224:
848:
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of Vedic, the oldest known form of Indo-Aryan. The interpretation of the transmitted
Avestan texts presents in many cases considerable difficulty for various reasons, both with respect to their contexts and their grammar. Accordingly, systematic comparison with Vedic is of much assistance in determining and explaining Avestan grammatical forms. Morgenstierne.
296:
3197:"It seems likely that this geographical part of the Avesta was intended to show the extent of the territory that had been acquired in a period that can not be well defined but that must at any rate have been between Zoroaster's reforms and the beginning of the Achaemenian empire. The likely dating is therefore between the ninth and seventh centuries B.C.
2875:
Hoffmann, K. Encyclopaedia
Iranica. AVESTAN LANGUAGE. III. The grammar of Avestan.: "The morphology of Avestan nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs is, like that of the closely related Old Persian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European via Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan), and agrees largely with that
1182:
influence from
Western Iran. This is interpreted such that the bulk of this material, which has been produced several centuries after Zarathustra, must still predate the sixth century BC. As a result, more recent scholarship often assumes that the major parts of the Young Avestan texts mainly reflect
2851:
It is impossible to attribute a precise geographical location to the language of the Avesta... With the exception of an important study by P. Tedesco (1921 ), who advances the theory of an 'Avestan homeland' in northwestern Iran, Iranian scholars of the twentieth century have looked increasingly to
1197:
The script used for writing
Avestan developed during the 3rd or 4th century AD. By then the language had been extinct for many centuries, and remained in use only as a liturgical language of the Avesta canon. As is still the case today, the liturgies were memorized by the priesthood and recited by
1106:
Many phonetic features cannot be ascribed with certainty to a particular stage since there may be more than one possibility. Every phonetic form that can be ascribed to the
Sasanian archetype on the basis of critical assessment of the manuscript evidence must have gone through the stages mentioned
1021:
Old
Iranian. But the east–west distinction is of limited meaning for Avestan, as the linguistic developments that later distinguish Eastern from Western Iranian had not yet occurred. Avestan does not display some typical (South-)Western Iranian innovations already visible in Old Persian, and so in
1041:
The
Avestan language is attested in roughly two forms, known as "Old Avestan" (or "Gathic Avestan") and "Younger Avestan". Younger Avestan did not evolve from Old Avestan; the two differ not only in time, but they are also different dialects. Every Avestan text, regardless of whether originally
1125:
The
Avestan language is only known from the Avesta and otherwise unattested. As a result, there is no external evidence on which to base the time frame during which the Avestan language was spoken and all attempts have to rely on internal evidence. Such attempts were often based on the life of
1215:
symbols. Avestan also incorporates several letters from other writing systems, most notably the vowels, which are mostly derived from Greek minuscules. A few letters were free inventions, as were also the symbols used for punctuation. Also, the
Avestan alphabet has one letter that has no
2852:
eastern Iran for the origins of the
Avestan language and today there is general agreement that the area in question was in eastern Iran—a fact that emerges clearly from every passage in the Avesta that sheds any light on its historical and geographical background
1231:, and the large number of letters suggests that its design was due to the need to render the orally recited texts with high phonetic precision. The correct enunciation of the liturgies was (and still is) considered necessary for the prayers to be effective.
3069:
The similarity of the language and metrical system of the Gathas to those of the Vedas, the simplicity of the society depicted throughout the Avesta, and the lack of awareness of great cities, historical rulers, or empires all suggest a different time
2779:
Since the evidence of Young Avestan place names so clearly points to a more eastern location, the Avesta is again understood, nowadays, as an East Iranian text, whose area of composition comprised – at least – Sīstån/Arachosia, Herat, Merw and
3123:
The archaic nature of the Avestan language and its similarities to that of the Rig Veda, as well as the social and ecological environment it describes, would suggest a date somewhere between these two extremes, but not much later than 1000
1207:"religion writing". It has 53 distinct characters and is written right-to-left. Among the 53 characters are about 30 letters that are – through the addition of various loops and flourishes – variations of the 13 graphemes of the
1149:
However, more recent scholarship has increasingly shifted to an earlier dating. The literature presents a number of reasons for this shift, based on both the Old Avestan and the Young Avestan material. As regards Old Avestan, the
3249:
The fact that the oldest Young Avestan texts apparently contain no reference to western Iran, including Media, would seem to indicate that they were composed in eastern Iran before the Median domination reached the
1245:
texts of Neryosang Dhaval and other Parsi Sanskritist theologians of that era, which are roughly contemporary with the oldest surviving manuscripts in Avestan script. Today, Avestan is most commonly typeset in the
1016:
Scholars traditionally classify Iranian languages as "old", "middle" and "new" according to their age, and as "eastern" or "western" according to geography, and within this framework Avestan is classified as
3365:
Controversy over Zaraθuštra's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BC give or take a century or
3311:
All of the above observations would indicate a date for the composition of the Videvdat list which would antedate, for a considerable time, the arrival in Eastern Iran of the Persian Acheamenids (ca. 550
3091:
The oldest parts of the Avesta, which is the body of texts preserving the ancient canon of the Iranian Zarthustrian tradition, is linguistically and culturally very close to the material preserved in the
3038:
Old Avestan is closely similar in grammar and vocabulary to the oldest Indic language as seen in the oldest part of the Rgveda and should therefore probably be dated to about the same time.
2475:
With outspread hands in petition for that help, O Mazda, I will pray for the works of the holy spirit, O thou the Right, whereby I may please the will of Good Thought and the Ox-Soul.
3218:
Had it been otherwise, and had Zoroastrianism been carried in its infancy to the Medes and Persians, these imperial people must inevitable have found mention in its religious works.
