574:
1051:
34:
763:
1138:
223:
894:, the wise men found the child Jesus in a house. They paid homage to him, and presented him with "gifts of gold and of frankincense and of myrrh." (2.11) In a dream they are warned not to return to Herod, and therefore return to their homes by taking another route. Since its composition in the late 1st century, numerous apocryphal stories have embellished the gospel's account.
748:
656:, composed in the main to discredit the texts of rivals. "The Greeks considered the best wisdom to be exotic wisdom" and "what better and more convenient authority than the distant – temporally and geographically – Zoroaster?" The subject of these texts, the authenticity of which was rarely challenged, ranged from treatises on nature to ones on
1050:
516:
was used not for what actual magi did, but for something related to the word 'magic' in the modern sense, i.e. using supernatural means to achieve an effect in the natural world, or the appearance of achieving these effects through trickery or sleight of hand. The early Greek texts typically have the
974:
and various magi are recorded. The Talmud depicts the Magi as sorcerers and in several descriptions, they are negatively described as obstructing Jewish religious practices. Several references include the sages criticizing practices performed by various magi. One instance is a description of the
1042:, the security apparatus that the Iranians not sincere Muslims, but rather covertly practice their pre-Islamic beliefs. Thus, in their eyes, Iraq's war took on the dimensions of not only a struggle for Arab nationalism, but also a campaign in the name of Islam."
1584:
958:, provides, in its third chapter, a story of the wise men of the East which is very similar to much of the story in Matthew. This account cites Zoradascht (Zoroaster) as the source of the prophecy that motivated the wise men to seek the infant Jesus.
613:
xxx.2.3), but a "principle of the division of labor appears to have spared
Zoroaster most of the responsibility for introducing the dark arts to the Greek and Roman worlds. That dubious honor went to another fabulous magus,
691:) which he himself had invoked, and even that the stars killed him in revenge for having been restrained by him. The second, and "more serious" factor for the association with astrology was the notion that Zoroaster was a
190:
in this context around 1200 CE (this particular use is also commonly rendered in
English as "kings" and more often in recent times as "wise men"). The singular "magus" appears considerably later, when it was borrowed from
415:
2.22.2), who curses the magi for their "impious" rites and rituals. A description of the rituals that
Heraclitus refers to has not survived, and there is nothing to suggest that Heraclitus was referring to foreigners.
573:
290:
does not (as was previously thought) mean "magus", but rather "a member of the tribe" or referred to a particular social class in the proto-Iranian language and then continued to do so in
Avestan.
512:
to describe the activity of a magus, that is, it was his or her art and practice. But almost from the outset the noun for the action and the noun for the actor parted company. Thereafter,
1108:
communities of India trace their descent from the Magas. Some classical astronomers and mathematicians of India such are
Varahamihira are considered to be the descendants of the Magas.
493:. Their influence was also widespread throughout Asia Minor. It is, therefore, quite likely that the sacerdotal caste of the Magi was distinct from the Median tribe of the same name."
975:
Zoroastrian priests exhuming corpses for their burial practices which directly interfered with the Jewish burial rites. Another instance is a sage forbidding learning from the magi.
814:. Ordinarily this word is translated "magician" or "sorcerer" in the sense of illusionist or fortune-teller, and this is how it is translated in all of its occurrences (e.g.
648:– or rather what the Greeks supposed him to be – was for the Hellenists the figurehead of the 'magi', and the founder of that order (or what the Greeks considered to be an
244:
The term only appears twice in
Iranian texts from before the 5th century BC, and only one of these can be dated with precision. This one instance occurs in the trilingual
550:, Xenophon depicts the magians as authorities for all religious matters (8.3.11), and imagines the magians to be responsible for the education of the emperor-to-be.
