444:
394:. But these passes provided weak constraints on the magnitude of the intrinsic magnetic field, its orientation and its harmonic structure, in part because the coverage of the planetary field was poor and because of the lack of concurrent observations of the solar wind number density and velocity. Since the discovery, Mercury's magnetic field has received a great deal of attention, primarily because of Mercury's small size and slow 59-day-long rotation.
38:
427:, has not cooled over the years, an outer core that has not been completely solidified, and circulates around the interior. Before the discovery of its magnetic field in 1974, it was thought that because of Mercury's small size, its core had cooled over the years. There are still difficulties with this dynamo theory, including the fact that Mercury has a slow, 59-day-long rotation that could not have made it possible to generate a
435:
only at depth, where a strong field is generated. Because of the planet's slow rotation, the resulting magnetic field is dominated by small-scale components that fluctuate quickly with time. Due to the weak internally generated magnetic field it is also possible that the magnetic field generated by the magnetopause currents exhibits a negative feedback on the dynamo processes, thereby causing the total field to weaken.
3650:
3662:
371:
489:
452:
polar regions. In particular, the magnetic "polar cap" where field lines are open to the interplanetary medium is much larger near the south pole. This geometry implies that the south polar region is much more exposed than in the north to charged particles heated and accelerated by solar windâmagnetosphere interactions. The strength of the
434:
This dynamo is probably weaker than Earth's because it is driven by thermo-compositional convection associated with inner core solidification. The thermal gradient at the coreâmantle boundary is subadiabatic, and hence the outer region of the liquid core is stably stratified with the dynamo operating
707:
James A. Slavin; Brian J. Anderson; Daniel N. Baker; Mehdi Benna; Scott A. Boardsen; George
Gloeckler; Robert E. Gold; George C. Ho; Suzanne M. Imber; Haje Korth; Stamatios M. Krimigis; Ralph L. McNutt Jr.; Larry R. Nittler; Jim M. Raines; Menelaos Sarantos; David Schriver; Sean C. Solomon; Richard
451:
Like Earth's, Mercury's magnetic field is tilted, meaning that the magnetic poles are not located in the same area as the geographic poles. As a result of the north-south asymmetry in
Mercury's internal magnetic field, the geometry of magnetic field lines is different in Mercury's north and south
325:
mission remains an open question. A 1988 J.E.P. Connerney and N.F. Ness review of the
Mariner magnetic data noted eight different papers in which were offered no less than fifteen different mathematical models of the magnetic field derived from spherical harmonic analysis of the two close
302:. Mercury's magnetic field is weaker than Earth's because its core had cooled and solidified more quickly than Earth's. Although Mercury's magnetic field is much weaker than Earth's magnetic field, it is still strong enough to deflect the
516:
made a fly-by of
Mercury back in 1974, its signals measured the bow shock, the entrance and exit from the magnetopause, and that the magnetospheric cavity is ~20 times smaller than Earth's, all of which had presumably decayed during the
1102:; Haje Korth; Michael E. Purucker; Reka M. Winslow; James A. Slavin; Sean C. Solomon; Ralph L. McNutt Jr.; Jim M. Raines; Thomas H. Zurbuchen (September 2011). "The Global Magnetic Field of Mercury from MESSENGER Orbital Observations".
459:
There have been various ways that
Mercury's magnetic field has been measured. In general, the inferred equivalent internal dipole field is smaller when estimated on the basis of magnetospheric size and shape (~150â200 nT
762:
A. V. Lukyanov; S. Barabash; R. Lundin; P. C. Brandt (August 4, 2000). "Energetic neutral atom imaging of
MercuryâČs magnetosphere 2. Distribution of energetic charged particles in a compact magnetosphere â Abstract".
350:(Slavin and Holzer 1979b)." They concluded that "the lack of agreement among models is due to fundamental limitations imposed by the spatial distribution of available observations." Anderson
1339:
D. Heyner; J. Wicht; N. Gomez-Perez; D. Schmitt; H. U. Auster; K. H.Glassmeier (2011). "Evidence from
Numerical Experiments for a Feedback Dynamo Generating Mercury{\rsquo}s Magnetic Field".
342:
is a
Mercury radius of 2436 km). In addition they pointed out that "estimates of the dipole obtained from bow shock and/or magnetopause positions (only) range from approximately 200 nT-R
577:
464:). Recent Earth-based radar measurements of Mercury's rotation revealed a slight rocking motion explaining that Mercury's core is at least partially molten, implying that
1025:
693:
496:
spacraft noted that
Mercury's magnetic field is responsible for several magnetic "tornadoes" â twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary field to
3978:
960:
Kabin, K.; Heimpel, M. H.; Rankin, R.; Aurnou, J. M.; GĂłmez-PĂ©rez, N.; Paral, J.; Gombosi, T. I.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Koehn, P. L.; DeZeeuw, D. L. (2007-06-29).
