41:
72:
644:
claimed to have found the south magnetic pole, which was at that time located on land. They planted a flagpole at the spot and claimed it for the
British Empire. However, there is now some doubt as to whether their location was correct. The approximate position of the pole on 16 January 1909 was
706:
Earth's geomagnetic field can be approximated by a tilted dipole (like a bar magnet) placed at the center of Earth. The south geomagnetic pole is the point where the axis of this best-fitting tilted dipole intersects Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. As of 2005 it was calculated to be
98:
For historical reasons, the "end" of a freely hanging magnet that points (roughly) north is itself called the "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing south, is called the magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, Earth's south magnetic pole is physically actually a
742:. Because the field is not an exact dipole, the south geomagnetic pole does not coincide with the south magnetic pole. Furthermore, the south geomagnetic pole is wandering for the same reason its northern geomagnetic counterpart wanders.
3629:
969:
196:. While the north magnetic pole began wandering very quickly in the mid 1990s, the movement of the south magnetic pole did not show a matching change of speed.
92:
2791:
1114:
75:
Observed south dip poles during 1903–2000 are yellow squares. IGRF-12 Modeled pole locations from 1590 to 2020 are circles progressing from blue to yellow.
525:
484:
443:
402:
356:
315:
274:
233:
1752:
689:
201:
4172:
1387:
113:
1395:
3747:
2753:
1166:
3344:
2942:
2530:
4136:
710:
648:
152:
2082:
967:
Jackson, Andrew; Jonkers, Art R. T.; Walker, Matthew R. (2000). "Four centuries of geomagnetic secular variation from historical records".
937:
2947:
4223:
4030:
3711:
3533:
3423:
3192:
1781:
1730:
3481:
3062:
3001:
913:
3504:
855:
591:
The first calculation of the magnetic inclination to locate the magnetic South Pole was made on 23 January 1838 by the hydrographer
91:
lines are directed perpendicular to the nominal surface. The
Geomagnetic South Pole, a related point, is the south pole of an ideal
3582:
4233:
808:
597:
110:
The south magnetic pole is constantly shifting due to changes in Earth's magnetic field. As of 2005 it was calculated to lie at
4243:
3813:
3799:
3773:
3610:
2504:
1581:
1107:
20:
3636:
3606:
1949:
1939:
1523:
1225:
3247:
188:, the pole is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 mi) per year. Its current distance from the actual
3409:
2919:
2052:
3318:
3204:
3047:
2093:
1554:
1322:
847:
592:
3766:
3388:
3222:
3163:
3117:
1235:
692:(IGRF). For earlier years back to about 1600, the model GUFM1 is used, based on a compilation of data from ship logs.
1346:
193:
4126:
2851:
2825:
2818:
2558:
2269:
2170:
2162:
2145:
1763:
1309:
1161:
1100:
3949:
3559:
3255:
3054:
2839:
2721:
2524:
2406:
2257:
2106:
2044:
2031:
1904:
1630:
1282:
573:
88:
4228:
4099:
3690:
3684:
3602:
3476:
3261:
2987:
2863:
2713:
2601:
2385:
1401:
4166:
3829:
2982:
2856:
2776:
2285:
2112:
1314:
4104:
3670:
2937:
1602:
986:
4238:
4109:
4078:
3883:
3836:
3735:
3539:
3458:
3401:
3150:
3144:
2994:
2952:
2914:
2894:
2489:
2264:
2100:
2010:
1992:
1909:
1880:
1870:
1758:
1695:
1469:
2150:
3963:
3955:
3898:
3486:
3350:
3331:
3276:
3268:
3068:
3008:
2967:
2580:
2571:
2442:
2437:
2341:
2205:
1962:
1924:
1741:
1736:
1719:
1531:
1301:
1269:
1213:
1193:
1058:
978:
685:
991:
4084:
3471:
3394:
3310:
3091:
3083:
3032:
2672:
2630:
2125:
2088:
1977:
1724:
1611:
1414:
1219:
751:
226:
104:
27:
3242:
3805:
3697:
3678:
3217:
2759:
2653:
2617:
2593:
2484:
2331:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2198:
2176:
2155:
2036:
2026:
1773:
1661:
1589:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1156:
1136:
1004:
901:
871:
572:
Early unsuccessful attempts to reach the magnetic south pole included those of French explorer
4177:
3983:
3977:
3933:
3918:
3847:
3819:
3727:
3664:
3574:
3546:
3526:
3464:
3372:
3336:
3210:
3177:
3170:
3123:
3105:
3022:
2771:
2640:
2588:
2494:
2447:
2375:
2364:
2076:
2066:
2058:
1954:
1944:
1855:
1850:
1833:
1799:
