44:
653:
transport system. The presence of the particles indicated that they are suspended for long periods due to poor ventilation, particularly on platforms. The health implications presented by the particles were not investigated.
581:
There is experimental and theoretical evidence that Fe(III) cations and vacancies tend to be ordered in the octahedral sites, in a way that maximizes the homogeneity of the distribution and therefore minimizes the
472:
953:
Litter, M. I. & Blesa, M. A. (1992). "Photodissolution of iron oxides. IV. A comparative study on the photodissolution of hematite, magnetite, and maghemite in EDTA media".
492:
626:(~950 K), which together with its low cost and chemical stability led to its wide application as a magnetic pigment in electronic recording media since the 1940s.
554:. It is known to also form in areas that have been subjected to bushfires (particularly in the Leonora area of Western Australia) magnetising iron minerals.
1148:
569:. The name alludes to somewhat intermediate character between magnetite and hematite. It can appear blue with a grey shade, white, or brown. It has
358:
884:
Grau-Crespo, Ricardo; Al-Baitai, Asmaa Y; Saadoune, Iman; De Leeuw, Nora H (2010). "Vacancy ordering and electronic structure of γ-Fe
645:
It was found in 2022 that high levels of maghemite particles small enough to enter the bloodstream if inhaled, some as small as five
97:
518:
or titanomagnetite. Maghemite can also form through dehydration and transformation of certain iron oxyhydroxide minerals, such as
637:, because they are biocompatible and non-toxic to humans, while their magnetism allows remote manipulation with external fields.
825:
804:
750:
215:
190:
Rarely as minute octahedral crystals, or acicular overgrowths; commonly as coatings on or replacements of magnetite; massive.
248:
1123:
1007:
Pankhurst, Q A; Connolly, J; Jones, S K; Dobson, J (2003). "Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine".
1138:
719:
566:
43:
1143:
1133:
1128:
816:
Gaines, Richard V.; Skinner, H. Catherine W.; Foord, Eugene E.; Mason, Brian and
Rosenzweig, Abraham (1997)
87:
838:
Greaves, C. (1983). "A powder neutron diffraction investigation of vacancy ordering and covalence in γ-Fe
205:
1062:"Magnetic and microscopic investigation of airborne iron oxide nanoparticles in the London Underground"
911:
855:
684:
583:
570:
112:
745:. Vol. III (Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America.
167:
a = 8.33 Å; Z = 8 or a = 8.35 Å c = 24.99 Å; Z = 8 for tetragonal supercell
623:
562:
238:
228:
180:
Brown, bluish black; brown to yellow in transmitted light; white to bluish gray in reflected light.
1024:
935:
901:
702:
650:
558:
195:
1099:
1081:
927:
821:
800:
746:
477:
162:
1089:
1073:
1016:
989:
962:
919:
863:
692:
327:
316:
258:
66:
734:
Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1997).
923:
915:
859:
735:
688:
1094:
1061:
607:
107:
59:
1042:
1020:
867:
1117:
980:
Dronskowski, R. (2010). "The little maghemite story: A classic functional material".
706:
630:
619:
599:
519:
346:
185:
120:
1028:
523:
939:
634:
138:
1077:
503:
312:
129:
1085:
783:
646:
547:
515:
507:
494:
represents a vacancy, A indicates tetrahedral and B octahedral positioning.
331:
28:
24:
20:
1103:
993:
931:
606:
of ca. 2 eV, although the precise value of the gap depends on the electron
551:
535:
531:
320:
697:
672:
573:
crystals. Maghemite is formed by the topotactic oxidation of magnetite.
797:
The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses
603:
587:
539:
527:
768:
467:{\displaystyle \left({\ce {Fe^{III}8}}\right)_{A}\left_{B}{\ce {O32}}}
1060:
Sheikh, H. A.; Tung, P. Y.; Ringe, E.; Harrison, R. J. (2022-12-15).
543:
511:
324:
966:
906:
355:
can be considered as an Fe(II)-deficient magnetite with formula
1043:"Inhaled metal Tube dust can enter bloodstream, study finds"
460:
435:
557:
Maghemite was named in 1927 for an occurrence at the
480:
361:
283:
275:
267:
257:
247:
237:
227:
214:
204:
194:
184:
176:
171:
161:
137:
119:
106:
96:
86:
65:
55:
50:
36:
486:
466:
8:
534:and soils. It is associated with magnetite,
526:. It occurs as widespread brown or yellow
892:(maghemite): a theoretical investigation".
