2915:
802:, the magnetic field lines become almost horizontal, then return to reconnect at high latitudes. However, at high altitudes, the magnetic field is significantly distorted by the solar wind and its solar magnetic field. On the dayside of Earth, the magnetic field is significantly compressed by the solar wind to a distance of approximately 65,000 kilometers (40,000 mi). Earth's bow shock is about 17 kilometers (11 mi) thick and located about 90,000 kilometers (56,000 mi) from Earth. The magnetopause exists at a distance of several hundred kilometers above Earth's surface. Earth's magnetopause has been compared to a
791:
661:
2557:
783:
647:
2951:
2963:
890:
2927:
2889:
2939:
740:
The magnetopause is the area of the magnetosphere wherein the pressure from the planetary magnetic field is balanced with the pressure from the solar wind. It is the convergence of the shocked solar wind from the magnetosheath with the magnetic field of the object and plasma from the magnetosphere.
1731:
Turner, Jake D.; Zarka, Philippe; GrieĂźmeier, Jean-Mathias; Lazio, Joseph; Cecconi, Baptiste; Emilio
Enriquez, J.; Girard, Julien N.; Jayawardhana, Ray; Lamy, Laurent; Nichols, Jonathan D.; De Pater, Imke (2021), "The search for radio emission from the exoplanetary systems 55 Cancri, Ď… Andromedae,
814:, and as the magnetic field lines break and reconnect, solar wind particles are able to enter the magnetosphere. On Earth's nightside, the magnetic field extends in the magnetotail, which lengthwise exceeds 6,300,000 kilometers (3,900,000 mi). Earth's magnetotail is the primary source of the
757:
Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the
20:
452:
192:
in 1959 to explain how the solar wind interacted with the Earth's magnetic field. The later mission of
Explorer 12 in 1961 led by the Cahill and Amazeen observation in 1963 of a sudden decrease in magnetic field strength near the noon-time meridian, later was named the
758:
southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker, and the density of charged particles is higher.
717:
The magnetosheath is the region of the magnetosphere between the bow shock and the magnetopause. It is formed mainly from shocked solar wind, though it contains a small amount of plasma from the magnetosphere. It is an area exhibiting high particle
575:, or when the solar wind is not opposed by the object's magnetic field. In this case, the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere or ionosphere of the planet (or surface of the planet, if the planet has no atmosphere).
172:, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the
25:
24:
21:
26:
650:
An artist's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere: 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe.
325:
23:
632:
882:, on the other hand, have no magnetic field. This may have had significant effects on their geological history. It is theorized that Venus and Mars may have lost their primordial water to
573:
502:
104:; in Earth's case, this protects living organisms from harm. Interactions of particles and atmospheres with magnetospheres are studied under the specialized scientific subjects of
2455:
818:. Also, NASA scientists have suggested that Earth's magnetotail might cause "dust storms" on the Moon by creating a potential difference between the day side and the night side.
680:
The bow shock forms the outermost layer of the magnetosphere; the boundary between the magnetosphere and the ambient medium. For stars, this is usually the boundary between the
1583:
Kislyakova, K. G.; Holmstrom, M.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Khodachenko, M. L. (2014). "Magnetic moment and plasma environment of HD 209458b as determined from Ly observations".
2767:
1670:
Cauley, P. Wilson; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Llama, Joe; Lanza, Antonino F. (December 2019). "Magnetic field strengths of hot
Jupiters from signals of star-planet interactions".
810:
occur when large swirls of plasma travel along the edge of the magnetosphere at a different velocity from the magnetosphere, causing the plasma to slip past. This results in
285:
220:
The planetary distance where the magnetosphere can withstand the solar wind pressure is called the
Chapman–Ferraro distance. This is usefully modeled by the formula wherein
317:
247:
2234:
741:
Because both sides of this convergence contain magnetized plasma, the interactions between them are complex. The structure of the magnetopause depends upon the
722:, where the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field varies erratically. This is caused by the collection of solar wind gas that has effectively undergone
858:
is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of
22:
2713:
2530:
2239:
213:
of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of
1869:
Trigilio, Corrado; Biswas, Ayan; et al. (May 2023). "Star-Planet
Interaction at radio wavelengths in YZ Ceti: Inferring planetary magnetic field".
1955:
1407:
2425:
929:
became the first to be confirmed. The first unconfirmed detection of a magnetic field generated by a terrestrial exoplanet was found in 2023 on
2914:
1472:
1222:
726:. It acts as a cushion that transmits the pressure from the flow of the solar wind and the barrier of the magnetic field from the object.
