37:
219:
310:
210:, or North Maka. Byep had an estimated 9,500 speakers in 1988. Though they consider themselves a single people, Maka dialects serve as a form of identity as well. The main dialects are Maka are Bebent (Bebende, Biken, Bewil, Bemina), Mbwaanz, and Sekunda. Byep has two dialects, Byep and Besep (Besha, Bindafum).
296:
Since
Cameroon's independence in 1960, the Maka have established themselves as a formidable political force in the East Province. They have not gained much voice in national politics, however, and Cameroon's two presidential administrations have largely ignored them. Maka discontent is rising,
321:. Their settlements typically follow existing roads, making the typical village a linear string of houses facing the road and backed by forest. Fields are usually very small and planted in clearings cut out of the forest with axes and machetes and then burned. Major crops include
404:
Social organisation begins with the family, which consists of a man, his wife or wives, and his children. Several related families often live together to form a village. At the next level are several villages that claim common ancestry to form a
297:
however, especially in regard to the low level of infrastructure improvements initiated by the government in their territory. This sentiment manifested most recently in the 2004 presidential election when the incumbent,
269:
as they moved deeper into the rain forest. Either through force or diplomacy, the newcomers enlisted the Baka as guides, and they founded a series of new settlements, including Bung-Ngwang ("bathing area in the
409:. In the past, these clan identities were of the utmost importance, determining one's friends, lineage, and potential spouses. This clan identity is much weaker today, however. Each clan is headed by a
401:
palm leaves, though tin or aluminium roofing is today becoming more common. Wealthier Maka and those living in larger villages and towns often live in modern concrete-block houses, as well.
517:
Ngima
Mawoung, Godefroy (2001) "The Relationship Between the Bakola and the Bantu Peoples of the Coastal Regions of Cameroon and their Perception of Commercial Forest Exploitation".
281:
entered the eastern Maka zone after taking colonial control of
Cameroon in 1884, the natives were enlisted as forced labour to build German roads and to work German plantations. The
553:
546:
266:
397:
The traditional Maka house is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks held together by a bamboo frame. The A-shaped roof is covered in
206:
or South Maka, which had an estimated 80,000 speakers in 1987. In the north of Maka territory, speakers use a related language known as
539:
598:
293:
succeeded
Germany as the colonial power in 1916, and the Maka continued to work foreign-owned plantations under them.
274:") and Mess'a Mena ("crossroads") – later renamed Abong-Mbang and Messaména. Other groups continued their migration.
562:
196:
227:
184:
784:
633:
583:
809:
754:
155:
433:
99:
127:
705:
638:
318:
143:
394:
caught in this way is becoming an important, if unsustainable, source of income for many people.
326:
238:
between the 14th and 17th centuries. By the 19th century, they inhabited the lands north of the
131:
231:
123:
115:
243:
36:
139:
618:
383:
366:
286:
675:
183:. They live primarily in the northern portions of the Upper Nyong division of Cameroon's
500:
218:
905:
874:
799:
794:
722:
608:
489:
478:
309:
203:
83:
899:
849:
764:
742:
737:
700:
665:
660:
603:
425:
282:
278:
884:
869:
859:
839:
824:
814:
779:
769:
759:
695:
690:
670:
628:
623:
593:
437:
417:
410:
172:
95:
20:
854:
844:
829:
749:
732:
727:
717:
685:
680:
655:
648:
643:
421:
271:
259:
247:
188:
176:
864:
834:
774:
588:
578:
441:
373:
573:
531:
346:
298:
239:
265:
According to their oral traditions, the waves of migrants encountered the
613:
391:
349:
are typically small animals that may be left to roam unattended, such as
192:
180:
67:
222:
Speakers of Makaa–Njem languages in
Cameroon and neighbouring countries.
879:
429:
387:
379:
362:
195:, and Nguélémendouka. Some Maka villages lie over the border into the
804:
398:
370:
342:
334:
322:
290:
460:
This is the combined total of Makaa and Byep speakers according to
712:
365:. A smaller number of Maka have obtained financial success in the
354:
330:
308:
151:
119:
111:
819:
406:
350:
338:
255:
251:
235:
207:
147:
135:
79:
535:
382:
is another common pursuit, especially in the smaller villages.
358:
413:, though the modern chiefs are little more than figureheads.
507:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006.
496:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006.
485:, 15th ed. Dallas: SIL International. Accessed 7 June 2006.
262:(Fula) warriors. The Maka-Njem peoples were forced south.
242:
in the border region between the present-day East and
416:
The vast majority of Maka practice at least nominal
250:
peoples invaded these areas under pressure from the
432:still persist, however, especially in the realm of
345:, and various fruits raised in smaller quantities.
105:
89:
73:
61:
48:
547:
512:Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon,
8:
29:
301:, failed to carry the town of Abong-Mbang.
554:
540:
532:
28:
217:
499:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "
488:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "
477:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005): "
453:
386:are the primary tool employed, though
230:entered present-day Cameroon from the
285:existed an as administrative unit in
7:
246:. Not long thereafter, however, the
202:Most Maka speak a language known as
62:Regions with significant populations
505:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
494:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
483:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
313:Typical Maka house in Abong-Mbang.