3412:
Die ältesten Texte dieses Corpus, die sog. Gathas stammen von Zarathustra selbst, dessen Lebensdaten von der Mehrheit der Forscher heute um das Jahr 1000 v. Chr. angesetzt werden.
1254:
being the traditional language of the Indian Zoroastrians). Some Avestan letters with no corresponding symbol are synthesized with additional diacritical marks, for example, the
3007:
Previously, a sixth century B.C.E. date based on Greek sources was accepted by many scholars, but this has now been completely discarded by present-day specialists in the field.
2460:
ahyā. yāsā. nəmaŋhā. ustānazastō. rafəδrahyā.manyə̄uš. mazdā. pourwīm. spəṇtahyā. aṣ̌ā. vīspə̄ṇg. š́yaoθanā.vaŋhə̄uš. xratūm. manaŋhō. yā. xṣ̌nəwīṣ̌ā. gə̄ušcā. urwānəm.::
3170:
3509:
All in all, it seems likely that Zoroaster and the Avestan people flourished in eastern Iran at a much earlier date (anywhere from 1500 to 900 B.C.) than once thought.
1211:(i.e. "Book" Pahlavi) that is known from the post-Sassanian texts of Zoroastrian tradition. These symbols, like those of all the Pahlavi scripts, are in turn based on
736:
3537:
All things considered, our chronological and cultural parameters tend to suggest locating Zarathustra (or, at least, the "Gathic community") around c. 1500–1200 BC.
3447:
Current scholarly consensus places his life considerably earlier than the traditional Zoroastrian sources are thought to, favoring a birth date before 1000 BC.
3158:
Since the evidence of Young Avestan place names so clearly points to a more eastern location, the Avesta is again understood, nowadays, as an East Iranian text
982:(commentaries and interpretations of Zoroastrian scripture) as synonymous with the Avesta itself, due to both often being bundled together as "Zend-Avesta".
914:
3840:
2986:
Die 'Spätdatierung' wird auch in der jüngeren Forschung gelegentlich vertreten. Die Mehrzahl der Forscher neigt heutzutage allerding der 'Frühdatierung' zu
3521:
Grenet, Frantz (2015). "Zarathustra's Time and Homeland - Geographical Perspectives". In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan S.-D.; Tessmann, Anna (eds.).
1183:
the first half of the first millennia BC, whereas the Old Avestan texts of Zarathustra may have been composed around 1000 BC or even as early as 1500 BC.
4475:
3278:
It is difficult to imagine that the text was composed anywhere other than in South Afghanistan and later than the middle of the 6th century BC.
1284:
Avestan has retained voiced sibilants, and has fricative rather than aspirate series. There are various conventions for transliteration of the
1138:. Given that a substantial time must have passed between Old Avestan and Young Avestan, the latter would have been spoken somewhere during the
3730:
3271:
2803:
729:
1854:
2924:
Linguistic, literary and conceptual characteristics suggest that the Old(er) Avesta pre‐dates the Young(er) Avesta by several centuries.
1698:
658:
4465:
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3618:
3502:
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3440:
3336:
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3031:
2917:
2739:
1234:
The Zoroastrians of India, who represent one of the largest surviving Zoroastrian communities worldwide, also transcribe Avestan in
784:
3343:
Young Avestan must have been quite close to Old Persian, which suggests it was spoken in the first half of the first millennium BC.
2700:
Scholarship dicusses a wide range of possibilities regarding the dating of Avestan. A discussion on this topic is provided below.
1674:
1525:
3833:
2036:
2026:
722:
248:
1158:, which in turn is assumed to represent the second half of the second millennium BC. As regards Young Avestan, texts like the
3262:
Grenet, Frantz (2005). "An Archaeologist's Approach to Avestan Geography". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).
1134:. Zarathustra was traditionally based in the 6th century BC meaning that Old Avestan would have been spoken during the early
3761:
1791:
1686:
1592:
3815:, an online collection of introductory videos to ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen
3478:
Mid-second millennium:Composition of the ritual textsthe last direct evidence of which are the extant Old Avestan texts.
2671:
2076:
2066:
1662:
1638:
2676:
1987:
1977:
1734:
830:
688:
668:
940:
It is not known what the original speakers of Avestan called the language. The modern term "Avestan" comes from the
4450:
3826:
3610:
3557:
3432:
2105:
2095:
1840:
1650:
1511:
1499:
1395:
4470:
4445:
4276:
4113:
3888:
3082:
2998:
1779:
1755:
1710:
1385:
1018:
861:
826:
810:
76:
2908:
Hintze, Almut (2015). "Zarathustra's Time and Homeland - Linguistic Perspectives". In Stausberg, Michael (ed.).
3188:
2009:
1999:
1107:
above so that "Old Avestan" and "Young Avestan" really mean no more than "Old Avestan and Young Avestan of the
1043:
865:
258:
208:
3780:
3391:
In the last ten years a general consensus has gradually emerged in favor of placing the Gāthās around 1000 BC
805:(spoken in the 1st millennium BC). They are known only from their conjoined use as the scriptural language of
3669:, Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 84, Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck,
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214:
149:
4341:
2125:
2115:
1767:
1578:
1566:
1541:
818:
643:
279:
123:
61:
167:
3863:
2487:
1906:
1902:
1807:
1370:
1331:
1255:
1217:
944:, a collection of Zoroastrian religious literature composed in the language, the name of which comes from
822:
814:
406:
66:
3776:
4422:
1877:
1820:
1429:
1417:
693:
596:
4204:
1008:
1046:
traced the following stages for Avestan as found in the extant texts. In roughly chronological order:
4259:
4199:
3993:
3756:(including Old and Young Avestan) by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
3459:
3324:
3230:
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1606:
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1497:
1469:
1457:
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1427:
1415:
838:
648:
591:
4415:
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3910:
1621:
1375:
618:
3685:
2864:
1235:
451:
4330:
4307:
4297:
4044:
3930:
3356:
3164:
2766:
1459:
1365:
1335:
1139:
1058:
531:
461:
3403:
3233:(1995). "The Avesta as source for the early history of the Iranians". In Erdosy, George (ed.).
