalized patients, hypomagnesemia is associated with an increased length of stay. And in those
1414:
Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G, Alfonzo A, Barelli A, Bierens JJ, et al. (October 2010). "European
Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia,
1282:
Magnesium deficiency is a detrimental plant disorder that occurs most often in strongly acidic, light, sandy soils, where magnesium can be easily leached away. Magnesium is an essential macronutrient constituting 0.2-0.4% of plants' dry matter and is necessary for normal plant growth. Excess
2865:
Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Nezamoleslami S, Moosavian SP, Hojjati
Kermani MA, Lazaridi AV, Miraghajani M (March 2021). "The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Lipid Profile Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials".
827:, regulating glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, muscle and nerve functioning, vascular tone (affecting blood vessel contraction, thus helping to regulate blood pressure), bone development, energy production, the maintenance of normal heart rhythm, and the regulation of
1693:
898:(kidney potassium loss in the urine). Overall, the net effect of low magnesium levels in the body is renal potassium losses (in the urine), thus clinically, low potassium levels are often refractory to supplementation without also correcting low magnesium levels.
814:
Magnesium is ubiquitous in the human body as well as being present in all living organisms and the ion is a known co-factor in over known 300 enzymatic reactions including DNA and RNA replication, protein synthesis, acting as an essential co-factor of
4667:
4652:
1206:
Treatment of magnesium deficiency depends on the degree of deficiency and the clinical effects. Replacement by mouth is appropriate for people with mild symptoms, while intravenous replacement is recommended for people with severe effects.
489:, displaces magnesium into the cell. Digitalis causes an increased intracellular concentration of sodium, which in turn increases intracellular calcium by passively increasing the action of the sodium-calcium exchanger in the
1701:
376:
Magnesium deficiency may result from gastrointestinal or kidney causes. Gastrointestinal causes include low dietary intake of magnesium, reduced gastrointestinal absorption or increased gastrointestinal loss due to rapid
1175:
Typically the diagnosis is based on finding hypomagnesemia, a low blood magnesium level, which often reflects low body magnesium; however, magnesium deficiency can be present without hypomagnesemia, and vice versa. A
882:(NCC) and downregulates NCC levels, which prevents sodium and chloride reabsorption from the kidney tubule. The inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump results in more potassium remaining in the extracellular space (
1124:. In the plasma, 30% of magnesium is bound to proteins via free fatty acids, therefore elevated levels of free fatty acids are associated with hypomagnesemia as well as a possible risk of cardiovascular disease.
831:, among other important roles. Physiologically, it acts as a calcium antagonist. Thus, the effects of low magnesium are widespread. Low magnesium intake over time can increase the risk of illnesses, including
1053:
Magnesium deficiency is frequently observed in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 11 and 48%. Magnesium deficiency is strongly associated with high glucose and
3943:
1214:
are available. In two trials of magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium dietary supplements because of its high magnesium content per weight, was found to be less bioavailable than
1180:
magnesium concentration of less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) is considered to be hypomagnesemia; severe disease generally has a level of less than 0.5 mmol/L (1.25 mg/dL).
3325:
Upala S, Jaruvongvanich V, Wijarnpreecha K, Sanguankeo A (July 2016). "Hypomagnesemia and mortality in patients admitted to intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2093:
1298:. Therefore, without sufficient amounts of magnesium, plants begin to degrade the chlorophyll in the old leaves. This causes the main symptom of magnesium deficiency, interveinal
3936:
1192:(ECG) change may show a tachycardia with a prolonged QT interval. Other changes may include prolonged PR interval, ST segment depression, flipped T waves, and long QRS duration.
257:. Normal magnesium levels are between 0.6 and 1.1 mmol/L (1.46–2.68 mg/dL) with levels less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) defining hypomagnesemia. Specific
3650:
3360:
Peres IT, Hamacher S, Oliveira FL, Thomé AM, Bozza FA (December 2020). "What factors predict length of stay in the intensive care unit? Systematic review and meta-analysis".
2917:
Verma H, Garg R (2 February 2017). "Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
3301:"Abridged List Ordered by Nutrient Content in Household Measure Source: USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy (2018) Nutrients: Magnesium, Mg(mg)"
381:. Kidney causes involve increased excretion of magnesium. Poor dietary intake of magnesium has become an increasingly important factor: many people consume diets high in
2970:"Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
3929:
4217:
776:: within the first 48 hours after a heart attack, 80% of patients have hypomagnesemia. This could be the result of an intracellular shift because of an increase in
4024:
2448:
Rivlin RS (October 1994). "Magnesium deficiency and alcohol intake: mechanisms, clinical significance and possible relation to cancer development (a review)".
3397:"Association of Magnesium Depletion Score With Cardiovascular Disease and Its Association With Longitudinal Mortality in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease"
2826:"Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial"
415:
for dietary intake of magnesium. Kidneys are very efficient at maintaining body levels; however, if the diet is deficient, or certain medications such as
957:. A lack of magnesium inhibits reuptake of potassium, causing a decrease in intracellular potassium. This decrease in intracellular potassium results in
2245:
Chareonpong-Kawamoto N, Yasumoto K (February 1995). "Selenium deficiency as a cause of overload of iron and unbalanced distribution of other minerals".
