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683:. However, opposite poles attract, which means that as a physical magnet, the magnetic north pole of the Earth is actually on the southern hemisphere. In other words, if we establish that true geographic north is north, then what we call the Earth's north magnetic pole is actually its south magnetic pole since it attracts the north magnetic pole of other magnets, such as compass needles.
5487:
5463:
866:. Klein called the two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a "homing" procedure. About three months after Klein's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism,
5475:
874:… we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73°N and longitude 100°W. Your value of 73°15'N and 99°45’W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means.
1192:, and their support and camera team claimed to be the first people in history to reach the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole in northern Canada by car. Note that they did not reach the actual north magnetic pole, which at the time (2007) had moved several hundred kilometers further north from the 1996 position.
1253:(see figure). Along this line, true north is the same as magnetic north. West of the agonic line a compass will give a reading that is east of true north and by convention the magnetic declination is positive. Conversely, east of the agonic line a compass will point west of true north and the declination is negative.
1022:). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.
695:
1229:
The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the north magnetic pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over Earth's
852:
did not behave as erratically as expected—it oscillated no more than 1 to 2 degrees over much of the region—and began to study northern terrestrial magnetism. With the cooperation of many of his squadron teammates in obtaining many hundreds of statistical readings, startling results were revealed:
233:, it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 km (34 and 37 mi) per year. In 2013, the distance between the north magnetic pole and the geographic north pole was approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi). As of 2021, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic to
742:. He was also the first to define the north magnetic pole as the point where Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the current definition, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of Earth's magnetic field was understood with modern accuracy and precision.
678:
enter one pole and emerge from the other pole. By analogy with Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's "north" and "south" poles. Before magnetism was well understood, the north-seeking pole of a magnet was defined to have the north designation, according to their use in early
48:
Location of the north magnetic pole and the north geomagnetic pole in 2017. The magnetic-north of the earth as a magnet is actually on the southern hemisphere: The north side of magnets are by definition attracted to the geographic north, and opposite poles
69:
points vertically downward (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate in three dimensions, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the
1029:
variation in which the north magnetic pole describes a rough ellipse, with a maximum deviation of 80 km (50 mi) from its mean position. This effect is due to disturbances of the geomagnetic field by
4843:
857:
some 400 km (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by
Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole was not a point but occupied an elliptical region with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on
1238:. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.
1287:
would be vertical at the geomagnetic poles, and they would coincide with the magnetic poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the magnetic and geomagnetic poles lie some distance apart.
1018:. During the 20th century it moved 1,100 km (680 mi), and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 to 52 km (5.6 to 32.3 mi) per year (2001–2007 average; see also
981:
1309:
1134:
1071:
152:
935:
The
Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the north magnetic pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at
938:
196:
112:
1595:
1364:
Over the life of Earth, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa – an event known as a
1040:
The NOAA gives the 2024 location of the magnetic north pole as 86 degrees North, 142 degrees East. By 2025, it will have drifted to 138 degrees East (same latitude).
726:
Early
European navigators, cartographers and scientists believed that compass needles were attracted to a hypothetical "magnetic island" somewhere in the far north (see
1540:
785:
found the north magnetic pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by
Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the
5539:
837:. This project in turn was divided into many separate, but identically classified, projects, one of which was Project Polaris, which was a radar, photographic (
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axis (which defines the geographic north and geographic south poles) and centered at Earth's center. The north and south geomagnetic poles are the
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The direction of magnetic field lines is defined such that the lines emerge from the magnet's north pole and enter into the magnet's south pole.
4961:
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2380:
4558:
4156:
3744:
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1968:
1523:
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As of early 2019, the magnetic north pole is moving from Canada towards
Siberia at a rate of approximately 55 km (34 mi) per year.
738:. The idea that Earth itself acts as essentially a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600, by the English physician and natural philosopher
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4161:
1704:
5519:
5244:
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and first
Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the
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786:
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1714:
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where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects Earth's surface. If Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the
806:
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1948:"I have to do this not just for me … but for Scotland; Pole star: Sue's going where no Scotswoman has gone before"
5163:
4773:
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4268:
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3320:
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284:, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric center of Earth.
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2183:
1799:
World in Peril: The Origin, Mission & Scientific
Findings of the 46th / 72nd Reconnaissance Squadron
1049:
818:
71:
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94:
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2427:
2407:
1469:
1365:
1359:
1235:
1201:
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2178:
1840:
280:. Since Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetric, the north and south magnetic poles are not
5491:
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4608:
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62:
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1879:
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was a biannual competition that ran from 2003 until 2011. It took place between the community of
842:
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to undertake the task. An assignment was made in 1946 for the Army Air Forces' recently formed
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Like the north magnetic pole, the north geomagnetic pole attracts the north pole of a bar
1280:
1185:
1128:
904:
106:
3921:
2201:
2262:
2242:
1473:
1448:"Recent north magnetic pole acceleration towards Siberia caused by flux lobe elongation"
1388:
with a record of the direction of the magnetic field at the time that the magma cooled.