4322:
4302:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4128:
4097:
4055:
3986:
3935:
3905:
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3436:
3332:
3267:
3238:
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3058:
3027:
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2967:
2955:
Recent research, however, has cast considerable doubt on this dating and geographical setting.
2944:
2913:
2799:
2735:
2056:
2046:
1744:
1555:
1400:
1380:
1275:
1251:
1175:
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1135:
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118:
71:
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4133:
4091:
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3940:
3925:
3302:
3293:(2000). "The sixteen lands of Videvdat - Airyanem Vaejah and the homeland of the Iranians".
3290:
3149:
3104:
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1355:
1285:
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1203:
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1094:
945:
855:
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446:
441:
223:
109:
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1247:
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1143:
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918:
712:
114:
53:
40:
3788:
2822:
1075:
The natural language of the scribes who wrote grammatically correct Younger Avestan texts
3770:
959:
and is of obscure origin, though it might come from or be cognate with the Avestan term
4411:
4369:
4356:
4071:
4060:
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3952:
3946:
3920:
3915:
3801:
3184:
3136:
2755:
2681:
1482:
1212:
1131:
1030:
1013:(1921), other scholars have favored regarding Avestan as originating in eastern parts.
922:
834:
806:
546:
541:
491:
431:
287:
99:
3382:
1099:
Post-Sasanian deterioration of the written transmission due to incorrect pronunciation
200:
4439:
4317:
4271:
4192:
4082:
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2791:
1927:
1722:
1627:
1488:
1471:
1179:
882:
663:
456:
361:
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999:
902:
551:
536:
496:
426:
421:
386:
30:
3766:
3698:
3600:
2889:
Shahbazi, Alireza Shapur (1977). "The 'Traditional Date of Zoroaster' Explained".
4362:
3723:
Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages, Band 1)
2154:
2144:
2136:
1971:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1922:
1127:
1120:
1072:
Changes to Old Avestan due to transmission by native speakers of Younger Avestan
1026:
995:
991:
910:
894:
581:
436:
311:
707:
4037:
3710:
3209:
2087:
1964:
1954:
1944:
1932:
906:
898:
526:
416:
326:
4219:
3581:
3549:
3424:
3153:
2020:
1339:
878:
576:
571:
336:
316:
295:
193:
177:
159:
141:
2865:
Encyclopaedia Iranica: EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES. By Nicholas Sims-Williams
3306:
1238:-based scripts. This is a relatively recent development first seen in the
184:
4172:
1228:
1163:
890:
481:
476:
381:
266:
254:
44:
3753:
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4024:
1155:
1042:
composed in Old or Younger Avestan, underwent several transformations.
886:
601:
521:
501:
262:
1081:
Changes introduced by transfer to regions where Avestan was not spoken
917:
has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of the early "
4177:
4031:
4004:
3757:
1221:
1052:
941:
926:
874:
833:; as such, Old Avestan is quite close in both grammar and lexicon to
653:
611:
606:
466:
411:
366:
234:
3818:
2849:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 44–47,
3139:(2000). "The Home of the Aryans". In Hinze, A.; Tichy, E. (eds.).
1159:
486:
471:
376:
371:
229:
2829:, vol. 3, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 47–52
4346:
3582:"AVESTA: YASNA: Sacred Liturgy and Gathas/Hymns of Zarathushtra"
979:
331:
321:
3822:
1216:
corresponding sound in the Avestan language; the character for
998:, and while Avestan was localized in the northeastern parts of
2974:. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). W. Kohlhammer GmbH. p. 27.
1084:
Adaptions/translations of portions of texts from other regions
776:
3602:
Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen
3747:
3607:
From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages
2972:
Die Religion Zarathushtras: Geschichte - Gegenwart - Rituale
2465:
873:
The Avestan text corpus was composed in the ancient Iranian
3554:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
3429:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2513:
Can also mean "he is hot" or "she is hot" (in temperature)
1201:
The script devised to render Avestan was natively known as
767:
758:
3383:"AVESTA i. Survey of the history and contents of the book"
1154:
show strong linguistic and cultural similarities with the
265:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1220:(a sound that Avestan does not have) was added to write
978:
in older works, stemming from a misunderstanding of the
1078:
Deliberate changes introduced through "standardization"
2891:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
16:
Eastern Iranian language used in Zoroastrian scripture
3692:, vol. 3/sup, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
3195:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation. pp. 44–47.
2458:
966:
954:
785:
770:
3813:
glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
773:
764:
4385:
4285:
4121:
4112:
3971:
3896:
3887:
3856:
3408:
Die iranischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart
761:
207:
191:
175:
157:
139:
134:
96:
50:
36:
26:
21:
3462:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3406:(2000). "Die Sprachen der altiranischen Periode".
3327:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3022:(2009). "Old Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.).
3142:Festschrift für Johanna Narten zum 70. Geburtstag
3109:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present
2798:. page 653. London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
801:(spoken in the mid-2nd to 1st millennium BC) and
1102:Errors and corruptions introduced during copying
1022:this sense, "eastern" only means "non-western".
3523:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
2910:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
1087:Composition of ungrammatical late Avestan texts
893:, corresponding to the entirety of present-day
3552:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
3427:(2004). "Avestan". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
2816:
2814:
2812:
829:, with both having developed from the earlier
3834:
3214:A History Of Zoroastrianism: The Early Period
3169:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2709:With Old Iranian being used in the southwest.