3983:
1799:
3699:
314:
it interacts with in its orbit is relatively strong, the solar wind dynamic pressure at
Mercury's orbit is also three times larger than at Earth.
3528:
1852:
1184:
1076:
663:
614:
961:
1716:
1842:
1721:
585:
558:
382:
Before 1974, it was thought that Mercury could not generate a magnetic field because of its relatively small diameter and lack of an
4000:
3929:
1643:
390:
made a fly-by of Mercury (somewhere around April 1974), it detected a magnetic field that was about 1/100th the total magnitude of
1586:
561:(JAXA) to Mercury. It is launched in October 2018. Part of its mission objectives will be to elucidate Mercury's magnetic field.
3995:
358:
data from many orbits around Mercury â as opposed to just a few high-speed flybys â found that the dipole moment is 195 ± 10 nT-R
1036:
709:
1611:
3460:
3354:
1883:
1873:
1792:
1622:
1416:
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3692:
2191:
1099:
734:
311:
2514:
3510:
3480:
3374:
3349:
2434:
2414:
1819:
2954:
1219:
1535:
4021:
3861:
3004:
2959:
2754:
2201:
853:
472:
spacecraft was expected to make more than 500 million measurements of Mercury's magnetic field using its sensitive
2314:
799:
4130:
3732:
3653:
2219:
1785:
508:
encountered magnetic "tornadoes" during its second fly-by on October 6, 2008, which could possibly replenish the
391:
287:
253:
1747:
K. H. Glassmeier; et al. (2010). "The fluxgate magnetometer of the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter".
1673:
The European Space Agency (Esa) has signed an industrial contract to build a probe to send to the planet Mercury
936:
4031:
3813:
3793:
3685:
3455:
3359:
3379:
1510:
607:
962:"Global MHD modeling of Mercury's magnetosphere with applications to the MESSENGER mission and dynamo theory"
4125:
4041:
3914:
3909:
3722:
3609:
3099:
2509:
1936:
443:
281:
738:
4026:
3866:
3542:
3014:
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1946:
1457:
2899:
3836:
3284:
3109:
3104:
3039:
2694:
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2444:
2274:
2254:
1847:
1618:
1157:
554:
509:
3399:
3871:
3409:
3389:
3289:
3174:
3164:
2949:
2854:
2614:
2494:
2459:
2339:
2309:
2304:
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2148:
1997:
1951:
1916:
1896:
1756:
1449:
1391:
1348:
1311:
1256:
1111:
976:
772:
497:
480:
made six different sets of magnetic field measurements as it passed through Mercury's magnetopause.
3665:
3497:
3369:
3269:
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3144:
3134:
3114:
3069:
2934:
2649:
2549:
2489:
2419:
2334:
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1961:
1921:
1901:
1462:
1061:
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1194:
671:
641:
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3629:
3505:
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3309:
3279:
3274:
3024:
2994:
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2579:
2529:
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2409:
2379:
2369:
2244:
2239:
2214:
2186:
1956:
1926:
1906:
1561:
1485:
1372:
1280:
1135:
992:
2464:
2349:
1440:
Giacomo Giampieri; André Balogh (2001). "Modelling of magnetic field measurements at Mercury".
3956:
3939:
3900:
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3244:
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3034:
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2679:
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2644:
2604:
2564:
2544:
2469:
2429:
2404:
2359:
2329:
2017:
2002:
1941:
1931:
1911:
1364:
1272:
1127:
1072:
687:
37:
1000:
881:
4102:
4087:
3950:
3414:
3394:
3304:
3254:
3249:
3234:
3219:
3209:
3189:
3184:
3124:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3054:
3044:
3029:
2999:
2964:
2944:
2884:
2879:
2864:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2764:
2699:
2684:
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2654:
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2534:
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2364:
2289:
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2249:
2234:
2143:
2133:
2113:
2080:
2075:
2047:
2032:
2012:
1808:
1764:
1760:
1726:
1467:
1453:
1356:
1319:
1264:
1119:
984:
780:
776:
447:
Mercury's magnetic field tends to be stronger at the equator than at other areas of Mercury.