688:; for planets, the speed of the solar wind there decreases as it approaches the magnetopause. Due to interactions with the bow shock, the
1259:
2393:
913:
compared to
Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss. In 2020, a radio emission in the 14-30 MHz band was detected from the
749:
of the plasma, as well as the magnetic field. The magnetopause changes size and shape as the pressure from the solar wind fluctuates.
209:
Magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the
1917:
1785:
2256:
2185:
1269:
1063:
1002:
1290:
807:
2251:
1323:
1031:
447:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}=R_{\rm {P}}\left({\frac {B_{\rm {surf}}^{2}}{\mu _{0}\rho V_{\rm {SW}}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{6}}}
198:
161:, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude.
96:) or a nearby star. Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of
905:
was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4
583:, the only magnetic field present is that formed by the solar wind's wrapping around the physical obstacle of Venus (see also
3010:
1532:
2112:
2054:
1948:
2905:
3000:
2634:
131:
2508:
1822:
Pineda, J. Sebastian; Villadsen, Jackie (April 2023). "Coherent radio bursts from known M-dwarf planet host YZ Ceti".
901:
are thought to be common, though the first discoveries did not come until the 2010s. In 2014, a magnetic field around
2556:
2272:
590:
2995:
2851:
2277:
2117:
1464:
1430:
1023:
2513:
1988:
1812:
Signatures of Strong
Magnetization and Metal-poor Atmosphere for a Neptune-Size Exoplanet, Ben-Jaffel et al. 2021
1645:
767:
531:
460:
147:
2287:
2069:
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1941:
1055:
855:
771:
173:
125:
967:
2846:
2626:
2417:
2402:
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2165:
1978:
86:
826:
Many astronomical objects generate and maintain magnetospheres. In the Solar System this includes the Sun,
3005:
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2122:
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2092:
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1404:
1453:
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1843:
1751:
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1602:
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1202:
1164:
1096:
700:
664:
31:
1387:
1369:
1349:
660:
252:
2990:
2967:
2820:
2661:
2435:
918:
685:
584:
51:
1890:
1153:"Ion distributions upstream and downstream of the Earth's bow shock: first results from Vlasiator"
290:
2955:
2893:
2833:
2772:
2656:
2578:
2180:
1870:
1833:
1767:
1741:
1713:
1679:
1626:
1592:
1513:
1232:
1131:
1112:
863:
815:
528:, for example, exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when
223:
139:
504:, or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object.
2860:
2759:
2708:
2683:
2639:
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2565:
2493:
2379:
2212:
2195:
2156:
2102:
2019:
1705:
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1218:
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883:
43:
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2343:
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1824:
1759:
1755:
1697:
1610:
1505:
1258:
Russell, C.T. (1990). "The
Magnetopause". In Russell, C.T.; Priest, E.R.; Lee, L.C. (eds.).
1210:
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1104:
947:
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101:
89:
55:
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1922:
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513:
97:
78:
16:
Region around an astronomical object in which its magnetic field affects charged particles
922:
1847:
1693:
1606:
1501:
1298:
1206:
1168:
1151:
Pokhotelov, D.; von
Alfthan, S.; Kempf, Y.; Vainio, R.; et al. (17 December 2013).
1100:
782:
2919:
2740:
2703:
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2440:
2087:
987:
723:
105:
63:
59:
2979:
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2735:
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2573:
2137:
2132:
2039:
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1517:
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1116:
914:
712:
580:
181:
143:
109:
74:
67:
646:
2943:
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2794:
2720:
2678:
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2525:
2462:
2333:
2064:
2059:
2034:
910:
777:
735:
689:
681:
194:
158:
2488:
1763:
925:
a signature of a planetary magnetic field. In 2021 a magnetic field generated by
579:
has an induced magnetic field, which means that because Venus appears to have no
2698:
2671:
2588:
2540:
2338:
2244:
2107:
2097:
994:
906:
902:
742:
719:
634:, the planet itself and its magnetic field both contribute. It is possible that
189:
165:
1855:
1646:"Magnetic Fields of 'Hot Jupiter' Exoplanets Are Much Stronger Than We Thought"
1177:
1152:
1130:
Sparavigna, A.C.; Marazzato, R. (10 May 2010). "Observing stellar bow shocks".
1087:
Blanc, M.; Kallenbach, R.; Erkaev, N.V. (2005). "Solar System
Magnetospheres".
287:
represents the magnetic field on the surface of the planet at the equator, and
134:
discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that of a
2782:
2688:
2079:
2029:
2003:
1998:
1701:
1108:
696:
214:
185:
177:
169:
154:
93:
82:
1709:
1073:
893:
Artist impression of the magnetic field around Tau Boötis b detected in 2020.