879:
663:
One factor for the association with astrology was
Zoroaster's name, or rather, what the Greeks made of it. His name was identified at first with star-worshiping (
1104:(c. 505 – c. 587), the statue of the Sun god (Mitra), is represented as wearing the "northern" (Central Asian) dress, specifically with horse riding boots. Some
618:, to whom most of the pseudepigraphic magical literature was attributed." For Pliny, this magic was a "monstrous craft" that gave the Greeks not only a "lust" (
1231:
Mair adduces the discovery of two figurines with unmistakably
Caucasoid or Europoid features dated to the 8th century BC, found in a 1980 excavation of a
2319:
1115:
mentions that the priests of the Sun Temple at Multan were Magas. The Magas had colonies in a number of places in India, and were the priests at
854:, did not make an exception for the Gospel, and translated the word in its ordinary sense, i.e. as "magician". The Gospel of Matthew states that
1879:
Beck, Roger (1991). "Thus Spake Not
Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Graeco-Roman World". In Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.).
352:
were the same word in origin, a common
Iranian term for 'member of the tribe' having developed among the Medes the special sense of 'member of
222:
2149:
1810:
1783:
1739:
1712:
1648:
1621:
1487:
756:
1012:
2354:
2114:
2026:
1999:
1972:
1835:
33:
890:. He then asked the magi to inform him when they find the child so that he himself may also pay homage to the child. Guided by the
603:– it was but a natural progression that the Greeks' image of Zoroaster would metamorphose into a magician too. The first century
163:
founder of the Magi and inventor of both astrology and magic, a meaning that still survives in the modern-day words "magic" and "
1269:
with the same shape found in Neolithic West Asia, specifically a cross potent carved in the shoulder of a goddess figure of the
328:
the word seems to mean both the teaching of Zoroaster and the community that accepted that teaching", and it seems that Avestan
1989:
1616:(Loeb Classical Library Volume 92 ed.). Cambridge, MA. Harvard Universrity Press.: Harvard University Press. p. 45.
2344:
2339:
2016:
1962:
2364:
2139:
2041:
Secunda, S. (2016). " This, but Also That": Historical, Methodological, and Theoretical Reflections on Irano-Talmudica.
1447:
882:'s birthplace. Herod, disturbed, told them that he had not heard of the child, but informed them of a prophecy that the
252:, and which can be dated to about 520 BC. In this trilingual text, certain rebels have magian as an attribute; in the
731:
6) decides to journey to Babylon "to ask one of the magi, Zoroaster's disciples and successors", for their opinion.
2359:
609:
899:
863:
131:
1857:
827:
898:
implies that Herod learned from the wise men that up to two years had passed since the birth, which is why
1386:
450:
411:
27:
2189:
2166:
1935:
1391:
1111:
Varahamihira specifies that installation and consecration of the Sun images should be done by the Magas.
955:
703:
583:
433:
407:
164:
114:
20:
762:
1898:
1396:
815:
720:
245:
95:
1038:
as a generalization of all modern-day Iranians. "By referring to the Iranians in these documents as
916:
1016:
521:
to denote a conjurer and a charlatan. Already in the mid-5th century BC, Herodotus identifies the
2276:
2251:
2243:
1544:
1288:
533:
136:
103:
1097:
1035:
2235:
2145:
2022:
1995:
1968:
1894:
1831:
1806:
1779:
1773:
1735:
1708:
1644:
1617:
1483:
1477:
1259:
1217:
1142:
1081:
1073:
1004:
948:
891:
819:
775:
588:
237:
171:
83:
48:
1800:
1682:
1665:
1638:
1611:
711:
I.15), which – according to Bidez and Cumont – derived from a Semitic form of his name. The
2369:
2227:
1729:
1702:
1536:
1349:
1316:
1089:
645:
561:
philosopher, describes magus to be considered as a "sage and philosopher-king" based on its
294:
272:
249:
156:
91:
679:
star. Later, an even more elaborate mytho-etymology evolved: Zoroaster died by the living (
1436:
875:
649:
604:
424:
276:
261:
2121:
1027:
2349:
2292:
2211:
1376:
1155:
1023:
996:
944:
920:
866:). The gospel describes how magi from the east were notified of the birth of a king in
783:
653:
470:
360:
340:(Magus) has exactly the same meaning" as well. But it "may be, however", that Avestan
318:
155:
knowledge. This association was in turn the product of the Hellenistic fascination for
122:
79:
1285:('stone of necessity') – stone used to call up spirits from water by Magi in antiquity
445:. In another sense (1.132), Herodotus uses the term "magi" to generically refer to a "
2334:
2328:
2255:
1548:
1236:
855:
847:
839:
811:
807:
791:
767:
752:
742:
660:. But the bulk of these texts dealt with astronomical speculations and magical lore.