243:
252:
led to its discovery in 1974; the spacecraft measured the field's strength as 1.1% that of
4097:
4092:
4036:
3384:
3339:
3334:
3319:
3314:
3299:
3294:
3224:
3204:
3199:
3154:
3129:
3119:
3059:
3049:
2939:
2869:
2849:
2804:
2769:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2704:
2639:
2629:
2584:
2539:
2524:
2519:
2504:
2424:
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2209:
2181:
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2128:
2118:
2090:
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2027:
1891:
1244:
1189:
1153:
453:
331:
299:
88:
1668:
1352:
1315:
1260:
1115:
980:
17:
3831:
3429:
3419:
3404:
3364:
3329:
3324:
3214:
3194:
3179:
3159:
3149:
3139:
3064:
3019:
3009:
2979:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2904:
2874:
2844:
2839:
2794:
2789:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2624:
2609:
2574:
2559:
2454:
2449:
2384:
2354:
2319:
2299:
2279:
2264:
2229:
2153:
2070:
2065:
1979:
526:
428:
424:
420:
419:; i.e., by the convection of electrically conductive molten iron in the planet's outer
106:
1471:
784:
4119:
3881:
3876:
3788:
3783:
3708:
3434:
3239:
3229:
2889:
2859:
2759:
2744:
2554:
2324:
2171:
2095:
2022:
2007:
416:
410:
398:
307:
269:
257:
1139:
996:
521:
flyby. Even though the field is just over 1% as strong as Earth's, its detection by
290:. At the Hermean equator, the relative strength of the magnetic field is around 300
4077:
3808:
3803:
3778:
3259:
2734:
2669:
2374:
2123:
2042:
1693:
1376:
1284:
710:"MESSENGER Observations of Reconnection and Its Effects on Mercury's Magnetosphere"
473:
291:
156:
94:
824:
525:
was taken by some scientists as an indication that Mercury's outer core was still
988:
911:
504:
Scientists noted that Mercury's magnetic field can be extremely "leaky," because
4082:
3988:
3851:
3841:
3575:
549:
175:
98:
3823:
3773:
3747:
3742:
3560:
2138:
1768:
383:
303:
265:
248:
212:
127:
57:
4072:
4067:
3768:
3737:
3634:
3592:
3568:
1360:
1123:
737:; James A. Slavin; Haje Korth; Michael E. Purucker; Sean C. Solomon (2011).
465:
322:
261:
1368:
1276:
1131:
3520:
1324:
1299:
1162:
423:. A dynamo is generated by a large iron core that has sunk to a planet's
317:
Whether the magnetic field changed to any significant degree between the
1268:
1110:(6051). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1859â1862.
4051:
3919:
1255:(7122). Katlenberg-Lindau: Max-Planck Institute of Germany: 1056â1058.
578:"MESSENGER Data from Mercury Orbit Confirms Theories, Offers Surprises"
370:
295:
242:(meaning the field has only two magnetic poles) apparently global, on
500:â that are some 800 km wide or a third the total radius of the planet.
488:
4046:
3973:
3945:
3727:
1486:"Iron 'snow' helps maintain Mercury's magnetic field, scientists say"
1067:. In Faith Vilas; Clark R. Chapman; Mildred Shapley Matthews (eds.).
239:
227:
116:
3677:
771:(14â15). Laurel, Maryland: Applied Physics Laboratory: 1677â1684.
739:"Mercury's magnetopause and bow shock from MESSENGER observations"
635:
633:
631:
534:
487:
442:
369:
1026:"Mercury: its composition, internal structure and magnetic field"
1562:"Magnetic Tornadoes Could Liberate Mercury's Tenuous Atmosphere"
1539:
1536:"Magnetic Tornadoes Could Liberate Mercury's Tenuous Atmosphere"
1420:
1417:"Magnetic field lines differ at Mercury's north and south poles"
828:
530:
456:
and the tilt of the dipole moment are completely unconstrained.
195:
3681:
1781:
1587:"How Magnetic Tornadoes Might Regenerate Mercury's Atmosphere"
1213:
1211:
42:
Graph showing relative strength of Mercury's magnetic field.
397:
The magnetic field itself is thought to originate from the
1777:
415:
The origins of the magnetic field can be explained by the
875:
873:
847:
845:
1511:"Mercury's magnetic field measured by MESSENGER orbiter"
912:"Molten core solves mystery of Mercury's magnetic field"
1300:"A feedback dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field"
256:. The origin of the magnetic field can be explained by
1298:
K. H. Glassmeier; H. U. Auster; U. Motschmann (2007).
905:
903:
901:
512:(or "exosphere", as referred to by astronomers). When
1071:. The University of Arizona Press. pp. 494â513.
310:. Because Mercury's magnetic field is weak while the
476:. During its first 88 days in orbit around Mercury,
4060:
4009:
3966:
3890:
3822:
3756:
3715:
3622:
3602:
3585:
3550:
3541:
3519:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3443:
2200:
2162:
2104:
2056:
1988:
1970:
1882:
1866:
1835:
1828:
1245:"A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field"
226:
218:
208:
193:
174:
155:
147:
142:
134:
126:
115:
104:
87:
77:
72:
64:
52:
47:
1644:"Molten core may explain Mercury's magnetic field"
670:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from
378:led to the discovery of Mercury's magnetic field.
708:D. Starr; Pavel TrĂĄvnĂÄek; Thomas H. Zurbuchen.
260:. The magnetic field is strong enough near the
1560:NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (2009-06-02).