1666:
1653:
1474:
1380:
1338:
1333:
1123:
909:
905:
894:
851:
641:
637:
841:
4194:
3926:
3618:
3498:
3324:
3297:
3237:
3112:
3042:
3027:
2766:
2695:
2690:
2664:
2659:
2541:
2464:
2417:
2184:
2004:
1969:
1865:
1860:
1794:
1708:
1490:
1482:
1368:
1288:
1240:
1230:
1203:
1066:
996:
701:
581:
181:
684:
The south magnetic pole has also been estimated by fits to global sets of data such as the
71:
4184:
4131:
4116:
4022:
4017:
3941:
3906:
3842:
3741:
3656:
3623:
3355:
3138:
3130:
3099:
3015:
2975:
2729:
2685:
2625:
2549:
2519:
2514:
2474:
2452:
2400:
2336:
2326:
2277:
1999:
1984:
1837:
1806:
1768:
1518:
1446:
1440:
1363:
1328:
1188:
756:
633:
629:
585:
2707:
783:
192:
is approximately 2,860 km (1,780 mi). The nearest permanent science station is
1062:
982:
54:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2016:
1811:
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2221:
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1357:
1022:
804:
185:
146:
1087:
602:, a member of the Dumont d'Urville expedition in Antarctica and Oceania on the
3988:
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2191:
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1845:
1787:
1180:
189:
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128:
115:
3510:
2347:
1899:
1682:
1000:
3442:
1071:
1044:
929:
603:
26:
For additional general information about the Earth's magnetic poles, see
4069:
3449:
2236:
1714:
1690:
1678:
2315:
1640:
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1701:
70:
2892:
1134:
1096:
34:
95:
that most closely fits the Earth's actual magnetic field.
87:, is the point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the
1045:"Survey tracks current position of South Magnetic Pole"
19:"Magnetic south" redirects here. For other uses, see
3870:
3601:
3188:
2928:
2301:
1832:
1677:
1175:
896:
Antarctica: Great
Stories from the Frozen Continent
893:
200:Recent locations of Earth's magnetic (dip) poles,
141:, placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between
970:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
1108:
8:
612:
606:
2902:
2889:
1144:
1131:
1115:
1101:
1093:
93:dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field
1070:
1023:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
990:
874:. British Antarctic Survey. 11 March 2011
805:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
690:International Geomagnetic Reference Field
4173:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
198:
3748:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
782:NOAA National Geophysical Data Center.
767:
843:Antarctic Treaty System: an Assessment
777:
775:
773:
771:
580:(expedition of 1838–1842) and Briton
7:
938:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
784:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles"
16:Point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere
3534:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1731:Norse colonization of North America
934:Ocean Bottom Magnetology Laboratory
180:(est). That point lies outside the
105:North magnetic pole § Polarity
3063:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
4137:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3505:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
593:Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin
4031:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3424:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
809:National Geophysical Data Center
39:
617:in 1837–1840, which discovered
21:Magnetic South (disambiguation)
624:On 16 January 1909 three men (
1:
3410:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3345:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
1088:Australian Antarctic Division
3767:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3583:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3389:French Antarctic Expeditions
3319:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3205:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1323:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
848:US National Research Council
831:. British Geological Survey.
