2926:
813:, the magnetic field lines become almost horizontal, then return to reconnect at high latitudes. However, at high altitudes, the magnetic field is significantly distorted by the solar wind and its solar magnetic field. On the dayside of Earth, the magnetic field is significantly compressed by the solar wind to a distance of approximately 65,000 kilometers (40,000 mi). Earth's bow shock is about 17 kilometers (11 mi) thick and located about 90,000 kilometers (56,000 mi) from Earth. The magnetopause exists at a distance of several hundred kilometers above Earth's surface. Earth's magnetopause has been compared to a
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The magnetopause is the area of the magnetosphere wherein the pressure from the planetary magnetic field is balanced with the pressure from the solar wind. It is the convergence of the shocked solar wind from the magnetosheath with the magnetic field of the object and plasma from the magnetosphere.
1742:
Turner, Jake D.; Zarka, Philippe; GrieĂźmeier, Jean-Mathias; Lazio, Joseph; Cecconi, Baptiste; Emilio
Enriquez, J.; Girard, Julien N.; Jayawardhana, Ray; Lamy, Laurent; Nichols, Jonathan D.; De Pater, Imke (2021), "The search for radio emission from the exoplanetary systems 55 Cancri, Ď… Andromedae,
825:, and as the magnetic field lines break and reconnect, solar wind particles are able to enter the magnetosphere. On Earth's nightside, the magnetic field extends in the magnetotail, which lengthwise exceeds 6,300,000 kilometers (3,900,000 mi). Earth's magnetotail is the primary source of the
768:
Opposite the compressed magnetic field is the magnetotail, where the magnetosphere extends far beyond the astronomical object. It contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the object while those in the
31:
463:
203:
in 1959 to explain how the solar wind interacted with the Earth's magnetic field. The later mission of
Explorer 12 in 1961 led by the Cahill and Amazeen observation in 1963 of a sudden decrease in magnetic field strength near the noon-time meridian, later was named the
769:
southern tail lobe point away. The tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind. The two lobes are separated by a plasma sheet, an area where the magnetic field is weaker, and the density of charged particles is higher.
728:
The magnetosheath is the region of the magnetosphere between the bow shock and the magnetopause. It is formed mainly from shocked solar wind, though it contains a small amount of plasma from the magnetosphere. It is an area exhibiting high particle
586:, or when the solar wind is not opposed by the object's magnetic field. In this case, the solar wind interacts with the atmosphere or ionosphere of the planet (or surface of the planet, if the planet has no atmosphere).
183:, the first of the Explorer series of space missions, was launched to study the intensity of cosmic rays above the atmosphere and measure the fluctuations in this activity. This mission observed the existence of the
36:
35:
32:
37:
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An artist's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere: 1) Bow shock. 2) Magnetosheath. 3) Magnetopause. 4) Magnetosphere. 5) Northern tail lobe. 6) Southern tail lobe.
336:
34:
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893:, on the other hand, have no magnetic field. This may have had significant effects on their geological history. It is theorized that Venus and Mars may have lost their primordial water to
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513:
115:; in Earth's case, this protects living organisms from harm. Interactions of particles and atmospheres with magnetospheres are studied under the specialized scientific subjects of
2466:
829:. Also, NASA scientists have suggested that Earth's magnetotail might cause "dust storms" on the Moon by creating a potential difference between the day side and the night side.
691:
The bow shock forms the outermost layer of the magnetosphere; the boundary between the magnetosphere and the ambient medium. For stars, this is usually the boundary between the
1594:
Kislyakova, K. G.; Holmstrom, M.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Khodachenko, M. L. (2014). "Magnetic moment and plasma environment of HD 209458b as determined from Ly observations".
2778:
1681:
Cauley, P. Wilson; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Llama, Joe; Lanza, Antonino F. (December 2019). "Magnetic field strengths of hot
Jupiters from signals of star-planet interactions".