726:
Gastrointestinal causes: the distal digestive tract secretes high levels of magnesium. Therefore, secretory diarrhea can cause hypomagnesemia. Thus,
3842:
1469:
3643:
1314:. Thus low amounts of Mg lead to a decrease in photosynthetic and enzymatic activity within the plants. Magnesium is also crucial in stabilizing
590:. The genes involved in this group of diseases all encode proteins that are involved in reabsorbing electrolytes (including magnesium) in the
3485:
2525:
2496:
629:
3444:
Hirschfelder AD, Haury VG (1934). "Clinical
Manifestations of High and Low Plasma Magnesium; Dangers of Epsom Salt Purgation in Nephritis".
3745:
341:
2101:
3107:
1494:
4210:
3861:
1341:(as a solution of 25 grams per liter or 4 oz per gal) or crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil can rectify magnesium deficiencies. An
3234:
Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY (February 1990). "Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide".
3636:
2777:"Serum Magnesium Is Inversely Associated With Heart Failure, Atrial Fibrillation, and Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes"
1352:, which can prevent leaching during excessive rainfall and provide plants with sufficient amounts of nutrients, including magnesium.
3537:
1634:
3553:
Hermans C, Vuylsteke F, Coppens F (2010). "Systems
Analysis of the responses to long-term magnesium deficiency and restoration in
925:
is inhibited by magnesium. Thus hypomagnesemia results in an increased intracellular calcium level. This inhibits the release of
3270:
1330:
4292:
4234:
3501:
Ding Y, Chang C, Luo W (2008). "High
Potassium Aggravates the Oxidative Stress Induced by Magnesium Deficiency in Rice Leaves".
1958:"FDA Drug Safety Communication: Low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs (PPIs)"
4520:
4488:
3987:
3837:
3705:
3693:
1307:
1139:
2 and claudin 12 forming channels to allow for reabsorption. 70% of magnesium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the
265:
4203:
3908:
3856:
989:. Convulsions are the result of cerebral vasospasm. The vasodilatatory effect of magnesium seems to be the major mechanism.
905:
should have their magnesium levels monitored to ensure that the serum loss of potassium, which is driven intracellularly by
2094:"Proton Pump Inhibitor drugs (PPIs): Drug Safety Communication - Low Magnesium Levels Can Be Associated With Long-Term Use"
4755:
4297:
4164:
2513:
2017:
Whang R, Hampton EM, Whang DD (February 1994). "Magnesium homeostasis and clinical disorders of magnesium deficiency".
1650:
Yuen AW, Sander JW (June 2012). "Can magnesium supplementation reduce seizures in people with epilepsy? A hypothesis".
4567:
4184:
2484:
773:
2161:
al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA (November 1994). "Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview".
1780:
Piuri G, Zocchi M, Della Porta M, Ficara V, Manoni M, Zuccotti GV, Pinotti L, Maier JA, Cazzola R (February 2021).
659:
3710:
879:
542:
1933:"Nutrient Intakes Percent of population 2 years old and over with adequate intakes based on average requirement"
1258:, chronic magnesium deficiency was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and overall death.
4590:
3992:
3958:
3739:
3735:
1523:
de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (January 2015). "Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease".
1274:
1144:
875:
840:
614:
591:
412:
378:
1167:
Magnesium deficiency or depletion is a low total body level of magnesium; it is not easy to measure directly.
3602:
4302:
4111:
3997:
2323:
Al-Ghamdi SM, Cameron EC, Sutton RA (1994). "Magnesium
Deficiency: Pathophysiologic and Clinical Overview".
1201:
1152:
1148:
986:
702:
349:
187:
167:
110:
33:
1841:"Subclinical magnesium deficiency: a principal driver of cardiovascular disease and a public health crisis"
4380:
3898:
1532:
1283:
potassium, generally due to fertilizers, further aggravates the stress from magnesium deficiency, as does
1251:
1109:
922:
836:
816:
746:
264:
Treatment is with magnesium either by mouth or intravenously. For those with severe symptoms, intravenous
246:
1326:
and dropping of older leaves occurs. Plants deficient in magnesium also produce smaller, woodier fruits.
4540:
4473:
4341:
4002:
3903:
3659:
2115:
Sheen E, Triadafilopoulos G (April 2011). "Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy".
1211:
1113:
902:
867:
635:
582:. In these diseases, the hypomagnesemia is accompanied by other defects in electrolyte handling such as
518:
2654:"Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the management of refractory bronchospasm in a ventilated asthmatic"
3300:
4451:
4445:
4437:
4422:
4403:
3801:
3778:
3700:
2875:
1988:
1361:
863:
735:
3137:
Famularo G, Gasbarrone L, Minisola G (September 2013). "Hypomagnesemia and proton-pump inhibitors".
2775:
Oost LJ, van der
Heijden AA, Vermeulen EA, Bos C, Elders PJ, Slieker RC, et al. (August 2021).
2196:
Viering D, Schlingmann KP, Hureaux M, Nijenhuis T, Mallett A, Chan MM, et al. (February 2022).
1624:
1537:
1135:, the functional unit of the kidney) 20% of magnesium is reabsorbed via paracellular transport with
4671:
4557:
4545:
4535:
4082:
3271:"Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study"
1002:
926:
405:
4750:
4608:
4465:
4264:
4009:
3667:
3180:
Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A (December 1994). "Magnesium and therapeutics".