1901:According to Beekes, and are allophones of
1050:The natural language of the composers of the
960:
948:
730:
8:
3665:Hoffmann, Karl; Forssman, Bernhard (1996),
4118:
3893:
3841:
3827:
3819:
3410:. Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. p. 21.
3087:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
3003:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
2912:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 38.
1288:, the one adopted for this article being:
994:are the two attested languages comprising
737:
723:
294:
274:
222:
18:
3525:. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. p. 22.
3089:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
3005:. Oxford University Press. p. 130.
2734:, Harlow, England: Longman, p. 53,
2492:
2441:
2373:
2179:
1916:
1349:
1338:at the end of a word and before certain
1029:and largely agrees morphologically with
2722:
2693:
866:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
286:
259:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3162:
2878:Encyclopaedia Iranica: AFGHANISTAN vi.
3389:. Vol. III. Iranica Foundation.
3235:The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia
3111:. Oneworld Publications. p. 57.
2796:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture
1069:Changes precipitated by slow chanting
7:
3264:Birth of the Persian Empire Volume I
2544:Literally: "You let me understand"
961:
949:
868: instead of Avestan characters.
659:Zoroastrianism in the United States
4421:Languages between parentheses are
3667:Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre
2638:Literally: "They let them follow"
1130:as the most distinct event in the
1025:Old Avestan is closely related to
974:The language was sometimes called
14:
2153:
2143:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2008:
1998:
1986:
1976:
1326:>. The letter transcribed <
1303:k g γ x xʷ č ǰ t d δ θ t̰ p b β f
821:. Its immediate ancestor was the
4395:(unknown further classification)
2732:Longman pronunciation dictionary
846:
754:
706:
4476:Languages written in Devanagari
3748:Information on Avestan language
1909:respectively (in Old Avestan).
1330:> indicates an allophone of
1306:ŋ ŋʷ ṇ ń n m y w r s z š ṣ̌ ž h
1037:Forms and stages of development
4425:of the language on their left.
3357:"Zoroaster ii. general survey"
793:) is an umbrella term for two
1:
3762:University of Texas at Austin
3712:Introduction to Young Avestan
3646:Beekes, Robert S. P. (1988),
3355:Malandra, William W. (2009).
2659:Literally: "I let thee rest"
1318:are often transcribed as <
1239:
819:Indo-European language family
3709:Skjærvø, Prod Oktor (2006),
3697:Skjærvø, Prod Oktor (2006),
3599:Lubotsky, Alexander (2010).
2672:Proto-Indo-European language
2562:He/she lets you lead him/her
1295:a ā ə ə̄ e ē o ō å ą i ī u ū
1093:of the Avestan texts in the
815:Indo-Iranian language branch
3758:Linguistics Research Center
3237:. De Gruyter. p. 166.
3148:. J. H. Roell. p. 10.
2677:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
2486:The following phrases were
2459:
1062:, the four sacred prayers (
967:
955:
831:Proto-Indo-Iranian language
825:, a sister language to the
689:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
669:Persecution of Zoroastrians
4492:
3648:A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan
3611:Amsterdam University Press
3558:Cambridge University Press
3433:Cambridge University Press
3266:. I.B.Tauris. p. 44.
1273:
1190:
1118:
4466:Extinct languages of Asia
4461:Eastern Iranian languages
4402:
3497:. Greenwood. p. 47.
3466:. Routledge. p. 46.
3331:. Routledge. p. 43.
3057:. Greenwood. p. 47.
3026:. Routledge. p. 43.
2943:. Greenwood. p. 47.
2593:We let him/her carry thee
2363:-aēšu (vīr-aēšu), -aēšva
2302:
2282:
2273:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2164:
2140:
2091:
1995:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1864:
1819:
1620:
1481:
1406:
1352:
1174:and lack any discernible
925:that is described in the
827:Proto-Indo-Aryan language
811:Eastern Iranian languages
245:
221:
2841:Gnoli, Gherardo (1989),
2760:"THE HOME OF THE ARYANS"
2488:phonetically transcribed
1170:in the eastern parts of
442:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
3156:(inactive 2024-04-25).
3154:10.11588/xarep.00000114
2821:Hoffmann, Karl (1989),
2806:. entry "Yazd culture".
2730:Wells, John C. (1990),
2375:Primary active endings
2189:a-stems: (masc. neut.)
1121:Zarathustra § Date
1004:Paul Maximilian Tedesco
837:, the oldest preserved
3721:Vaan, Michiel (2014),
3684:Kellens, Jean (1990),
3613:. pp. 18, 69–71.
3363:. Iranica Foundation.
3216:. Brill. p. 191.
2470:
2303:-aēibyō (yasn-aēibyō)
1227:The Avestan script is
1209:cursive Pahlavi script
854:This article contains
823:Proto-Iranian language
407:Zoroastrian literature
247:This article contains
3773:at Harvard University
3464:The Iranian Languages
3329:The Iranian Languages
3307:10.2143/PERS.16.0.511
3024:The Iranian Languages
2469:
795:Old Iranian languages
694:Zoroastrian cosmology
644:Zoroastrians in India
400:Scripture and worship
4416:historical languages
3806:Encyclopedia Iranica
3793:Encyclopedia Iranica
3690:Encyclopedia Iranica
3387:Encyclopædia Iranica
3361:Encyclopædia Iranica
3193:Encyclopædia Iranica
2847:Encyclopedia Iranica
2827:Encyclopedia Iranica
2552:Thou leadest him/her
2453:English Translation
2283:-aēibya (vīr-aēibya)
2246:-a (yasn-a), -ånghō
1146:of Iranian history.