821:
occur when large swirls of plasma travel along the edge of the magnetosphere at a different velocity from the magnetosphere, causing the plasma to slip past. This results in
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231:
The planetary distance where the magnetosphere can withstand the solar wind pressure is called the
Chapman–Ferraro distance. This is usefully modeled by the formula wherein
328:
258:
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Because both sides of this convergence contain magnetized plasma, the interactions between them are complex. The structure of the magnetopause depends upon the
733:, where the direction and magnitude of the magnetic field varies erratically. This is caused by the collection of solar wind gas that has effectively undergone
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is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of
33:
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2250:
224:
of the object's spin, the nature of the axis about which the object spins, the axis of the magnetic dipole, and the magnitude and direction of the flow of
1880:
Trigilio, Corrado; Biswas, Ayan; et al. (May 2023). "Star-Planet
Interaction at radio wavelengths in YZ Ceti: Inferring planetary magnetic field".
1966:
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became the first to be confirmed. The first unconfirmed detection of a magnetic field generated by a terrestrial exoplanet was found in 2023 on
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1483:
1233:
737:. It acts as a cushion that transmits the pressure from the flow of the solar wind and the barrier of the magnetic field from the object.
699:; for planets, the speed of the solar wind there decreases as it approaches the magnetopause. Due to interactions with the bow shock, the
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2404:
924:
compared to
Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss. In 2020, a radio emission in the 14-30 MHz band was detected from the
760:
of the plasma, as well as the magnetic field. The magnetopause changes size and shape as the pressure from the solar wind fluctuates.
220:
Magnetospheres are dependent on several variables: the type of astronomical object, the nature of sources of plasma and momentum, the
1928:
1796:
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2196:
1280:
1074:
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458:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}=R_{\rm {P}}\left({\frac {B_{\rm {surf}}^{2}}{\mu _{0}\rho V_{\rm {SW}}^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{6}}}
209:
172:, scientists were able to study the variations in Earth's magnetic field as functions of both time and latitude and longitude.
107:) or a nearby star. Planets having active magnetospheres, like the Earth, are capable of mitigating or blocking the effects of
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was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4
594:, the only magnetic field present is that formed by the solar wind's wrapping around the physical obstacle of Venus (see also
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1543:
2123:
2065:
1959:
2916:
3011:
2645:
142:
2519:
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Pineda, J. Sebastian; Villadsen, Jackie (April 2023). "Coherent radio bursts from known M-dwarf planet host YZ Ceti".
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are thought to be common, though the first discoveries did not come until the 2010s. In 2014, a magnetic field around
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1999:
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Signatures of Strong
Magnetization and Metal-poor Atmosphere for a Neptune-Size Exoplanet, Ben-Jaffel et al. 2021
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Many astronomical objects generate and maintain magnetospheres. In the Solar System this includes the Sun,
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1901:
1164:"Ion distributions upstream and downstream of the Earth's bow shock: first results from Vlasiator"
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1123:
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539:, for example, exhibit intrinsic magnetospheres. A magnetosphere is classified as "induced" when
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150:
515:, or when the primary opposition to the flow of solar wind is the magnetic field of the object.
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1269:
Russell, C.T. (1990). "The
Magnetopause". In Russell, C.T.; Priest, E.R.; Lee, L.C. (eds.).
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Region around an astronomical object in which its magnetic field affects charged particles
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Pokhotelov, D.; von
Alfthan, S.; Kempf, Y.; Vainio, R.; et al. (17 December 2013).
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a signature of a planetary magnetic field. In 2021 a magnetic field generated by
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has an induced magnetic field, which means that because Venus appears to have no
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2255:
2118:
2108:
1005:
917:
913:
753:
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645:, the planet itself and its magnetic field both contribute. It is possible that
200:
176:
1866:
1657:"Magnetic Fields of 'Hot Jupiter' Exoplanets Are Much Stronger Than We Thought"
1188:
1163:
1141:
Sparavigna, A.C.; Marazzato, R. (10 May 2010). "Observing stellar bow shocks".
1098:
Blanc, M.; Kallenbach, R.; Erkaev, N.V. (2005). "Solar System
Magnetospheres".