454:
293:
An unrelated term, but previously assumed to be related, appears in the older Gathic
233:
175:
44:
449:
caste", but "whose ethnic origin is never again so much as mentioned." According to
2296:
1291:(January 6) – a Christian holiday marking the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child
1270:
1255:
1232:
1101:
1085:
1063:
1055:
911:
895:
779:
183:
118:
2120:. Cambridge University: Centre of International Studies. p. 5. Archived from
202:
Hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood has survived in India and Iran. They are termed
1756:
1294:
1251:
1243:
Province. One of the figurines is marked on the top of its head with an incised
1173:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1132:
1093:
971:
906:
652:). He was further projected as the author of a vast compendium of "Zoroastrian"
578:
253:
99:
1137:
2231:
1902:
1506:
1209:
851:
657:
635:
631:
627:
546:
541:
446:
428:
403:
192:
2239:
1916:
1381:
271:, the sacred literature of Zoroastrianism. In this instance, which is in the
1448:
The Origins of Zoroastrian Priesthood in India, Parsi Khabar, April 29, 2009
1403:
1282:
1112:
924:
887:
871:
562:
558:
466:
420:
144:
140:
107:
1883:. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill. pp. 491–565.
642:– traveled abroad to study it, and then returned to teach it (xxx.2.8–10).
2058:
Secunda, S. (2005). Studying with a Magus/Like Giving a Tongue to a Wolf.
695:. The alternate Greek name for Zoroaster was Zaratas / Zaradas / Zaratos (
1640:
The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period
1120:
940:
707:
699:
555:
551:
537:
486:
152:
2247:
2215:
1459:
1240:
1184:. The reconstruction of Old Chinese forms is somewhat speculative. The
1164:(巫 "shaman; witch, wizard; magician") may originate as a loanword from
1105:
1008:
1000:
883:
692:
615:
482:
462:
458:
160:
148:
1200:(巫) is evident in several Old Chinese reconstructions (Dong Tonghe's *
1116:
967:
936:
932:
928:
843:
724:
665:
597:
506:
325:
314:
268:
228:
211:
203:
39:
747:
1540:
437:
1.101), Herodotus speaks of the magi as one of the tribes/peoples (
388:
The oldest surviving Greek reference to the magi – from Greek
2259:
1185:
1136:
1077:
1049:
991:
984:
867:
859:
795:
761:
746:
639:
626:) for it, and Pliny supposed that Greek philosophers – among them
572:
490:
478:
474:
442:
431:
uses the term "magi" in two different senses. In the first sense (
364:
221:
207:
187:
32:
2188:
Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (June 1950). Law, Narendra Nath (ed.).
2165:
Biswas, Dilip Kumar (September 1949). Law, Narendra Nath (ed.).
935:. He was a Jew named Bar-Jesus (son of Jesus), or alternatively
787:
712:
419:
Better preserved are the descriptions of the mid-5th century BC
1775:
Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East
1479:
Babylon, Memphis, Persepolis: Eastern Contexts of Greek Culture
1066:
are considered to be the descendants of the ten Maga (Sanskrit
336:, "there is no reason to suppose that the western Iranian form
835:
823:
822:, where, depending on translation, it is rendered "wise man" (
2141:
Mathematical Achievements of Pre-modern Indian Mathematicians
389:
2277:
Questions on the Origin of Writing Raised by the 'Silk Road'
2089:
517:
pejorative meaning, which in turn influenced the meaning of
186:, and the transliterated plural "magi" entered English from
2216:"Old Sinitic *Myag, Old Persian Maguš and English Magician"
1802:
Xenophon's Cyropaedia: Style, Genre, and Literary Technique
1364:
1358:
1331:
1325:
129:(μάγος) was influenced by (and eventually displaced) Greek
1527:
Gershevitch, Ilya (1964). "Zoroaster's Own Contribution".
1328:
1058:, 1279 CE palm leaf manuscript, Pratima lakshana, Sanskrit
1003:
verse 17, where the "Magians" are mentioned alongside the
919:) also describes another magus who acted as an advisor of
1361:
1194:
1178:
367:. There are two frequent terms used by him, first one is
264:). The meaning of the term in this context is uncertain.