975:(1). University of California, Berkeley: 1â15.
286:The magnetic field is about 1.1% as strong as
3693:
1793:
8:
692:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
608:"Magnetic Fields of the Terrestrial Planets"
30:
1158:"NASA Spots Mysterious 'Spider' on Mercury"
642:"Mercury: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere"
3700:
3686:
3678:
3547:
3493:
1832:
1800:
1786:
1778:
1694:"ESA Science & Technology: Fact Sheet"
1448:(14â15). Imperial College, London: 163â7.
29:
1461:
1323:
1220:"Measuring the Magnetic Field of Mercury"
1415:Lynn Jenner; Brian Dunbar (2011-06-16).
346:(Russell 1977) to approximately 400 nT-R
1062:"Mercury's Magnetic Field and Interior"
644:. University of California, Los Angeles
569:
468:helps maintain the magnetic field. The
439:Magnetic poles and magnetic measurement
685:
401:, although this is uncertain as yet.
7:
1060:J.E.P. Connerney; N.F. Ness (1988).
529:, or at least partially liquid with
1722:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
733:Reka Moldovan; Brian J. Anderson;
559:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
25:
4001:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
1669:"European probe aims for Mercury"
3660:
3649:
3648:
1534:Steigerwald, Bill (2009-06-02).
1024:Lidunka VoÄadlo; Lars Stixrude.
36:
1243:Christensen, Ulrich R. (2006).
854:"The Magnetic Poles of Mercury"
330:flybys, with reported centered
294:, which is weaker than that of
1623:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
1185:"Science: Mercury's Magnetism"
640:C. T. Russell; J. G. Luhmann.
27:Mercury's small magnetic field
1:
3857:Interplanetary magnetic field
3799:Magnetosphere particle motion
2192:Skinakas (hypothetical basin)
1667:Amos, Jonathan (2008-01-18).
1585:Brian Ventrudo (2009-06-03).
1472:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00101-5
910:Jon Cartwright (2007-05-04).
785:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00106-4
606:Russell, C. T. (1992-12-03).
312:interplanetary magnetic field
3481:Hypothetical moon of Mercury
1542:/Goddard Space Flight Center
1390:Randy Russell (2009-05-29).
1218:Staff Writers (2011-05-20).
1193:. 1975-03-31. Archived from
989:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.028
935:Randy Russell (2009-06-01).
852:Randy Russell (2009-05-29).
800:"New Discoveries at Mercury"
798:Tony Phillips (2008-07-03).
584:. 2011-06-06. Archived from
334:ranging from 136 to 350 nT-R
238:is approximately a magnetic
880:Jerry Coffey (2009-07-24).
831:Goddard Space Flight Center
765:Planetary and Space Science
4147:
3862:Heliospheric current sheet
3529:Mercury-crossing asteroids
1642:David Shiga (2007-05-03).
1612:"Mercury's Magnetic Field"
937:"Magnetosphere of Mercury"
553:is a joint mission of the
408:
279:
3643:
1815:
1769:10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.018
354:2011, using high-quality
143:Magnetospheric parameters
35:
3814:Van Allen radiation belt
3794:Magnetosphere chronology
882:"Mercury Magnetic Field"
715:. University of Colorado
236:Mercury's magnetic field
31:Magnetosphere of Mercury
18:Magnetosphere of Mercury
3723:Atmospheric circulation
3610:Colonization of Mercury
1761:2010P&SS...58..287G
1610:Kerri Donaldson Hanna.
1454:2001P&SS...49.1637G
1396:Windows to the Universe
1361:10.1126/science.1207290
1124:10.1126/science.1211001
941:Windows to the Universe
858:Windows to the Universe
777:2001P&SS...49.1677L
332:magnetic dipole moments
282:Magnetic field strength
219:Maximum particle energy
3733:Earth's magnetic field
825:"Planetary Fact Sheet"
501:
448:
392:Earth's magnetic field
379:
254:Earth's magnetic field
200:Na, O, K, Mg, Ca, S, H
93:2 to 6 Ă 10
3837:Coronal mass ejection
3757:Earth's magnetosphere
2955:Kuan Han-Chʻing
1619:University of Arizona
668:Planetary Fact Sheets
555:European Space Agency
491:
484:Field characteristics
446:
373:
4010:Other magnetospheres
3872:Solar particle event
3005:Li Chʻing-Chao
1325:10.1029/2007GL031662
1156:(January 30, 2008).
1100:Catherine L. Johnson
735:Catherine L. Johnson
662:Williams, David, R.
498:interplanetary space
3461:Inter-crater plains
1353:2011Sci...334.1690H
1347:(6063): 1690â1693.
1316:2007GeoRL..3422201G
1269:10.1038/nature05342
1261:2006Natur.444.1056C
1197:on January 22, 2011
1116:2011Sci...333.1859A
1098:Brian J. Anderson;
981:2008Icar..195....1K
823:Williams, David R.