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surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and
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1510:
Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W.; McFadden, Phillip L. (1996). "Chapter 8".
1489:
1299:
1246:
1053:
778:
675:
1634:
1576:
1422:
294:, with reference to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points.
89:
The north magnetic pole moves over time according to magnetic changes and flux lobe
44:
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1120:
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908:
822:
703:
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289:
17:
2090:
1048:
The first team of novices to reach the magnetic north pole did so in 1996, led by
706:, depicting the location of magnetic north vaguely conceived as "Insula Magnetū" (
1609:
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3713:
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3001:
2394:
1972:
1512:
The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle
1481:
1284:
1231:
1226:, many airplanes and ships still carry them, as do casual boaters and hikers.
1219:
1112:
1065:
1325:
1311:
1150:
1136:
1087:
1073:
997:
983:
954:
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on June 1, 1831, while serving on the second arctic expedition of his uncle,
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557:
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386:
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331:
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212:
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168:
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128:
114:
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2011:
1493:
1350:, Canada but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.
1189:
735:
281:
86:, which is the most closely fitting model of Earth's actual magnetic field.
79:
2283:
2221:
4656:
1654:
1498:
802:
711:
1866:"Polar express: magnetic north pole moving 'pretty fast' towards Russia"
5283:
4663:
3450:
2928:
2904:
2892:
1920:
1446:
Livermore, Philip W.; Finlay, Christopher C.; Bayliff, Matthew (2020).
1215:
1181:
1124:
912:
731:
719:
680:
34:"Project Polaris" redirects here. For other programs and projects, see
845:. A Canadian officer observer was assigned to accompany each flight.
3529:
2854:
1291:
1272:
928:
Speed of the north magnetic pole drift according to the IGRF-12 model
810:
671:
190:
2306:
1987:"Magnetic North Pole Location, 1996 in Ellef Ringnes Island, Canada"
1824:
The Secret
Explorers: Saga of the 46th/72nd Reconnaissance Squadrons
5474:
1464:
809:
recognized a need for a comprehensive survey of the North
American
694:
2915:
1377:
1205:
707:
693:
43:
2137:"Earth's Inconstant Magnetic Field – Science Mission Directorate"
827:
2293:
1868:. Associated Press. 5 February 2019 – via theguardian.com.
4106:
2348:
2310:
884:(The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.)
848:
Frank O. Klein, the director of the project, noticed that the
769:
The first group to reach the north magnetic pole was led by
907:
in recent centuries, continuing in recent years across the
189:
in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian
841:, or three-angle, cameras) and visual study of the entire
287:
Earth's north and south magnetic poles are also known as
1853:
Geomagnetism – Daily Movement of the North Magnetic Pole
1306:
can be seen. As of 2015 it was located at approximately
903:
The movement of Earth's north magnetic pole across the
1801:(2nd revised ed.). K. W. White & Associates.
1653:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from
1275:(like a bar magnet), tilted about 10° with respect to
5427:
1541:"Magnetic north just changed. Here's what that means"
27:"Magnetic North" redirects here. For other uses, see
2282:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (25 November 2002).
1271:, Earth's magnetic field can be modeled as a simple
1131:
and the 1996 location of the north magnetic pole at
5084:
4815:
4402:
4142:
3515:
3046:
2891:
2389:
1368:. Evidence of geomagnetic reversals can be seen at
1241:In North America the line of zero declination (the
1025:This general movement is in addition to a daily or
2091:"How To Use a Compass with a USGS Topographic Map"
1969:1996 Certified Position of the Magnetic North Pole
1294:and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic
298:Recent locations of Earth's magnetic (dip) poles,
1895:"Scot of the Arctic; Sue conquers the North Pole"
1841:Location of the north magnetic pole in April 2007
1782:History of Expeditions to the North Magnetic Pole
1384:, cools, and solidifies into igneous rock, it is
1245:) runs from the north magnetic pole down through
853:The center of the north magnetic dip pole was on
1596:North Magnetic Pole Moving East Due to Core Flux
1577:"Magnetic North, Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles"
1423:"Magnetic North, Geomagnetic and Magnetic Poles"
41:Earth's magnetic pole in the Northern Hemisphere
1772:, Natural Resources Canada, retrieved June 2007
872:
1839:L. R. Newitt, A. Chulliat, and J.-J. Orgeval,
870:, Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948:
2322:
2243:"North Magnetic Pole could be leaving Canada"
1835:
1833:
1749:. National Earth Science Teachers Association
1210:Magnetic declination from true north in 2000.
978:In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at
8:
1765:
1763:
1673:
1671:
1570:
1568:
1376:move apart and the seabed is filled in with
1298:pole. It is the center of the region of the
1680:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles | NCEI"
1575:World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto.