371:(literally "the old man of the magi") and second one is
1427:
About a year and half old, not a newborn (Matthew 2:11)
1096:. Their original home was a mythological region called
939:. (Another Cypriot magus named Atomos is referenced by
900:
all male children two years or younger were slaughtered
595:
Once the magi had been associated with "magic" – Greek
1704:
Magic in the Roman World: Pagans, Jews and Christians
1367:
870:
by the appearance of his star. Upon their arrival in
1355:
1352:
1322:
1319:
1967:. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated.
1501:
1499:
453:, in other accounts, "we hear of Magi not only in
1072:) priests who were invited to conduct worship of
1015:in a list of religions who will be judged on the
954:One of the non-canonical Christian sources, the
766:Conventional post-12th century depiction of the
1830:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 96.
1734:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
1563:
1561:
1559:
540:, who had first-hand experience at the Persian
267:The other instance appears in the texts of the
1482:. Harvard University Press. pp. 108–109.
1067:
2279:, Sino-Platonic Papers, 26 (September, 1991).
1905:1:20; 2:2, 2:10, 2:27; 4:4; 5:7, 5:11, 5:15).
1522:
1520:
135:(γόης), the older word for a practitioner of
8:
2320:The Magi in Mosaics, Paintings and Sculpture
2275:25.9 (September 1990). English translation:
1942:. Gebbie & Co., Publishers, Philadelphia
1874:
1872:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1828:The idea of the library in the ancient world
1250:Mair's suggestion is based on a proposal by
806:(Greek) and its variants appear in both the
607:names "Zoroaster" as the inventor of magic (
159:, who was perceived by the Greeks to be the
90:is in the trilingual inscription written by
26:"Magus" redirects here. For other uses, see
1936:"The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament"
1885:Abteilung I, Band VIII, Abschnitt 1, p. 516
1585:"پیر مغان حافظ كیست، دیرِ مغان حافظ كجاست؟"
317:(and also that both these were cognates of
2115:"The Mindset of Iraq's Security Apparatus"
1637:Bremmer, Jan N.; Veenstra, Jan R. (2002).
862:to do him homage shortly after his birth (
838:). However, early church fathers, such as
782:and represents Africa. To the left stands
260:(generally assumed to be a loan word from
195:in the late 14th century with the meaning
1460:"A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PARSI PRIESTHOOD"
999:. The term is mentioned in the Quran, in
529:7.19, 7.37, 1.107, 1.108, 1.120, 1.128).
375:(literally "the monastery of the magi").
905:In addition to the more famous story of
622:) for magic, but a downright "madness" (
1858:"Zoroaster, as perceived by the Greeks"
1570:The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism
1420:
1307:
1172:"magician; magi". Mair reconstructs an
790:and representing Asia. On his knees is
210:(Magupat, i.e. chief of the Maga), and
2075:Secunda, S. (2012). Parva—a Magus. In
834:, typically with an explanatory note (
496:As early as the 5th century BC, Greek
110:, and presumably Zoroastrian, priest.
1991:Rabbis, Sorcerers, Kings, and Priests
1988:Mokhtarian, Jason (2 November 2021).
1696:
1694:
1458:DASTUR FIROZE M. KOTWAL (July 1990),
525:as interpreters of omens and dreams (
481:, but also in non-Iranian lands like
305:", was once the premise that Avestan
139:, with a meaning expanded to include
86:. The earliest known use of the word
71:
7:
1731:The Magician, the Witch, and the Law
1297: – Zoroastrian place of worship
970:, instances of dialogue between the
532:Other Greek sources from before the
359:Some examples of the use of magi in
356:(priestly) tribe', hence a priest."
37:Zoroastrian priests (Magi) carrying
2167:"The Maga Ancestry of Varahamihira"
1923:, New York: Robert Appleton Company
1572:. New York: MacMillan. p. 163.
1511:A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I
721:Babylonians learned their astrology
544:court. In his early 4th century BC
59:
1994:. University of California Press.
344:(which is not the same as Avestan
14:
1643:. Peeters Publishers. p. 2.
878:to determine the location of the
757:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
671:"star sacrificer") and, with the
402:) – might be from 6th century BC
275:portion, the term appears in the
1568:Zaehner, Robert Charles (1961).