533:and possibly other
32:
1717:"MM - BepiColombo"
1304:Geophys. Res. Lett
1033:UCL Earth Sciences
502:
449:
380:
268:, which induces a
4113:
4112:
3967:Research projects
3935:
3906:
3847:Geomagnetic storm
3764:Birkeland current
3675:
3674:
3618:
3617:
3537:
3536:
3469:
3468:
2515:ChĆng ChʼĆl
2510:Chiang Kʻui
2149:Santa MarĂa Rupes
2018:Mearcair Planitia
2003:Borealis Planitia
1998:ApÄrangi Planitia
1749:Planet. Space Sci
1442:Planet. Space Sci
1392:"Mercury's Poles"
1078:978-0-8165-1085-6
454:quadrupole moment
233:
232:
222:up to 50 keV
78:Radius of Mercury
16:(Redirected from
4138:
4131:Mercury (planet)
3951:Van Allen Probes
3933:
3904:
3716:Submagnetosphere
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3548:
3494:
3015:Liang Kʻai
2220:Africanus Horton
2144:Resolution Rupes
2134:Enterprise Rupes
2114:Antoniadi Dorsum
2081:Goldstone Vallis
2076:Goldstone Catena
2048:Utaridi Planitia
2033:Stilbon Planitia
2013:Caloris Planitia
1833:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1755:(1â2): 287â299.
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1066:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1035:. Archived from
1030:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
999:. Archived from
966:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
907:
896:
895:
893:
892:
877:
868:
867:
865:
864:
849:
840:
839:
837:
836:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
795:
789:
788:
759:
753:
752:
750:
749:
743:
730:
724:
723:
721:
720:
714:
704:
698:
697:
691:
683:
681:
679:
674:on 28 March 2014
659:
653:
652:
650:
649:
637:
626:
625:
623:
622:
612:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
574:
399:dynamo mechanism
386:. However, when
321:mission and the
83:
82:2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
40:
33:
21:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4056:
4005:
3962:
3886:
3818:
3752:
3711:
3709:Magnetospherics
3706:
3676:
3671:
3639:
3614:
3598:
3581:
3552:
3533:
3515:
3485:
3465:
3439:
3360:Sholem Aleichem
2196:
2187:Rembrandt Basin
2182:Raditladi Basin
2177:Pantheon Fossae
2164:
2158:
2129:Discovery Rupes
2119:Adventure Rupes
2106:
2100:
2091:Haystack Vallis
2086:Haystack Catena
2058:
2052:
2038:Suisei Planitia
2028:Sobkou Planitia
1990:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1878:
1862:
1843:Albedo features
1824:
1811:
1806:
1776:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1692:
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1687:
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1676:
1666:
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1652:
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1641:
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1636:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1609:
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1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1154:Clara Moskowitz
1152:
1151:
1147:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1054:
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1028:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
964:
959:
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945:
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934:
933:
929:
920:
918:
909:
908:
899:
890:
888:
879:
878:
871:
862:
860:
851:
850:
843:
834:
832:
822:
821:
817:
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806:
797:
796:
792:
761:
760:
756:
747:
745:
741:
732:
731:
727:
718:
716:
712:
706:
705:
701:
684:
677:
675:
661:
660:
656:
647:
645:
639:
638:
629:
620:
618:
610:
605:
604:
600:
591:
589:
582:The Watchtowers
576:
575:
571:
567:
546:
486:
441:
413:
407:
368:
361:
349:
345:
341:
337:
284:
278:
203:
189:
170:
89:Magnetic moment
81:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4144:
4142:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:Magnetospheres
4118:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4061:Related topics
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
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3998:
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3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3832:Magnetic cloud
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
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3606:
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3600:
3599:
3597:
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3589:
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3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:(2018âpresent)
3573:
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3207:
3202:
3197:
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3112:
3107:
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3082:
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3012:
3007:
3002:
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2987:
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2957:
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2862:
2857:
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2837:
2832:
2827:
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2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Guido d'Arezzo
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
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2677:
2672:
2667:
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2647:
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2637:
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2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
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2557:
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2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
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2332:
2327:
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2317:
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2307:
2302:
2297:
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2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2154:Victoria Rupes
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Arecibo Vallis
2068:
2066:Arecibo Catena
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1980:Caloris Montes
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1858:Magnetic field
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1739:
1715:Staff (2008).
1707:
1685:
1659:
1634:
1602:
1591:Universe Today
1577:
1552:
1526:
1502:
1477:
1463:10.1.1.25.5685
1432:
1407:
1382:
1331:
1310:(22): L22201.
