Loop antenna - Knowledge

2337: 548: 1147: 1786: 1835:. Then consider a propagating radio wave also perpendicular to that plane. Since the magnetic (and electric) fields of an electromagnetic wave in free space are transverse (no component in the direction of propagation), it can be seen that this magnetic field and that of a small loop antenna will be at right angles, and thus not coupled. For the same reason, an electromagnetic wave propagating within the plane of the loop, with its magnetic field perpendicular to that plane, 2173: 53: 2146:. A typical AM broadcast radio loop antenna wound on ferrite may have a cross sectional area of only 1 cm (0.16 sq in) at a frequency at which an ideal (lossless) antenna would have an effective area some hundred million times larger. Even accounting for the resistive losses in a ferrite rod antenna, its effective receiving area may exceed the loop's physical area by a factor of 100. 2072: 1258: 1598: 1650:) is minimized if the perimeter is circular, making a circle the optimal shape for small loops. Small receiving loops are typically used below 14 MHz where human-made and natural atmospheric noise dominate. Thus the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal will not be adversely affected by low efficiency as long as the loop is not excessively small. 1691: 2914:

AM station (preferably a weaker one) and rotating the radio in all horizontal directions. At a particular orientation (and at 180 degrees from it) the station will be in the direction of the ‘null’, that is, in the direction of the loopstick (normal to the loop). At that point reception of the station will fade out.

1500:. The ability to more manageably rotate a smaller antenna may help to maximize the signal and reject interference. Several construction techniques are used to ensure that small receiving loops' null directions are "sharp", including adding broken shielding of the loop arms and keeping the perimeter around 1954: 2853:

Often, the antenna maker cuts the halo ends even shorter than needed to restore resonance, and moves the ends even closer together to increase the end capacitance, to make the halo radiation pattern more like a small loop: Even more nearly omnidirectional, with further reduced vertical radiation (for

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Because of their meager radiation resistance, the properties of small loops tend to more often be intensively optimized than are full-size antennas, and the properties optimized for transmitting are not quite the same as for receiving. With full-size antennas, the reciprocity between transmitting and

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Since AM broadcast radio is conventionally vertically polarized, the internal antennas of AM radios are loops in the vertical plane (that is, with the loopstick core, around which the loop is wound, horizontally oriented). One can easily demonstrate the directivity of such an antenna by tuning to an

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of the plate surfaces. Further, the high voltage tips of monopoles and dipoles typically are mounted high up and far out of reach, which limits opportunities for radio-frequency burns. In contrast, small loop antennas better tolerate being mounted close to the ground, so their high voltage parts are

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in that direction. Instead, the radiation pattern peaks in directions lying in the plane of the loop, because signals received from sources in that plane do not quite cancel owing to the phase difference between the arrival of the wave at the near side and far side of the loop. Increasing that phase

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Above about 10 MHz the loop is approximately 10 meters in diameter, and it becomes more practical for the loop to be mounted "standing up" – that is with the plane of the loop vertical, in order to direct its main beam towards the horizon. If the frequency is high enough, the loop might be

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the simplifying assumption of uniform current around the entire loop becomes untenably inaccurate. Since the larger halo also has a simple analysis, moderate-sized small loop antennas and their complicated analysis are often omitted, leaving many otherwise well informed antenna builders in the dark

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Loops in the small transmitting loops' size range may have neither the uniform current of very small loops, nor the sinusoidal current of large loops, and thus cannot be analyzed using the assumptions useful for the small receiving loops nor full-wave loop antennas. Performance is most conveniently

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properties important for receiving differ from those for transmitting – particularly below about 10~20 MHz – small loops intended for receiving have slight differences from small transmitting loops. They are discussed separately in following two subsections, although many of the comments apply

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The horizontal radiation pattern of a horizontal halo is nearly omnidirectional – to within 3 dB or less – and that can be evened out by making the loop slightly smaller and adding more capacitance between the element tips. Not only will that even out the gain, it will reduce upward radiation,

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However, as frequency rises there is no need to suffer bad performance: At the higher, quieter frequencies, the wavelengths become short enough that a halo antenna is small enough to be feasible – at 20 MHz it's a little less than 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter, and proportionally shrinks as

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receiving loop is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. At higher frequencies (or shorter wavelengths), when the antenna is no longer electrically small, the current distribution through the loop may no longer be uniform and the relationship between its response and

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For the description of large loops in this section, the radio's operating frequency is assumed to be tuned to the loop antenna's first resonance. At that frequency, one whole free-space wavelength is slightly smaller than the perimeter of the loop, which is the smallest that a "large" loop can be.

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the size of the antenna's main loop, which gives transform ratios of 64:1 to 25:1, respectively. Adjusting the proximity and angle of the feeder loop to the main loop, and distorting the feeder's shape, both make small to moderate changes the transform ratio, and allows for fine adjustment of the

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The antenna can be described as "self-resonant" in the sense that if you short the antenna terminals, then a current in the loop will be created in response to an electromagnetic wave, and the relative magnitude of that current will be greatly increased around the resonant frequency. The antenna

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also generates high voltages at the antenna end(s) and in the loading coil, however unlike capacitors, the high voltage difference is evenly spread along the length of the coil, and as a precaution it usually is intentionally made physically longer and more slender than the more efficient stubby

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A small transmitting loop antenna with a perimeter of 10% or less of the wavelength will have a relatively constant current distribution along the conductor, and the main lobe will be in the plane of the loop, so they will show the strong null familiar in the radiation pattern of small receiving

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Small loops have advantages as receiving antennas at frequencies below 10 MHz. Although a small loop's losses can be high, the same loss applies to both the signal and the noise, so the receiving signal-to-noise ratio of a small loop may not suffer at these lower frequencies, where received

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Small loop receiving antennas are also almost always resonated using a parallel plate capacitor, which makes their reception narrow-band, sensitive only to a very specific frequency. This allows the antenna, in conjunction with a (variable) tuning capacitor, to act as a tuned input stage to the

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losses. Elaborate “basket weave” patterns are used at all frequencies to reduce inter-winding capacitance in the coil insuring that the loop self-resonance is well above the operating frequency, so that it acts as an electrical inductor that can be resonated with a tuning capacitor, and with a

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Surprisingly, the radiation and receiving pattern of a small loop is perpendicular to that of a large self resonant loop (whose perimeter is close to one wavelength). Since the loop is much smaller than a wavelength, the current at any one moment is nearly constant round the circumference. By

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For example, at 1 MHz the man-made noise might be 55 dB above the thermal noise floor. If a small loop antenna's loss is 50 dB (as if the antenna included a 50 dB attenuator) the electrical inefficiency of that antenna will have little influence on the receiving system's

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At the lower shortwave frequencies a full loop is physically quite large, and its only practical installation is "lying flat", with the plane of the loop horizontal to the ground and the antenna wire supported at the same relatively low height by masts along its perimeter. This results in

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If both the main and the feeder loops are single-turn, the impedance transformation ratio of the nested loops is almost exactly the ratio of the areas of the two loops separately, or the square of the ratio of their diameters (assuming they have the same shape). Typical feeder loops are

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of a resonant loop antenna is not obvious from the orientation of the loop itself, but depends on the placement of its feedpoint. If a vertically oriented loop is fed at the bottom, its radiation will be horizontally polarized; feeding it from the side will make it vertically polarized.