2693:
2646:
2328:
2323:
2024:
1993:
1614:
930:
926:
898:
675:
210:
39:
1809:
1622:
176:(located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the follow-up
1214:
889:
1192:
Paschmann, G.; Schwartz, S.J.; Escoubet, C.P.; Haaland, S., eds. (2005).
942:
862:
on the nightside. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an
668:
135:
113:
886:
and the solar wind. A strong magnetosphere greatly slows this process.
2307:
2175:
847:
835:
799:
525:
509:
1459:. In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.).
180:
later that year definitively proving its existence. Also during 1958,
2518:
2302:
2229:
2201:
1983:
859:
843:
839:
521:
517:
1425:
1423:
1405:
http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/magnetotail_080416.html
2938:
1875:
1838:
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1933:
1597:
1136:
888:
879:
871:
831:
803:
789:
781:
659:
645:
576:
18:
875:
635:
151:
2375:
2371:
1937:
1918:"Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism"
1786:"Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism"
1559:"Unlocking the Secrets of an Alien World's Magnetic Field"
73:
In the space environment close to a planetary body with a
201:
observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.
164:
Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study
790:
1370:"Cluster reveals the reformation of Earth's bow shock"
1350:"Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin"
1289:
Stern, David P.; Peredo, Mauricio (20 November 2003).
2903:
1891:"A magnetic field on a nearby Earth-sized exoplanet?"
1452:
Khurana, K. K.; Kivelson, M. G.; et al. (2004).
593:
534:
463:
328:
293:
255:
226:
1732:
and τ Boötis using LOFAR beam-formed observations",
2808:
2758:
2749:
2614:
2564:
2476:
2416:
2409:
2316:
2265:
2222:
2146:
2078:
2012:
1971:
989:
An Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere
130:Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when
1488:Russell, C.T. (1993). "Planetary Magnetospheres".
986:
626:
567:
496:
457:A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when
446:
311:
279:
241:
188:, with the term 'magnetosphere' being proposed by
1461:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
806:because it allows solar wind particles to enter.
77:such as Earth, the field lines resemble a simple
1264:. American Geophysical Union. pp. 439–453.
1201:. Space Sciences Series of ISSI. Vol. 118.
1195:Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results
627:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\approx R_{\rm {P}}}
1454:"The configuration of Jupiter's magnetosphere"
85:can be significantly distorted by the flow of
2387:
1949:
909:were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120
667:and artist's concept of the bow shock around
8:
1295:The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere
1018:
1016:
1014:
138:, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s,
1045:
1043:
1041:
786:Artist's rendition of Earth's magnetosphere
768:Earth's magnetic field § Magnetosphere
703:upstream and downstream of the bow shock.
568:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\ll R_{\rm {P}}}
497:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\gg R_{\rm {P}}}
319:represents the velocity of the solar wind:
2755:
2413:
2394:
2380:
2372:
1956:
1942:
1934:
1533:"X-ray Detection Sheds New Light on Pluto"
1388:"Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause"
1874:
1837:
1745:
1683:
1596:
1176:
1135:
617:
616:
599:
598:
592:
558:
557:
540:
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533:
487:
486:
469:
468:
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433:
420:
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397:
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371:
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364:
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334:
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327:
299:
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292:
261:
260:
254:
232:
231:
225:
2910:
1916:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (7 August 2023).
1784:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (7 August 2023).
1318:
1316:
959:
2456:Psychological and sociological effects
1240:
1230:
870:is approximately 18,000 times larger.
1810:HAT-P-11 Spectral Energy Distribution
249:represents the radius of the planet,
92:, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the
7:
1557:Charles Q. Choi (20 November 2014).
50:is a region of space surrounding an
1431:"Planetary Shields: Magnetospheres"
618:
603:
600:
559:
544:
541:
488:
473:
470:
415:
412:
381:
378:
375:
372:
353:
338:
335:
303:
300:
271:
268:
265:
262:
233:
34:of the magnetosphere of the Earth.
14:
2257:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
1052:Origins of Magnetospheric Physics
985:Ratcliffe, John Ashworth (1972).
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2887:
2555:
1050:Van Allen, James Alfred (2004).
794:Diagram of Earth's magnetosphere
1324:"The Tail of the Magnetosphere"
917:system, likely associated with
199:International Cometary Explorer
1644:Passant Rabie (29 July 2019).