3162:
2950:
2899:
2806:
2140:
2042:
1675:
1558:
1055:
930:
883:
789:
763:
731:
361:
357:
313:
289:
223:
207:
120:
90:
727:
2968:
Fang X, Wang K, Han D, He X, Wei J, Zhao L, Imam MU, Ping Z, Li Y, Xu Y, Min J, Wang F (2016).
17:
4711:
4682:
4580:
4575:
4530:
4525:
4367:
4354:
4102:
4058:
3809:
3584:
3533:
3481:
3426:
3377:
3342:
3282:
3251:
3216:
3207:
Firoz M, Graber M (December 2001). "Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations".
3189:
3154:
3115:
3088:
3044:
3009:
2991:
2942:
2934:
2891:
2847:
2798:
2757:
2716:
2675:
2634:
2593:
2558:
2521:
2492:
2465:
2430:
2348:
2340:
2305:
2297:
2262:
2227:
2178:
2132:
2069:
2034:
1914:
1870:
1821:
1803:
1762:
1667:
1630:
1602:
1550:
1498:
1432:
1222:
1215:
1189:
824:
795:
750:
625:
537:
533:
439:
337:
321:
258:
154:
78:
937:. Furthermore, it makes skeletal and muscle receptors less sensitive to parathyroid hormone.
400:
Magnesium deficiency is common in hospitalized patients. Up to 12% of all people admitted to
4493:
4408:
4014:
3814:
3725:
3574:
3566:
3510:
3453:
3416:
3408:
3369:
3334:
3243:
3146:
3078:
3036:
2999:
2981:
2926:
2883:
2837:
2788:
2747:
2706:
2665:
2624:
2585:
2550:
2457:
2422:
2332:
2289:
2254:
2217:
2209:
2170:
2124:
2026:
1904:
1860:
1852:
1811:
1793:
1752:
1744:
1659:
1592:
1542:
1424:
1322:
of ribosomes leading to premature aging of the plant. After prolonged magnesium deficiency,
1319:
1101:
The body contains about 25 grams of magnesium. Of the body's magnesium, 50-60% is stored in
1041:
950:
203:
866:
levels are usually associated with hypomagnesemia. Low magnesium levels act to inhibit the
4515:
4510:
4125:
4077:
4044:
3982:
3921:
3786:
2670:
2653:
1366:
1311:
1128:
1091:
1083:
946:
739:
365:
1932:
3421:
3396:
2879:
1428:
1233:, preventing pre-eclampsia, and has been suggested as having a potential use in asthma.
1127:
The kidneys regulate magnesium levels by reabsorbing magnesium from the tubules. In the
352:
or death. Magnesium deficiency is strongly associated with and appears to contribute to
4550:
4107:
3886:
3791:
3763:
3755:
3675:
3083:
3066:
3004:
2969:
2554:
2280:
Johnson S (2001). "The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency".
2222:
2197:
1865:
1840:
1816:
1781:
1757:
1732:
1342:
1291:
1255:
998:
982:
970:
597:
446:
293:
219:
116:
4676:
3514:
2336:
2174:
1266:
Magnesium deficiency in humans was first described in the medical literature in 1934.
632:
of the kidney is impaired. This results in loss of magnesium and calcium in the urine,
272:
should also be treated. The condition is relatively common among people in hospitals.
253:. The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels, also called
4744:
4585:
4483:
4144:
4019:
3977:
3881:
3768:
3731:
3721:
3688:
3680:
3570:
3457:
2903:
2810:
1957:
1663:
1159:
activate TRPM6 and 7 and increase magnesium levels via increased renal reabsorption.
1140:
1121:
1018:
974:
783:
777:
767:
583:
470:
435:
390:
317:
242:
227:
199:
146:
124:
83:
2954:
2144:
2046:
1679:
878:
in the kidney. And hypomagnesemia prevents low potassium levels from activating the
4722:
4503:
4478:
4432:
4226:
3893:
3832:
3247:
3166:
2461:
1562:
1177:
1087:
1044:
of the central nervous system and thus providing neuroprotection from excitoxicity.
934:
887:
844:
832:
450:
382:
305:
1241:
Food sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, beans, nuts, and seeds.
3623:
3150:
2576:
Sihler KC, Napolitano LM (January 2010). "Complications of massive transfusion".
1337:
deficiencies, viruses, or natural aging, since all have similar symptoms. Adding
1218:, chloride, lactate or aspartate. Amino-acid chelate was also less bioavailable.
4725:
4706:
4623:
4613:
4498:
4254:
4244:
3851:
1856:
1338:
1295:
1230:
1079:
1071:
978:
958:
823:. It is also extensively involved in intracellular signaling. It is involved in
802:
685:
587:
512:
500:
454:
394:
386:
309:
301:
269:
4728:
3373:
2887:
2061:
2030:
1546:
874:(ROMK), a potassium channel which causes potassium losses in the urine via the
600:
hypomagnesemic syndromes, which encompass the syndromes caused by mutations in
4687:
4661:
4315:
4273:
3717:
2986:
2842:
2825:
2128:
1748:
895:
720:
679:
490:
477:
462:
458:
420:
325:
250:
234:
138:
134:
3040:
2995:
2938:
2344:
2301:
1807:
1143:
where claudins 16 and 19 form the channels to allow for reabsorption. In the
4717:
3824:
3412:
1299:
1037:
506:
494:
486:
281:
211:
191:
99:
71:
37:
3588:
3430:
3381:
3346:
3338:
3286:
3220:
3158:
3092:
3048:
3013:
2946:
2895:
2851:
2802:
2761:
2720:
2638:
2629:
2612:
2597:
2434:
2309:
2293:
2231:
2213:
2136:
2073:
1918:
1874:
1825:
1766:
1671:
1606:
1554:
1436:
63:
3255:
3193:
2679:
2589:
2562:
2469:
2426:
2413:
Touyz RM, de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG (6 June 2024). "Magnesium
Disorders".