2216:, can be built and tuned with series capacitor to resonance but their non-uniform current will reduce or eliminate the small loops' pattern null. A capacitor is required for a circumference less than a half wave, an inductor for loops more than a half wave and less than a full wave. 1706:

spectrum according CCIR 322. The diagram shows how both man-made noise ("interference", "QRM") and natural atmospheric noise ("static", "QRN") both fall precipitously above 20 MHz, but as frequencies fall below 10 MHz their combined power climbs as the frequency

1058:. As the frequency increases above the first harmonic, the radiation pattern breaks up into multiple lobes which peak at lower angles relative to the horizon, which is an improvement for long-distance communication for frequencies well-above the loop's second harmonic. 2019:

in only one (less precise) direction. The general direction of the transmitter can be determined using the sense antenna, and then disconnecting the sense antenna returns the sharp nulls in the loop antenna pattern, allowing a precise bearing to be determined.

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For loops larger than 1 wavelength perimeter, the directive gain increases slightly up to a perimeter of 1.4 wavelengths, but for larger circular loops the radiation pattern becomes multilobed and the perpendicular radiation vanishes or is greatly

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is inductive, with an inductive reactance much greater than its radiation resistance. In order to couple to a transmitter or receiver, the inductive reactance is normally canceled with a parallel capacitance. Since a good loop antenna will have a high

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a direct substitute for a small loop. Although a halo will have bandwidth comparable to a dipole near its design frequency, no current design can retune a halo to the wide a range of different frequencies that are obtained from a variably tuned small

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or smaller ensure the sharpness of the loop's receiving null. Small loops intended for transmitting (see below) are designed as large as feasible to improve the marginal radiation resistance, sacrificing the sharp null by using perimeters as large as

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reproduce small receiving loops' famously sharp nulls. Since halo can be either vertically or horizontally mounted, like the small receiving loop it replaces, it can provide a similar bidirectional or omnidirectional reception pattern, respectively.

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Small loops are "small" in comparison to their operating wavelength. Contrary to the pattern of large loop antennas, the reception and radiation strength of small loops peaks inside the plane of the loop, rather than broadside (perpendicular) to it.

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voltage across the capacitor at the loop's gap. For a given frequency, a smaller small loop is more dangerous than a larger small loop, and perversely, a comparatively efficient small transmitting loop is more dangerous than an inefficient one.

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coupled to the magnetic field of the coil. Since the transverse magnetic and electric fields of a propagating electromagnetic wave are at right angles, the electric field of such a wave is also in the plane of the loop, and thus the antenna's

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A typical diameter of receiving loops with "air centers" is between 30 and 100 cm (1 and 3.5 feet). To increase the magnetic field in the loop and thus its efficiency, while greatly reducing size, the coil of wire is often wound around a

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Thus mounting the loop in a horizontal plane will produce an omnidirectional antenna which is horizontally polarized; mounting the loop vertically yields a vertically polarizated, weakly directional antenna, but with an exceptionally sharp

1051:. Its radiation pattern consists of a single lobe straight up (radiation toward the ground which isn't absorbed is reflected back upward). The radiation pattern and especially the input impedance is affected by its proximity to the ground. 1645:

loop, since loop antennas that small are only practical for receiving. Several performance factors, including received power, scale in proportion to the loop's area. For a given loop area, the length of the conductor (and thus its net

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One practical issue with small loops as transmitting antennas is that a small transmitting loop will not only have a very large current going through it, but also has a very high voltage across the capacitor – typically thousands of

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become so inefficient they are rarely used for transmission. A common example of small loop is the ferrite (loopstick) antenna used in most AM broadcast radios. The radiation pattern of small loop antennas is maximum at directions

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the incident fields becomes more complicated. In the case of transmission, the fields produced by an electrically small loop are the same as an "infinitesimal magnetic dipole" whose axis is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.

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of a first-resonance loop antenna peaks at right angles to the plane of the loop. As the frequency progresses to the second and third resonances the perpendicular radiation fades and strong lobes near the plane of the loop arise.

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circumference halo antenna is already self-resonant. However, since end-capacitance is present even if not needed, to restore resonance the dipole-sized arms must each be trimmed back from the conventional 97% of a quarter-wave.

2587:. Although the magnetic coils in these inductive systems sometimes seem indistinguishable from the small loop antennas discussed above, such devices can only operate over short distances, and are specifically designed to 2047:

that also tunes the receiver's input stage as that capacitor tracks the main tuning. A multiband receiver may contain tap points along the loop winding in order to tune the loop antenna at widely different frequencies.

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frequencies, the feeder loop can be one or two turns on the same frame as the main loop's turns, in which case the impedance transform ratio is very nearly the square of the ratio of the number of turns on each loop.

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In contrast, at quieter frequencies at about 20 MHz and above, an antenna with a 50 dB loss could degrade the received signal-to-noise ratio by up to 50 dB, resulting in terrible performance.

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capacitor could also be used to cancel the reactive impedance, doing so results in the receiver (or transmitter) seeing a very small (resistive) impedance. On the other hand, a parallel capacitor creates a

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shape. The high voltage is generally troublesome only on the upper end of the coil when it is spread across the extended coil length, whereas high voltages on capacitor plates are (ideally) at maximum over

1211:, but for brevity, that complicated analysis is often skipped in introductory articles on loop antennas (unfortunately, this typical omission leaves otherwise well-read persons unaware of the properties of 2493:

loop antennas, but are designed to couple with the inductive near-field, over distances of 1–2 meters (3–7 feet), rather than to transmit or receive long-distance electromagnetic waves in the

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symmetry it can be seen that the voltages induced in the loop windings on opposite sides of the loop, will cancel each other when a perpendicular signal arrives on the loop axis. Therefore, there is a

1013:, in order to rotate that direction as desired. Compared to a dipole or folded dipole, a vertical large loop wastes less power radiating toward the sky or ground, resulting in about 1.5 dB higher 778:

loops are compact antennas optimized to capture radio waves much longer than their size, where full-sized antennas would be either infeasible or impossible. If their perimeters are kept shorter than

2293:(NVIS) communication up to 300 km (190 miles) in mountainous regions. For NVIS a typical radiation efficiency of around 1% is acceptable, because signal paths can be established with 1 2899:

The main drawback of substitute a halo for a small receiving loop is that normal halos can only operate on the band surrounding the single frequency they are sized for: In that regard a halo is

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A transmitting loop usually consists of a single turn of large diameter conductor; they are typically round or octagonal to provide maximum enclosed area for a given perimeter, hence maximizing

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Wasted power is undesirable for a transmitting antenna, however for a receiving antenna, the inefficiency is not important at frequencies below about 15 MHz. At these lower frequencies,

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Loop antennas may be in the shape of a circle, a square or any other closed geometric shape that allows the total perimeter to be slightly more than one wavelength. The most popular shape in

1340: 968:’) have also been used for vertical loops, since they can be supported from a single mast. A rectangle twice as high as its width obtains slightly increased gain and also matches 50 575:, that for transmitting is usually fed by a balanced power source or for receiving feeds a balanced load. Within this physical description there are two (possibly three) distinct types: 1076:

that has been bent into a circle. Although it could be categorized as a bent dipole, it has the omnidirectional radiation pattern very nearly the same as a small loop. The halo is more

1107:, and its construction is less demanding than a small loop, since the maker is not compelled to take such extreme care to avoid losses from mediocre conductors and contact resistance. 2431:, with power in the near-field inductively coupled from the feed loop into the main loop, which itself is connected to the resonating capacitor and radiates most of the signal power. 2039:

AM broadcast receivers (and other low frequency radios for the consumer market) typically use small loop antennas, even when a telescoping antenna may be attached for FM reception. A

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shape. The loop's shape can be a circle, triangle, square, rectangle, or in fact any closed polygon, but for resonance the loop perimeter must be slightly larger than a wavelength.

