430:
398:
306:
219:
417:. This provides an extra degree of freedom in correcting aberration by changing the curvature of the corrector and the secondary independently. Specifically it allows the designer to aspherize the secondary to provide a much wider flat field than traditional spot Maksutovs, with less off-axis coma. Mounting the secondary on the corrector also limits diffraction spikes. This version is named after the work of Dutch optical designer
115:
442:
drawbacks of an open, unsealed tube and requires a spider assembly to hold the secondary mirror and corrector, which inevitably affects image quality through diffraction artifacts. Also since the light passes through the corrector twice, the number of surfaces involved is increased, making it difficult to achieve good aberration correction. Sub-aperture corrector
Maksutovs are currently manufactured by
31:
286:) design, resorted to aspherization of the front corrector surface (or the primary mirror) in order to reduce aberrations. This has led to other designs with aspheric or additional elements to further reduce off-axis aberration. This type of Maksutov-Cassegrain's high focal ratio and narrower field of view makes them more suitable for
210:. Most types use full-aperture correctors and are therefore not very large, since the corrector plate rapidly becomes prohibitively large, heavy and expensive as the aperture increases, with very long cool-down times to reach optimal optical performance. Most commercial manufacturers usually stop at 180 mm (7 in).
136:
reflector consisting of negative lens with silvering on the back side, include a sketch of a Mangin mirror with the mirror part and the negative lens separated into two elements. Maksutov seems to have picked up the idea again in 1941 as a variation on an earlier design that paired a spherical mirror
441:
could be placed in the converging light cone of the primary mirror and achieve the same effect. In the 1980s Dave Shafer and Ralph W. Field came out with sub-aperture
Cassegrain designs based on this idea. The design reduces the mass and "cool-down time" of a full-aperture corrector. It has the
270:
variations. Most
Maksutovs manufactured today are this type of 'Cassegrain' design (called either a "Gregory–Maksutov" or "Spot-Maksutov") that use all-spherical surfaces and have, as secondary, a small aluminized spot on the inner face of the corrector. This has the advantage of simplifying
153:"-style prototype in October 1941. Maksutov came up with the unique idea using an "achromatic corrector", a corrector made of a single type of glass with a weak negative meniscus shape that departed from the pure concentric spherical symmetrical shape to correct chromatic aberration.
271:
construction. It also has the advantage of fixing the alignment of the secondary and eliminates the need for a 'spider' that would cause diffraction spikes. The disadvantage is that, if all spherical surfaces are used, such systems have to have focal ratios above
380:
applications. Since all of the optical elements can be permanently fixed in alignment and the tube assembly can be environmentally sealed, the design is extremely rugged. That makes it ideal for tracking, remote viewing, and radar calibration /
278:
to avoid aberrations. Also, a degree of freedom in correcting the optical system by changing the radius of curvature of the secondary is lost, since that radius is the same as that of the rear meniscus face. Gregory himself, in a second, faster
324:
models by some of the major commercial manufacturers. More recently, low-cost
Russian and, lately, Chinese mass-production has pushed the prices down even further. Many manufacturers currently produce Maksutov–Cassegrains, such as
58:
in a design that takes advantage of all the surfaces being nearly "spherically symmetrical". The negative lens is usually full diameter and placed at the entrance pupil of the telescope (commonly called a "corrector plate" or
149:
with an all-spherical "meniscus corrector plate" while riding in a train of refugees from
Leningrad. Maksutov is described as patenting his design in May, August, or October 1941 and building a "Maksutov–
470:
with a proportionally small diagonal mirror mounted on the corrector, allowing this design to achieve contrast and image quality approaching that of unobstructed high-end refractors (although with some
1072:
413:) has a separate secondary mirror mounted on the inner surface of the meniscus corrector, sometimes similar to the corrector/mirror holder configurations found in commercial
168:(a catadioptric non-monocentric design). Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each other's designs, leading to each being an independent invention.
234:. He thought this would create a sealed and rugged optical system suitable for use in schools. This design appeared commercially in Lawrence Braymer's 1954
475:
when used photographically). Like the
Maksutov–Cassegrain, the overall diameter of the optical system is limited, due to the mass of the corrector plate.