795:Cornell, R. M. and Schwertmann, Udo (2003)
349:. It is sometimes spelled as "maghaemite".
879:
877:
729:
727:
16:Iron oxide with a spinel ferrite structure
1093:
905:
696:
479:
459:
454:
449:
443:
434:
424:
414:
404:
399:
388:
377:
372:
367:
360:
779:
777:
764:
762:
341:
337:
663:
820:, John Wiley & Sons. pp. 229-230.
33:
1009:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
253:Opaque, transparent in thin fragments
7:
894:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
673:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
1149:Minerals in space group 212 or 213
14:
42:
311:) is a member of the family of
924:10.1088/0953-8984/22/25/255401
1:
868:10.1016/S0022-4596(83)80010-3
514:containing iron(II) such as
1021:10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201
115:with a tetragonal supercell
1165:
1078:10.1038/s41598-022-24679-4
18:
567:Shasta County, California
41:
487:{\displaystyle \square }
19:Not to be confused with
994:10.1002/chin.200125209
743:Handbook of Mineralogy
677:Mineralogical Magazine
649:, were present in the
488:
468:
818:Dana's new mineralogy
622:ordering with a high
489:
469:
276:Other characteristics
98:Strunz classification
799:. Wiley-VCH. p. 32.
594:Electronic structure
584:electrostatic energy
550:, lepidocrocite and
478:
359:
1049:. 15 December 2022.
916:2010JPCM...22y5401G
860:1983JSSCh..49..325G
848:J. Solid State Chem
698:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
689:2021MinM...85..291W
671:Warr, L.N. (2021).
618:Maghemite exhibits
577:Cation distribution
506:or low-temperature
502:Maghemite forms by
462:
437:
419:
382:
1124:Iron(III) minerals
1066:Scientific Reports
651:London Underground
559:Iron Mountain Mine
484:
464:
450:
420:
400:
368:
315:. It has the same
268:Optical properties
263:4.860 (calculated)
1139:Magnetic minerals
453:
432:
417:
412:
403:
380:
371:
290:
289:
279:Strongly magnetic
133:
1156:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1004:
998:
997:
977:
971:
970:
950:
944:
943:
909:
881:
872:
871:
835:
829:
814:
808:
793:
787:
781:
772:
766:
757:
756:
740:
731:
722:
717:
711:
710:
700:
668:
624:Néel temperature
493:
491:
490:
485:
473:
471:
470:
465:
463:
461:
458:
451:
448:
447:
442:
438:
436:
433:
425:
418:
415:
413:
405:
401:
393:
392:
387:
383:
381:
378:
376:
369:
344:
259:Specific gravity
220:
127:
72:
71:(repeating unit)
46:
34:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1006:
1005:
1001:
979:
978:
974:
967:10.1139/v92-316
952:
951:
947:
891:
887:
883:
882:
875:
845:
841:
837:
836:
832:
815:
811:
794:
790:
782:
775:
767:
760:
753:
738:
733:
732:
725:
720:Mineralienatlas
718:
714:
670:
669:
665:
660:
643:
616:
598:Maghemite is a
596:
579:
561:, northwest of
530:in terrestrial
500:
476:
475:
395:
394:
363:
362:
357:
356:
343:
339:
335:
323:, but the same
310:
306:
302:
298:
218:
156:
148:
126:
125:Gyroidal (432)
82:
78:
70:
69:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:Cubic minerals
1141:
1136:
1134:Ilmenite group
1131:
1129:Oxide minerals
1126:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1052:
1034:
999:
972:
945:
900:(25): 255401.
889:
885:
873:
854:(3): 325–333.
843:
839:
830:
809:
788:
773:
758:
751:
723:
712:
683:(3): 291–320.