825:area. The exploration was conducted by the
276:Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the
4116:
4103:
2358:
2345:
2329:
2315:
2307:
1921:"North Pole party for 'Grand Slam' Briton"
1608:Petrovich Dubrov, Aleksandr (2013-11-11).
84:dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field
2224:. Natural Resources Canada. April 1, 2012
2116:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
2018:. 25 July 2007. 0:22 minutes in. BBC Two
1703:Serway, Raymond A.; Chris Vuille (2006).
1463:
710:for "Island of Magnets"), off modern-day
5387:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
1843:, Earth Planets Space, 61, 703–710, 2009
1792:
1790:
1770:Early Concept of the North Magnetic Pole
1598:, National Geographic, December 24, 2009
296:
5434:
4962:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2110:
2108:
1414:
1222:. While it has been widely replaced by
1196:Magnetic north and magnetic declination
773:, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the
61:, is a point on the surface of Earth's
5540:Geography of the Northwest Territories
1052:. It included the first British woman
789:, who found the pole at Allen Lake on
1709:. US: Cengage Learning. p. 493.
7:
2202:"Wandering of the geomagnetic poles"
1880:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles"
97:. In 2001, it was determined by the
4748:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2945:Norse colonization of North America
1651:Ocean bottom magnetology laboratory
4277:United States Exploring Expedition
2208:. National Geophysical Data Center
2118:. National Geophysical Data Center
1539:Wei-Haas, Maya (4 February 2019).
787:Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
25:
5351:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
4719:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2093:. United States Geological Survey
1009:Magnetic North Pole 2007 location
868:Department of Mines and Resources
5497:
5485:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5437:
5245:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
4638:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
1380:. As the magma seeps out of the
1184:in the United Kingdom, in which
1060:, and certified its location by
921:
896:
829:and reported on as a classified
1337:Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est
807:United States Department of War
674:have two poles, where lines of
29:Magnetic North (disambiguation)
1985:Wishart, Jock (13 July 2006).
1897:. Daily Record. Archived from
1611:The Geomagnetic Field and Life
1:
4624:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4559:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2263:"Magnetic pole drifting fast"
1706:Essentials of college physics
4981:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
4797:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
4603:French Antarctic Expeditions
4533:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4419:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2537:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2289:Astronomy Picture of the Day
2284:"The Earth's magnetic field"
1543:. Science & Innovation.
746:Expeditions and measurements
264:Magnetic North Pole 2021 est
180:Magnetic North Pole 2005 est
4066:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
3745:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
2610:Andrée's balloon expedition
2189:GPX (secondary coordinates)
2042:National Geographic Society
1614:. Springer US. p. 12.
1214:Historically, the magnetic
1171:, also in northern Canada.
99:Geological Survey of Canada
5561:
5520:Polar regions of the Earth
3267:Franklin's lost expedition
2967:Christian IV's expeditions
1855:, Natural Resources Canada
1784:, Natural Resources Canada
1357:
1260:
1224:Global Positioning Systems
1218:was an important tool for
1199:
760:List of Arctic expeditions
749:
33:
26:
4119:
4115:
4102:
3621:Great Northern Expedition
3297:Rae–Richardson expedition
2497:British Arctic Expedition
2361:
2357:
2344:
2184:GPX (primary coordinates)
2159:Map all coordinates using
1647:"The Magnetic North Pole"
1482:10.1038/s41561-020-0570-9
1269:first-order approximation
492:
323:
306:
4905:British Antarctic Survey
4899:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4144:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2167:Download coordinates as:
2068:Natural Resources Canada
1822:Wack, Fred John (1992).
1743:"Earth's Magnetic Poles"
1162:Magnetic North Pole 1996
1099:Magnetic North Pole 1996
966:Magnetic North Pole 2001
224:Magnetic North Pole 2009
140:Magnetic North Pole 2001
36:Polaris (disambiguation)
5525:Geography of the Arctic
5381:Pole of inaccessibility
5044:Antarctic Treaty System
3385:2nd Grinnell expedition
2237:Map of pole's wandering
1747:Windows to the Universe
1249:and southward into the
1177:Top Gear: Polar Special
67:planet's magnetic field
5545:Orientation (geometry)
2070:. Government of Canada
2064:"Magnetic declination"
1427:wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp
1257:North geomagnetic pole
1211:
1151:78.59500°N 104.19833°W
1088:78.59500°N 104.19833°W
998:83.95000°N 120.72000°W
882:
855:Prince of Wales Island
821:to explore the entire
791:Prince of Wales Island
723:
714:. The man holding the
76:geomagnetic north pole
50:
5535:Geology of the Arctic
5051:Transglobe Expedition
4950:Operation Deep Freeze
4359:Challenger expedition
3225:Coppermine expedition
2746:Drifting ice stations
2179:GPX (all coordinates)
1326:80.37000°N 72.62000°W
1209:
1174:On 25 July 2007, the
1050:David Hempleman-Adams
819:Strategic Air Command
697:
149:. It was situated at
72:geographic north pole
47:
1991:Virtualglobetrotting
1366:geomagnetic reversal
1360:Geomagnetic reversal
1354:Geomagnetic reversal
1236:magnetic declination
1202:Magnetic declination
1156:78.59500; -104.19833
1093:78.59500; -104.19833
1058:University of Ottawa
1003:83.95000; -120.72000
843:Canadian Archipelago
801:At the start of the
324:North magnetic pole
57:, also known as the
5221:South magnetic pole
3887:Brusilov expedition
2996:Danish colonization
2434:North magnetic pole
2143:. 29 December 2003.