2160:. They are typically used on frequencies between 14–30 MHz. Unlike receiving loops, small transmitting loops’ sizes must be scaled-up for longer wavelengths, in order to keep 1332: 2355:

efficiency improvements will tend to increase the gap voltage: Efficiency may be increased by making the loop from a thicker conductor; other measures to lower the conductor's

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In military use, the antenna may be built using a one or two conductors 2.5–5 cm (1–2 inches) in diameter. The loop itself is typically 1.8 m (6 feet) in diameter.

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are used for transmitting antennas, although their construction requires fastidious efforts to minimize loss resistance; the practical lower size-limit is somewhere around

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of transmitter power. The smaller the loop (in wavelengths) the higher the voltage. This requires a rather expensive and physically large resonating capacitor with a large

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the frequency increases. So the quieter the rising frequency gets, the more convenient it is to replace an small receiving loop with a larger, but still relatively compact

2949:: The resonant inductor (loop) + capacitor network magnifies all of the loop's different impedances, including its loss resistances, so the loop's feedpoint resistance is 2336: 1203:

radiating part with a high voltage and zero current at its ends) that has been bent into a circle. Simply using dipole results greatly simplifies the calculations and for

1685:, in part due to their exceedingly sharp, clear "null" along the loop axis: When the loop axis is aimed directly at the transmitter, the target signal abruptly vanishes. 647:

that have been bent into a circular loop, with the ends not quite touching. Some writers prefer to exclude them from loop antennas, since they can be well-understood as

2032:(520–1710 kHz) broadcast band and below, where wavelength-sized antennas are infeasibly large, and the antenna inefficiency is irrelevant, due to large amounts of 3350: 3452: 3354: 1996:

direction. Since the null occurs at two opposite directions along the axis of the loop, other means must be employed to determine which side of the antenna the

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and the G0CWT (Edginton) loop. For brevity, introductory articles on small loop antennas sometimes confine discussion to loops smaller in circumference than

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inside the area surrounded by the main loop. Although it may / should still be connected through the ground system, this leaves the main loop with no other

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reception would be blocked by the metal of the chassis and the dashboard. Car radios must use external antennas, which are essentially never ferrite loops.

2347:. Despite its lurid appearance, high voltage on a loading coil is not as great a threat as the higher voltages seen on tuning capacitors in magnetic loops. 2000:

signal is on. One method is to rely on a second loop antenna located at a second location, or to move the receiver to that other location, thus relying on

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If fed with higher frequencies the antenna input impedance will generally include a reactive part and a different resistive component, requiring use of an

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techniques such as a gamma match, small receiving and transmitting loops are sometimes impedance matched by connecting the feedline to an even smaller

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Another way of looking at a small loop as an antenna is to consider it simply as an inductive coil coupling to the magnetic field in the direction

3552: 4012: 4007: 547: 269: 3381: 3131: 3068: 3036: 275: 655:: In shape and performance halo antennas are very similar to small loops, only distinguished by being self resonant and having much higher 472: 264: 2164:

from falling to unusably low levels; their larger sizes blur or erase the otherwise especially sharp nulls small receiving loops provide.

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that increases with each additional parasitic element. This design can also be turned 45 degrees to a diamond shape supported on a ‘

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Instead of triangulation, a second dipole or vertical antenna can be electrically combined with a loop or a loopstick antenna. Called a

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difference by increasing the size of the loop causes a disproportionately large increase in the radiation resistance, and the resulting

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Since a halo antenna is a half-wave, it will deliver a strong signal to the receiver – essentially equally strong as a conventional

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they have exceptionally precise "null" directions (where the signal vanishes) which gives a tiny antenna for exceedingly accurate

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include welding or brazing the connections, rather than soldering. But because reducing loss resistance increases the antenna's

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Small loop antenna used for receiving, consisting of about 10 turns around a 12-by-10-centimeter (4.5-by-4-inch) rectangle.

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produces a very large resistive impedance at the feedpoint, thus provides a much larger voltage to the receiver's input stage.

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generated in the radio receiver's own circuitry, so the weak signal from a loop antenna can be amplified without degrading the

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horizontally-polarized radiation, which peaks toward the vertical near the lowest harmonic; that pattern is good for regional

1289:. They are thus mainly used as receiving antennas at lower frequencies (wavelengths of tens to hundreds of meters). Like a 897:. At higher frequencies their sizes become smaller, falling to a diameter of about 11 ft (3.4 m) at 30 MHz. 2746:

An important exception is that radios built for installation inside metal car bodies cannot contain antennas, since their

1844:(which is always specified as being the orientation of the electric, not the magnetic field) is said to be in that plane. 398: 150: 2583:

called "antennas" in the trade. However, they are more usefully thought of as analogs to the windings in loosely coupled

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properties are the same as a halo. Halo performance can also be modeled with techniques used for similar, moderate-sized

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of operation, hence for circular loops diameters between roughly 175 ft (53 m) at the largest, around 1.8

866:) makes the small loop better for transmitting, although it sacrifices or outright loses the precise "null" direction of 3621: 2055:

in the mid-20th century, the antenna might consist of dozens of turns of wire mounted on the back wall of the radio – a

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Broyde, F.; Clavelier, E. (January 2023). "The Open-Circuit Voltage of a Planar Wire Loop Antenna Used for Reception".

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A halo's reception pattern is close to that of the small loop it would replace, the major exception being that it will

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of loop antennas. Distance from the origin is proportional to the power density in that direction. The full wave loop

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connection to the transmitter. The feeder loop and the main loop are effectively the primary and secondary coils of a

1433:{\displaystyle R_{\mathsf {rad}}\approx 31.2{\mathsf {\ k\Omega \ }}\left({\frac {\ N\ A\ }{\lambda ^{2}}}\right)^{2}} 388: 2028:

Small loop antennas are lossy and inefficient for transmitting, but they can be practical receiving antennas in the

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As with all antennas that are physically much smaller than the operating wavelength, small loop antennas have small

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or "quad", a self-resonant loop in a square shape so that it can be constructed of wire strung across a supporting ‘

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if possible), in order to make the best their generally poor efficiency, although doing so sacrifices sharp nulls.

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loops are optimized for compact antennas that are the "least-worst" signal radiators. Small antennas of any kind

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Small transmitting loops are “small” in comparison to a full wavelength, but considerably larger than a “small”

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by using multiple turns is analogous to making a dipole out of two or more parallel lines for each dipole arm ("

651:, others make halos an intermediate category between large and small loops, or the extreme upper size limit for 3879: 3789: 2495: 2280: 3489: 2138:

Inclusion of a magnetically permeable core increases the radiation resistance of a small loop, mitigating the

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bands and above, the physical diameter of a halo is small enough to be effectively used as a mobile antenna.

723:). They are used mainly as receiving antennas, but are sometimes used for transmission despite their reduced 3779: 3641: 3588: 2351:

Making the loop larger in diameter will lower the gap voltage, as well as improving efficiency, however all

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The loss resistance includes not only the DC resistance of the conductor but also its increase due to the

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pose a greater threat in small loops than most other small antennas, and demand greater caution, even for

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rod. They are almost universally used in AM broadcast receivers. Other names for this type of antenna are

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Although a full 2.7 m (9 feet) in diameter, this receiving antenna is a "small" loop compared to the

1103:. Because of its much greater radiation resistance, a halo presents a good impedance match to 50 Ohm 1032:

configuration – with only one of the loops being driven by the feedline and all the remaining loops being

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is not available, small loops can provide adequate communications with low, but tolerable efficiency.