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represents the magnetic field on the surface of the planet at the equator, and
145:
discovered that the magnetic field on the surface of Earth resembled that of a
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2014:
2009:
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17:
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Artist impression of the magnetic field around Tau Boötis b detected in 2020.
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2004:
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937:
909:
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221:
50:
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187:(located in the inner region of Earth's magnetosphere), with the follow-up
1225:
900:
1203:
Paschmann, G.; Schwartz, S.J.; Escoubet, C.P.; Haaland, S., eds. (2005).
953:
873:
on the nightside. Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an
679:
146:
124:
897:
and the solar wind. A strong magnetosphere greatly slows this process.
2318:
2186:
858:
846:
810:
536:
520:
1470:. In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.).
191:
later that year definitively proving its existence. Also during 1958,
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2240:
2212:
1994:
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528:
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http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/magnetotail_080416.html
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29:
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1948:
1929:"Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism"
1797:"Exoplanets Could Help Us Learn How Planets Make Magnetism"
1570:"Unlocking the Secrets of an Alien World's Magnetic Field"
84:
In the space environment close to a planetary body with a
212:
observed the magnetotail, or the distant magnetic field.
175:
Beginning in the late 1940s, rockets were used to study
801:
1381:"Cluster reveals the reformation of Earth's bow shock"
1361:"Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin"
1300:
Stern, David P.; Peredo, Mauricio (20 November 2003).
2914:
1902:"A magnetic field on a nearby Earth-sized exoplanet?"
1463:
Khurana, K. K.; Kivelson, M. G.; et al. (2004).
604:
545:
474:
339:
304:
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and τ Boötis using LOFAR beam-formed observations",
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2089:
2023:
1982:
1000:
An Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere
141:Study of Earth's magnetosphere began in 1600, when
1499:Russell, C.T. (1993). "Planetary Magnetospheres".
997:
637:
578:
507:
468:A magnetosphere is classified as "intrinsic" when
457:
322:
290:
252:
199:, with the term 'magnetosphere' being proposed by
1472:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
817:because it allows solar wind particles to enter.
88:such as Earth, the field lines resemble a simple
1275:. American Geophysical Union. pp. 439–453.
1212:. Space Sciences Series of ISSI. Vol. 118.
1206:Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results
638:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\approx R_{\rm {P}}}
1465:"The configuration of Jupiter's magnetosphere"
96:can be significantly distorted by the flow of
2398:
1960:
920:were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120
678:and artist's concept of the bow shock around
8:
1306:The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere
1029:
1027:
1025:
149:, a small, magnetized sphere. In the 1940s,
1056:
1054:
1052:
797:Artist's rendition of Earth's magnetosphere
779:Earth's magnetic field § Magnetosphere
714:upstream and downstream of the bow shock.
579:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\ll R_{\rm {P}}}
508:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {CF}}\gg R_{\rm {P}}}
330:represents the velocity of the solar wind:
2766:
2424:
2405:
2391:
2383:
1967:
1953:
1945:
1544:"X-ray Detection Sheds New Light on Pluto"
1399:"Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause"
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1927:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (7 August 2023).
1795:O'Callaghan, Jonathan (7 August 2023).
1329:
1327:
970:
2467:Psychological and sociological effects
1251:
1241:
881:is approximately 18,000 times larger.
1821:HAT-P-11 Spectral Energy Distribution
260:represents the radius of the planet,
103:, as emitted from the Sun (i.e., the
7:
1568:Charles Q. Choi (20 November 2014).
61:is a region of space surrounding an
1442:"Planetary Shields: Magnetospheres"
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45:of the magnetosphere of the Earth.
25:
2268:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
1063:Origins of Magnetospheric Physics
996:Ratcliffe, John Ashworth (1972).
2972:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2924:
2898:
2566:
1061:Van Allen, James Alfred (2004).
805:Diagram of Earth's magnetosphere
1335:"The Tail of the Magnetosphere"
928:system, likely associated with
210:International Cometary Explorer
1655:Passant Rabie (29 July 2019).