2352:
2266:
2182:
2038:
4618:
4328:
4287:
4249:
3628:
2711:
2694:
1909:
1892:
1415:
asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution".
1334:
1323:
1315:
1090:
transport; passing between intestinal cells. Magnesium absorption in the
891:
848:
716:
466:
416:
401:
333:
238:
215:
142:
103:
4644:
2752:
2735:
4427:
2258:
1798:
1731:
Viering DH, de Baaij JH, Walsh SB, Kleta R, Bockenhauer D (July 2017).
1346:
1303:
1284:
1156:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1067:
985:, microvascular leakage, and vasospasm through its function similar to
918:
906:
828:
697:
353:
3579:
2930:
2793:
2776:
1597:
1580:
4656:
4416:
3873:
820:
620:
608:
602:
560:
548:
329:
297:
195:
95:
3027:
Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M (1 February 2012). "Magnesium basics".
973:
effect upon platelets and endothelial function. Magnesium increases
1579:
Gommers LM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, de Baaij JH (January 2016).
1349:
1273:
1095:
1075:
954:
909:
administration, is not exacerbated by additional urinary losses.
691:
673:
667:
653:
646:
640:
578:
572:
566:
285:
3528:
Merhaut DJ (2006). "Magnesium". In Barker AV, Pilbeam DJ (eds.).
1108:
Inside cells, 90-95% of magnesium is bound to ligands, including
701:. Many of the proteins encoded by these genes play a role in the
2541:
Flink EB (December 1986). "Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism".
1102:
1033:
871:
554:
345:
4199:
4195:
3925:
3632:
2198:"Gitelman-Like Syndrome Caused by Pathogenic Variants in mtDNA"
1782:"Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes"
1229:) can be given in response to heart arrhythmias to correct for
473:. 30% of patients using these antibiotics have hypomagnesemia,
1070:, green vegetables (with magnesium being a main component of
665:
Other genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, such as mutations in
476:
Long term, high dosage use of proton-pump inhibitors such as
2734:
Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT (March 2007).
2693:
Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT (March 2007).
1250:
in an ICU, it is associated with a higher risk of requiring
3395:
Ye L, Zhang C, Duan Q, Shao Y, Zhou J (19 September 2023).
3269:
Walker AF, Marakis G, Christie S, Byng M (September 2003).
1151:(through the cells) via the transporters TRPM6 and TRPM7.
368:, although the causal mechanism is not fully understood.
245:
Some medications may also cause low magnesium, including
705:
absorption of magnesium in the distal convoluted tubule,
1733:"Genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, a clinical overview"
805:, but can be associated with significant complications.
493:. The increased intracellular calcium gives a positive
2740:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2699:
Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1581:"Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle?"
801:
Massive transfusion (MT) is a lifesaving treatment of
536:-like diseases, which include the syndromes caused by
2518:
Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Emergency Medicine
945:
Magnesium is needed for the adequate function of the
426:
Deficiencies may be due to the following conditions:
4634:
1329:
Magnesium deficiency in plants may be confused with
411:
About 57% of the US population does not meet the US
4697:
4638:
4601:
4566:
4464:
4395:
4272:
4263:
4233:
4177:
4153:
4133:
4124:
4091:
4066:
4057:
4033:
3966:
3957:
3872:
3823:
3800:
3777:
3754:
3666:
3471:
3469:
3467:
2824:Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F (April 2003).
173:
163:
159:
Blood levels < 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL)
153:
130:
109:
89:
77:
53:
48:
2613:"Mechanism of hypokalemia in magnesium deficiency"
1001:effect, probably by antagonizing calcium-mediated
638:, especially mutations in the mitochondrial tRNAs
419:or proton pump inhibitors are used, or in chronic
2736:"Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes"
2695:"Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes"
1694:"Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia"
2652:Mills R, Leadbeater M, Ravalia A (August 1997).
1989:"Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
1839:DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Wilson W (2018).
3476:Huner NP, Hopkins W (2008-11-07). "3 & 4".
2068:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1886:
1884:
27:Condition of low level of magnesium in the body
4025:Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
2543:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
1318:structures, hence, a lack of magnesium causes
442:use (the most common cause of hypomagnesemia),
4211:
3937:
3644:
2617:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2489:Clinician's Pocket Reference: The Scut Monkey
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2202:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1897:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
8:
3478:Introduction to Plant Physiology 4th Edition
3236:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
2450:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1983:
1981:
1979:
745:Postobstructive diuresis, diuretic phase of
658:or mitochondrial DNA deletions as seen with
3446:Journal of the American Medical Association
3060:
3058:
2247:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
1618:
1616:
393:which have been stripped of magnesium-rich
32:For treatment of magnesium deficiency, see
4635:
4269:
4218:
4204:
4196:
4130:
4063:
3963:
3944:
3930:
3922:
3651:
3637:
3629:
2156:
2154:
1964:. F.D.A. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1094:is mediated by the transporters TRPM6 and
62:
45:
36:. For magnesium deficiency in plants, see
3578:
3420:
3401:Journal of the American Heart Association
3306:. United States Department of Agriculture
3082:
3003:
2985:
2841:
2792:
2751:
2710:
2669:
2628:
2221:
2060:Gragossian A, Bashir K, Friede R (2021).