971:, 'praise'.
962:𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬬𐬀𐬐𐬀
897:as well as parts of
649:Zoroastrians in Iran
515:Accounts and legends
3495:The History of Iran
3189:"AVESTAN GEOGRAPHY"
3055:The History of Iran
2941:The History of Iran
2843:"Avestan geography"
2635:They accompany them
2376:
1243: 12th century
839:Indo-Aryan language
713:Religion portal
565:History and culture
124:Indian Zoroastrians
3789:"Avestan language"
3754:Old Iranian Online
3609:] (in Dutch).
3460:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3325:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3231:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
3020:Skjaervø, P. Oktor
2968:Stausberg, Michael
2823:"Avestan language"
2767:Harvard University
2590:θβā dim bārayāmahi
2471:
2374:
2340:-anąm (yasn-anąm)
2159:⟨ą̇⟩
2130:⟨ā̊⟩
2061:⟨ə̄⟩
1718:⟨xʷ⟩
1694:⟨š́⟩
1682:⟨ṣ̌⟩
1467:⟨ŋʷ⟩
1336:no audible release
1266:with a dot below.
1095:Sasanian archetype
1059:Yasna Haptanghaiti
927:Zoroastrian Avesta
856:Avestan characters
532:Book of Arda Viraf
462:Cypress of Kashmar
4451:Ancient languages
4433:
4432:
4381:
4380:
4108:
4107:
3850:Iranian languages
3732:978-90-04-25809-9
3715:, fas.harvard.edu
3703:, fas.harvard.edu
3650:, Leiden: Brill,
3291:Vogelsang, Willem
3273:978-0-7556-2459-1
3105:Foltz, Richard C.
2804:978-1-884964-98-5
2688:Explanatory notes
2663:
2662:
2583:He/she carries us
2479:
2478:
2435:
2434:
2367:
2366:
2257:-ō (-as, -ns), -ā
2186:"normal" endings
2168:
2167:
2149:⟨ą⟩
2120:⟨å⟩
2110:⟨ā⟩
2100:⟨a⟩
2081:⟨ō⟩
2071:⟨o⟩
2051:⟨ə⟩
2041:⟨ē⟩
2031:⟨e⟩
2014:⟨ū⟩
2004:⟨u⟩
1992:⟨ī⟩
1982:⟨i⟩
1899:
1898:
1873:⟨r⟩
1850:⟨v⟩
1836:⟨y⟩
1803:⟨γ⟩
1787:⟨ž⟩
1775:⟨z⟩
1763:⟨δ⟩
1751:⟨β⟩
1747:
1730:⟨h⟩
1706:⟨x⟩
1670:⟨š⟩
1658:⟨s⟩
1646:⟨θ⟩
1634:⟨f⟩
1630:
1604:⟨g⟩
1588:⟨ǰ⟩
1574:⟨d⟩
1562:⟨b⟩
1558:
1537:⟨k⟩
1521:⟨č⟩
1507:⟨t⟩
1495:⟨p⟩
1491:
1455:⟨ŋ⟩
1443:⟨ń⟩
1425:⟨n⟩
1413:⟨m⟩
1276:Avestan phonology
1136:Achaemenid period
1091:Phonetic notation
862:rendering support
809:. Both are early
747:
746:
273:
272:
255:rendering support
251:phonetic symbols.
127:
119:Devanagari script
4483:
4471:Sacred languages
4446:Avestan language
4277:Zoroastrian Dari
4119:
3894:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3809:
3802:"Avestan people"
3796:
3787:Hoffmann, Karl.
3735:
3716:
3704:
3693:
3686:"Avestan syntax"
3679:
3660:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3491:Daniel, Elton L.
3487:
3481:
3480:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3404:Schmitt, Rüdiger
3400:
3394:
3393:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3147:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3051:Daniel, Elton L.
3047:
3041:
3040:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2937:Daniel, Elton L.
2933:
2927:
2926:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2818:
2807:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2727:
2710:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2573:Thou carryest me
2559:dim vō nāyayeiti
2531:I understand you
2493:
2462:
2449:Avestan alphabet
2442:
2377:
2286:-āiš (yasn-āiš)
2180:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1350:
1333:
1286:Avestan alphabet
1280:Avestan alphabet
1262:is written with
1257:
1244:
1241:
1219:
1193:Avestan alphabet
1012:
970:
964:
963:
958:
952:
951:
915:Bactria–Margiana
850:
849:
789:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
739:
732:
725:
711:
710:
447:Adur Burzen-Mihr
298:
275:
240:(Bodleian MS J2)
226:
217:
203:
187:
180:
171:
170:
162:
153:
152:
144:
121:
110:Avestan alphabet
102:
56:
19:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4428:
4398:
4377:
4281:
4104:
3967:
3883:
3852:
3847:
3799:
3786:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3720:
3708:
3696:
3683:
3677:
3664:
3658:
3645:
3641:
3639:General sources
3636:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3435:. p. 742.