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than the extraordinary performance of full-sized, self-resonant loops, or the moderate efficiency of

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problems raised by capacitive loading of small loops is more serious than for inductive loading of

2172: 1937:(narrow bandwidth), the capacitor must be variable and is adjusted to match the receiver's tuning. 836:, but when a full-sized antenna is not practical, making a small loop with a perimeter as close to 1992:

The procedure is to rotate the loop antenna to find the direction where the signal vanishes – the

1777:. It's mostly a direct substitute for a small receiving loop, but with superior signal reception. 52: 3986: 3834: 3774: 3769: 3666: 3578: 2958: 2608: 2604: 2562: 2555: 2513: 2416: 2326: 2322: 2189: 2139: 2040: 1821: 1729: 1605:

If the perimeter of a loop antenna is much smaller than the intended operating wavelengths – say

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communication, but unfortunately is not generally useful for making continental-scale contacts.

948:’ shaped frame. There may be one or more additional loops stacked parallel to the first as 3466: 3971: 3864: 3784: 3706: 3601: 3446: 3377: 3296: 3249: 3231: 3227: 3205: 3127: 3064: 3032: 2994: 2768: 2596: 2565: 2547: 2543: 2033: 1789: 1736: 1033: 1021: 993: 615: 614:

of all antenna types for both transmission and reception. Large loop antennas have a two-lobe

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Some writers mistakenly consider the gap in the halo antenna's loop to distinguish it from a

3945: 3759: 3721: 3686: 3182: 2340: 2193: 2143: 2095: 2084: 2052: 2044: 1699: 1467: 1266: 1180: 949: 929: 215: 160: 155: 85: 3481:— Online calculator that solves the "Basic equations for a small loop" using formulas from 687:; they have a perimeter smaller than half the operating wavelength (typically no more than 3951: 3914: 3889: 3814: 3804: 3661: 3631: 3611: 3596: 3561: 2945:

Note however, that the increased resistance measured at the feedpoint is the result of an

2612: 2524: 1585: 1236: 1232: 1010: 568: 494: 220: 165: 75: 44: 2011:, connecting and matching the second antenna changes the combined radiation pattern to a 1985:

in the direction normal to the plane of the loop, so small loops are favored as compact

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due to ohmic losses. Like all small antennas, such antennas are tiny compared to their

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Small loops divide into two sub-types, depending on the purpose they are optimized for:

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operate at radio frequencies, and they involve the use of small magnetic coils, which

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with reduced size is more extreme. The ability to increase the radiation resistance

3904: 3874: 3859: 3854: 3819: 3726: 3711: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3511: 3401: 3103: 3086: 2937: 2390: 2382: 2344: 2284: 2213: 2201: 2016: 1997: 1993: 1982: 1849: 1814: 1805: 1797: 1774: 1743:) even a weak signal from an inefficient antenna is far stronger than the internal 1667: 1655: 1196: 1067: 1029: 957: 941: 925: 556: 393: 318: 205: 140: 100: 889:

frequencies are relatively large, with a perimeter just greater than the intended

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loops. Loops of any size between 10% and 30% of a wavelength in perimeter, up to

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being "resonant" also implies that the input impedance of the antenna, which is

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along the axis of the loop. Size criteria that favor loops with a perimeter of

1690: 2871:. The loss resistance also includes losses in the ferrite rod, if one is used. 2747: 2730: 2693: 2592: 2473: 2374: 2115: 2071: 2029: 1913: 1871: 1675: 1257: 1245:. The gap in the halo is electrically equivalent to the tuning capacitor on a 1200: 890: 862: 855: 797: 744: 720: 599: 463: 358: 3023:

Silver, H. Ward; et al., eds. (2015). "Chapter 5 – Loop antennas".

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feedpoint impedance. For main loops with multiple turns, more often used for

1981: wave, the directional response of small loop antennas includes a sharp 1043:

Low frequency one wavelength loops "lying down" are sometimes used for local

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of radiated power or less – feasible when a 100 W transmitter is used.

2123: 2119: 2076: 1671: 894: 886: 603: 453: 333: 323: 185: 145: 3507:— Extensive Paper by Leigh Turner VK5KLT (SK) on HF Magnetic Loop Antennas. 3186: 2607:

alternating magnetic fields, their performance criteria are dissimilar to

1597: 920: 3966: 3764: 3570: 3101:

Tildon, Edward P. (December 1956). "Polarization effects in VHF mobile".

2764: 2360: 2132: 2012: 1931: 607: 245: 2075:

Ferrite loopstick antenna from an AM radio having two windings, one for

1536:

loops' perimeters are instead made as large as feasibly possible, up to

1024:) is usually obtained with an array of such elements either as a driven 3370:

Low Profile Amateur Radio: Operating a ham station from almost anywhere

1249:, although the incidental capacitance involved is not nearly as large. 909: 2828:

A halo antenna does not need capacitive end-loading, since the nearly

2059:– or a separate, rotatable, furniture-sized rack looped with wire – a 1584:

receiving usually makes the distinctions unimportant, but since a few

3940: 1235:; the close-bent high-voltage ends are capacitively coupled, and the 753:

the plane of the loop, so perpendicular to the maxima of large loops.

1150:

Car roof-mounted 6 meter halo antenna for mobile amateur radio

928:

is a self-resonant loop in a square shape; this one also includes a

904:

whose parallel wires have been split apart and opened out into some

1721:

of a small loop is generally much smaller than the loss resistance

3919: 2527:, are excluded from this article, since they are not (or ideally, 2271:

regarding the performance obtainable with moderately small loops.

2171: 2070: 1953: 1952: 1784: 1689: 1596: 1256: 1145: 919: 806:, better than most moderately large antennas, and as good as many 546: 503: 240: 230: 120: 3427: 2389:: For straight-wire (or “electrical”) antennas, matching using a 1231:

connection between the two ends. But that distinction is lost at

3530: 2600: 2551: 2294: 1199:

can conveniently be analyzed as a dipole (which also has a half-

1134:, it can be analyzed with simple techniques by treating it as a 905: 618:

at their first, full-wave resonance, peaking in both directions

481: 3534: 2498:. Because of this difference the near-field "antennas" are not 1293:, the radiation resistance is small. The radiation resistance 1173: 1165: 969: 2399:

more often within easy reach. So the high voltages from high

1757:, since both are magnified by the same amplification factor. 1179:

Halos pick up less nearby electrical spark interference than

3526:— Interactive Magnetic Loop Calculator by Jose Vaca VK3CPU. 3490:"An overview of the Underestimated Magnetic Loop HF Antenna" 2083:(AM broadcast) reception. About 10 cm (4 inches) long. 1728:

due to the conductors composing the loop, leading to a poor

3172: 3170: 1666:

antenna. Such ferrite loop antennas are used in almost all

1195:

Although it has a superficially different appearance, the

3179:

Excem Research Papers in Electronics and Electromagnetics

1455:

is the number of turns of the conductor around the loop.

555:

in a portable radio, consisting of a wire wound around a

3400:

Austin, B.A.; Boswell, A.; Perks, M.A. (1 August 2014).