1797:White, Ken (1994).
1553:on February 4, 2019
1546:National Geographic
1474:2020NatGe..13..387L
1398:South magnetic pole
1331:80.37000; -72.62000
1321: /
1146: /
1119:, on the shores of
1083: /
993: /
950: /
635: /
594: /
553: /
512: /
494:South magnetic pole
464: /
423: /
382: /
341: /
303:
278:south magnetic pole
248: /
208: /
164: /
124: /
63:Northern Hemisphere
59:magnetic north pole
55:north magnetic pole
18:Magnetic North Pole
4912:Operation Windmill
4893:Operation Highjump
3868:Rusanov expedition
3773:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3517:North East Passage
3321:McClure expedition
2269:. 12 December 2005
1212:
955:81.300°N 110.800°W
888:Modern (post-1996)
815:United States Army
765:First observations
752:Arctic exploration
724:
718:is the Norse hero
640:64.081°S 135.866°E
599:64.432°S 137.325°E
558:64.661°S 138.303°E
517:64.910°S 138.902°E
469:86.494°N 162.867°E
428:85.020°N 132.834°W
387:80.972°N 109.640°W
346:78.095°N 103.689°W
316:2010 (definitive)
313:2000 (definitive)
310:1990 (definitive)
297:
253:86.400°N 156.786°E
213:84.900°N 131.000°W
169:83.100°N 117.800°W
129:81.300°N 110.800°W
95:Earth's outer core
51:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
4879:Operation Tabarin
4741:Far Eastern Party
4587:Nimrod Expedition
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
3657:M. Pronchishcheva
3579:Siberian Cossacks
3048:Northwest Passage
2381:Research stations
2338:Polar exploration
2044:. 3 December 2013
2012:"Polar Challenge"
1826:. Seeger's Print.
1525:978-0-12-491246-5
1452:Nature Geoscience
1180:was broadcast on
1032:charged particles
860:Boothia Peninsula
775:Boothia Peninsula
663:
662:
82:pole of an ideal
16:(Redirected from
5552:
5502:
5501:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5477:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5433:
4926:Ronne Expedition
4411:
4405:
4269:Dumont d'Urville
4117:
4104:
3652:V. Pronchishchev
2359:
2346:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2145:
2144:
2141:science.nasa.gov
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:USGS Education.
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1971:, Jock Wishart,
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1741:Russell, Randy.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1719:. Archived from
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1536:
1530:
1529:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1496:on 14 June 2020.
1492:. Archived from
1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1419:
1370:mid-ocean ridges
1348:Ellesmere Island
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1281:antipodal points
1277:Earth's rotation
1263:Geomagnetic pole
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
991:
990:
989:
986:
974:
973:
971:
970:
969:
967:
962:
961:
960:81.300; -110.800
956:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
925:
900:
880:
850:fluxgate compass
771:James Clark Ross
722:("Starcaterus").
659:
658:
656:
655:
654:
652:
647:
646:
645:-64.081; 135.866
641:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
618:
617:
615:
614:
613:
611:
606:
605:
604:-64.432; 137.325
600:
595:
592:
591:
590:
587:
577:
576:
574:
573:
572:
570:
565:
564:
563:-64.661; 138.303
559:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
536:
535:
533:
532:
531:
529:
524:
523:
522:-64.910; 138.902
518:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
488:
487:
485:
484:
483:
481:
476:
475:
470:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
447:
446:
444:
443:
442:
440:
435:
434:
433:85.020; -132.834
429:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
406:
405:
403:
402:
401:
399:
394:
393:
392:80.972; -109.640
388:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
365:
364:
362:
361:
360:
358:
353:
352:
351:78.095; -103.689
347:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
304:
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
265:
260:
259:
254:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
232:
231:
229:
228:
227:
225:
220:
219:
218:84.900; -131.000
214:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
188:
187:
185:
184:
183:
181:
176:
175:
174:83.100; -117.800
170:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
141:
136:
135:
134:81.300; -110.800
130:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
103:Ellesmere Island
78:is the northern
21:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5496:
5486:
5484:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5428:
5426:
5413:
5088:
5080:
4956:McMurdo Station
4825:Modern research
4823:
4811:
4546:O. Nordenskjöld
4409:
4403:
4398:
4314:Ross expedition
4138:
4111:
4090:
3519:
3511:
3052:Northern Canada
3050:
3042:
2895:
2887:
2393:
2385:
2353:
2340:
2335:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2249:. 20 March 2002
2241:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1927:. 30 April 1998
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1901:on 11 June 2014
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1678:Nair, Manoj C.
