41:
274:
80:
237:
335:(now Mauritius) and others. With the growth of Portuguese interests in Brazil and of plantation owners from other colonial empires in the Caribbean, North and South America, the demand for slaves grew dramatically. The Makua people were one of the major victims of this demand, slave capture and export that attempted to satisfy this demand.
224:, and this is a Bantu-group language. The total Makua population is estimated to be about 3.5 million of which over 1 million speak the lower (southern) dialect and about 2 million the upper (northern, Lomwe) version; given the large region and population, several ethnic groups that share the region with the Makua people also speak the
359:
In the traditional religion of the Makua people, the principal deity is named Muluku; he is opposed by an evil spirit named Minepa. According to legend, Muluku created the first man and the first woman from two holes in the ground, and gave them the art of using tools. The humans were disobedient, so
286:
and the
Atlantic coast doing brisk business with the Swahili (East Africa) and Gujarati (India) merchants before the start of the colonial era. However, prior to the 18th-century, the Makua population was primarily exchanging food, ivory tusks and metal products for textiles, salt and other products,
295:
The
Portuguese who arrived in Mozambique in early 16th-century describe them for their trading relationships and expertise. The colonial settlers contacted the Makua people in early 16th century. The Makua people were generally peaceful with the colonial Portuguese in 17th century and throughout the
350:
According to Palmer and Newitt, one of the strategies deployed by
Africans and Arab slave raiders and traders was to dehumanize the Makua and Lomwe communities, by publicly stereotyping them as "barbarous and savage tribes", which made slave buyers between 1800 and 1880 feel justified and righteous
338:
In the 19th century, the Makua chiefs joined the lucrative trading by becoming a supplier of slaves and raiding ethnic groups near them, selling the captured people to the same merchants and exporters. The exports of Makua people has led to this ethnic group's presence in many islands of the Indian
265:
The Makua people have a documented history of metal ore processing and tools manufacturing. The colonial era
Portuguese naturalist, Manuel Galvao da Silva for example, described iron mines of the Makua people. Similarly, the French explorer Eugene de Froberville summarized the indigenous Makua iron
248:
which is their original home, while other living creatures came from nearby mountains. Scholars are uncertain whether their origins are in the mountains, or west of Lake Malawi, or northern lands such as in
Tanzania or the south. However they concur that they likely have been an established ethnic
395:
The Makua people were widely distributed around the world during the colonial era. One of the oft studied ethnography of Makua people was published in 1847 by Eugene de
Froberville, after he interviewed and learnt the Makua traditions and culture from over three hundred Makua people in Mauritius
363:
The Makua people have predominantly held on to this traditional religion (66 to 70%), which reveres ancestors and nature spirits. The exception is the coastal population, where the Makua traders (under the influence of their
Swahili-Arab customers) converted to the
360:
Muluku summoned two monkeys and gave them the same tools and instruction. Seeing that the monkeys made good use of the tools, Muluku cut off their tails and fastened them to the man and the woman, telling the monkeys to be human and the humans to be monkeys.
300:. The Makua people retaliated with a war of attrition from 1749 onwards, against the Arabic Sultans of the African coast bordering the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese and the other African ethnic groups that supported colonial interests.
296:
mid 18th century. The Makua people encountered slave raids and capture from their northern neighbors, specifically the Yao people, an
African ethnic group who targeted them to meet the slave demand of Swahili Arabs centered around
1296:, Quote: "They included the Makua of southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Some of the Makua captives were among those who were sold on the auction block in the state of Louisiana in the southern part of the United States."
351:
in "exploiting, civilizing" them from their barbarous ways. In truth, state modern era scholars, the historical evidence and economic success of Makua people suggest that they were peaceful and industrious.
281:
The Makua people have traditionally been dedicated to agriculture and hunting, yet medieval era documents suggest that the Makua people were also successful traders that controlled the trade routes between
216:
They are studied by sociologists in four geographical and linguistic sub-divisions: the lower or Lolo Makua, the upper or Lomwe Makua, the Maua and the Niassa Makua or Medo. They speak variants of the
303:
In early 18th-century, states Edward Alpers, the primary demand for slaves out of Makua people, and
Mozambique in general, came not from Portugal or its Indian Ocean colonies such as
1681:
287:
but they were not involved in the trade of ivory or gold. In the 18th century there was a dramatic increase in the ivory trade which required large scale killing of elephants.
1809:
372:. According to 19th-century records made by the Portuguese, there was at that time hardly any Islamic presence among the Makua people beyond the coastal settlements.
516:
According to Newitt, the ivory trade had become so large that each caravan carrying ivory tusk had as many as 1,000 porters passing through Makua people lands.