1290:
1235:
1207:
1176:
1145:
1090:
1077:
1052:
1016:
952:
927:
897:
886:Universe Today
869:
841:
815:
790:
754:
725:
699:
654:
627:
598:
568:
566:
563:
557:(ESA) and the
545:
539:
485:
482:
440:
437:
429:magnetic field
425:center of mass
406:
403:
367:
364:
359:
347:
343:
339:
335:
277:
274:
244:planet Mercury
231:
230:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
209:Plasma sources
206:
205:
201:
198:
191:
190:
185:
179:
172:
171:
166:
160:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
124:
123:
120:
113:
112:
109:
107:field strength
102:
101:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
73:Internal field
70:
69:
66:
65:Discovery date
62:
61:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4143:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3882:Space weather
3880:
3878:
3877:Space climate
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Magnetosphere
3787:
3785:
3784:Magnetosheath
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
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3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Ghost craters
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
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3358:
3356:
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3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Judah Ha-Levi
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
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2172:Caloris Basin
2170:
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2147:
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2097:
2096:Simeiz Vallis
2094:
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2026:
2024:
2023:Odin Planitia
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Budh Planitia
2006:
2004:
2001:
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1995:
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1987:
1981:
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1971:Mountains and
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1743:
1740:
1729:on 2016-11-13
1728:
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1648:New Scientist
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1109:
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1101:
1094:
1091:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1042:on 2011-09-28
1038:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1006:on 2012-03-27
1002:
998:
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986:
982:
978:
974:
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963:
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942:
938:
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928:
917:
916:Physics World
913:
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689:
673:
669:
665:
658:
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643:
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634:
632:
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616:
609:
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599:
588:on 2013-02-04
587:
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475:
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467:
463:
457:
455:
445:
438:
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432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:dynamo theory
412:
411:Dynamo theory
404:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
377:
372:
365:
363:
357:
353:
333:
329:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
308:magnetosphere
306:, inducing a
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
275:
273:
271:
270:magnetosphere
267:
263:
259:
258:dynamo theory
255:
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245:
241:
237:
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217:
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150:
146:
141:
138:400 km/s
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
108:
103:
100:
96:
92:
90:
86:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
53:Discovered by
51:
46:
39:
34:
19:
4083:Ring systems
4078:Lunar swirls
4016:
3955:
3938:
3809:Ring current
3804:Plasmasphere
3779:Magnetopause
3659:
3647:
3567:
3559:
3380:SveinsdĂłttir