1677:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1403:Polar alignment
1394:
1374:tectonic plates
1362:
1356:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1304:Aurora Borealis
1265:
1259:
1204:
1198:
1186:Jeremy Clarkson
1161:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1129:northern Canada
1098:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1046:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
987:
984:
982:
980:
979:
965:
963:
959:
957:
953:
952:
949:
944:
941:
939:
937:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
929:
926:
917:
916:
915:
905:Canadian Arctic
901:
890:
881:
879:R. Glenn Madill
878:
864:Bathurst Island
799:
797:Project Polaris
767:
762:
748:
740:William Gilbert
692:
668:
650:
648:
644:
642:
638:
637:
634:
629:
626:
624:
622:
621:
609:
607:
603:
601:
597:
596:
593:
588:
585:
583:
581:
580:
568:
566:
562:
560:
556:
555:
552:
547:
544:
542:
540:
539:
527:
525:
521:
519:
515:
514:
511:
506:
503:
501:
499:
498:
479:
477:
474:86.494; 162.867
473:
471:
467:
466:
463:
458:
455:
453:
451:
450:
438:
436:
432:
430:
426:
425:
422:
417:
414:
412:
410:
409:
397:
395:
391:
389:
385:
384:
381:
376:
373:
371:
369:
368:
356:
354:
350:
348:
344:
343:
340:
335:
332:
330:
328:
327:
263:
261:
258:86.400; 156.786
257:
255:
251:
250:
247:
242:
239:
237:
235:
234:
223:
221:
217:
215:
211:
210:
207:
202:
199:
197:
195:
194:
179:
177:
173:
171:
167:
166:
163:
158:
155:
153:
151:
150:
139:
137:
133:
131:
127:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
107:northern Canada
101:to lie west of
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5458:
5446:
5444:Earth sciences
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:Vostok Station
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:Cherry-Garrard
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5164:Southern Cross
5160:
5159:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5094:
5092:
5086:Farthest South
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4996:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4958:
4953:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4783:Ross Sea party
4779:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4744:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4715:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4477:Southern Cross
4470:Southern Cross
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4414:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4335:
4329:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:Bellingshausen
4206:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4075:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3521:Russian Arctic
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3041:
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2222:"Geomagnetism"
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2030:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1946:Smith, Anna.
1942:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1893:Smith, Anna.
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1723:on 2019-05-15
1722:
1718:
1716:0-495-10619-4
1712:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1685:
1684:ngdc.noaa.gov
1681:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1657:on 2013-08-19
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1621:9781475716108
1617:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1305:
1302:in which the
1301:
1300:magnetosphere
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:Lake Superior
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Sue Stockdale
1051:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1015:
976:
972:
924:
914:
910:
906:
899:
887:
885:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Sir John Ross
776:
772:
764:
761:
757:
753:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
689:
687:
684:
682:
677:
676:magnetic flux
673:
665:
657:
620:
616:
579:
575:
538:
534:
497:
495:
491:
486:
449:
445:
408:
404:
367:
363:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:-13 estimate
301:
295:
293:
291:
285:
283:
279:
274:
270:
230:
192:
186:
146:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:at which the