3244:

Rudge, A.W.; Milne, K.; Olver, A.D.; Knight, P. (1982).

2936:

cancels the antenna's susceptance, the loop + capacitor

2087:

antennas are usually enclosed inside the radio receiver.

1678:

needs to be outside the obstructing metal car chassis.

1036:

reflectors and directors. The latter is widely used in

571:

consisting of a loop or coil of wire, tubing, or other

3402:

Loss mechanisms in the electrically small loop antenna

3084:

Danzer, Paul (September 2004). "A 6 meter halo".

1925:

Since a small loop antenna is essentially a coil, its

2742: 2740: 1641:

of a wavelength – then the antenna is called a small

1462:(loop area squared ≈ perimeter to the 4th power, vs. 1343: 1299: 2575:

Although they are not radio antennas, these systems

2509:

functioning for the purpose they are designed for).

2279:

Vertically aligned small loops are used in military

1099:

in circumference with its disproportionately larger

3933: 3735: 3587: 3569: 3202:

Newnes guide to radio and communications technology

2993:(third ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p. 246. 1804:emits maximum power in the plane of its wires with 1080:than a small loop, since it is a larger antenna at 598:; they have a perimeter close to one or more whole 551:A ferrite loopstick antenna, a small loop used for 3273: 2249:, since for loops with circumferences larger than 1965:As long as the loop perimeter is kept below about 1432: 1326: 950:'parasitic' director and / or reflector element(s) 622:to the plane of the loop Large loops are the most 2957:, which is far smaller. (There is no increase in 2780:A halo antenna has very roughly 10×~500× greater 1072:A halo antenna is often described as a half-wave 3395: 3393: 3280:. New York: McGraw-Hill. ch. 19 p. 21. 2771:) attaches to the radiating part of the antenna. 2516:systems, regardless of whether they are used at 1957:Loop antenna, receiver, and accessories used in 1796:emits maximum power broadside to the wires with 727:; loops with a circumference smaller than about 2635:at most frequencies, becomes purely resistive ( 1961:at 80-meter/260-foot wavelength (3.5 MHz). 3295:(second ed.). Butterworths. p. 303. 3272:Dean, Charles E. (1959). Henney, Keith (ed.). 3052: 3050: 3048: 2489:Some so-called "antennas" look very much like 2224:. Antennas within this size range include the 3546: 2365:the consequence of better efficiency is even 2051:In AM radios built prior to the invention of 559:; the most common type of loop antenna today. 528: 8: 3349:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3267: 3265: 3223: 3221: 2204:, but where space for a full wave loop or a 1187:– ignition noise from vehicles for example. 3451:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2188:. The smaller of these loops are much less 1334:is proportional to the square of the area: 900:Large loop antennas can be thought of as a 859:as possible (although usually no more than 3553: 3539: 3531: 3353:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3293:Soft Ferrites: Properties and applications 3118:Straw, R. Dean; et al., eds. (2007). 1571:The small loop antenna is also known as a 1176:is typically wasted: Radiated into space. 1047:communication. This is sometimes called a 1017:in the two favored horizontal directions. 885:Self-resonant loop antennas for so-called 535: 521: 31: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2157: 1681:Small loop antennas are also popular for 1424: 1412: 1389: 1379: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1308: 1307: 1298: 1212: 1208: 1131: 1040:in the "quad" configuration (see photo). 827: 819: 773: 765: 652: 630:, of all antenna designs of similar size. 2335: 1670:receivers with the notable exception of 1470:length squared = 2nd power) the fall in 964:’ shaped frame. Triangular loops (‘ 3063:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 2976: 2623: 2094:are made by winding fine wire around a 1020:Additional gain (and a uni-directional 643:Halos are often explained as shortened 43: 3512:"Interactive Magnetic Loop Calculator" 3444: 3342: 2660:Small loops with circumferences up to 1376: 1373: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1246: 1224: 1127: 972:directly if used as a single element. 668: 579: 270:Wireless electronic devices and health 3330:"How efficient is your loop antenna?" 2932:. At resonance, when the capacitor's 1327:{\displaystyle \ R_{\mathsf {rad}}\ } 610:at that frequency. They are the most 482:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 276:International Telecommunication Union 7: 2168:Size, shape, efficiency, and pattern 1458:Because of the higher exponent than 301:Radiation sources / regions 265:Wireless device radiation and health 3060:Antenna Theory: Analysis and design 2214:almost exactly 50% in circumference 2131:consequent improvement of the loop 1941:receiver's front-end, in lieu of a 1831:to plane of the coil, according to 288:World Radiocommunication Conference 3428:"Small transmitting loop antennas" 2512:Likewise, coupling coils used for 2126:is used for the winding to reduce 2043:connected across the loop forms a 1949:Direction finding with small loops 1781:Radiation pattern and polarization 1447:is the area enclosed by the loop, 877:Large, self-resonant loop antennas 25: 3982:Circularly disposed antenna array 3800:Folded inverted conformal antenna 2568:. So strictly speaking, they are 2554:tags and readers all interact by 3057:Balanis, Constantine A. (2016). 2539:RFID coils and induction heating 2321:, in addition to having minimal 2313:– even when fed with only a few 2225: 1694:Amount of atmospheric noise for 660: 635: 51: 3372:(2nd ed.). Newington, CT: 3147:Karlquist, Rick (17 Oct 2008). 3029:The American Radio Relay League 2290:near vertical incidence skywave 2024:AM broadcast receiving antennas 1989:antennas for long wavelengths. 1959:amateur radio direction finding 3204:. Elsevier. pp. 113–114. 1800:off the sides, the small loop 1009:small enough to attach to an 1: 4013:Wireless tuning and filtering 4008:Radio frequency antenna types 2989:Balanis, Constantine (2005). 1739:(static) and man-made noise ( 956:which is unidirectional with 151:Low-noise block downconverter 3622:Dielectric resonator antenna 3514:. Magnetic Loop Calculator. 3248:. Vol. 2. p. 688. 2415:In addition to other common 1674:, since the antenna for the 1494:atmospheric noise and static 1269:wavelengths it is used with. 136:Counterpoise (ground system) 3374:American Radio Relay League 3124:American Radio Relay League 2615:discussed in this article. 1532: wave at most). Small 1239:current crosses the gap as 592:self-resonant loop antennas 389:Friis transmission equation 4029: 3495:. Magnetic loop antennas. 3430:. Magnetic loop antennas. 3368:Brogdon, A. (April 2007). 3276:Radio Engineering Handbook 3246:Handbook of Antenna Design 2884:'s received signal power. 2591:transmitting or receiving 2304:Power limits and RF safety 1209:"small" transmitting loops 1065: 226:Municipal wireless network 3885:Regenerative loop antenna 3467:"Small transmitting loop" 3339:– via qsl.net/k4fk. 2331:vacuum variable capacitor 2275:Use for land-mobile radio 1575:since the response of an 1160:. Notice the triple-loop. 473:Bell Laboratories Layered 3880:Reflective array antenna 3790:Corner reflector antenna 3150:Low band receiving loops 2151:Small transmitting loops 653:small transmitting loops 606:, which makes them self- 3780:Collinear antenna array 3469:. Antenna calculators. 