3285:Rachmaninoff
3110:Michelangelo
3105:Mendes Pinto
3040:Ma Chih-Yuan
2695:Gainsborough
2500:Chao Meng-Fu
2445:Brunelleschi
2275:Amru Al-Qays
2255:Al-Hamadhani
2124:Beagle Rupes
2043:Tir Planitia
1937:Michelangelo
1857:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1720:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1566:ScienceDaily
1565:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1494:. Retrieved
1492:. 2008-05-08
1490:ScienceDaily
1489:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1385:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:the original
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1161:
1148:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1068:
1055:
1044:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1032:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
1001:the original
972:
968:
955:
944:. Retrieved
940:
930:
919:. Retrieved
915:
889:. Retrieved
885:
861:. Retrieved
857:
833:. Retrieved
818:
807:. Retrieved
804:Science@Nasa
803:
793:
768:
764:
757:
746:. Retrieved
744:. EPSC â DPS
728:
717:. Retrieved
702:
676:. Retrieved
672:the original
667:
657:
646:. Retrieved
619:. Retrieved
601:
590:. Retrieved
586:the original
581:
572:
548:
547:
541:
522:
518:
513:
505:
503:
493:
477:
474:magnetometer
469:
461:
458:
450:
433:
414:
396:
387:
381:
375:
355:
351:
327:
318:
316:
285:
264:to slow the
247:
246:. Data from
235:
234:
186:
182:
181:10â100
167:
163:
157:Magnetopause
56:
3989:Unwin Radar
3915:Double Star
3852:Heliosphere
3842:Solar flare
3576:BepiColombo
3572:(2004â2015)
3564:(1973â1975)
3543:Exploration
3410:Villa-Lobos
3390:To Ngoc Van
3355:Shakespeare
3290:Raden Saleh
3175:Mussorgskij
2855:Hovnatanian
2615:Dostoevskij
2495:Chaikovskij
2460:Callicrates
2340:Baranauskas
2310:Aristoxenes
2305:Apollodorus
2057:Canyons and
1947:Shakespeare
1884:Quadrangles
1874:Quadrangles
678:6 September
550:BepiColombo
542:BepiColombo
466:iron "snow"
176:Magnetotail
111:300 nT
105:Equatorial
4120:Categories
4037:Ganymedian
3910:Cluster II
3891:Satellites
3867:Heliopause
3824:Solar wind
3774:Ionosphere
3748:Polar wind
3743:Jet stream
3561:Mariner 10
3370:Stravinsky
3270:Praxiteles
3265:Polygnotus
3145:Monteverdi
3115:Mickiewicz
3070:Mark Twain
2650:Enheduanna
2550:Cunningham
2420:Botticelli
2335:Balanchine
2295:Anguissola
2225:Ahmad Baba
2163:Basins and
2139:Hero Rupes
2105:Ridges and
1989:Plains and
1848:Atmosphere
1733:2014-02-07
1679:2008-01-21
1675:. BBC News
1653:2011-07-25
1628:2011-07-25
1596:2011-07-25
1571:2011-07-25
1546:2009-07-18
1520:2019-08-22
1496:2011-07-18
1426:2011-07-18
1401:2011-07-18
1229:2011-07-16
1224:SpaceDaily
1201:2011-07-23
1084:2012-01-01
1046:2011-07-16
1010:2011-07-16
946:2011-07-16
921:2011-07-16
891:2011-07-16
863:2011-07-16
835:2011-07-25
809:2011-07-16
748:2011-07-26
719:2011-07-27
648:2011-07-18
621:2011-07-26
592:2011-07-26
565:References
523:Mariner 10
514:Mariner 10
510:atmosphere
409:See also:
388:Mariner 10
384:atmosphere
376:Mariner 10
374:Data from
328:Mariner 10
319:Mariner 10
304:solar wind
280:See also:
266:solar wind
249:Mariner 10
213:Solar wind
130:parameters
128:Solar wind
68:April 1974
58:Mariner 10
4073:Gas torus
4068:Flux tube
4052:Neptunian
4042:Saturnian
3996:SuperDARN
3897:Full list
3769:Bow shock
3738:Geosphere
3635:Sub-Earth
3593:Mercury-P
3569:MESSENGER
3521:Asteroids
3490:Astronomy
3425:Xiao Zhao
3400:VelĂĄzquez
3345:Scarlatti
3310:Rembrandt
3295:Raditladi
3280:Qi Baishi
3275:Prokofiev
3025:Lovecraft
2995:Lermontov
2895:Izquierdo
2810:Hiroshige
2800:Hemingway
2785:Hawthorne
2780:Hauptmann
2690:Futabatei
2590:Derzhavin
2580:Delacroix
2530:Coleridge
2485:Cervantes
2410:Boccaccio
2380:Belinskij
2370:Beethoven
2315:AĆvaghoáčŁa
2245:Al-Akhtal
2240:Akutagawa
2215:Abu Nuwas
1973:volcanoes
1952:Raditladi
1917:Discovery
1897:Beethoven
1829:Geography
1696:. esa.int
1458:CiteSeerX
519:MESSENGER
506:MESSENGER
494:MESSENGER
478:MESSENGER
470:MESSENGER
366:Discovery
356:MESSENGER
323:MESSENGER
262:bow shock
162:1.4
151:Intrinsic
48:Discovery
3654:Category
3603:See also
3586:Proposed
3553:and past
3498:Transits
3375:Sullivan
3350:Schubert
3245:Petrarch
3170:Murasaki
3165:MunkĂĄcsy
3095:Melville
3035:Lysippus
2990:Leopardi