102:
variation, with an integrated secondary, that can use all-spherical elements, thereby simplifying fabrication. Maksutov telescopes have been sold on the
762:
178:
246:'s competing patent for a Maksutov–Cassegrain. Commercial use of Gregory's design was explicitly reserved for Perkin–Elmer but was published as an
476:
350:
730:
703:
676:
576:
640:
867:
1029:
1002:
975:
906:
850:
800:
414:
362:
1052:
320:
introduced in 1954, a small-run, expensive model still available on the consumer market. The mid-1970s saw the introduction of
1047:
923:
517:
499:
The
Maksutov system can be used in a (rare) type of prime-focus ultra-wide-field astronomical camera design similar to the
67:
463:
294:
imaging and any other type of observing where a narrow field high power view is a plus, such as resolving tightly packed
535:
Paul E. Kinzer, Stargazing Basics: Getting
Started in Recreational Astronomy, Cambridge University Press - 2015, page 43
1082:
118:
87:
790:
1077:
1067:
429:
247:
176:
Maksutov's 1944 design was the first-published meniscus telescope design, and was published in the widely-read
60:
128:
in conjunction with a negative meniscus lens as far back as 1936. His notes from that time on the function of
182:. This led to professional and amateur designers almost immediately experimenting with variations, including
512:
146:
64:
620:
Armstrong, E. B., "Geometrical Optics and the
Schmidt Camera", Irish Astronomical Journal, vol. 1(2), p. 48
967:
Choosing and using a new CAT: Getting the Most from your
Schmidt Cassegrain or any catadioptric telescope
227:
199:
187:
99:
79:
75:
397:
455:
438:
418:
346:
317:
235:
183:
150:
51:
334:
230:-type construction with a secondary silvered "spot" on the convex side of the meniscus facing the
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484:
443:
338:
326:
305:
94:
of using the spherical errors of a negative lens to correct the opposite errors in a spherical
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998:
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17:
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138:
871:
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321:
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218:
746:
114:
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500:
437:
Maksutov noted in his designs that instead of using a full-aperture corrector, a small
231:
207:
161:
157:
142:
125:
95:
91:
462:, with one-fourth the coma of a similar standard Newtonian and one-half the coma of a
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619:
561:
488:
459:
129:
71:
55:
931:
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165:
83:
641:"Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescopes By Eduard Trigubov and Yuri Petrunin"
992:
480:
467:
358:
239:
133:
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unless an aspheric correction is applied to some element in the optical system.
544:
760:
Maksutov, Dmitri Dmitrievich (May 1944). "New catadioptric meniscus systems".
472:
377:
354:
309:
30:
775:
156:
Similar independent meniscus telescope designs were also patented in 1941:
145:". Maksutov claimed to have come up with the idea of replacing the complex
124:
Dmitri Maksutov may have been working with the idea of pairing a spherical
503:. Like the Schmidt camera, the Maksutov camera has a curved focal plane.
369:
255:
226:
Maksutov's design notes from 1941 explored the possibility of a 'folded'
35:
386:
792:
A Buyer's and User's Guide to Astronomical Telescopes & Binoculars
487:
with a 152 mm version designed in collaboration with astronomer
291:
695:
Handbook of Optical Systems, Volume 4: Survey of Optical Instruments
822:
Although convenient, this design is limited to focal ratios above
428:
396:
385:, where instruments are subjected to severe environments and high
304:
217:
113:
29:
368:
The spot Maksutov–Cassegrain design has been used extensively in
330:
287:
222:
Light path in a typical "Gregory" or "spot" Maksutov–Cassegrain.
54:
design that combines a spherical mirror with a weakly negative
991:
Rutten, Harrie G. J.; van Venrooij, Martin A.M. (1988).
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
433:
Light path in a typical sub-aperture Maksutov–Cassegrain.
316:
The most notable early amateur astronomical type was the
458:
configurations that have minimal aberration over a wide
615:
613:
466:. Diffraction can also be minimized by using a high
890:
888:
479:currently produces a 190 mm version under the
401:
Light path in a typical Rutten Maksutov–Cassegrain.
90:. Maksutov based his design on the idea behind the
841:Rutten, Harrie; van Venrooij, Martin (1988).
560:
446:, their VMC (Vixen Maksutov Cassegrain) models.
405:The Rutten Maksutov–Cassegrain (also called a
868:"A photovisual Maksutov Cassegrain telescope"
818:"A photovisual Maksutov Cassegrain telescope"
8:
953:. Notes on amateur telescope optics. 10.2.1.
425:Sub-aperture corrector Maksutov–Cassegrains
1053:A Photovisual Maksutov Cassegrain Telescope
198:There are many Maksutov designs that use a
1073:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
692:Fritz Blechinger; Bertram Achtner (2005).
606:Dmitri Maksutov: The Man and His Telescope
545:John J. G. Savard, "Miscellaneous Musings"
763:Journal of the Optical Society of America
590:
588:
554:
552:
179:Journal of the Optical Society of America
98:. The design is most commonly seen in a
63:"). The design corrects the problems of
994:Telescope Optics: Evaluation and design
924:"Maksutovs with subaperture correctors"
843:Telescope Optics: Evaluation and Design
528:
337:, Telescope Engineering Company (TEC),
922:Sinnott, Roger W., ed. (August 1981).
214:Gregory or "spot" Maksutov–Cassegrains
898:More Small Astronomical Observatories
7:
930:. pp. 166–168. Archived from
162:1941 concentric meniscus telescope
25:
1018:Mollise, Rod (28 February 2009).
964:Mollise, Rod (28 February 2009).
671:. Elsevier Science. p. 202.