1501:Reports on Progress in Physics
1272:Physics of magnetic flux ropes
1035:"Ionosphere and magnetosphere"
819:Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities
291:{\displaystyle B_{\rm {surf}}}
69:are affected by that object's
1:
2124:Interplanetary magnetic field
2066:Magnetosphere particle motion
1043:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
772:
1745:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1427:The Moon and the Magnetotail
908:Magnetospheres generated by
596:Venus' induced magnetosphere
323:{\displaystyle V_{\rm {SW}}}
1775:10.1051/0004-6361/201937201
253:{\displaystyle R_{\rm {P}}}
3038:
2129:Heliospheric current sheet
1867:10.1038/s41550-023-01914-0
1542:NASA (14 September 2016).
1521:10.1088/0034-4885/56/6/001
1476:Cambridge University Press
1189:10.5194/angeo-31-2207-2013
786:
776:
744:
721:
684:
134:
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2564:
1713:10.1038/s41550-019-0840-x
1120:10.1007/s11214-005-1958-y
195:proposed the idea of the
161:to the motion of Earth's
2081:Van Allen radiation belt
2061:Magnetosphere chronology
1421:14 November 2021 at the
1067:University of Iowa Press
867:magnetosphere of Jupiter
783:Van Allen radiation belt
185:Van Allen radiation belt
137:Magnetosphere chronology
77:with an active interior
1990:Atmospheric circulation
1767:2021A&A...645A..59T
1626:10.1126/science.1257829
1065:. Iowa City, Iowa USA:
1039:Encyclopædia Britannica
98:electrically conducting
2905:Outer space portal
2000:Earth's magnetic field
1337:. NASA. Archived from
1308:. NASA. Archived from
905:
806:
798:
682:
663:
639:
592:internal dynamo effect
580:
509:
459:
324:
292:
254:
216:Structure and behavior
159:Earth's magnetic field
153:proposed the model of
46:
3022:Concepts in astronomy
2537:Extraterrestrial life
2104:Coronal mass ejection
2024:Earth's magnetosphere
1403:European Space Agency
1385:European Space Agency
1366:European Space Agency
1226:10.1007/1-4020-4582-4
1100:Space Science Reviews
903:
823:magnetic reconnection
804:
796:
787:Further information:
773:Earth's magnetosphere
710:, leading to various
674:
662:7) Plasmasphere.
660:
640:
581:
510:
460:
325:
293:
255:
168:. Through the use of
86:dipole magnetic field
73:. It is created by a
40:
2277:Other magnetospheres
2139:Solar particle event
712:plasma instabilities
706:gains a substantial
602:
543:
472:
337:
302:
264:
235:
43:magnetic field lines
3012:Terrestrial plasmas
1859:2023NatAs...7..569P
1705:2019NatAs...3.1128C
1618:2014Sci...346..981K
1513:1993RPPh...56..687R
1369:. 16 November 2011.
1289:on 2 February 1999.
1218:2005ombc.book.....P
1180:2013AnGeo..31.2207P
1168:Annales Geophysicae
1112:2005SSRv..116..227B
930:cyclotron radiation
697:interstellar medium
436:
402:
157:, which attributes
63:astronomical object
41:A rendering of the
2820:Other technologies
1405:. 24 October 2012.
1341:on 7 February 2018
1302:"The Magnetopause"
932:from the poles of
906:
875:order of magnitude
807:
799:
683:
664:
635:
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455:
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320:
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151:Walter M. Elsasser
47:
3007:Planetary science
2912:
2911:
2890:
2889:
2799:Carbonated drinks
2771:Human spaceflight
2651:of items in space
2562:
2561:
2380:
2379:
2234:Research projects
2202:
2173:
2114:Geomagnetic storm
2031:Birkeland current
1689:(12): 1128–1134.
1602:(6212): 981–984.
1485:978-0-521-81808-7
1312:on 19 August 2019
1235:978-1-4020-3488-6
1174:(12): 2207–2212.