2985:Larrocha
2975:Kurosawa
2970:Kunisada
2915:Kalidasa
2820:Hodgkins
2815:Hitomaro
2775:Harunobu
2710:Ghiberti
2680:Flaubert
2675:Firdousi
2665:Faulkner
2645:Eminescu
2605:Dominici
2565:De Graft
2545:Couperin
2470:Carducci
2430:Bramante
2415:Boethius
2405:Bjornson
2330:Balagtas
2260:Al-JÄhiz
1991:plateaus
1962:Victoria
1922:Eminescu
1902:Borealis
1853:Features
1700:April 5,
1515:phys.org
1369:22194574
1277:17183319
1169:July 20,
1163:Fox News
1140:26991651
1132:21960627
997:55170805
688:cite web
300:Ganymede
298:'s moon
276:Strength
159:distance
4103:Neptune
4088:Jupiter
4047:Uranian
4027:Martian
4017:Hermian
3920:Geotail
3630:Fiction
3623:Related
3595:(~2031)
3551:Current
3451:Geology
3415:Vivaldi
3395:Tolstoj
3305:Raphael
3255:Picasso
3250:Phidias
3235:Oskison
3220:Neumann
3210:Nureyev
3190:Nampeyo
3185:Nabokov
3135:MoliĂšre
3125:Mistral
3090:Matisse
3085:Matabei
3080:Martial
3055:Mansart
3045:Machaut
3030:Lu Hsun
3000:Lessing
2965:Kulthum
2945:Kipling
2935:Kertész
2900:JanĂĄÄek
2885:Imhotep
2880:Ictinus
2865:Hun Kal
2835:Holberg
2830:Holbein
2825:Hokusai
2765:Han Kan
2700:Gauguin
2685:Flaiano
2660:Equiano
2655:Enwonwu
2635:Eastman
2620:Dowland
2600:Dickens
2595:Desprez
2570:Debussy
2535:Copland
2490:CĂ©zanne
2480:Calvino
2475:Carolan
2440:Bruegel
2400:Bernini
2365:Beckett
2290:Angelou
2285:Aneirin
2250:Alencar
2235:Aksakov
2202:Craters
2059:valleys
1957:Tolstoj
1927:Hokusai
1907:Debussy
1867:Regions
1836:General
1820:Outline
1809:Mercury
1757:Bibcode
1450:Bibcode
1377:2350973
1349:Bibcode
1341:Science
1312:Bibcode
1285:4342216
1257:Bibcode
1112:Bibcode
1104:Science
1069:Mercury
977:Bibcode
773:Bibcode
544:mission
405:Origins
296:Jupiter
288:Earth's
4098:Uranus
4093:Saturn
4032:Jovian
3974:EISCAT
3946:THEMIS
3934:(2015)
3932:
3905:(2016)
3903:
3728:Aurora
3666:Portal
3385:Titian
3340:Sander
3335:Rudaki
3320:Rivera
3315:Renoir
3300:Rameau
3225:Nizami
3205:Neruda
3200:Nawahi
3155:Mozart
3130:Mofolo
3120:Milton
3060:Mansur
3050:Mahler
2960:Kuiper
2940:Khansa
2870:Hurley
2850:Horace
2805:Hesiod
2770:Handel
2735:Goethe
2725:Glinka
2720:Giotto
2715:Gibran
2705:Geddes
2640:Eitoku
2630:Dvorak
2585:Derain
2540:Copley
2525:Chu Ta
2520:Chopin
2505:Chekov
2465:CamÔes
2435:Brontë
2425:Brahms
2395:Berkel
2390:Benoit
2350:BartĂłk
2345:Balzac
2270:Amaral
2210:Abedin
2165:fossae
1942:Neruda
1932:Kuiper
1912:Derain
1460:
1375:
1367:
1283:
1275:
1249:Nature
1138:
1130:
1075:
995:
969:Icarus
617:â IGPP
535:metals
527:liquid
352:et al.
240:dipole
228:Aurora
178:length
117:Dipole
4022:Lunar
3984:SHARE
3979:HAARP
3940:Polar
3925:IMAGE
3901:Arase
3506:Earth
3474:Moons
3444:Other
3430:Yeats
3420:Vyasa
3405:Verdi
3365:Sinan
3330:Rodin
3325:Rizal
3215:Nervo
3195:Navoi
3180:Myron
3160:Munch
3150:Moody
3140:Monet
3075:MartĂ
3065:March
3020:Liszt
3010:Li Po
2980:Lange
2950:KĆshĆ
2930:Kenko
2925:Keats
2920:Karsh
2905:Jokai
2875:Ibsen
2845:Homer
2840:Holst
2795:Heine
2790:Haydn
2750:Grieg
2740:Gogol
2730:Gluck
2625:Durer
2610:Donne
2575:Degas
2560:Dario
2455:Byron
2450:Burns
2385:Bello
2360:BashĆ
2355:Barma
2320:Atget
2300:Anyte
2280:Andal
2265:Alver
2230:Ailey
2107:rupes
1615:(PDF)
1373:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1136:S2CID
1065:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
993:S2CID
965:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
611:(PDF)
194:Main
135:Speed
3957:Wind
3511:Mars
3435:Zola
3240:Ovid
3230:Okyo
3100:Mena
2890:Ives
2860:Hugo
2760:Hals
2745:Goya
2555:Dali
2325:Bach
1892:Bach
1702:2015
1540:NASA
1421:NASA
1365:PMID
1273:PMID
1190:Time
1171:2011
1128:PMID
1073:ISBN
829:NASA
694:link
680:2016
664:"Dr"
615:UCLA
531:iron
492:The
421:core
196:ions
148:Type
122:0.0°
119:tilt
3930:MMS
3260:Poe
2670:Fet
2375:Bek
1765:doi
1468:doi
1357:doi
1345:334
1320:doi
1265:doi
1253:444
1120:doi
1108:333
985:doi
973:195
781:doi
4122::
1763:.
1753:58
1751:.
1719:.
1671:.
1646:.
1621:â
1617:.
1589:.
1564:.
1538:.
1513:.
1488:.
1466:.
1456:.
1446:49
1444:.
1419:.
1394:.
1371:.
1363:.
1355:.
1343:.
1318:.
1308:34
1306:.
1302:.
1279:.
1271:.
1263:.
1251:.
1247:.
1222:.
1210:^
1187:.
1160:.
1134:.
1126:.
1118:.
1106:.
1031:.
991:.
983:.
971:.
967:.
939:.
914:.
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