64:
60:
56:
46:
37:
30:
19:
5530:Geomagnetism
5492:Solar System
5379:
5367:Pole of Cold
5365:
5291:
5282:
5250:
5243:
5219:
5190:
5176:
5170:Borchgrevink
5162:
5149:
5134:
5114:
5099:
5068:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5012:
5003:
4986:
4979:
4960:
4948:
4924:
4910:
4903:
4891:
4877:
4863:
4849:
4842:
4803:
4795:
4781:
4774:
4772:
4754:
4746:
4739:
4726:
4717:
4679:
4671:
4662:
4655:
4643:
4636:
4622:
4610:Pourquoi-Pas
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4580:Orcadas Base
4578:
4570:
4557:
4551:C. A. Larsen
4539:
4531:
4517:
4510:
4497:
4489:
4483:Borchgrevink
4476:
4468:
4425:
4417:
4392:C. A. Larsen
4385:
4366:
4357:
4339:
4321:
4312:
4299:
4284:
4275:
4262:
4223:
4209:
4202:
4183:
4168:
4078:
4071:
4054:
4047:
4033:
4018:
4004:
3991:
3966:
3952:
3950:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3892:
3885:
3866:
3832:
3830:
3816:
3814:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3764:
3762:
3743:
3619:
3577:
3560:
3528:
3492:
3490:
3470:
3469:
3449:
3448:
3434:
3421:
3406:
3392:
3383:
3370:
3341:
3329:Investigator
3328:
3319:
3295:
3282:
3274:
3265:
3252:
3223:
3200:
3185:
3170:
3140:
3125:
3095:
3014:
2994:
2965:
2961:Erik the Red
2943:
2921:
2914:
2871:submersibles
2868:
2862:Arktika 2007
2860:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2827:
2818:
2815:
2796:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2751:
2744:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2661:
2659:
2630:
2627:
2616:S. A. Andrée
2608:
2595:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2535:
2517:
2504:
2495:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2433:
2432:
2297:. Retrieved
2287:
2271:. Retrieved
2266:
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2226:. Retrieved
2210:. Retrieved
2206:Geomagnetism
2205:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2140:
2131:
2120:. Retrieved
2095:. Retrieved
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:
1980:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1888:
1874:
1860:
1848:
1823:
1817:
1798:
1777:
1751:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
1705:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1641:
1630:
1610:
1603:
1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1555:. Retrieved
1551:the original
1544:
1534:
1511:
1505:
1494:the original
1455:
1451:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1363:
1295:
1289:
1266:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1213:
1175:
1173:
1121:Resolute Bay
1110:
1062:magnetometer
1047:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1024:
977:
934:
909:Arctic Ocean
883:
873:
847:
830:
823:Arctic Ocean
800:
768:
725:
704:Olaus Magnus
700:Carta marina
698:Part of the
685:
669:
290:magnetic dip
288:
286:
275:
88:
58:
54:
52:
5070:Lake Vostok
5020:Tryoshnikov
4942:Schlossbach
4833:Christensen
4775:James Caird
4696:E. R. Evans
4462:Dobrowolski
4432:de Gerlache
4134:Expeditions
4020:Aviaarktika
3974:Samoylovich
3845:Kolomeitsev
3739:Middendorff
3699:Gedenshtrom
3119:I. Fyodorov
2881:Chilingarov
2769:E. Fyodorov
2376:Expeditions
1329: /
1285:field lines
1243:agonic line
1154: /
1141:104°11′54″W
1091: /
1078:104°11′54″W
1044:Exploration
1020:polar drift
1001: /
988:120°43′12″W
958: /
839:trimetrogon
728:Rupes Nigra
716:rune staffs
702:of 1539 by
643: /
630:135°51′58″E
602: /
589:137°19′30″E
561: /
548:138°18′11″E
520: /
507:138°54′07″E
472: /
459:162°52′01″E
431: /
418:132°50′02″W
390: /
377:109°38′24″W
349: /
336:103°41′20″W
256: /
243:156°47′10″E
216: /
172: /
132: /
5514:Categories
5293:Terra Nova
5198:Shackleton
5141:J. C. Ross
5100:Resolution
5090:South Pole
4865:New Swabia
4789:Mackintosh
4761:Shackleton
4680:Terra Nova
4673:Terra Nova
4407:Heroic Age
4367:Challenger
4327:J. C. Ross
4237:Bransfield
4169:Resolution
4084:icebreaker
4048:Chelyuskin
3789:expedition
3767:Expedition
3709:Matyushkin
3667:Kh. Laptev
3662:Chelyuskin
3556:Heemskerck
3546:Chancellor
3541:Willoughby
3536:Koch boats
3479:Stefansson
3413:McClintock
3377:Inglefield
3219:J. C. Ross
3126:Resolution
2978:Cunningham
2876:Sagalevich
2565:expedition
2524:Stephenson