1908:
1864:
1815:
1797:
1756:
1629:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 775.
1596:
1536:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
268:may be used. Associated low potassium or
3067:"Magnesium metabolism and its disorders"
2919:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics
2012:
2010:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
404:, and as high as 60–65% of people in an
3952:Metal deficiency and toxicity disorders
3603:"Problem Solving: Magnesium Deficiency"
2514:"Metabolic & Endocrine Emergencies"
1379:
872:Renal outer medullary potassium channel
628:(such as magnesium and calcium) in the
177:Relatively common (hospitalized people)
3532:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 154.
226:. Those with low magnesium often have
2671:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.176-az0312.x
1294:because it forms the central atom of
719:, vitamin D or sunlight exposure, or
624:. In these diseases, reabsorption of
7:
3746:Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
3112:Medterms medical dictionary a-z list
2485:"Chapter 9. Fluids and Electrolytes"
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1574:
1572:
1518:
1516:
1495:"Definition of Magnesium Deficiency"
630:thick ascending limb of Henle's loop
243:poor absorption from the intestines.
3862:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
2516:. In Stone C, Humphries RL (eds.).
2483:Gomella LG, Haist SA, eds. (2007).
2325:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
2163:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
1937:Community Nutrition Mapping Project
1429:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015
1290:Magnesium has an important role in
1147:, 5-10% of magnesium is reabsorbed
503:, displace magnesium into the cell,
344:and in extreme and prolonged cases
233:Causes include low dietary intake,
147:poor absorption from the intestines
2555:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05150.x
1474:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1369:, high level of magnesium in blood
1310:(PEPC), both essential enzymes in
1082:. It is absorbed primarily in the
280:Deficiency of magnesium can cause
25:
2868:Biological Trace Element Research
1497:. MedicineNet.com. Archived from
1278:A plant with magnesium deficiency
1254:, and death. In population based
310:low potassium levels in the blood
190:in which there is a low level of
3571:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03257.x
3458:10.1001/jama.1934.02750140024010
3071:The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
2611:Huang CL, Kuo E (October 2007).
1664:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.004
662:, can also cause hypomagnesemia,
292:, increased irritability of the
3838:Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
3706:Disorders of calcium metabolism
2415:New England Journal of Medicine
2117:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
1995:. National Institutes of Health
1308:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
1014:Reducing electrical excitation,
854:Magnesium has several effects:
819:during its phosphorylation via
318:low calcium levels in the blood
18:Magnesium deficiency (medicine)
3909:Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome
3857:Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
3480:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3248:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720349
2491:(11th ed.). McGraw Hill.
2462:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718430
1623:Goldman L, Schafer AI (2015).
515:, stimulates kidney excretion,
509:, stimulates kidney excretion,
241:, increased urinary loss, and
194:in the body. Symptoms include
1:
3515:10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60021-1
3139:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
3114:. MedicineNet. Archived from
2520:(8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
2337:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80667-6
2175:10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80667-6
2019:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
1626:Goldman-Cecil Medicine E-Book
1066:Magnesium rich foods include
880:sodium-chloride cotransporter
742:can all cause hypomagnesemia,
4165:Acrodermatitis enteropathica
3151:10.1517/14740338.2013.809062
408:(ICU), have hypomagnesemia.
342:basal ganglia calcifications
214:. Complications may include
57:Hypomagnesia, hypomagnesemia
4293:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
4185:Inborn errors of metabolism
3711:Hypercalcemia of malignancy
3530:Handbook of plant nutrition
2512:Desai S, Seidler M (2017).
2331:(5). Elsevier BV: 737–752.
2288:(2). Elsevier BV: 163–170.
1857:10.1136/openhrt-2017-000668
953:, the muscles cells of the
774:Acute myocardial infarction
261:(ECG) changes may be seen.
4772:
4003:African iron overload/HFE4
3374:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.08.003
3106:Davis CP (29 March 2021).
3065:Swaminathan R (May 2003).
2888:10.1007/s12011-020-02209-5
2031:10.1177/106002809402800213
1547:10.1152/physrev.00012.2014
1199:
969:Magnesium has an indirect
469:) block resorption in the
145:, increased urinary loss,
31:
4298:Wernicke's encephalopathy
3607:Gardeners' World Magazine
2987:10.1186/s12916-016-0742-z
2843:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147
2129:10.1007/s10620-010-1560-3
1749:10.1007/s00467-016-3416-3
1131:(at the beginning of the
1040:receptors, an excitatory
379:gastrointestinal transits
70:
61:
3740:Dystrophic calcification
3736:Metastatic calcification
3362:Journal of Critical Care
1145:distal convoluted tubule
987:calcium channel blockers
876:cortical collecting duct
841:diabetes mellitus type 2
592:distal convoluted tubule
284:, generalized weakness,
4112:Occipital horn syndrome
3413:10.1161/JAHA.123.030077
3029:Clinical Kidney Journal
1202:Magnesium (medical use)
1153:Epidermal growth factor
710:Metabolic abnormalities
350:intellectual disability
188:electrolyte disturbance
34:Magnesium (medical use)
3660:Electrolyte imbalances
3041:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163
2630:10.1681/ASN.2007070792
2294:10.1054/mehy.2000.1133
2214:10.1681/ASN.2021050596
1345:treatment is to apply
1279:
1252:mechanical ventilation
1212:magnesium preparations
1017:Modulating release of
929:, which can result in
923:sarcoplasmic reticulum
770:and a worse prognosis,
747:acute tubular necrosis
316:which might result in
290:abnormal heart rhythms
247:proton pump inhibitors
4474:Electrolyte imbalance
4342:Pyridoxine deficiency
4316:Riboflavin deficiency
2925:(5). Wiley: 621–633.