1348:
1315:
2194:The Indian Historical Quarterly
2171:The Indian Historical Quarterly
1529:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1513:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 10–11
2060:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
2015:Secunda, Shai (16 June 2020).
1701:Janowitz, Naomi (2002-09-11).
1466:, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 165-175.
1158:(1990) suggested that Chinese
1133:Wu (shaman) § Etymologies
536:include the gentleman-soldier
423:, who in his portrayal of the
363:, are present in the poems of
309:and Median (i.e. Old Persian)
78:), is the term for priests in
1:
1799:Gera, Deborah Levine (1993).
1591:(in Persian). 12 October 2015
297:texts. This word, adjectival
2113:Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2000).
1404:
1254:(1990), which connects the "
1195:
1179:
778:, the youngest magus, bears
666:
598:
507:
2190:"The Achaemenids and India"
1881:A History of Zoroastrianism
1772:Bremmer, Jan (2008-04-30).
755:in a 6th-century mosaic at
751:Byzantine depiction of the
226:Zoroastrian Magus carrying
2386:
2138:Puttaswamy, T. K. (2012).
1758:The Histories of Herodotus
1687:. D. Appleton. p. 54.
1684:The Histories of Herodotus
1670:. D. Appleton. p. 41.
1667:The Histories of Herodotus
1610:Butterworth, G W. (1919).
1400:
1390:
1130:
1127:Possible loan into Chinese
982:
943:, working at the court of
830:) or left untranslated as
740:
390:
282:, meaning "hostile to the
25:
18:
2232:10.1017/S0362502800004995
1921:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1266:
1068:
687:) of fire from the star (
113:Pervasive throughout the
16:Priests in Zoroastrianism
2355:Ancient Iranian religion
1864:. New York: iranica.com.
1707:. Routledge. p. 9.
1476:Burkert, Walter (2007).
909:found in chapter 8, the
798:and representing Europe.
106:, refer to a magus as a
2301:, Amsterdam: Livius.org
2144:. Newnes. p. 141.
2043:Jewish Quarterly Review
1728:Peters, Edward (1978).
1224:and Axel Schuessler's *
1123:and other sun temples.
1084:), as described in the
786:, middle-aged, bearing
332:is related to Sanskrit
214:depending on the rank.
2090:"Surah Al-Hajj - 1-78"
2018:The Talmud's Red Fence
1961:Secunda, Shai (2014).
1934:Hone, William (1890).
1778:. BRILL. p. 240.
1380:
1152:
1059:
989:In Arabic, "Magians" (
799:
759:
592:
451:Robert Charles Zaehner
427:expatriates living in
241:
52:
43:. Statuettes from the
28:Magus (disambiguation)
2079:(pp. 391-402). Brill.
1901:8:9; 13:6,8; and the
1862:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1826:Too, Yun Lee (2010).
1613:Clement of Alexandria
1140:
1064:Sakaldwipiya Brahmins
1053:
956:Syriac Infancy Gospel
818:13:6) except for the
765:
750:
584:Adoration of the Magi
576:
225:
151:, and other forms of
115:Eastern Mediterranean
102:texts, predating the
36:
21:Magi (disambiguation)
2345:Magic (supernatural)
2340:History of astrology
1903:Septuagint of Daniel
1899:Acts of the Apostles
1856:Beck, Roger (2003).
1464:Indo-Iranian Journal
301:meaning "possessing
246:Behistun inscription
96:Behistun Inscription
19:For other uses, see
2365:Zoroastrian priests
1805:. Clarendon Press.
1017:Day of Resurrection
858:visited the infant
737:Christian tradition
379:Greco-Roman sources
1964:The Iranian Talmud
1755:Herodotus (1904).
1681:Herodotus (1904).
1664:Herodotus (1904).