1490:Reports on Progress in Physics
1261:Physics of magnetic flux ropes
1024:"Ionosphere and magnetosphere"
808:Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities
280:{\displaystyle B_{\rm {surf}}}
58:are affected by that object's
1:
2113:Interplanetary magnetic field
2055:Magnetosphere particle motion
1032:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
761:
1734:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1416:The Moon and the Magnetotail
897:Magnetospheres generated by
585:Venus' induced magnetosphere
312:{\displaystyle V_{\rm {SW}}}
1764:10.1051/0004-6361/201937201
242:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {P}}}
3027:
2118:Heliospheric current sheet
1856:10.1038/s41550-023-01914-0
1531:NASA (14 September 2016).
1510:10.1088/0034-4885/56/6/001
1465:Cambridge University Press
1178:10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013
775:
765:
733:
710:
673:
123:
2883:
2553:
1702:10.1038/s41550-019-0840-x
1109:10.1007/s11214-005-1958-y
184:proposed the idea of the
150:to the motion of Earth's
2070:Van Allen radiation belt
2050:Magnetosphere chronology
1410:14 November 2021 at the
1056:University of Iowa Press
856:magnetosphere of Jupiter
772:Van Allen radiation belt
174:Van Allen radiation belt
126:Magnetosphere chronology
66:with an active interior
1979:Atmospheric circulation
1756:2021A&A...645A..59T
1615:10.1126/science.1257829
1054:. Iowa City, Iowa USA:
1028:Encyclopædia Britannica
87:electrically conducting
2894:Outer space portal
1989:Earth's magnetic field
1326:. NASA. Archived from
1297:. NASA. Archived from
894:
795:
787:
671:
652:
628:
581:internal dynamo effect
569:
498:
448:
313:
281:
243:
205:Structure and behavior
148:Earth's magnetic field
142:proposed the model of
35:
3011:Concepts in astronomy
2526:Extraterrestrial life
2093:Coronal mass ejection
2013:Earth's magnetosphere
1392:European Space Agency
1374:European Space Agency
1355:European Space Agency
1215:10.1007/1-4020-4582-4
1089:Space Science Reviews
892:
812:magnetic reconnection
793:
785:
776:Further information:
762:Earth's magnetosphere
699:, leading to various
663:
651:7) Plasmasphere.
649:
629:
570:
499:
449:
314:
282:
244:
157:. Through the use of
75:dipole magnetic field
62:. It is created by a
29:
2266:Other magnetospheres
2128:Solar particle event
701:plasma instabilities
695:gains a substantial
591:
532:
461:
326:
291:
253:
224:
32:magnetic field lines
3001:Terrestrial plasmas
1848:2023NatAs...7..569P
1694:2019NatAs...3.1128C
1607:2014Sci...346..981K
1502:1993RPPh...56..687R
1358:. 16 November 2011.
1278:on 2 February 1999.
1207:2005ombc.book.....P
1169:2013AnGeo..31.2207P
1157:Annales Geophysicae
1101:2005SSRv..116..227B
919:cyclotron radiation
686:interstellar medium
425:
391:
146:, which attributes
52:astronomical object
30:A rendering of the
2809:Other technologies
1394:. 24 October 2012.
1330:on 7 February 2018
1291:"The Magnetopause"
921:from the poles of
895:
864:order of magnitude
796:
788:
672:
653:
624:
565:
494:
444:
406:
366:
309:
277:
239:
140:Walter M. Elsasser
36:
2996:Planetary science
2901:
2900:
2879:
2878:
2788:Carbonated drinks
2760:Human spaceflight
2640:of items in space
2551:
2550:
2369:
2368:
2223:Research projects
2191:
2162:
2103:Geomagnetic storm
2020:Birkeland current
1678:(12): 1128–1134.
1591:(6212): 981–984.
1474:978-0-521-81808-7
1301:on 19 August 2019
1224:978-1-4020-3488-6
1163:(12): 2207–2212.
884:photodissociation
638:is of this type.
441:
427:
56:charged particles
44:planetary science
27:
3018:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2756:
2559:
2414:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2207:Van Allen Probes
2189:
2160:
1972:Submagnetosphere
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1825:Nature Astronomy
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1749:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1687:
1672:Nature Astronomy
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1600:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
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1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
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1427:
1418:
1402:
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1384:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:. Archived from
1255:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1095:(1–2): 227–298.
1084:
1078:
1077:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1020:
1009:
1008:
992:
982:
976:
975:
968:"Magnetospheres"
964:
948:Plasma (physics)
633:
631:
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625:
623:
622:
621:
608:
607:
606:
574:
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102:cosmic radiation
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3019:
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2261:
2218:
2142:
2074:
2008:
1967:
1965:Magnetospherics
1962:
1932:
1931:
1923:Quanta Magazine
1915:
1914:
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1900:
1898:
1897:. 10 April 2023
1889:
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868:magnetic moment
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207:
197:. By 1983, the
132:William Gilbert
128:
122:
98:solar radiation
81:. Farther out,
79:magnetic dipole
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3024:
3022:
3014:
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3008:
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2877:
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2852:for spacecraft
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2531:Microorganisms
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2516:
2511:
2506:
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2426:The human body
2422:
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2317:Related topics
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2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:Magnetic cloud
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
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2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1938:
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1882:
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1832:(5): 569–578.