318:Questar 3-1/2 Maksutov Cassegrain
202:configuration, mounting a convex
190:, and wide-field camera designs.
1048:Evolution of the Maksutov design
595:Evolution of the Maksutov design
454:Maksutovs optics can be used in
895:Moore, Patrick (26 June 2002).
789:Mullaney, James (26 May 2007).
725:. Academic Press. p. 313.
845:. Richmond, VA: Willman–Bell.
518:Timeline of Russian innovation
1:
82:. It was patented in 1941 by
38:Maksutov–Cassegrain telescope
27:Catadioptric telescope design
18:Maksutov–Cassegrain telescope
1021:Choosing and Using a New CAT
665:Daniel J. Schroeder (2000).
563:Firefly Astronomy Dictionary
393:Rutten Maksutov–Cassegrains
312:"spot" Maksutov–Cassegrain.
119:Dmitry Dmitrievich Maksutov
88:Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov
1099:
250:design in a 1957 issue of
947:"Catadioptric telescopes"
747:"History of the Mak-Newt"
719:Rudolf Kingslake (1978).
567:. Firefly Books. p.
722:Lens Design Fundamentals
132:, an early catadioptric
106:market since the 1950s.
61:meniscus corrector shell
513:List of telescope types
147:Schmidt corrector plate
776:10.1364/JOSA.34.000270
698:. Wiley. p. 806.
559:John Woodruff (2003).
439:sub-aperture corrector
434:
402:
329:, Intes, Intes-Micro,
313:
223:
206:near the focus of the
137:with a negative lens,
121:
78:while also correcting
52:catadioptric telescope
39:
934:on 20 September 2009.
432:
400:
308:
221:
194:Maksutov–Cassegrains
117:
76:reflecting telescopes
33:
951:telescope-optics.net
450:Maksutov–Newtonians
80:chromatic aberration
928:Sky & Telescope
668:Astronomical Optics
415:Schmidt–Cassegrains
1083:Russian inventions
866:Baril, Marc René.
816:Baril, Marc René.
485:Explore Scientific
435:
403:
327:Explore Scientific
314:
224:
172:Derivative designs
164:), K. Penning and
122:
40:
1078:Soviet inventions
945:Sacek, Vladimir.
732:978-0-12-408650-0
705:978-3-527-40380-6
678:978-0-12-629810-9
578:978-1-55297-837-5
495:Maksutov cameras
464:Schmidt-Newtonian
343:Meade Instruments
296:globular clusters
252:Sky and Telescope
248:amateur telescope
238:telescope and in
16:(Redirected from
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870:. Archived from
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363:Orion Telescopes
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204:secondary mirror
139:Bernhard Schmidt
46:(also called a "
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1068:Telescope types
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1024:. p. 101.
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970:. p. 103.
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932:the original
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876:. Retrieved
872:the original
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811:
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649:. Retrieved
645:the original
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531:
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477:Synta Taiwan
453:
436:
410:
406:
404:
383:boresighting
367:
351:Synta Taiwan
335:Orion Optics
315:
300:double stars
251:
244:John Gregory
225:
197:
177:
175:
166:Dennis Gabor
155:
123:
47:
43:
41:
749:. company7.
481:Sky-Watcher
468:focal ratio
359:Sky-Watcher
240:PerkinElmer
68:aberrations
1062:Categories
878:2007-04-08
770:(5): 270.
651:2009-03-24
524:References
489:David Levy
473:vignetting
374:industrial
228:Cassegrain
200:Cassegrain
188:Cassegrain
100:Cassegrain
456:Newtonian
378:aerospace
355:Celestron
353:produced
310:Meade ETX
292:planetary
242:designer
184:Newtonian
151:Gregorian
141:'s 1931 "
134:spotlight
110:Invention
86:optician
74:found in
507:See also
387:g-forces
370:military
70:such as
65:off-axis
50:") is a
44:Maksutov
36:aperture
34:A 150mm
365:lines.
236:Questar
104:amateur
1028:
1001:
974:
905:
849:
799:
729:
702:
675:
575:
376:, and
341:, the
84:Soviet
407:Rumak
339:Vixen
288:lunar
160:(his
1026:ISBN
999:ISBN
972:ISBN
903:ISBN
847:ISBN
797:ISBN
727:ISBN
700:ISBN
673:ISBN
573:ISBN
361:and
331:LOMO
298:and
290:and
263:and
72:coma
42:The
827:/15
772:doi
569:135
409:or
347:ETX
345:'s
284:/15
276:/15
268:/23
260:/15
254:in
48:Mak
1064::
997:.
949:.
926:.
887:^
820:.
768:34
766:.
626:^
612:^
587:^
571:.
551:^
491:.
421:.
389:.
372:,
357:,
333:,
302:.
186:,
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1007:.
980:.
911:.
881:.
855:.
825:f
805:.
778:.
774::
735:.
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681:.
654:.
581:.
282:f
279:(
274:f
266:f
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