3423:
3422:
3418:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3245:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3185:Gnoli, Gherardo
3183:
3182:
3178:
3161:
3145:
3137:Witzel, Michael
3135:
3134:
3130:
3119:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2790:
2786:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2756:Witzel, Michael
2754:
2753:
2749:
2745:entry "Avestan"
2742:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2668:
2614:We let them run
2611:dīš drāwayāmahi
2484:
2482:Example phrases
2472:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2372:
2360:-ayō (zast-ayō)
2334:-ahe (ahur-ahe)
2178:
2173:
2158:
2148:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2080:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2013:
2003:
1991:
1981:
1915:
1872:
1849:
1835:
1802:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1603:
1587:
1573:
1561:
1536:
1520:
1506:
1494:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1424:
1412:
1386:alveolo-palatal
1384:
1348:
1282:
1272:
1248:Gujarati script
1242:
1195:
1189:
1144:Parthian period
1123:
1117:
1109:Sasanian period
1039:
1006:
988:
938:
932:
919:Eastern Iranian
871:
870:
869:
860:Without proper
851:
847:
803:Younger Avestan
787:
757:
753:
743:
705:
700:
699:
698:
683:
675:
674:
673:
638:
630:
629:
628:
587:
586:
566:
558:
557:
556:
542:Story of Sanjan
516:
508:
507:
506:
401:
393:
392:
391:
356:
355:Divine entities
348:
347:
346:
306:
253:Without proper
241:
213:
199:
183:
176:
166:
165:
158:
148:
147:
140:
130:
115:Gujarati script
103:
98:
92:
77:Eastern Iranian
57:
54:Language family
52:
41:Late Bronze Age
17:
12:
11:
5:
4489:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4419:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:Middle Persian
4366:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3874:Middle Iranian
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3774:
3764:
3751:
3743:
3742:External links
3740:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3681:
3675:
3662:
3656:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3620:978-9089641793
3619:
3591:
3573:
3566:
3541:
3531:
3513:
3504:978-0313375095
3503:
3482:
3472:
3451:
3441:
3416:
3395:
3370:
3347:
3337:
3316:
3282:
3272:
3254:
3243:
3222:
3201:
3176:
3128:
3118:978-1780743080
3117:
3096:
3074:
3064:978-0313375095
3063:
3042:
3032:
3011:
2990:
2981:978-3170171183
2980:
2959:
2950:978-0313375095
2949:
2928:
2918:
2900:
2881:
2868:
2857:
2833:
2808:
2792:Mallory, J. P.
2784:
2747:
2740:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:Vedic Sanskrit
2679:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:dīš hācayeinti
2629:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:Present tense
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:Present tense
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:Present tense
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2490:from Avestan:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2445:Latin alphabet
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:-su, -hu, -šva
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:-ayå (vīr-ayå)
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:-āt (yasn-āt)
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1847:
1845:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1624:
1618:
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1601:
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1597:
1585:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1551:
1550:
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1546:
1534:
1532:
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1518:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
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1436:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1404:
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1398:
1393:
1388:
1378:
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1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1271:
1268:
1213:Aramaic script
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1132:Avestan period
1116:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1038:
1035:
1031:Vedic Sanskrit
987:
984:
937:
934:
864:, you may see
852:
845:
844:
843:
835:Vedic Sanskrit
807:Zoroastrianism
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
716:
715:
702:
701:
697:
696:
691:
685:
684:
682:Related topics
681:
680:
677:
676:
672:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
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621:
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594:
588:
585:
584:
579:
574:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
549:
547:Chinvat Bridge
544:
539:
537:Book of Jamasp
534:
529:
524:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
505:
504:
499:
494:
492:Khordeh Avesta
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
432:Airyaman ishya
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
362:Amesha Spentas
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
308:
307:
305:Primary topics
304:
303:
300:
299:
291:
290:
288:Zoroastrianism
284:
283:
271:
270:
257:, you may see
243:
242:
227:
219:
218:
211:
205:
204:
197:
189:
188:
181:
173:
172:
163:
155:
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137:
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135:Language codes
132:
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128:
112:
106:
104:
100:Writing system
97:
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93:
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:
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85:
84:
60:
58:
51:
48:
47:
38:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4488:
4477:
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4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
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4405:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Caucasian Tat
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
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3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
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3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
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3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Proto-Iranian
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3839:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3800:Boyce, Mary.
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3781:Avesta Corpus
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:Young Avestan
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:at avesta.org
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3734:
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3724:
3719:
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3713:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3676:3-85124-652-7
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3657:90-04-08332-4
3653:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3567:0-521-56256-2
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3532:9781118785539
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3473:9780203641736
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3442:0-521-56256-2
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:Kellens, Jean
3374:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3338:9780203641736
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3244:9783110144475
3240:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3083:Bryant, Edwin
3078:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3033:9780203641736
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:Bryant, Edwin
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:9781118785539
2915:
2911:
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2896:
2892:
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2869:
2866:
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2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2741:0-582-05383-8
2737:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2716:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:I follow thee
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
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2416:
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2402:
2399:
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2362:
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2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2300:-āi (ahur-āi)
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2268:Instrumental
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:-əm (ahur-əm)
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2093:
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2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1846:
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1834:
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1461:
1453:
1449:
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1431:
1423:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Post-alveolar
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:> and <
1321:
1317:
1313:
1305:
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1301:
1300:
1294:
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1199:
1194:
1186:
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1177:
1173:
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1153:
1147:
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1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
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1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:Karl Hoffmann
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:according to
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
969:
957:
947:
943:
935:
933:
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928:
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920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
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896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
867:
863:
859:
857:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
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781:
751:
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733:
728:
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695:
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613:
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589:
583:
580:
578:
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569:
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561:
553:
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548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
512:
511:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Adur Gushnasp
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
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404:
397:
396:
388:
385:
383:
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365:
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359:
352:
351:
343:
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335:
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330:
328:
325:
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302:
301:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
281:
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268:
264:
260:
256:
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250:
244:
239:
237:
232:
231:
225:
220:
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212:
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202:
198:
196:
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186:
182:
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174:
169:
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161:
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146:
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138:
133:
125:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
95:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:Indo-European
59:
55:
49:
46:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4407:
4368:
4361:
4329:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4160:
4138:
4090:
4081:
4070:
4050:
4043:
4036:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3945:
3805:
3792:
3777:Text samples
3722:
3711:
3699:
3689:
3666:
3647:
3624:. Retrieved
3606:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3553:
3544:
3536:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3494:
3485:
3477:
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3390:
3386:
3373:
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3350:
3342:
3328:
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3310:
3298:
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3285:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3248:
3234:
3225:
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3213:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3179:
3157:
3141:
3131:
3122:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3054:
3045:
3037:
3023:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2985:
2971:
2962:
2954:
2940:
2931:
2923:
2909:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2860:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2771:. Retrieved
2769:. p. 10
2750:
2731:
2725:
2705:
2696:
2653:θβā rāmayemi
2541:You teach me
2485:
2297:-byō (-byas)
2263:-ą (haom-ą)
2232:-a (-yasna)
2223:-ō (-as), -ā
1900:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1299:Consonants:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1259:
1233:
1226:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1172:Greater Iran
1148:
1124:
1105:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1024:
1015:
1000:Greater Iran
990:Avestan and
989:
975:
973:
939:
931:
903:Turkmenistan
872:
853:
802:
798:
749:
748:
552:Frashokereti
497:The Rivayats
452:Adur Farnbag
437:Fire Temples
427:Yenghe hatam
422:Ahuna Vairya
387:Angra Mainyu
341:
246:
235:
228:
209:Linguasphere
192:
81:
67:Indo-Iranian
31:Central Asia
4363:Old Persian
4200:Mazanderani
3994:Khwarezmian
3879:New Iranian
3869:Old Iranian
3767:Old Avestan
3700:Old Avestan
3210:Boyce, Mary
2656:I calm thee
2538:mā vātayaθa
2438:Sample text
2357:-e (yesn-e)
2280:-a (ahur-a)
2251:Accusative
2243:-a (ahur-a)
2226:-ō (yasn-ō)
2214:Nominative
1821:Approximant
1310:The glides
1204:Din dabireh
1140:Hellenistic
1128:Zarathustra
1066:27 and 54).
1027:Old Persian
1007: [
996:Old Iranian
992:Old Persian
911:Yaz culture
895:Afghanistan
813:within the
799:Old Avestan
582:Khurramites
332:Persia/Iran
317:Zarathustra
312:Ahura Mazda
261:instead of
4440:Categories
4038:Sarghulami
3958:Yazghulami
3911:Ishkashimi
3586:avesta.org
3550:Hale, Mark
3425:Hale, Mark
2622:θβā hacāmi
2580:nō baraiti
2549:dim nayehi
2229:-a (vīr-a)
1396:Labiovelar
1346:Consonants
1340:obstruents
1274:See also:
1260:zaraθuštra
1229:alphabetic
1119:See also:
968:upastāvaka
907:Uzbekistan
899:Tajikistan
602:Initiation
417:Ashem Vohu
327:Vohu Manah
236:Ahunavaiti
4423:varieties
4410:indicate
4331:Pahlavani
4323:Bakhtiari
4308:Kuhmareyi
4298:Bashkardi
4220:Old Azeri
3931:Sanglechi
3783:at TITUS.
3725:, Brill,
3165:cite book
2717:Citations
2601:drawāmahi
2570:mā barahi
2528:vō vatāmi
2428:-tō, -thō
2345:Locative
2322:Genitive
2308:Ablative
2237:Vocative
1628:voiceless
1622:Fricative
1489:voiceless
1376:Retroflex
1270:Phonology
986:Genealogy
879:Arachosia
875:satrapies
637:Adherents
597:Festivals
577:Mazdakism
572:Zurvanism
527:Bundahišn
337:Faravahar
194:Glottolog
178:ISO 639-3
160:ISO 639-2
142:ISO 639-1
122:(used by
4352:Hazaragi
4303:Garmsiri
4243:Sangsari
4238:Lasgerdi
4227:Parthian
4205:Tabaroid
4173:Kurmanji
4129:Ashtiani
4098:Yaghnobi
4056:Ossetian
4045:Scythian
4020:Southern
4015:Northern
3987:Bactrian
3936:Sarikoli
3906:Bartangi
3626:30 April
3493:(2012).
3381:(2011).
3212:(1996).
3187:(2011).
3107:(2013).
3085:(2001).
3053:(2012).
3001:(2001).
2970:(2002).
2939:(2012).
2897:: 25–35.
2794:(1997).
2780:Bactria.
2666:See also
2646:He rests
2521:You move
2510:It's hot
2502:Comment
2383:Singular
2325:-ō (-as)
2203:Singular
2194:Singular
1366:Alveolar
1291:Vowels:
1252:Gujarati
1187:Alphabet
1168:situated
1164:Vendidad
1162:and the
891:Margiana
619:Marriage
592:Calendar
482:Visperad
477:Vendidad
382:Fravashi
280:a series
278:Part of
267:Help:IPA
215:58-ABA-a
201:aves1237
45:Iron Age
4412:extinct
4408:Italics
4393:Badeshi
4337:Persian
4313:Kumzari
4255:Taleshi
4248:Sorkhei
4233:Semnani
4188:Kordali
4168:Kurdish
4162:Gorgani
4140:Daylami
4134:Balochi
4114:Western
4092:Sogdian
4051:Alanian
4025:Wanetsi
4010:Central
4000:Parachi
3980:Avestan
3941:Shughni
3926:Roshani
3889:Eastern
3857:History
3760:at the
3295:Persica
3092:Rgveda.
2643:ramaiti
2518:šyawaθa
2507:tapaiti
2499:English
2496:Avestan
2389:Plural
2351:-ō, -yō
2291:Dative
2209:Plural
2171:Grammar
1928:Central
1483:Plosive
1401:Glottal
1381:Palatal
1224:texts.