2590:10.1378/chest.09-0252
2427:10.1056/NEJMra1510603
1891:Agus ZS (July 1999).
1525:Physiological Reviews
1277:
1120:, other proteins and
903:diabetic ketoacidosis
868:sodium-potassium pump
660:Kearns-Sayre syndrome
519:Mycophenolate mofetil
198:, poor coordination,
149:, certain medications
98:, poor coordination,
4756:Mineral deficiencies
4452:Vitamin K deficiency
4446:Vitamin E deficiency
4423:Vitamin D deficiency
4404:Vitamin A deficiency
4303:Korsakoff's syndrome
3988:Hemochromatosis/HFE1
3701:Milk-alkali syndrome
3555:Arabidopsis thaliana
3339:10.1093/qjmed/hcw048
2712:10.2215/CJN.02960906
1910:10.1681/ASN.V1071616
1737:Pediatric Nephrology
1362:Magnesium in biology
1009:Neurological effects
184:Magnesium deficiency
49:Magnesium deficiency
3685:Symptoms and signs
3035:(Suppl 1): i3–i14.
2880:2021BTER..199..861A
2753:10.1530/EJE-16-0517
1003:bronchoconstriction
997:Magnesium exerts a
927:parathyroid hormone
833:high blood pressure
636:Mitochondriopathies
423:, levels may drop.
406:intensive care unit
208:personality changes
4698:External resources
4466:Mineral deficiency
4265:Vitamin deficiency
4010:Aceruloplasminemia
3275:Magnesium Research
3209:Magnesium Research
3182:Magnesium Research
2282:Medical Hypotheses
2259:10.1271/bbb.59.302
1799:10.3390/nu13020320
1285:aluminium toxicity
1280:
1056:insulin resistance
931:hypoparathyroidism
884:interstitial fluid
796:Fluoride poisoning
790:Acute pancreatitis
764:Chronic alcoholism
732:ulcerative colitis
445:Antibiotics (i.e.
362:metabolic syndrome
358:insulin resistance
338:epileptic seizures
314:hypoparathyroidism
276:Signs and symptoms
224:torsade de pointes
121:torsade de pointes
4738:
4737:
4632:
4631:
4581:Failure to thrive
4576:Delayed milestone
4460:
4459:
4438:Harrison's groove
4368:Folate deficiency
4355:Biotin deficiency
4193:
4192:
4173:
4172:
4120:
4119:
4103:Copper deficiency
4053:
4052:
3919:
3918:
3487:978-0-470-24766-2
2931:10.1111/jhn.12454
2794:10.2337/dc21-0236
2623:(10): 2649–2652.
2527:978-0-07-184061-3
2498:978-0-07-145428-5
2421:(21): 1998–2009.
1652:Epilepsy Research
1598:10.2337/db15-1028
1423:(10): 1400–1433.
1223:magnesium sulfate
1216:magnesium citrate
1190:electrocardiogram
1184:Electrocardiogram
1049:Diabetes mellitus
1031:
999:bronchodilatatory
825:protein synthesis
803:hemorrhagic shock
751:kidney transplant
736:Whipple's disease
538:genetic mutations
440:thiazide diuretic
322:chondrocalcinosis
266:magnesium sulfate
259:electrocardiogram
181:
180:
155:Diagnostic method
43:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4763:
4636:
4270:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4158:
4138:
4131:
4096:
4083:Wilson's disease
4071:
4064:
4038:
4015:Atransferrinemia
3971:
3964:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3923:
3726:Calcinosis cutis
3653:
3646:
3639:
3630:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3188:(3–4): 313–328.
3177:
3171:
3170:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3108:"Hypomagnesemia"
3103:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2989:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2836:(4): 1147–1152.
2821:
2815:
2814:
2796:
2787:(8): 1757–1765.
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2410:
2357:
2356:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:. Archived from
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2062:"Hypomagnesemia"
2057:
2051:
2050:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1903:(7): 1616–1622.
1893:"Hypomagnesemia"
1888:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1743:(7): 1123–1135.
1728:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1690:
1684:
1683:
1658:(1–2): 152–156.
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1540:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1470:"Hypomagnesemia"
1466:
1441:
1440:
1411:
1320:depolymerization
1042:neurotransmitter
1029:
981:, and decreases
951:cardiac myocytes
626:divalent cations
204:loss of appetite
66:
46:
21:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4693:
4692:
4647:
4633:
4628:
4597:
4562:
4456:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4364:
4351:
4338:
4325:
4312:
4284:
4259:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4194:
4189:
4169:
4154:
4149:
4134:
4116:
4092:
4087:
4078:Copper toxicity
4067:
4049:
4045:Iron deficiency
4034:
4029:
3983:Hemochromatosis
3967:
3953:
3950:
3920:
3915:
3868:
3819:
3796:
3773:
3750:
3662:
3657:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3609:. 6 March 2019.