2852:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2531:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1396:Andrée's balloon expedition
957:Shackleton, Roland Huntford
872:"FAQs from primary schools"
4260:
4224:Polar regions of the Earth
2053:Franklin's lost expedition
1753:Christian IV's expeditions
699:
25:
18:
2905:
2901:
2888:
2407:Great Northern Expedition
2083:Rae–Richardson expedition
1283:British Arctic Expedition
1147:
1143:
1130:
930:"The Magnetic South Pole"
396:
225:
208:
48:This article needs to be
3691:British Antarctic Survey
3685:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2930:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1043:Barton, Charles (2002).
680:Fits to global data sets
194:Dumont d'Urville Station
4234:Geography of Antarctica
4167:Pole of inaccessibility
3830:Antarctic Treaty System
2171:2nd Grinnell expedition
586:expedition of 1839–1843
4244:Orientation (geometry)
1001:10.1098/rsta.2000.0569
696:South geomagnetic pole
613:
607:
576:(1837–1840), American
574:Jules Dumont d'Urville
129:64.53000°S 137.86000°E
76:
3837:Transglobe Expedition
3736:Operation Deep Freeze
3145:Challenger expedition
2011:Coppermine expedition
1532:Drifting ice stations
190:Geographic South Pole
74:
1072:10.1029/2002EO000210
850:. 1986. p. 90.
686:World Magnetic Model
397:South magnetic pole
149:. In 2015 it lay at
134:-64.53000; 137.86000
83:, also known as the
4007:South magnetic pole
2673:Brusilov expedition
1782:Danish colonization
1220:North magnetic pole
1063:2002EOSTr..83..291B
983:2000RSPTA.358..957J
752:North magnetic pole
722: /
660: /
537: /
496: /
455: /
414: /
368: /
327: /
286: /
245: /
227:North magnetic pole
205:
164: /
125: /
85:magnetic south pole
81:south magnetic pole
28:North magnetic pole
3698:Operation Windmill
3679:Operation Highjump
2654:Rusanov expedition
2559:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2303:North East Passage
2107:McClure expedition
542:64.081°S 135.866°E
501:64.432°S 137.325°E
460:64.661°S 138.303°E
419:64.910°S 138.902°E
373:86.494°N 162.867°E
332:85.020°N 132.834°W
291:80.972°N 109.640°W
250:78.095°N 103.689°W
218:2010 (definitive)
215:2000 (definitive)
212:1990 (definitive)
199:
77:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
3665:Operation Tabarin
3527:Far Eastern Party
3373:Nimrod Expedition
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2443:M. Pronchishcheva
2365:Siberian Cossacks
1834:Northwest Passage
1167:Research stations
1124:Polar exploration
977:(1768): 957–990.
904:. 1985. pp.
642:Nimrod Expedition
638:Ernest Shackleton
565:
564:
89:geomagnetic field
69:
68:
4251:
3712:Ronne Expedition
3197:
3191:
3055:Dumont d'Urville
2903:
2890:
2438:V. Pronchishchev
1145:
1132:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1076:
1074:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
994:
964:
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944:
926:
920:
919:
899:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
868:
862:
861:
838:
832:
829:"Magnetic Poles"
826:
820:
819:
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815:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
779:
737:
736:
734:
733:
732:
727:
726:79.74°S 108.22°E
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
702:Geomagnetic pole
675:
674:
672:
671:
670:
665:
664:72.25°S 155.15°E
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
616:
610:
601:
582:James Clark Ross
561:
560:
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548:
547:-64.081; 135.866
543:
538:
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519:
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513:
508:
507:
506:-64.432; 137.325
502:
497:
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489:
479:
478:
476:
475:
474:
472:
467:
466:
465:-64.661; 138.303
461:
456:
453:
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451:
448:
438:
437:
435:
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433:
431:
426:
425:
424:-64.910; 138.902
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407:
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339:
338:
337:85.020; -132.834
333:
328:
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320:
310:
309:
307:
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303:
298:
297:
296:80.972; -109.640
292:
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279:
269:
268:
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257:
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255:78.095; -103.689
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246:
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241:
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206:
182:Antarctic Circle
179:
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169:
168:64.28°S 136.59°E
165:
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55:
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35:
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4248:
4229:East Antarctica
4214:
4213:
4212:
4199:
3874:
3866:
3742:McMurdo Station
3611:Modern research
3609:
3597:
3332:O. Nordenskjöld
3195:
3189:
3184:
3100:Ross expedition
2924:
2897:
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2305:
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1838:Northern Canada
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1828:
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1121:
1084:
1079:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1025:. Ngdc.noaa.gov
1021:
1020:
1016:
992:10.1.1.560.5046
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965:
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902:Reader's Digest
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757:Polar alignment
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634:Alistair Mackay
630:Edgeworth David
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378:86.494; 162.867
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103:pole (see also
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40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4159:Vostok Station
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4119:
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4110:Cherry-Garrard
4107:
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4015:
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3991:
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3974:
3973:
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3960:
3959:
3958:
3950:Southern Cross
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3916:
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3872:Farthest South
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3682:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3569:Ross Sea party
3565:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3434:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3369:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:Southern Cross
3256:Southern Cross
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3200:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:Bellingshausen
2992:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
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2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2307:Russian Arctic
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1744:
1742:Snæbjörn galti
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1675:
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1609:
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1578:
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1411:
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1392:
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1371:
1366:
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1343:
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1341:
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1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
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1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1177:Farthest North
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:External links
1080:
1078:
1077:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1014:
959:
950:
921:
915:978-0949819642
914:
885:
863:
856:
833:
821:
796:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
754:
747:
744:
740:Vostok Station
731:-79.74; 108.22
700:Main article:
697:
694:
688:(WMM) and the
681:
678:
669:-72.25; 155.15
626:Douglas Mawson
578:Charles Wilkes
569:
566:
563:
562:
521:
480:
439:
398:
394:
393:
352:
311:
270:
229:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
173:-64.28; 136.59
67:
66:
47:
45:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4256:
4245:
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4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
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4014:
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4009:
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4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
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3726:
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3715:
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3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:Discovery Hut
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:A. Sibiryakov
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:Glavsevmorput
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
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2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
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2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
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2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2094:J. Richardson
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:M. Corte-Real
1854:
1852:
1851:G. Corte-Real
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:C. Richardson
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
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1735:
1733:
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1723:
1721:
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1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1694:
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1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1656:
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1596:
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1585:
1584:
1583:Georgiy Sedov
1579:
1577:
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1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Riiser-Larsen
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
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1316:
1313:
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1300:
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1287:
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1276:
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1234:
1232:
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1207:
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1200:
1197:
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1190:
1187:
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1168:
1165:
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1155:
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1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
954:
951:
939:
935:
931:
925:
922:
917:
911:
907:
903:
898:
897:
889:
886:
873:
867:
864:
859:
857:9780309036405
853:
849:
845:
844:
837:
834:
830:
825:
822:
810:
806:
800:
797:
785:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
741:
735:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
615:
609:
605:
599:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
559:
522:
518:
481:
477:
440:
436:
399:
395:
390:
353:
349:
312:
308:
271:
267:
230:
228:
224:
220:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:-13 estimate
203:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
148:
144:
138:
108:
106:
102:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
73:
63:
51:
46:
37:
36:
33:
29:
22:
4239:Geomagnetism
4165:
4153:Pole of Cold
4151:
4077:
4068:
4036:
4029:
4006:
4005:
3976:
3962:
3956:Borchgrevink
3948:
3935:
3920:
3900:
3885:
3854:
3835:
3828:
3812:
3798:
3789:
3772:
3765:
3746:
3734:
3710:
3696:
3689:
3677:
3663:
3649:
3635:
3628:
3589:
3581:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3512:
3503:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3441:
3429:
3422:
3408:
3396:Pourquoi-Pas