3291:Snelling, E.C. (1988). 2930:parallel-type resonance 2763:is the place where its 2325:(normally requiring an 1987:radio direction finding 1808:broadside to the wires. 1683:radio direction finding 1498:receiver-internal noise 1451:is the wavelength, and 506:Multiple Access (WSDMA) 504:Wideband Space Division 3962:Reconfigurable antenna 3925:Yagi–Uda antenna 3900:Short backfire antenna 3637:Folded unipole antenna 3497:www.nonstopsystems.com 3426:Yates, Steve (AA5TB). 3187:10.5281/zenodo.7498910 2348: 2181: 2088: 2057:planar helical antenna 1962: 1809: 1708: 1602: 1492:noise is dominated by 1434: 1328: 1285:, resulting in a poor 1270: 1161: 933: 679:loops are also called 590:loops are also called 560: 236:Radio masts and towers 3617:Crossed field antenna 3483:The ARRL Antenna Book 3163:– via n6rk.com. 3120:The ARRL Antenna Book 3025:The ARRL Antenna Book 2339: 2175: 2092:Ferrite loop antennas 2074: 1956: 1921:Receiver input tuning 1788: 1763:signal-to-noise ratio 1755:signal-to-noise ratio 1693: 1600: 1593:Small receiving loops 1516: wavelength (or 1435: 1329: 1260: 1149: 1132:oversized small loops 923: 550: 424:Signal-to-noise ratio 259:Safety and regulation 27:Type of radio antenna 3934:Application-specific 3825:Log-periodic antenna 3697:Rubber ducky antenna 3672:Inverted vee antenna 3647:Ground-plane antenna 3516:miguelvaca.github.io 2955:radiation resistance 2819:loops, respectively. 2782:radiation resistance 2641:) at this frequency. 2186:radiation resistance 2162:radiation resistance 1927:electrical impedance 1713:radiation resistance 1552: wave (or even 1341: 1297: 1291:short dipole antenna 1281:which is dwarfed by 1279:radiation resistance 1242:displacement current 1227:– since there is no 1101:radiation resistance 657:radiation resistance 573:electrical conductor 409:Radiation resistance 3845:Offset dish antenna 3692:Random wire antenna 3200:Poole, Ian (2003). 2947:impedance transform 2854:a horizontal halo). 2496:radiative far-field 2176:A loop antenna for 2106:antenna or aerial, 1662:; this is called a 1218: 1213:"large" small loops 1191:Electrical analysis 3987:Television antenna 3835:Microstrip antenna 3775:Choke ring antenna 3770:Cassegrain antenna 3667:Inverted-F antenna 3579:Isotropic radiator 3322:; Findling, Amir, 2959:antenna efficiency 2559:magnetic induction 2514:inductive charging 2417:impedance matching 2349: 2182: 2180:under construction 2089: 2041:variable capacitor 1963: 1822:antenna efficiency 1810: 1790:Radiation patterns 1730:antenna efficiency 1709: 1603: 1577:electrically small 1430: 1324: 1287:antenna efficiency 1271: 1225:small loop antenna 1162: 1130:, but unlike most 934: 628:order of magnitude 561: 475:Space-Time (BLAST) 329:Near and far field 3995: 3994: 3972:Reference antenna 3865:Parabolic antenna 3785:Conformal antenna 3707:Turnstile antenna 3602:Biconical antenna 3383:978-0-87259-974-1 3337:The QRP Quarterly 3133:978-0-87259-987-1 3107:. pp. 11–13. 3090:. pp. 37–39. 3070:978-1-118-64206-1 3038:978-1-62595-044-4 3027:. Newington, CT: 2769:transmission line 2603:readers only use 2597:inductive heating 2566:transmitted waves 2548:induction cooking 2544:Inductive heating 2525:radio frequencies 2407:low input power. 2327:air-gap capacitor 2319:breakdown voltage 2281:land-mobile radio 2220:determined using 2158:receive-only loop 2034:atmospheric noise 1737:atmospheric noise 1418: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1381: 1372: 1323: 1302: 1022:radiation pattern 994:radiation pattern 988:Radiation pattern 930:parasitic element 804:direction-finding 616:radiation pattern 602:at the operating 545: 544: 429:Spurious emission 414:Radio propagation 404:Radiation pattern 379:Equivalent radius 374:Electrical length 281:Radio Regulations 126:Block upconverter 16:(Redirected from 4020: 3946:Corner reflector 3760:Beverage antenna 3722:Umbrella antenna 3687:Monopole antenna 3642:Franklin antenna 3555: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3494: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434:. Fort Worth, TX 3413: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3241: 3235: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3156:. PacifiCon 2008 3155: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3054: 3043: 3042: 3020: 3005: 3004: 2986: 2966: 2921: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2878: 2872: 2869:proximity effect 2861: 2855: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2778: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2628: 2572:radio antennas. 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2402: 2363: 2341:Corona discharge 2269: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2226:halo (see above) 2206:half-wave dipole 2152: 2045:resonant circuit 1980: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1934: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1724: 1717: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1480: 1473: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1300: 1157: 1156: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 967: 963: 947: 865: 858: 854: 853: 851: 850: 847: 844: 801: 796: 795: 793: 792: 789: 786: 747: 743: 741: 740: 737: 734: 718: 716: 715: 712: 709: 702: 700: 699: 696: 693: 661:discussion below 537: 530: 523: 302: 216:Cellular network 156:Passive radiator 55: 32: 21: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4017: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3952:Evolved antenna 3929: 3915:Vivaldi antenna 3890:Rhombic antenna 3815:Helical antenna 3805:Fractal antenna 3750:AS-2259 Antenna 3731: 3662:Helical antenna 3632:Discone antenna 3612:Coaxial antenna 3597:Batwing antenna 3589:Omnidirectional 3583: 3565: 3559: 3529: 3520: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3485:, 15th ed. 3475: 3473: 3465: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3341: 3332: 3328:(Summer 2012). 3324: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3226: 3219: 3212: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3176: 3175: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3039: 3022: 3021: 3008: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2879: 2875: 2862: 2858: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2738: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2550:stovetops, and 2541: 2487: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2413: 2400: 2387:dipole antennas 2361: 2357:loss resistance 2323:dielectric loss 2306: 2287:. This enables 2277: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2170: 2154: 2150: 2069: 2026: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1951: 1932: 1923: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1783: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1648:loss resistance 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1595: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1460:linear antennas 1452: 1448: 1444: 1408: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1303: 1295: 1294: 1255: 1221: 1193: 1154: 1153: 1144: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1111: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1070: 1064: 1011:antenna rotator 990: 965: 961: 945: 918: 879: 860: 848: 845: 842: 841: 839: 838: 