2484:C. F. Hall
2471:expedition
2445:J. C. Ross
2408:Heemskerck
2395:North Pole
2299:2012-04-19
2122:2018-04-28
1973:Polar Race
1954:29 January
1905:29 January
1753:2012-04-19
1727:2012-04-19
1689:2019-12-19
1661:2017-02-06
1582:2012-07-03
1557:5 February
1465:2010.11033
1432:2019-12-18
1409:References
1335: (
1316:72°37′12″W
1313:80°22′12″N
1232:true north
1220:navigation
1160: (
1138:78°35′42″N
1113:Polar Race
1097: (
1075:78°35′42″N
1066:theodolite
1007: (
985:83°57′00″N
964: (
831:Top Secret
750:See also:
649: (
627:64°04′52″S
608: (
586:64°25′55″S
567: (
545:64°39′40″S
526: (
504:64°54′36″S
478: (
456:86°29′38″N
437: (
415:85°01′12″N
396: (
374:80°58′19″N
355: (
333:78°05′42″N
262: (
240:86°24′00″N
222: (
178: (
138: (
91:elongation
5468:Astronomy
5392:Tolstikov
5178:Discovery
5148:HMS
5133:HMS
5115:Adventure
5113:HMS
5098:HMS
5034:Tolstikov
4755:Endurance
4540:Antarctic
4525:Drygalski
4498:Discovery
4491:Discovery
4452:Arctowski
4365:HMS
4338:HMS
4332:Abernethy
4320:HMS
4298:USS
4285:Vincennes
4283:USS
4263:Astrolabe
4203:San Telmo
4184:Adventure
4182:HMS
4167:HMS
4162:Kerguelen
4124:Continent
4109:Antarctic
3986:Urvantsev
3944:Vilkitsky
3797:Jeannette
3795:USS
3787:Jeannette
3751:Weyprecht
3729:Pakhtusov
3679:Chichagov
3672:D. Laptev
3615:Permyakov
3590:Stadukhin
3585:Perfilyev
3562:Mangazeya
3500:H. Larsen
3465:Rasmussen
3420:HMS
3391:USS
3340:HMS
3327:HMS
3291:Collinson
3281:HMS
3273:HMS
3251:HMS
3199:HMS
3184:HMS
3169:HMS
3154:Mackenzie
3141:Discovery
3139:HMS
3124:HMS
3096:Discovery
3075:Frobisher
3038:Rasmussen
2951:Gunnbjörn
2897:Greenland
2826:USS
2817:USS
2689:Ellsworth
2631:Roosevelt
2561:Nansen's
2518:Discovery
2516:HMS
2503:HMS
2450:Abernethy
2418:Marmaduke
2097:25 August
2074:25 August
2048:25 August
2038:"Compass"
1975:organiser
1490:218513160
1386:imprinted
1190:James May
793:in 1947.
736:pole star
730:), or to
681:compasses
282:antipodal
80:antipodal
5404:A. Fuchs
5361:V. Fuchs
5341:McKinley
5304:E. Evans
5263:Bjaaland
5258:Amundsen
5208:Marshall
5121:Furneaux
4973:V. Fuchs
4937:E. Ronne
4932:F. Ronne
4871:Ritscher
4725:SY
4713:Filchner
4657:Framheim
4651:Amundsen
4457:Racoviță
4442:Amundsen
4437:Lecointe
4306:Ringgold
4300:Porpoise
4190:Furneaux
4026:Shevelev
3981:Begichev
3960:Amundsen
3922:Nagórski
3900:Brusilov
3894:Sv. Anna
3808:Melville
3778:Palander
3734:Tsivolko
3694:Sannikov
3689:Billings
3632:Chirikov
3551:Barentsz
3493:St. Roch
3484:Bartlett
3458:Amundsen
3442:Sverdrup
3342:Resolute
3231:Franklin
3159:Kotzebue
3026:Sverdrup
3009:Scoresby
2983:Lindenov
2834:Plaisted
2819:Nautilus
2764:Shirshov
2738:Belyakov
2733:Baydukov
2707:Nautilus
2669:Amundsen
2629:SS
2588:Sverdrup
2583:Johansen
2553:Brainard
2548:Lockwood
2403:Barentsz
2273:19 April
2267:BBC News
2253:19 April
2228:19 April
2212:19 April
2022:19 April
2016:Top Gear
1925:BBC News
1392:See also
1117:Resolute
945:110°48′W
911:towards
877:—
803:Cold War
712:Murmansk
666:Polarity
651:SMP 2020
610:SMP 2010
569:SMP 2000
528:SMP 1990
480:NMP 2020
439:NMP 2010
398:NMP 2000
357:NMP 1990
203:131°00′W
159:117°48′W
119:110°48′W
49:attract.
5504:Science
5456:Weather
5430:Portals
5409:Messner
5356:Hillary
5336:Balchen
5284:Polheim
5278:Wisting
5156:Crozier
5128:Weddell
5106:J. Cook
5076:Kapitsa
5057:Fiennes
4999:Klenova
4968:Hillary
4918:Ketchum
4844:BANZARE
4819:·
4664:Polheim
4630:Shirase
4616:Charcot
4426:Belgica
4345:Crozier
4257:Morrell
4252:Weddell
4230:Lazarev
4175:J. Cook
4129:History
4079:Arktika
4055:Krassin
4040:Voronin
4012:Schmidt
3998:Ushakov
3937:Vaygach
3905:Albanov
3874:Rusanov
3855:Kolchak
3850:Matisen
3824:Makarov
3803:De Long
3704:Wrangel
3684:Lyakhov
3637:Malygin
3595:Dezhnev
3422:Pandora
3393:Advance
3360:Kennedy
3355:Belcher
3348:Kellett
3335:McClure
3259:Beechey
3253:Blossom
3246:Simpson
3214:Crozier
3207:Hoppner
3164:J. Ross
3132:J. Cook
3080:Gilbert
2973:J. Hall
2939:Ingólfr
2929:Naddodd
2923:Vikings
2910:Brendan
2905:Pytheas
2893:Iceland
2847:Arktika
2839:Herbert
2804:Badygin
2774:Krenkel
2759:Papanin
2728:Chkalov
2714:Wilkins
2679:Wisting
2623:F. Cook
2529:Markham
2489:Bessels
2478:Polaris
2469:Polaris
2440:J. Ross
2423:Carolus
2371:History
2247:CNN.com
1996:21 July
1931:12 June
1882:. NOAA.