1176:Persian
1156:Rigveda
1142:or the
1019:Eastern
946:Persian
923:culture
887:Bactria
817:of the
750:Avestan
522:Dēnkard
502:Ab-Zohr
367:Yazatas
342:Avestan
263:Unicode
82:Avestan
72:Iranian
22:Avestan
4456:Avesta
4386:Others
4293:Achomi
4265:Tatoid
4213:Median
4183:Xwarin
4178:Sorani
4156:Gorani
4151:Gilaki
4072:Jassic
4032:Ormuri
4005:Pashto
3972:Others
3963:Yidgha
3729:
3673:
3654:
3617:
3564:
3529:
3501:
3470:
3439:
3335:
3301:: 62.
3270:
3241:
3115:
3070:frame.
3061:
3030:
2978:
2947:
2916:
2802:
2738:
2604:We run
2403:-mahi
2380:Person
2200:Plural
1913:Vowels
1745:voiced
1556:voiced
1361:Dental
1356:Labial
1236:Brahmi
1222:Pazend
1198:rote.
1180:Median
1160:Yashts
1152:Gathas
1115:Dating
1056:, the
1053:Gathas
956:avestâ
942:Avesta
909:. The
905:, and
889:, and
664:Iranis
654:Parsis
624:Burial
612:Sedreh
607:Kushti
487:Yashts
467:Gathas
412:Avesta
377:Daevas
372:Ahuras
233:28.1,
27:Region
4357:Tajik
4286:South
4122:North
4061:Digor
3953:Wakhi
3947:Vanji
3921:Munji
3916:Khufi
3898:Pamir
3605:[
3312:B.C.)
3250:area.
3146:(PDF)
2773:8 May
2763:(PDF)
2431:-ṇti
2417:-tha
2400:-vahi
2370:Verbs
2183:Case
2176:Nouns
2137:Nasal
1972:Close
1960:short
1950:short
1940:short
1923:Front
1866:Trill
1408:Nasal
1391:Velar
1334:with
1011:]
950:اوستا
472:Yasna
238:Gatha
230:Yasna
4347:Dari
4318:Luri
4272:Zaza
4260:Tati
4193:Laki
4146:Fars
4083:Saka
4066:Iron
3779:and
3769:and
3727:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3628:2016
3615:ISBN
3562:ISBN
3527:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3437:ISBN
3333:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3171:link
3113:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3028:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2945:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2775:2015
2736:ISBN
2422:3rd
2414:-tha
2408:2nd
2394:1st
2386:Dual
2314:-byō
2277:-bīš
2274:-byā
2206:Dual
2197:Dual
2088:Open
1965:long
1955:long
1945:long
1933:Back
1905:and
1314:and
1278:and
1166:are
980:Zend
976:Zend
936:Name
883:Aria
790:-tən
788:VESS
322:Asha
117:and
4414:or
3303:doi
3150:doi
3124:BC.
2425:-ti
2411:-hi
2397:-mi
2331:-ąm
2311:-at
2254:-əm
2021:Mid
1907:/x/
1903:/θ/
1383:or
1332:/t/
1258:in
1256:/z/
1218:/l/
1178:or
1111:".
913:of
877:of
249:IPA
185:ave
168:ave
37:Era
4442::
3804:.
3791:.
3688:,
3584:.
3560:.
3556:.
3535:.
3507:.
3476:.
3445:.
3431:.
3385:.
3366:so
3359:.
3341:.
3309:.
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3297:.
3276:.
3247:.
3191:.
3167:}}
3163:{{
3121:.
3067:.
3036:.
2984:.
2953:.
2922:.
2895:40
2893:.
2845:,
2825:,
2811:^
2777:.
2765:.
2758:.
2348:-i
2328:-å
2294:-ē
2271:-ā
2220:-ā
2217:-s
2155:ãː
2126:ɒː
2106:aː
2077:oː
2057:əː
2037:eː
2010:uː
1988:iː
1723:xʷ
1593:dʒ
1526:tʃ
1472:ŋʷ
1342:.
1328:t̰
1324:uu
1320:ii
1240:c.
1064:Y.
1033:.
1009:de
965:,
953:,
929:.
921:"
901:,
885:,
881:,
841:.
797:,
786:ə-
777:ən
282:on
150:ae
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3842:e
3835:t
3828:v
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3795:.
3736:.
3717:.
3705:.
3680:.
3661:.
3630:.
3588:.
3570:.
3305::
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3152::
2855:.
2831:.
2240:–
2145:ã
2116:ɒ
2096:a
2067:o
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2000:u
1978:i
1880:/
1878:r
1876:/
1857:/
1855:w
1853:/
1843:/
1841:j
1839:/
1810:/
1808:ɣ
1806:/
1794:/
1792:ʒ
1790:/
1782:/
1780:z
1778:/
1770:/
1768:ð
1766:/
1758:/
1756:β
1754:/
1737:/
1735:h
1733:/
1725:/
1721:/
1713:/
1711:x
1709:/
1701:/
1699:ɕ
1697:/
1689:/
1687:ʂ
1685:/
1677:/
1675:ʃ
1673:/
1665:/
1663:s
1661:/
1653:/
1651:θ
1649:/
1641:/
1639:ɸ
1637:/
1611:/
1609:ɡ
1607:/
1595:/
1591:/
1581:/
1579:d
1577:/
1569:/
1567:b
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1542:k
1540:/
1528:/
1524:/
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1512:t
1510:/
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1500:p
1498:/
1474:/
1470:/
1462:/
1460:ŋ
1458:/
1450:/
1448:ɲ
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1418:m
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1316:w
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1264:j
1250:(
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771:s
768:ɛ
765:v
762:ˈ
759:ə
756:/
752:(
738:e
731:t
724:v
269:.
126:)
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