1814:
1802:
1776:
1723:
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1549:
1523:
1496:(6): 687–732.
1480:
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1379:
1376:. 11 May 2011.
1361:
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1241:|journal=
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751:
734:Main article:
731:
728:
724:thermalization
711:Main article:
708:
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674:Main article:
665:Infrared image
657:
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124:Main article:
121:
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106:plasma physics
64:celestial body
60:magnetic field
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3012:
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3006:Space plasmas
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2821:Manufacturing
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2597:
2595:
2594:Magnetosphere
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2139:
2138:Space weather
2136:
2134:
2133:Space climate
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2045:Magnetosphere
2043:
2041:
2040:Magnetosheath
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
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1995:
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1271:9780875900261
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1065:9780877459217
1061:
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1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
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1006:
1004:9780521083416
1000:
996:
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877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:Other objects
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:Over Earth's
792:
784:
779:
773:
769:
759:
752:
750:
748:
744:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
714:
713:Magnetosheath
707:Magnetosheath
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
677:
670:
666:
662:
655:
648:
641:
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637:
613:
609:
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582:
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554:
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536:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
483:
479:
465:
438:
435:
429:
421:
407:
403:
398:
394:
387:
367:
361:
348:
344:
330:
322:
321:
320:
295:
257:
228:
218:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
191:
187:
183:
182:Eugene Parker
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
159:magnetometers
156:
153:
149:
145:
144:dynamo theory
141:
137:
133:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
110:space physics
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:magnetosphere
45:
41:
33:
2986:Geomagnetism
2973:
2968:Solar System
2885:
2773:Architecture
2657:Colonization
2631:Archaeology
2593:
2446:Neuroscience
2403:... in space
2339:Ring systems
2334:Lunar swirls
2211:
2194:
2065:Ring current
2060:Plasmasphere
2044:
2035:Magnetopause
1964:
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:earthsky.org
1894:
1885:
1864:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1460:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1415:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1303:. Retrieved
1299:the original
1294:
1284:
1276:the original
1260:
1253:
1194:
1187:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1125:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1051:
1027:
988:
980:
972:NASA Science
971:
962:
923:Tau Boötis b
907:hot Jupiters
896:
825:
816:polar aurora
797:
778:Plasmasphere
756:
739:
736:Magnetopause
730:Magnetopause
716:
690:stellar wind
682:stellar wind
679:
456:
219:
208:
195:magnetopause
163:
129:
72:
47:
37:
2956:Spaceflight
2684:Exploration
2622:Advertising
2566:Environment
2541:Astrobotany
2504:Fruit flies
2245:Unwin Radar
2171:Double Star
2108:Heliosphere
2098:Solar flare
1334:22 December
995:CUP Archive
903:HD 209458 b
753:Magnetotail
743:Mach number
720:energy flux
190:Thomas Gold
168:. In 1958,
166:cosmic rays
83:field lines
2991:Ionosphere
2980:Categories
2866:Telescopes
2751:Technology
2604:Weathering
2451:Psychology
2436:Locomotion
2293:Ganymedian
2166:Cluster II
2147:Satellites
2123:Heliopause
2080:Solar wind
2030:Ionosphere
2004:Polar wind
1999:Jet stream
1876:2305.00809
1839:2304.00031
1747:2012.07926
1685:1907.09068
1655:17 January
1568:17 January
1542:3 December
954:References
915:Tau Boötis
899:exoplanets
866:, and its
766:See also:
697:anisotropy
215:solar wind
186:solar wind
178:Explorer 3
170:Explorer 1
155:outer core
94:solar wind
2932:Astronomy
2847:for Earth
2834:Batteries
2816:Logistics
2768:Accidents
2714:Christmas
2579:Corrosion
2519:Tortoises
2477:Non-human
2329:Gas torus
2324:Flux tube
2308:Neptunian
2298:Saturnian
2252:SuperDARN
2153:Full list
2025:Bow shock
1994:Geosphere
1772:212883637
1718:198147426
1710:2397-3366
1650:Space.com
1631:206560188
1598:1411.6875
1563:Space.com
1518:250897924
1437:5 January
1305:19 August
1243:ignored (
1233:cite book
1137:1005.1527
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