3601:
3600:
3596:
3559:New Phytologist
3552:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3407:(18): e030077.
3394:
3393:
3389:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3026:
3025:
3021:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2412:
2411:
2360:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1538:10.1.1.668.9777
1522:
1521:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1444:
1413:
1412:
1381:
1376:
1367:Hypermagnesemia
1358:
1312:carbon fixation
1272:
1264:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1204:
1198:
1186:
1173:
1171:Blood magnesium
1165:
1149:transcellularly
1129:proximal tubule
1092:large intestine
1084:small intestine
1064:
1051:
1011:
995:
967:
943:
915:
860:
812:
810:Pathophysiology
760:
728:Crohn's disease
712:
530:
432:
374:
366:type 2 diabetes
278:
168:Magnesium salts
44:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4714:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4679:
4664:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:Classification
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4551:Keshan disease
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:Protein-energy
4231:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4108:Menkes disease
4105:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3887:Salt poisoning
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3729:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:Trousseau sign
3691:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3618:External links
3616:
3613:
3612:
3594:
3565:(1): 132–144.
3545:
3538:
3520:
3509:(3): 316–327.
3493:
3486:
3463:
3436:
3387:
3352:
3333:(7): 453–459.
3317:
3292:
3281:(3): 183–191.
3261:
3226:
3215:(4): 257–262.
3199:
3172:
3145:(5): 709–716.
3129:
3118:on 31 May 2014
3098:
3054:
3019:
2960:
2909:
2874:(3): 861–873.
2857:
2816:
2767:
2746:(2): 366–373.
2726:
2705:(2): 366–373.
2685:
2664:(8): 782–785.
2644:
2603:
2584:(1): 209–220.
2568:
2549:(6): 590–594.
2533:
2526:
2504:
2497:
2475:
2456:(5): 416–423.
2440:
2358:
2315:
2272:
2253:(2): 302–306.
2237:
2208:(2): 305–325.
2188:
2169:(5): 737–752.
2150:
2123:(4): 931–950.
2107:
2104:on 2011-03-04.
2085:
2052:
2025:(2): 220–226.
2006:
1975:
1949:
1924:
1880:
1851:(1): e000668.
1831:
1772:
1714:
1685:
1642:
1635:
1612:
1568:
1512:
1501:on 31 May 2014
1486:
1442:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1292:photosynthesis
1271:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:cohort studies
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1210:Numerous oral
1200:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1063:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
983:angiotensin II
975:prostaglandins
971:antithrombotic
966:
963:
942:
939:
914:
911:
901:Patients with
859:
856:
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
793:
787:
781:
778:catecholamines
771:
759:
756:
755:
754:
743:
724:
711:
708:
707:
706:
663:
633:
598:Hypercalciuric
595:
594:of the kidney,
529:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
481:
474:
447:aminoglycoside
443:
431:
428:
373:
370:
294:nervous system
277:
274:
255:hypomagnesemia
220:cardiac arrest
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
132:
128:
127:
117:cardiac arrest
113:
107:
106:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
68:
67:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4768:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4586:Short stature
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4409:Bitot's spots
4407:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4216:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4145:Zinc toxicity
4143:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Hemosiderosis
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3993:Juvenile/HFE2
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Iron overload
3976:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:Calcification
3730:
3727:
3723:
3722:Calciphylaxis
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Chvostek sign
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3539:9780824759049
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Diabetes Care
2827:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:Diabetes Care
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1704:on 2022-06-30
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1636:9780323322850
1632:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Resuscitation
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:loop of Henle
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:nucleic acids
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1024:Antagonising
1023:
1020:
1019:acetylcholine
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:Pre-eclampsia
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:heart disease
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
804:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:Malabsorption
782:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:liver disease
765:
762:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
715:Insufficient
714:
713:
709:
704:
703:transcellular
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
661:
657:
655:
651:Mutations in
650:
648:
643:
642:
637:
634:
631:
627:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
584:hypocalciuria
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:Other drugs:
482:
479:
475:
472:
471:loop of Henle
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:polished rice
388:
384:
383:refined foods
380:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:muscle cramps
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
228:low potassium
225:
222:such as from
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:muscle spasms
197:
193:
189:
185:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:low potassium
122:
118:
114:
112:
111:Complications
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
84:Endocrinology
82:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4716:
4705:
4681:
4666:
4651:
4433:Osteomalacia
4237:malnutrition
4227:Malnutrition
4155:
4135:
4093:
4068:
4035:
3968:
3606:
3597:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3529:
3523:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3477:
3452:(14): 1138.
3449:
3445:
3439:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3295:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3242:(1): 48–55.
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1698:www.japi.org
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1245:Epidemiology
1240:
1221:Intravenous
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1100:
1088:paracellular
1065:
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1032:-aspartate (
1025:
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968:
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935:hypocalcemia
916:
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813:
740:celiac sprue
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425:
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306:palpitations
302:paresthesias
279:
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232:
183:
182:
29:
4707:MedlinePlus
4624:Underweight
4614:Weight loss
4255:Catabolysis
4245:Kwashiorkor
4156:deficiency:
4094:deficiency:
4036:deficiency:
3368:: 183–194.
2658:Anaesthesia
2098:www.fda.gov
1591:(1): 3–13.