1499:Alt URL
1470:Bibcode
1346:, over
1216:compass
1182:BBC Two
1125:Nunavut
1027:diurnal
942:81°18′N
913:Siberia
732:Polaris
720:Starkad
690:History
672:magnets
200:84°54′N
156:83°06′N
116:81°18′N
93:in the
74:. The
5319:Bowers
5314:Wilson
5273:Hassel
5268:Helmer
5237:Mackay
5227:Mawson
5192:Nimrod
5150:Terror
5135:Erebus
5062:Burton
4857:Rymill
4733:Mawson
4727:Aurora
4706:Lashly
4691:Wilson
4594:Nimrod
4571:Scotia
4378:Murray
4353:Cooper
4340:Terror
4322:Erebus
4291:Wilkes
4242:Palmer
4210:Vostok
4157:Bouvet
4081:-class
4061:Gakkel
3929:Taymyr
3910:Konrad
3879:Kuchin
3817:Yermak
3724:Lavrov
3642:Ovtsyn
3627:Bering
3605:Ivanov
3568:Hudson
3530:Pomors
3507:Cowper
3472:Karluk
3371:Isabel
3365:Bellot
3315:Austin
3283:Terror
3275:Erebus
3171:Griper
3147:Clerke
3107:Baffin
3090:Hudson
3021:Nansen
2934:Garðar
2855:Barneo
2722:ANT-25
2698:Italia
2674:Nobile
2643:Henson
2602:Amedeo
2578:Nansen
2543:Greely
2413:Hudson
2351:Arctic
1805:
1713:
1618:
1522:
1488:
1382:mantle
1372:where
1292:magnet
1273:dipole
811:Arctic
805:, the
758:, and
734:, the
191:Arctic
5480:Stars
5399:Crary
5346:Dufek
5309:Oates
5299:Scott
5232:David
5213:Adams
5184:Barne
5005:Mirny
4994:Somov
4804:Quest
4701:Crean
4686:Scott
4565:Bruce
4519:Gauss
4512:Gauss
4386:Jason
4373:Nares
4247:Davis
4224:Mirny
4197:Smith
4152:Roché
4072:Lenin
3992:Sadko
3917:Wiese
3862:Sedov
3833:Zarya
3756:Payer
3719:Litke
3714:Anjou
3647:Minin
3610:Vagin
3600:Popov
3573:Poole
3428:Young
3241:Dease
3186:Hecla
3177:Parry
3102:Bylot
3085:Davis
3060:Cabot
3033:Peary
3015:Jason
3002:Egede
2916:Papar
2828:Skate
2809:Wiese
2789:NP-37
2782:NP-36
2662:Norge
2650:Sedov
2638:Peary
2596:Jason
2511:Nares
2505:Alert
2460:Hayes
2428:Parry
2366:Ocean
1635:NP.xy
1486:S2CID
1460:arXiv
1378:magma
1296:south
1267:As a
1127:, in
708:Latin
319:2020
307:Year
292:poles
5331:Byrd
5252:Fram
5203:Wild
4885:Marr
4851:BGLE
4838:Byrd
4766:Wild
4645:Fram
4447:Cook
3968:AARI
3953:Maud
3840:Toll
3765:Vega
3451:Gjøa
3436:Fram
3399:Kane
3236:Back
3201:Fury
3192:Lyon
3114:Munk
2753:NP-1
2655:Byrd
2572:Fram
2563:Fram
2455:Kane
2294:NASA
2275:2012
2255:2012
2230:2012
2214:2012
2099:2018
2076:2018
2050:2018
2024:2012
1998:2019
1956:2014
1933:2008
1907:2014
1803:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1559:2019
1520:ISBN
1111:The
1064:and
862:and
670:All
300:IGRF
53:The
5028:3rd
5014:2nd
4988:1st
4821:IGY
4817:IPY
3407:Fox
3303:Rae
2869:Mir
2845:NS
2174:KML
1478:doi
1068:at
193:at
109:at
105:in
5516::
3933:/
2292:.
2286:.
2265:.
2245:.
2204:.
2139:.
2107:^
2066:.
2040:.
2014:.
1989:.
1923:.
1832:^
1789:^
1762:^
1745:.
1682:.
1670:^
1649:.
1567:^
1518:.
1514:.
1484:.
1476:.
1468:.
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