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3366:Orcadas Base
3364:
3356:
3343:
3337:C. A. Larsen
3325:
3317:
3303:
3296:
3283:
3275:
3269:Borchgrevink
3262:
3254:
3211:
3203:
3178:C. A. Larsen
3171:
3152:
3143:
3125:
3107:
3098:
3085:
3070:
3061:
3048:
3009:
2995:
2988:
2969:
2954:
2864:
2857:
2840:
2833:
2819:
2804:
2790:
2777:
2752:
2738:
2736:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2678:
2671:
2652:
2618:
2616:
2602:
2600:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2550:
2548:
2529:
2405:
2363:
2346:
2314:
2278:
2276:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2207:
2192:
2178:
2169:
2156:
2127:
2115:Investigator
2114:
2105:
2081:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2038:
2009:
1986:
1971:
1956:
1926:
1911:
1881:
1800:
1780:
1751:
1747:Erik the Red
1729:
1707:
1700:
1657:submersibles
1654:
1648:Arktika 2007
1646:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1537:
1530:
1506:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1447:
1445:
1416:
1413:
1402:S. A. Andrée
1394:
1381:
1356:
1348:
1345:
1321:
1303:
1290:
1281:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1218:
1054:
1048:
1027:. Retrieved
1017:
974:
968:
962:
953:
941:. Retrieved
933:
924:
895:
888:
876:. Retrieved
866:
842:
836:
824:
812:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
705:
683:
623:
590:
571:
109:
100:
97:
84:
80:
78:
60:January 2019
57:
49:
32:
3856:Lake Vostok
3806:Tryoshnikov
3728:Schlossbach
3619:Christensen
3561:James Caird
3482:E. R. Evans
3248:Dobrowolski
3218:de Gerlache
2920:Expeditions
2806:Aviaarktika
2760:Samoylovich
2631:Kolomeitsev
2525:Middendorff
2485:Gedenshtrom
1905:I. Fyodorov
1667:Chilingarov
1555:E. Fyodorov
1162:Expeditions
1057:(27): 291.
738:, near the
729: /
707:located at
667: /
636:) from Sir
619:Adélie Land
608:L'Astrolabe
596: [
568:Expeditions
545: /
532:135°51′58″E
504: /
491:137°19′30″E
463: /
450:138°18′11″E
422: /
409:138°54′07″E
376: /
363:162°52′01″E
335: /
322:132°50′02″W
294: /
281:109°38′24″W
253: /
240:103°41′20″W
186:polar drift
171: /
147:Wilkes Land
143:Adélie Land
132: /
120:137°51′36″E
4218:Categories
4079:Terra Nova
3984:Shackleton
3927:J. C. Ross
3886:Resolution
3876:South Pole
3651:New Swabia
3575:Mackintosh
3547:Shackleton
3466:Terra Nova
3459:Terra Nova
3193:Heroic Age
3153:Challenger
3113:J. C. Ross
3023:Bransfield
2955:Resolution
2870:icebreaker
2834:Chelyuskin
2575:expedition
2553:Expedition
2495:Matyushkin
2453:Kh. Laptev
2448:Chelyuskin
2342:Heemskerck
2332:Chancellor
2327:Willoughby
2322:Koch boats
2265:Stefansson
2199:McClintock
2163:Inglefield
2005:J. C. Ross
1912:Resolution
1764:Cunningham
1662:Sagalevich
1351:expedition
1310:Stephenson
1270:C. F. Hall
1257:expedition
1231:J. C. Ross
1194:Heemskerck
1181:North Pole
1029:9 November
943:11 October
878:9 November
814:11 January
789:10 October
763:References
551: (
529:64°04′52″S
510: (
488:64°25′55″S
469: (
447:64°39′40″S
428: (
406:64°54′36″S
382: (
360:86°29′38″N
341: (
319:85°01′12″N
300: (
278:80°58′19″N
259: (
237:78°05′42″N
117:64°31′48″S
4178:Tolstikov
3964:Discovery
3934:HMS
3919:HMS
3901:Adventure
3899:HMS
3884:HMS
3820:Tolstikov
3541:Endurance
3326:Antarctic
3311:Drygalski
3284:Discovery
3277:Discovery
3238:Arctowski
3151:HMS
3124:HMS
3118:Abernethy
3106:HMS
3084:USS
3071:Vincennes
3069:USS
3049:Astrolabe
2989:San Telmo
2970:Adventure
2968:HMS
2953:HMS
2948:Kerguelen
2910:Continent
2895:Antarctic
2772:Urvantsev
2730:Vilkitsky
2583:Jeannette
2581:USS
2573:Jeannette
2537:Weyprecht
2515:Pakhtusov
2465:Chichagov
2458:D. Laptev
2401:Permyakov
2376:Stadukhin
2371:Perfilyev
2348:Mangazeya
2286:H. Larsen
2251:Rasmussen
2206:HMS
2177:USS
2126:HMS
2113:HMS
2077:Collinson
2067:HMS
2059:HMS
2037:HMS
1985:HMS
1970:HMS
1955:HMS
1940:Mackenzie
1927:Discovery
1925:HMS
1910:HMS
1882:Discovery
1861:Frobisher
1824:Rasmussen
1737:Gunnbjörn
1683:Greenland
1612:USS
1603:USS
1475:Ellsworth
1417:Roosevelt
1347:Nansen's
1304:Discovery
1302:HMS
1289:HMS
1236:Abernethy
1204:Marmaduke
987:CiteSeerX
604:corvettes
184:. Due to
99:magnetic
4190:A. Fuchs
4147:V. Fuchs
4127:McKinley
4090:E. Evans
4049:Bjaaland
4044:Amundsen
3994:Marshall
3907:Furneaux
3759:V. Fuchs
3723:E. Ronne
3718:F. Ronne
3657:Ritscher