1531:(1): 1–46.
1339:Epsom salts
1296:chlorophyll
1231:hypokalemia
1072:chlorophyll
1062:Homeostasis
979:thromboxane
959:tachycardia
947:Na/K-ATPase
917:Release of
588:hypokalemia
513:Ciclosporin
501:Adrenergics
455:pentamidine
430:Medications
395:plant fiber
387:white bread
270:low calcium
249:(PPIs) and
54:Other names
4745:Categories
4683:DiseasesDB
4591:Idiopathic
4541:Molybdenum
4385:deficiency
4274:B vitamins
3718:Calcinosis
3624:Magnesium
3580:2066/83962
3503:Pedosphere
2980:(1): 210.
2079:2021-06-03
2066:StatPearls
1999:8 November
1968:8 November
1943:2012-02-11
1845:Open Heart
1792:(2): 320.
1708:2021-06-03
1479:27 October
1374:References
1196:Treatments
941:Arrhythmia
896:kaliuresis
749:(ATN) and
721:vitamin B6
491:sarcolemma
478:omeprazole
463:tobramycin
459:gentamicin
421:alcoholism
326:spasticity
251:furosemide
235:alcoholism
139:starvation
135:Alcoholism
115:Seizures,
4751:Magnesium
4726:emerg/274
4718:eMedicine
4521:Manganese
4499:Potassium
4494:Phosphate
4489:Magnesium
4381:Vitamin B
3899:Hypotonic
3825:Potassium
3802:Phosphate
3779:Magnesium
2996:1741-7015
2939:0952-3871
2904:218978772
2811:236991270
2345:0272-6386
2302:0306-9877
1808:2072-6643
1786:Nutrients
1533:CiteSeerX
1300:chlorosis
1163:Diagnosis
1038:glutamate
949:pumps in
921:from the
864:potassium
858:Potassium
849:migraines
507:Cisplatin
495:inotropic
487:Digitalis
417:diuretics
334:migraines
282:tiredness
212:nystagmus
192:magnesium
174:Frequency
164:Treatment
100:nystagmus
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72:Magnesium
38:chlorosis
4729:ped/1122
4723:med/3382
4619:Cachexia
4609:Anorexia
4558:Fluorine
4546:Selenium
4536:Chromium
4484:Chloride
4329:Pellagra
4288:Beriberi
4250:Marasmus
3904:Isotonic
3756:Chloride
3589:20412444
3431:37681518
3422:10547298
3382:32841815
3347:27016536
3287:14596323
3221:11794633
3159:23808631
3093:18568054
3049:26069819
3014:27927203
2955:19778171
2947:28150351
2896:32468224
2852:12663588
2803:34385344
2762:17699436
2721:17699436
2639:17804670
2598:20051407
2435:38838313
2310:11425281
2232:34607911
2145:34550326
2137:21365243
2074:29763179
2047:23442909
1919:10405219
1875:29387426
1826:33499378
1767:27234911
1680:23147775
1672:22406257
1607:26696633
1585:Diabetes
1555:25540137
1437:20956045
1356:See also
1335:chlorine
1324:necrosis
1316:ribosome
1028:-methyl-
892:diuresis
717:selenium
534:Gitelman
528:Genetics
467:viomycin
402:hospital
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216:seizures
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91:Symptoms
4602:General
4479:Calcium
4428:Rickets
4136:excess:
4069:excess:
3969:excess:
3668:Calcium
3310:May 20,
3256:2407766
3194:7786695
3167:2726503
3084:1855626
3005:5143460
2876:Bibcode
2680:9291766
2563:3544909
2470:7836619
2353:7977315
2267:7766029
2223:8819995
2183:7977315
2039:8173141
1993:nih.gov
1962:fda.gov
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1817:7912442
1758:5440500
1563:4999601
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1157:insulin
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1133:nephron
1118:citrate
1068:cereals
919:calcium
913:Calcium
907:insulin
829:glucose
698:FAM111A
543:SLC12A3
497:effect,
354:obesity
298:tremors
4712:000315
4568:Growth
4531:Iodine
4526:Copper
4504:Sodium
4417:Scurvy
4059:Copper
3874:Sodium
3843:equine
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1270:Plants
1178:plasma
1078:, and
993:Asthma
888:plasma
847:, and
821:ATPase
621:CLCNKB
609:CLDN19
603:CLDN16
561:KCNJ10
549:CLNCKB
372:Causes
364:, and
330:tetany
210:, and
196:tremor
186:is an
131:Causes
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4677:275.2
4662:E83.4
4396:Other
4178:Other
3304:(PDF)
3163:S2CID
2951:S2CID
2900:S2CID
2807:S2CID
2578:Chest
2141:S2CID
2043:S2CID
1676:S2CID
1559:S2CID
1350:mulch
1225:(MgSO
1096:TRPM7
1076:beans
955:heart
758:Other
692:KCNA1
674:CNNM2
668:TRPM6
654:SARS2
647:MT-TF
641:MT-TI
579:PCBD1
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567:FXYD2
296:with
4688:6469
4672:9-CM
4516:Zinc
4511:Iron
4126:Zinc
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3787:High
3764:High
3676:High
3585:PMID
3534:ISBN
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3343:PMID
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3283:PMID
3252:PMID
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3190:PMID
3155:PMID
3124:2014
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1080:nuts
1034:NMDA
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862:Low
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615:CASR
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