14:
514:3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers.
420:with a fairly even split between
305:Lifestyle and settlement patterns
289:during the German colonial rule.
226:The Maka and related speakers of
187:. Major Maka settlements include
35:
526:History of Cameroon Since 1800.
440:also remain, such as belief in
1:
390:are increasingly used today.
376:of Cameroon's forest region.
524:Ngoh, Victor Julius (1996)
521:, Suppl. 26: 209–235.
428:. Vestiges of their native
922:
510:Neba, Aaron, Ph.D. (1999)
317:The majority of Makaa are
18:
569:
563:Ethnic groups in Cameroon
110:
94:
78:
66:
53:
44:on the way to her fields.
34:
519:African Study Monographs
175:inhabiting the southern
19:Not to be confused with
314:
223:
312:
258:, themselves fleeing
221:
106:Related ethnic groups
100:traditional religions
434:traditional medicine
228:Makaa–Njem languages
319:subsistence farmers
31:
315:
224:
893:
892:
584:Anglo-Cameroonian
244:Adamawa Provinces
232:Congo River basin
161:
160:
913:
556:
549:
542:
533:
528:Limbé: Presbook.
501:Makaa–Njem (A80)
465:
458:
49:Total population
40:Maka woman with
39:
32:
921:
920:
916:
915:
914:
912:
911:
910:
896:
895:
894:
889:
565:
560:
474:
469:
468:
459:
455:
450:
307:
287:German Cameroon
216:
197:Centre Province
57:89,500 (1987-8)
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
919:
917:
909:
908:
898:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
567:
566:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
530:
529:
522:
515:
508:
497:
486:
473:
470:
467:
466:
452:
451:
449:
446:
306:
303:
215:
212:
159:
158:
108:
107:
103:
102:
92:
91:
87:
86:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
51:
50:
46:
45:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
918:
907:
904:
903:
901:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
568:
564:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:
534:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
475:
471:
463:
457:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
438:superstitions
435:
431:
427:
426:Protestantism
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
311:
304:
302:
300:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:Dume district
280:
275:
273:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:East Province
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
22:
789:
706:Yerwa Kanuri
525:
518:
511:
504:
493:
482:
461:
456:
418:Christianity
415:
403:
396:
378:
316:
295:
276:
264:
225:
201:
199:, as well.
173:ethnic group
171:are a Bantu
168:
164:
162:
54:
41:
26:Ethnic group
21:Makah people
16:Ethnic group
639:Beti-Pahuin
422:Catholicism
374:plantations
272:Nyong River
267:Baka nomads
248:Beti-Pahuin
189:Abong-Mbang
177:rain forest
472:References
462:Ethnologue
442:witchcraft
343:groundnuts
234:or modern
574:Akunakuna
347:Livestock
327:plantains
299:Paul Biya
277:When the
240:Lom River
132:Konabembe
96:Christian
74:Languages
900:Category
619:Bamileke
614:Baligham
392:Bushmeat
388:firearms
363:chickens
339:cocoyams
181:Cameroon
179:zone of
124:Benkonjo
90:Religion
68:Cameroon
880:Wodaabe
875:Widikum
800:Mandara
795:Mambila
723:Kapsiki
609:Bakossi
436:. Folk
430:animism
380:Hunting
335:bananas
333:, with
279:Germans
214:History
128:Bomwali
116:Bakwele
805:Mankon
765:Kotoko
743:Tupuri
738:Musgum
701:Kanuri
666:Chamba
661:Buduma
604:Bakoko
399:raffia
371:coffee
361:, and
329:, and
323:manioc
291:France
260:Fulani
144:Ngumba
55:Total:
42:panier
906:Makaa
885:Wovea
870:Vengo
860:Tikar
850:Shuwa
840:Nzime
825:Mungo
815:Mboko
790:Makaa
785:Limba
780:Kwele
770:Kuteb
760:Kombe
713:Kirdi
696:Hausa
691:Gbaya
676:Dwe'e
671:Duala
634:Bassa
629:Banda
624:Bamum
594:Bafia
490:Makaa
448:Notes
411:chief
384:Traps
367:cocoa
355:sheep
351:goats
331:maize
193:Doumé
169:Makaa
152:Nzime
140:Mbimu
120:Bekol
112:Bajwe
84:Makaa
855:Subu
845:Pori
830:Njem
820:Mofu
750:Kole
733:Masa
728:Mafa
718:Fali
686:Fula
681:Ekoi
656:Bubi
649:Fang
644:Beti
599:Baka
479:Byep
424:and
407:clan
369:and
359:pigs
256:Mbum
254:and
252:Vute
236:Chad
208:Byep
204:Maka
165:Maka
163:The
148:Njem
136:Mabi
80:Byep
30:Maka
865:Tiv
835:Nso
810:Mbo
775:Kwe
755:Kom
589:Aro
579:Ana
503:".
492:".
481:".
167:or
156:Sso
902::
444:.
357:,
353:,
341:,
337:,
325:,
191:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
114:,
98:,
82:,
555:e
548:t
541:v
464:.
23:.
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