895:photodissociation
649:is of this type.
452:
438:
67:charged particles
55:planetary science
38:
16:(Redirected from
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2218:Van Allen Probes
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1983:Submagnetosphere
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1924:
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1290:
1285:. Archived from
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1260:
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1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1159:
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1106:(1–2): 227–298.
1095:
1089:
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1046:
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1020:
1019:
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987:
986:
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2019:
1978:
1976:Magnetospherics
1973:
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1934:Quanta Magazine
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1908:. 10 April 2023
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208:. By 1983, the
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109:solar radiation
92:. Farther out,
90:magnetic dipole
30:
28:
23:
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2328:Related topics
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1843:(5): 569–578.
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1507:(6): 687–732.
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1387:. 11 May 2011.
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745:Main article:
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735:thermalization
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117:plasma physics
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71:magnetic field
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18:Magnetospheres
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2149:Space weather
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2144:Space climate
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2056:Magnetosphere
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2051:Magnetosheath
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1015:9780521083416
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860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:Other objects
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:Over Earth's
803:
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790:
784:
780:
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763:
761:
759:
755:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
725:
724:Magnetosheath
718:Magnetosheath
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
688:
681:
677:
673:
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331:
306:
268:
239:
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223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
202:
198:
194:
193:Eugene Parker
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:magnetometers
167:
164:
160:
156:
155:dynamo theory
152:
148:
144:
138:
130:
128:
126:
122:
121:space physics
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:magnetosphere
56:
52:
44:
19:
2997:Geomagnetism
2984:
2979:Solar System
2896:
2784:Architecture
2668:Colonization
2642:Archaeology
2604:
2457:Neuroscience
2414:... in space
2350:Ring systems
2345:Lunar swirls
2222:
2205:
2076:Ring current
2071:Plasmasphere
2055:
2046:Magnetopause
1975:
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:earthsky.org
1905:
1896:
1875:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1537:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1471:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1426:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:the original
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1305:
1295:
1287:the original
1271:
1264:
1205:
1198:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1136:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1062:
1038:
999:
991:
983:NASA Science
982:
973:
934:Tau Boötis b
918:hot Jupiters
907:
836:
827:polar aurora
808:
789:Plasmasphere
767:
750:
747:Magnetopause
741:Magnetopause
727:
701:stellar wind
693:stellar wind
690:
467:
230:
219:
206:magnetopause
174:
140:
83:
58:
48:
2967:Spaceflight
2695:Exploration
2633:Advertising
2577:Environment
2552:Astrobotany
2515:Fruit flies
2256:Unwin Radar
2182:Double Star
2119:Heliosphere
2109:Solar flare
1345:22 December
1006:CUP Archive
914:HD 209458 b
764:Magnetotail
754:Mach number
731:energy flux
201:Thomas Gold
179:. In 1958,
177:cosmic rays
94:field lines
3002:Ionosphere
2991:Categories
2877:Telescopes
2762:Technology
2615:Weathering
2462:Psychology
2447:Locomotion
2304:Ganymedian
2177:Cluster II
2158:Satellites
2134:Heliopause
2091:Solar wind
2041:Ionosphere
2015:Polar wind
2010:Jet stream
1887:2305.00809
1850:2304.00031
1758:2012.07926
1696:1907.09068
1666:17 January
1579:17 January
1553:3 December
965:References
926:Tau Boötis
910:exoplanets
877:, and its
777:See also:
708:anisotropy
226:solar wind
197:solar wind
189:Explorer 3
181:Explorer 1
166:outer core
105:solar wind
2943:Astronomy
2858:for Earth
2845:Batteries
2827:Logistics
2779:Accidents
2725:Christmas
2590:Corrosion
2530:Tortoises
2488:Non-human
2340:Gas torus
2335:Flux tube
2319:Neptunian
2309:Saturnian
2263:SuperDARN
2164:Full list
2036:Bow shock
2005:Geosphere
1783:212883637
1729:198147426
1721:2397-3366
1661:Space.com
1642:206560188
1609:1411.6875
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