1437:Matthew 2 in Greek
1153:
1060:
1054:Brihat Samhita of
995:) is the term for
800:
794:, oldest, bearing
772:Adoração dos Magos
760:
725:Lucian of Samosata
593:
534:Hellenistic period
242:
104:Hellenistic period
53:
2360:Achaemenid Empire
2273:Ming-pao yueh-kan
2151:978-0-12-397913-1
2077:Shoshannat Yaakov
1915:Drum, W. (1910),
1895:Gospel of Matthew
1812:978-0-19-814477-9
1785:978-90-474-3271-5
1741:978-0-8122-1101-6
1714:978-1-134-63368-5
1650:978-90-429-1227-4
1623:978-0-674-99103-3
1489:978-0-674-02399-4
1260:bronzeware script
1218:Bernhard Karlgren
1143:Bronzeware script
979:Islamic tradition
931:on the island of
892:Star of Bethlehem
886:would be born in
820:Gospel of Matthew
774:by Vicente Gil).
589:Catacombs of Rome
324:). While "in the
238:Achaemenid Empire
182:do homage to the
172:Gospel of Matthew
84:Iranian religions
49:Achaemenid Empire
2377:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2280:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2110:
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2103:
2101:
2100:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1906:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1865:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1823:
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1796:
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1725:
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1634:
1628:
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1216:), but not all (
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1198:
1182:
1090:Bhavishya Purana
1080:) at Mitravana (
1071:
1070:
1046:Indian tradition
962:Jewish tradition
880:king of the Jews
723:from Zoroaster.
669:
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510:
477:, and among the
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295:Avestan language
250:Darius the Great
240:, 4th century BC
157:Pseudo-Zoroaster
92:Darius the Great
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719:notes that the
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605:Pliny the Elder
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1131:Main article:
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1030:used the term
1024:Saddam Hussein
1022:In the 1980s,
983:Main article:
980:
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963:
960:
921:Sergius Paulus
812:New Testaments
741:Main article:
738:
735:
715:'s chapter on
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654:pseudepigrapha
581:slab with the
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361:Persian poetry
348:) "and Medean
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80:Zoroastrianism
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848:St. Augustine
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821:
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789:
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768:Biblical magi
764:
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743:Biblical Magi
736:
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89:
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81:
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45:Oxus Treasure
42:
41:
35:
29:
22:
2303:, retrieved
2297:
2272:
2268:
2258:– via
2223:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2140:
2133:
2122:the original
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2017:
2010:
1990:
1983:
1963:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1939:
1929:
1920:
1910:
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1794:
1774:
1767:
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1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1569:
1535:(1): 12–38.
1532:
1528:
1510:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1443:
1432:
1423:
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1310:
1271:Halaf period
1263:
1256:cross potent
1249:
1244:
1233:Zhou dynasty
1230:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1177:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1110:
1102:Varahamihira
1086:Samba Purana
1061:
1056:Varahamihira
1039:
1031:
1028:Ba'ath Party
1021:
997:Zoroastrians
990:
988:
972:Jewish sages
965:
953:
923:, the Roman
912:Book of Acts
910:
904:
896:Matthew 2:16
831:
803:
801:
780:frankincense
771:
733:
728:
716:
706:
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676:
672:
664:
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623:
619:
608:
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594:
582:
569:Roman period
545:
531:
526:
522:
518:
513:
505:
501:
500:had spawned
497:
495:
438:
432:
418:
412:Protrepticus
410:
399:
395:
387:
372:
368:
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353:
349:
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329:
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283:
279:
266:
257:
243:
227:
201:
196:
184:Christ Child
177:
169:
130:
126:
125:and beyond,
119:Western Asia
112:
87:
82:and earlier
67:
55:
54:
38:
2220:Early China
1940:Archive.org
1595:13 November
1507:Boyce, Mary
1397:Old Persian
1295:Fire temple
1252:Jao Tsung-I
1192:in Mair's *
1174:Old Chinese
1166:Old Persian
1094:Mahabharata
1034:during the
907:Simon Magus
667:astrothytes
646:"Zoroaster"
579:sarcophagus
256:portion as
254:Old Persian
100:Old Persian
2329:Categories
2305:2024-01-06
2099:2024-06-21
2066:, 151-157.
1946:20 October
1897:2:1–12:9;
1416:References
1262:glyph for
1235:palace in
1210:Li Fanggui
1151:巫 "shaman"
1013:Christians
876:King Herod
852:St. Jerome
840:St. Justin
753:Three Magi
717:astronomia
658:necromancy
636:Democritus
632:Empedocles
628:Pythagoras
620:aviditatem
547:Cyropaedia
542:Achaemenid
447:sacerdotal
429:Asia Minor
404:Heraclitus
398:, plural:
280:moghu.tbiš
193:Old French
2256:192107986
2240:0362-5028
2226:: 27–47.