837: 834:are inefficient 790: 787: 784: 783: 781: 780: 779: 738: 735: 732: 731: 729: 728: 713: 710: 707: 706: 704: 697: 694: 691: 690: 688: 596:full-wave loops 541: 512: 511: 508: 505: 499: 495:Spread spectrum 490:Reconfiguration 477: 474: 468: 443: 435: 434: 433: 353: 352:Characteristics 345: 344: 343: 303: 300: 293: 292: 284: 278: 260: 252: 251: 250: 200: 192: 191: 190: 115: 107: 106: 105: 65: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3977:Spiral antenna 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3910:Sterba antenna 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:Sector antenna 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3870:Plasma antenna 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3745:Adcock antenna 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3702:Sloper antenna 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3677:J-pole antenna 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3627:Dipole antenna 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3508: 3486: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3422: 3420: 3419:External links 3417: 3415: 3414: 3389: 3382: 3360: 3308: 3301: 3283: 3261: 3254: 3236: 3217: 3210: 3192: 3166: 3139: 3132: 3110: 3093: 3076: 3069: 3044: 3037: 3006: 2999: 2991:Antenna Theory 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2944: 2943: 2916: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2882:dipole antenna 2873: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2821: 2773: 2752: 2736: 2653: 2643: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2540: 2537: 2533:radio antennas 2500:radio antennas 2486: 2485:-antenna loops 2479: 2412: 2409: 2305: 2302: 2276: 2273: 2169: 2166: 2153: 2148: 2144:effective area 2112:ferrod antenna 2068: 2065: 2025: 2022: 1950: 1947: 1922: 1919: 1782: 1779: 1725: 1718: 1594: 1591: 1481: 1474: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1388: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1254: 1251: 1220: 1219:The halo's gap 1217: 1192: 1189: 1143: 1140: 1074:dipole antenna 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 989: 986: 977:dipole antenna 952:, creating an 917: 914: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 871: 824: 814: 813: 812: 811: 770: 760: 759: 755: 754: 681:magnetic loops 674: 665: 664: 641: 632: 631: 585: 543: 542: 540: 539: 532: 525: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 502: 498: 497: 492: 486: 485: 484: 478: 471: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 445: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 432: 431: 426: 421: 419:Radio spectrum 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 342: 341: 339:Vertical plane 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 285: 274: 272: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 108: 104: 103: 98: 93: 91:Satellite dish 88: 83: 78: 73: 67: 66: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4025: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3957:Ground dipole 3955: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Patch antenna 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Moxon antenna 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3795:Curtain array 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3682:Mast radiator 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3472: 3471:66pacific.com 3468: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3345:cite magazine 3338: 3331: 3316:Siwiak, Kai, 3312: 3309: 3304: 3302:0-408-02760-6 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255:0-86341-569-5 3251: 3247: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3211:0-7506-5612-3 3207: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 3000:0-471-66782-X 2996: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2963:no free lunch 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2850: 2849: 2825: 2822: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2759:An antenna's 2756: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2695: 2657: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2481:Antenna-like 2480: 2478: 2475: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2272: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2178:amateur radio 2174: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2122:frequencies, 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2061:frame antenna 2058: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009:sense antenna 2005: 2003: 2002:triangulation 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1960: 1955: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1873: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:perpendicular 1825: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1750:Johnson noise 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1714: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:magnetic core 1657: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573:magnetic loop 1569: 1535: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1486:folded dipole 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1386: 1365: 1362: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1304: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1148: 1142:Practical use 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128:“small” loops 1108: 1106: 1105:coaxial cable 1102: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1062:Halo antennas 1061: 1059: 1057: 1056:antenna tuner 1052: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1038:amateur radio 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:endfire array 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 998: 995: 987: 985: 982: 978: 973: 971: 959: 955: 954:antenna array 951: 943: 939: 938:amateur radio 931: 927: 922: 915: 913: 911: 907: 903: 902:folded dipole 898: 896: 892: 888: 883: 876: 869: 864: 857: 835: 831: 830: 825: 823: 822: 818: 817: 816: 815: 809: 805: 799: 777: 776: 771: 769: 768: 764: 763: 762: 761: 757: 756: 752: 746: 726: 722: 686: 682: 678: 675: 672: 671: 667: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639: 638: 634: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:perpendicular 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 583: 582: 578: 577: 576: 574: 570: 569:radio antenna 566: 558: 554: 549: 538: 533: 531: 526: 524: 519: 518: 516: 515: 507: 501: 500: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 483: 479: 476: 470: 469: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 449:Beam steering 447: 446: 439: 438: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 349: 348: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 297: 296: 289: 286: 282: 277: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 256: 255: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 211:Amateur radio 209: 207: 204: 203: 196: 195: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 131:Coaxial cable 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 111: 110: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 68: 64: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18:Magnetic loop 3905:Slot antenna 3875:Quad antenna 3860:Planar array 3855:Phased array 3830:Loop antenna 3829: 3820:Horn antenna 3727:Whip antenna 3712:T2FD antenna 3657:Halo antenna 3652:G5RV antenna 3519:. Retrieved 3515: 3500:. Retrieved 3496: 