3511:SY
3499:Filchner
3443:Framheim
3437:Amundsen
3243:Racoviță
3228:Amundsen
3223:Lecointe
3092:Ringgold
3086:Porpoise
2976:Furneaux
2812:Shevelev
2767:Begichev
2746:Amundsen
2708:Nagórski
2686:Brusilov
2680:Sv. Anna
2594:Melville
2564:Palander
2520:Tsivolko
2480:Sannikov
2475:Billings
2418:Chirikov
2337:Barentsz
2279:St. Roch
2270:Bartlett
2244:Amundsen
2228:Sverdrup
2128:Resolute
2017:Franklin
1945:Kotzebue
1812:Sverdrup
1795:Scoresby
1769:Lindenov
1620:Plaisted
1605:Nautilus
1550:Shirshov
1524:Belyakov
1519:Baydukov
1493:Nautilus
1455:Amundsen
1415:SS
1374:Sverdrup
1369:Johansen
1339:Brainard
1334:Lockwood
1189:Barentsz
1009:40510741
746:See also
717:108°13′E
655:155°09′E
553:SMP 2020
512:SMP 2010
471:SMP 2000
430:SMP 1990
384:NMP 2020
343:NMP 2010
302:NMP 2000
261:NMP 1990
159:136°35′E
4195:Messner
4142:Hillary
4122:Balchen
4070:Polheim
4064:Wisting
3942:Crozier
3914:Weddell
3892:J. Cook
3862:Kapitsa
3843:Fiennes
3785:Klenova
3754:Hillary
3704:Ketchum
3630:BANZARE
3605:·
3450:Polheim
3416:Shirase
3402:Charcot
3212:Belgica
3131:Crozier
3043:Morrell
3038:Weddell
3016:Lazarev
2961:J. Cook
2915:History
2865:Arktika
2841:Krassin
2826:Voronin
2798:Schmidt
2784:Ushakov
2723:Vaygach
2691:Albanov
2660:Rusanov
2641:Kolchak
2636:Matisen
2610:Makarov
2589:De Long
2490:Wrangel
2470:Lyakhov
2423:Malygin
2381:Dezhnev
2208:Pandora
2179:Advance
2146:Kennedy
2141:Belcher
2134:Kellett
2121:McClure
2045:Beechey
2039:Blossom
2032:Simpson
2000:Crozier
1993:Hoppner
1950:J. Ross
1918:J. Cook
1866:Gilbert
1759:J. Hall
1725:Ingólfr
1715:Naddodd
1709:Vikings
1696:Brendan
1691:Pytheas
1679:Iceland
1633:Arktika
1625:Herbert
1590:Badygin
1560:Krenkel
1545:Papanin
1514:Chkalov
1500:Wilkins
1465:Wisting
1409:F. Cook
1315:Markham
1275:Bessels
1264:Polaris
1255:Polaris
1226:J. Ross
1209:Carolus
1157:History
1059:Bibcode
979:Bibcode
906:178–179
714:79°44′S
652:72°15′S
156:64°17′S
50:updated
4105:Bowers
4100:Wilson
4059:Hassel
4054:Helmer
4023:Mackay
4013:Mawson
3978:Nimrod
3936:Terror
3921:Erebus
3848:Burton
3643:Rymill
3519:Mawson
3513:Aurora
3492:Lashly
3477:Wilson
3380:Nimrod
3357:Scotia
3164:Murray
3139:Cooper
3126:Terror
3108:Erebus
3077:Wilkes
3028:Palmer
2996:Vostok
2943:Bouvet
2867:-class
2847:Gakkel
2715:Taymyr
2696:Konrad
2665:Kuchin
2603:Yermak
2510:Lavrov
2428:Ovtsyn
2413:Bering
2391:Ivanov
2354:Hudson
2316:Pomors
2293:Cowper
2258:Karluk
2157:Isabel
2151:Bellot
2101:Austin
2069:Terror
2061:Erebus
1957:Griper
1933:Clerke
1893:Baffin
1876:Hudson
1807:Nansen
1720:Garðar
1641:Barneo
1508:ANT-25
1484:Italia
1460:Nobile
1429:Henson
1388:Amedeo
1364:Nansen
1329:Greely
1199:Hudson
1137:Arctic
1007:
989:
912:
854:
632:, and
4185:Crary
4132:Dufek
4095:Oates
4085:Scott
4018:David
3999:Adams
3970:Barne
3791:Mirny
3780:Somov
3590:Quest
3487:Crean
3472:Scott
3351:Bruce
3305:Gauss
3298:Gauss
3172:Jason
3159:Nares
3033:Davis
3010:Mirny
2983:Smith
2938:Roché
2858:Lenin
2778:Sadko
2703:Wiese
2648:Sedov
2619:Zarya
2542:Payer
2505:Litke
2500:Anjou
2433:Minin
2396:Vagin
2386:Popov
2359:Poole
2214:Young
2027:Dease
1972:Hecla
1963:Parry
1888:Bylot
1871:Davis
1846:Cabot
1819:Peary
1801:Jason
1788:Egede
1702:Papar
1614:Skate
1595:Wiese
1575:NP-37
1568:NP-36
1448:Norge
1436:Sedov
1424:Peary
1382:Jason
1297:Nares
1291:Alert
1246:Hayes
1214:Parry
1152:Ocean
1005:S2CID
614:Zélée
600:]
221:2020
209:Year
101:north
4117:Byrd
4038:Fram
3989:Wild
3671:Marr
3637:BGLE
3624:Byrd
3552:Wild
3431:Fram
3233:Cook
2754:AARI
2739:Maud
2626:Toll
2551:Vega
2237:Gjøa
2222:Fram
2185:Kane
2022:Back
1987:Fury
1978:Lyon
1900:Munk
1539:NP-1
1441:Byrd
1358:Fram
1349:Fram
1241:Kane
1031:2012
945:2011
910:ISBN
880:2012
852:ISBN
816:2009
791:2011
611:and
202:IGRF
145:and
79:The
3814:3rd
3800:2nd
3774:1st
3607:IGY
3603:IPY
2193:Fox
2089:Rae
1655:Mir
1631:NS
1067:doi
1050:EOS
997:doi
975:358
640:'s
588:).
107:).
4220::
2719:/
1065:.
1055:83
1053:.
1047:.
1003:.
995:.
985:.
973:.
936:.
932:.
908:.
900:.
846:.
807:.
770:^
676:.
628:,
621:.
598:fr
3196:"
3190:"
3133:)
3129:(
3120:)
3111:(
1116:e
1109:t
1102:v
1075:.
1069::
1061::
1033:.
1011:.
999::
981::
947:.
918:.
882:.
860:.
818:.
793:.
584:(
555:)
514:)
473:)
432:)
386:)
345:)
304:)
263:)
62:)
58:(
52:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