2177:(3): 175.
2094:Quran.com
1549:161954467
1283:Anachitis
1113:al-Biruni
1098:Śākadvīpa
925:proconsul
888:Bethlehem
872:Jerusalem
802:The word
776:Balthasar
587:from the
559:Platonist
527:Histories
467:Chorasmia
441:) of the
434:Histories
421:Herodotus
286:", where
232:from the
176:"μάγοι" (
145:astrology
141:astronomy
2295:(2006),
2248:23351579
2214:(1990).
1553:, p. 36.
1509:(1975),
1401:𐎶𐎦𐎢𐏁
1289:Epiphany
1277:See also
1141:Chinese
1121:Martanda
1092:and the
1011:and the
949:Caesarea
941:Josephus
864:2:1–2:12
792:Melchior
729:Mennipus
708:Stromata
702:2.23–5,
700:Agathias
693:Chaldean
683:) flux (
577:Incised
565:notion.
563:Platonic
556:Numidian
552:Apuleius
538:Xenophon
487:Ethiopia
197:magician
165:magician
161:Chaldean
153:esoteric
108:Zurvanic
2370:Chaldea
2298:Magians
1385:; from
1247:graph.
1241:Shaanxi
1106:Brahmin
1009:Sabians
1001:sura 22
966:In the
917:13:6–11
884:Messiah
704:Clement
616:Ostanes
599:magikos
483:Samaria
463:Bactria
459:Parthia
439:ethnous
425:Iranian
408:Clemens
299:magavan
236:of the
170:In the
149:alchemy
47:of the
40:barsoms
2254:
2246:
2238:
2148:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1917:"Magi"
1834:
1809:
1782:
1738:
1711:
1647:
1620:
1547:
1486:
1392:μᾰ́γος
1208:, and
1188:final
1117:Konark
1082:Multan
1007:, the
968:Talmud
937:Elymas
933:Cyprus
929:Paphos
868:Judaea
844:Origen
784:Caspar
689:-astr-
677:living
638:, and
624:rabiem
514:mageia
508:magike
502:mageia
489:, and
455:Persia
406:(apud
334:magha-
326:Gathas
322:magha-
315:coeval
269:Avesta
262:Median
229:barsom
212:Dastur
204:Herbad
121:until
66:), or
2350:Medes
2260:JSTOR
2252:S2CID
2244:JSTOR
2125:(PDF)
2118:(PDF)
1545:S2CID
1405:maguš
1382:magus
1377:Latin
1302:Notes
1206:mjwaγ
1186:velar
1170:maguš
1078:Surya
1074:Mitra
1040:majus
1032:majus
992:majus
985:Majus
945:Felix
860:Jesus
804:mágos
796:myrrh
650:order
640:Plato
519:magos
498:magos
491:Egypt
479:Sakas
475:Media
443:Medes
400:magoi
396:mágos
391:μάγος
365:Hafez
346:maga-
342:moghu
330:maga-
313:were
311:magu-
307:maga-
303:maga-
288:moghu
284:moghu
277:hapax
258:maγu-
208:Mobad
188:Latin
178:magoi
137:magic
127:mágos
68:magus
2335:Magi
2236:ISSN
2146:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1948:2017
1832:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1597:2022
1589:IRNA
1484:ISBN
1395:and
1220:'s *
1214:mjag
1212:'s *
1202:mwag
1145:for
1005:Jews
856:magi
850:and
832:Magi
816:Acts
810:and
788:gold
713:Suda
685:-ro-
554:, a
523:magi
504:and
471:Aria
350:magu
338:magu
132:goēs
117:and
88:magi
74:SING
62:PLUR
56:Magi
2228:doi
2047:106
1537:doi
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1222:mwo
1196:mag
1180:mag
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951:.)
947:at
927:at
836:NIV
828:RSV
824:KJV
808:Old
697:cf.
681:zo-
673:Zo-
354:the
248:of
167:".
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2198:26
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2062:,
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1389::
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