3482: 3474:. Retrieved 3470: 3436:. Retrieved 3431: 3409:mpoweruk.com 3408: 3369: 3363: 3336: 3311: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3245: 3239: 3201: 3195: 3178: 3158:. Retrieved 3149: 3142: 3119: 3113: 3104:QST Magazine 3102: 3096: 3087:QST Magazine 3085: 3079: 3059: 3024: 2990: 2950: 2938:tank circuit 2924: 2919: 2909: 2900: 2890: 2876: 2859: 2824: 2776: 2760: 2755: 2656: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2599:systems and 2588: 2585:transformers 2580: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2561:rather than 2542: 2528: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2490: 2488: 2482: 2433: 2420: 2414: 2411:Feeder loops 2404: 2395: 2391:loading coil 2372: 2366: 2352: 2350: 2345:antenna coil 2307: 2299: 2288: 2285:whip antenna 2278: 2222:NEC analysis 2218: 2210: 2183: 2155: 2140:inefficiency 2137: 2114:. Often, at 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2090: 2079:and one for 2060: 2056: 2050: 2038: 2027: 2008: 2006: 1991: 1964: 1939: 1935: factor 1924: 1846: 1842:polarization 1841: 1836: 1833:Ampère's law 1828: 1826: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1793: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1748: 1744: 1741:interference 1734: 1710: 1687: 1680: 1668:AM broadcast 1664:ferrite loop 1663: 1652: 1642: 1604: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1534:transmitting 1533: 1496:rather than 1490: 1457: 1442: 1283:ohmic losses 1276: 1272: 1240: 1222: 1204: 1197:halo antenna 1194: 1178: 1170: 1163: 1109: 1071: 1068:Halo antenna 1053: 1048: 1042: 1019: 1007: 999: 991: 981:polarization 974: 942:quad antenna 935: 926:quad antenna 899: 887:“short” wave 884: 880: 870:small loops. 867: 829:transmitting 828: 821:Transmitting 820: 807: 774: 766: 750: 684: 680: 676: 669: 649:bent dipoles 636: 619: 595: 591: 587: 580: 565:loop antenna 564: 562: 557:ferrite core 553:AM reception 319:Ground plane 206:Antenna farm 80: 63:Common types 29: 3755:AWX antenna 3737:Directional 3607:Cage aerial 2953:the actual 2934:susceptance 2923:Although a 2865:skin effect 2651:diminished. 2593:radio waves 2429:transformer 2421:feeder loop 2383:short whips 2128:skin effect 2108:ferroceptor 2104:ferrite rod 2081:medium wave 1943:preselector 1253:Small loops 1136:bent dipole 1034:"parasitic" 685:tuned loops 600:wavelengths 459:Beamforming 364:Directivity 314:Focal cloud 176:Transmitter 4002:Categories 3521:2024-01-01 3502:2024-01-01 3476:2022-10-14 3438:2022-10-14 3160:2018-04-29 2972:References 2694:wavelength 2605:near field 2595:. Because 2556:near field 2474:mediumwave 2343:around an 2329:or even a 2247:wavelength 2118:and lower 2116:mediumwave 2030:mediumwave 1672:car radios 1247:small loop 1172:which for 891:wavelength 745:wavelength 725:efficiency 670:Small loop 581:Large loop 464:Small cell 442:Techniques 369:Efficiency 359:Array gain 114:Components 96:Television 3948:(passive) 3810:Gizmotchy 3717:T-antenna 3571:Isotropic 3432:AA5TB.com 3411:(Report). 2761:feedpoint 2619:Footnotes 2609:far field 2563:far field 2546:systems, 2529:shouldn't 2507:correctly 2194:monopoles 2190:efficient 2124:Litz wire 2120:shortwave 2100:loopstick 2077:long wave 2015:, with a 1643:receiving 1589:to both. 1410:λ 1377:Ω 1363:≈ 1181:monopoles 1078:efficient 1049:lazy quad 975:Unlike a 910:polygonal 810:antennas. 775:receiving 767:Receiving 624:efficient 612:efficient 604:frequency 454:Beam tilt 334:Side lobe 324:Main lobe 309:Boresight 186:Twin-lead 146:Feed line 3967:Rectenna 3765:Cantenna 3447:cite web 3232:CCIR 322 3228:CCIR 258 2765:feedline 2638:resonant 2633:reactive 2613:antennas 2133:Q factor 2067:Ferrite 2013:cardioid 1998:“nulled” 1468:monopole 1028:or in a 673:antennas 640:antennas 626:, by an 608:resonant 584:antennas 480:Massive 246:Wireless 161:Receiver 86:Monopole 45:Antennas 37:a series 35:Part of 3562:Antenna 2843:⁠ 2831:⁠ 2815:⁠ 2803:⁠ 2799:⁠ 2787:⁠ 2728:⁠ 2716:⁠ 2712:⁠ 2700:⁠ 2691:⁠ 2679:⁠ 2675:⁠ 2663:⁠ 2491:genuine 2468:⁠ 2456:⁠ 2450:⁠ 2438:⁠ 2375:RF burn 2367:greater 2265:⁠ 2253:⁠ 2244:⁠ 2232:⁠ 2198:dipoles 2096:ferrite 2085:Ferrite 2053:ferrite 1979:⁠ 1967:⁠ 1910:⁠ 1898:⁠ 1891:⁠ 1879:⁠ 1868:⁠ 1856:⁠ 1802:(right) 1745:thermal 1676:AM band 1656:ferrite 1638:⁠ 1626:⁠ 1620:⁠ 1608:⁠ 1566:⁠ 1554:⁠ 1550:⁠ 1538:⁠ 1530:⁠ 1518:⁠ 1514:⁠ 1502:⁠ 1185:dipoles 1164:On the 1124:⁠ 1112:⁠ 1095:⁠ 1083:⁠ 940:is the 868:smaller 852:⁠ 840:⁠ 794:⁠ 782:⁠ 742:⁠ 730:⁠ 717:⁠ 705:⁠ 701:⁠ 689:⁠ 659:. (See 645:dipoles 221:Hotspot 199:Systems 166:Rotator 76:Fractal 3941:ALLISS 3380: 3299: 3252: 3208: 3130: 3122:. The 3067: 3035: 2997: 2925:series 2611:radio 2505:(when 2503:at all 2200:, and 1994:“null” 1794:(left) 1707:drops. 1702:, and 1466:& 1464:dipole 1443:where 1405: 1399: 1393: 1380: 1371: 1322: 1301: 1155:WA8FJW 979:, the 826:Small 772:Small 751:within 719: 399:Height 384:Factor 71:Dipole 3920:WokFi 3564:types 3493:(PDF) 3405:(PDF) 3333:(PDF) 3325:K9CHP 3319:KE4PT 3181:(6). 3154:(PDF) 2904:loop. 2784:than 2589:avoid 2379:shock 2353:other 2315:watts 2311:volts 2202:halos 2110:, or 1850:nulls 1806:nulls 1798:nulls 1775:halos 916:Shape 677:Small 588:Large 567:is a 241:Wi-Fi 231:Radio 181:Tuner 121:Balun 3453:link 3378:ISBN 3355:link 3351:link 3297:ISBN 3250:ISBN 3206:ISBN 3128:ISBN 3065:ISBN 3033:ISBN 2995:ISBN 2867:and 2845:wave 2817:wave 2767:(RF 2731:wave 2601:RFID 2552:RFID 2531:be) 2522:high 2405:very 2377:and 2373:The 2268:wave 2017:null 1983:null 1914:wave 1872:wave 1816:null 1726:ℓoss 1711:The 1658:rod 1635:100 1488:"). 1366:31.2 1265:and 1205:most 1201:wave 1183:and 1097:wave 1045:NVIS 1030:Yagi 1015:gain 1003:NVIS 992:The 958:gain 906:oval 863:wave 861:0.3 856:wave 808:huge 798:wave 721:wave 637:Halo 394:Gain 171:Stub 141:Feed 101:Whip 81:Loop 3183:doi 2951:not 2901:not 2891:not 2812:10 2725:10 2581:are 2570:not 2520:or 2518:low 2483:non 2453:to 2396:all 2385:or 2333:). 2262:10 2241:10 1747:or 1719:rad 1623:to 1511:10 1482:rad 1475:rad 1215:). 1174:VHF 1166:VHF 1110:At 908:or 895:MHz 791:10 739:10 683:or 594:or 4004:: 3449:}} 3445:{{ 3407:. 3392:^ 3376:. 3347:}} 3343:{{ 3335:. 3264:^ 3230:; 3220:^ 3169:^ 3126:. 3047:^ 3031:. 3009:^ 2979:^ 2965:.) 2961:– 2840:2 2796:4 2748:AM 2739:^ 2703:1 2682:1 2666:1 2577:do 2535:. 2465:5 2459:1 2447:8 2441:1 2425:DC 2196:, 2135:. 2102:, 2063:. 2036:. 2004:. 1970:1 1945:. 1907:2 1901:1 1888:3 1882:1 1865:4 1859:1 1837:is 1824:. 1765:. 1704:HF 1700:MF 1698:, 1696:LF 1617:8 1611:1 1586:RF 1557:1 1541:1 1521:1 1267:MF 1263:LF 1237:RF 1233:RF 1229:DC 1138:. 1121:2 1092:2 924:A 849:2 708:1 692:1 563:A 39:on 3554:e 3547:t 3540:v 3524:. 3505:. 3479:. 3455:) 3441:. 3386:. 3357:) 3305:. 3258:. 3234:. 3214:. 3189:. 3185:: 3136:. 3073:. 3041:. 3003:. 2837:/ 2834:1 2809:/ 2806:1 2801:~ 2793:/ 2790:1 2733:. 2722:/ 2719:1 2714:~ 2709:7 2706:/ 2688:4 2685:/ 2677:~ 2672:3 2669:/ 2462:/ 2444:/ 2401:Q 2362:Q 2295:W 2259:/ 2256:1 2238:/ 2235:1 1976:4 1973:/ 1933:Q 1916:. 1904:/ 1894:~ 1885:/ 1862:/ 1723:R 1716:R 1632:/ 1629:1 1614:/ 1563:2 1560:/ 1547:3 1544:/ 1527:4 1524:/ 1508:/ 1505:1 1479:R 1472:R 1453:N 1449:λ 1445:A 1426:2 1421:) 1414:2 1402:A 1396:N 1387:( 1374:k 1357:d 1354:a 1351:r 1346:R 1316:d 1313:a 1310:r 1305:R 1158:) 1152:( 1118:/ 1115:1 1089:/ 1086:1 970:Ω 966:△ 962:+ 946:× 932:. 846:/ 843:1 800:, 788:/ 785:1 736:/ 733:1 714:4 711:/ 703:~ 698:3 695:/ 663:) 536:e 529:t 522:v 283:) 279:( 20:)

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