662:
661:
659:
656:
642:
639:
615:
612:
595:
592:
578:
575:
499:
496:
483:
457:
446:
441:
431:
428:
423:
411:
408:
398:
391:
386:
375:
366:
345:) and is also
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
287:
285:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
255:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
235:
234:
231:
225:
224:
221:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
172:Identification
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
154:
146:
141:
135:
134:
123:
117:
116:
110:
108:Crystal system
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
76:
73:
63:
62:
60:Oxide minerals
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1161:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
903:
899:
895:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
748:
744:
737:
730:
728:
724:
721:
716:
713:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
657:
655:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
632:
631:nanoparticles
627:
625:
621:
620:ferrimagnetic
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
600:semiconductor
593:
591:
589:
585:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:lepidocrocite
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
495:
481:
455:
444:
439:
429:
426:
421:
409:
406:
396:
389:
384:
373:
364:
354:
350:
348:
347:ferrimagnetic
333:
330:structure as
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
294:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
213:
210:Subconchoidal
209:
207:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
187:
186:Crystal habit
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
164:
160:
152:
145:
142:
140:
136:
131:
124:
122:
121:Crystal class
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
91:
89:
85:
74:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1072:(1): 20298.
1069:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1015:(13): R167.
1012:
1008:
1002:
985:
981:
975:
958:
955:Can. J. Chem
954:
948:
897:
893:
851:
847:
833:
817:
812:
796:
791:
786:. Webmineral
742:
715:
680:
676:
666:
644:
641:As pollutant
633:are used in
628:
617:
614:Applications
597:
580:
556:
524:ferrihydrite
501:
352:
351:
292:
291:
150:
143:
961:(9): 2502.
736:"Maghemite"
635:biomedicine
313:iron oxides
249:Diaphaneity
139:Space group
1118:Categories
988:(25): no.
982:ChemInform
826:0471193100
805:3527302743
752:0962209732
658:References
647:nanometres
629:Maghemite
504:weathering
498:Occurrence
284:References
216:Mohs scale
130:H-M symbol
88:IMA symbol
1086:2045-2322
907:1005.2370
784:Maghemite
769:Maghemite
707:235729616
571:isometric
548:marcasite
532:sediments
516:magnetite
508:oxidation
482:◻
422:◻
353:Maghemite
332:magnetite
293:Maghemite
271:Isotropic
163:Unit cell
37:Maghemite
29:Magnemite
25:Magnetite
21:Magnesite
1104:36522360
1047:BBC News
1029:51768859
932:21393797
771:. Mindat
552:goethite
536:ilmenite
321:hematite
219:hardness
206:Fracture
196:Cleavage
56:Category
1095:9755232
912:Bibcode
856:Bibcode
685:Bibcode
604:bandgap
602:with a
588:crystal
586:of the
563:Redding
540:anatase
528:pigment
512:spinels
328:ferrite
317:formula
102:4.BB.15
67:Formula
51:General
1102:
1092:
1084:
1027:
940:778411
938:
930:
824:
803:
749:
705:
544:pyrite
474:where
325:spinel
303:, γ-Fe
239:Streak
229:Luster
128:(same
1025:S2CID
936:S2CID
902:arXiv
739:(PDF)
703:S2CID
243:Brown
177:Color
113:Cubic
27:, or
1100:PMID
1082:ISSN
928:PMID
822:ISBN
801:ISBN
747:ISBN
608:spin
522:and
233:Dull
200:None
149:32,
75:γ-Fe
1090:PMC
1074:doi
1017:doi
990:doi
963:doi
920:doi
864:doi
846:".
693:doi
510:of
416:III
379:III
319:as
295:(Fe
92:Mgh
1120::
1098:.
1088:.
1080:.
1070:12
1068:.
1064:.
1045:.
1023:.
1013:36
1011:.
986:32
984:.
959:70
957:.
934:.
926:.
918:.
910:.
898:22
896:.
876:^
862:.
852:49
850:.
776:^
761:^
741:.
726:^
701:.
691:.
681:85
679:.
675:.
610:.
590:.
565:,
546:,
542:,
538:,
456:32
407:40
402:Fe
370:Fe
336:Fe
157:32
144:P4
23:,
1106:.
1076::
1031:.
1019::
996:.
992::
969:.
965::
942:.
922::
914::
904::
890:3
888:O
886:2
870:.
866::
858::
844:3
842:O
840:2
828:.
807:.
755:.
709:.
695::
687::
452:O
445:B
440:]
430:3
427:8
410:3
397:[
390:A
385:)
374:8
365:(
342:4
340:O
338:3
334:(
309:3
307:O
305:2
301:3
299:O
297:2
223:5
155:3
153:4
151:P
147:1
132:)
81:3
79:O
77:2
31:.
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