1324:, Quote: "Throughout the 18th century, some Congo could be found in Louisiana, and Africans from Mozambique (almost entirely Makua) were transshipped to
1674:
1802:
1521:
1356:
1317:
1289:
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1208:
1181:
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1064:
944:
917:
890:
863:
829:
775:
748:
709:
669:
598:
571:
307:
because labor was readily available in South Asia and
Portuguese colonial empire in Asia was small. The largest demand came from the 'Umani
2880:
1667:
2839:
2885:
1795:
1567:
1464:
1435:
1406:
1097:
1037:
1010:
977:
802:
642:
1539:
2890:
244:
A mythical legend, in the oral tradition of the Makua people, tells that their ancestor were the first man and woman born of
1453:
116:
266:
manufacturing methods from iron ore, where the Makua people extracted the metal by processing the ore in a wood-burning
1629:
Alpers, Edward A. βWarfare in Northern Mozambique, Late Sixteenth to Late Nineteenth Centuries: The Makua of Macuana.β
1487:
1395:
1424:
1374:
209:. They are the largest ethnic group in Mozambique, and primarily concentrated in a large region to the north of the
2844:
1690:
332:
536:
249:
group in northern Mozambique region by the 1st millennium CE. The Makua people are closely related to the Animist
1818:
1641:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
1254:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
1173:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
1143:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
936:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
855:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
767:
Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
2601:
1776:
420:
254:
2675:
2419:
2277:
1751:
312:
1869:
270:
as a community. The extracted metal was then worked into axes, knives, spear, rings and other items.
145:
1607:
2849:
1653:
463:
408:
104:
40:
2115:
416:
2500:
2219:
1563:
1557:
1517:
1511:
1460:
1431:
1402:
1352:
1346:
1313:
1285:
1279:
1258:
1231:
1225:
1204:
1198:
1177:
1147:
1120:
1114:
1093:
1060:
1054:
1033:
1006:
1002:
973:
969:
940:
913:
907:
886:
859:
825:
798:
771:
744:
738:
705:
701:
665:
659:
638:
594:
588:
567:
1307:
1089:
1027:
792:
634:
2611:
2586:
1252:
934:
765:
487:
475:
467:
447:
432:
100:
1513:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
1348:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
1227:
UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. VI: Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
1200:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
882:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
740:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
661:
Northern Mozambique in the Nineteenth Century: The Travels and Explorations of H.E. O'Neill
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2335:
2310:
2209:
2151:
2080:
1543:
1491:
492:
451:
412:
383:, or from the words "salt" or "coast", both of which in the Makua language translate to
2875:
2821:
2816:
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2736:
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2553:
2510:
2401:
2386:
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2166:
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2100:
2042:
1999:
1925:
1905:
1877:
1839:
1766:
1721:
1536:
273:
132:
2869:
2784:
2774:
2759:
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2718:
2708:
2693:
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2665:
2647:
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2624:
2619:
2568:
2548:
2520:
2515:
2505:
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2429:
2424:
2411:
2396:
2378:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2287:
2229:
2224:
2176:
2171:
2095:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2024:
2009:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1963:
1948:
1943:
1915:
1900:
1892:
1882:
1859:
1834:
1826:
1771:
1731:
1082:
995:
962:
694:
627:
459:
428:
344:
206:
194:
149:
1480:
724:
2803:
2769:
2764:
2746:
2703:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2558:
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2482:
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2325:
2320:
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2297:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2214:
2161:
2143:
2128:
2123:
2105:
2037:
2032:
2014:
1953:
1935:
1920:
1854:
1844:
1761:
1736:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1495:
1479:
An official census is unavailable. Various sources estimate it as follows: (a) 66%
440:
400:
245:
236:
153:
128:
1171:
1141:
880:
853:
819:
561:
2538:
2495:
2457:
2447:
2348:
2282:
2257:
2239:
2199:
2133:
2085:
2070:
2004:
1971:
1910:
1756:
1741:
1706:
369:
283:
70:
2831:
2490:
2204:
1849:
1659:
365:
328:
324:
320:
198:
85:
46:
17:
2698:
2075:
1787:
1634:
1484:
1325:
696:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
455:
436:
340:
315:
who lacked plantation workers but controlled nearby island colonies such as
277:
Musiro or n'siro is a traditional white paste mask applied by Makua women.
2799:
1746:
1583:
471:
297:
202:
2090:
1656:, Thomas Vernet, Centre d'Etudes des Mondes Africains, Universite Paris
316:
210:
725:
Lomwe, MAKHUWA-MACA, MAKHUWA-MAKHUWANA, MAKHUWA-METTO, MAKHUWA-SHIRIMA
2811:
1257:. University of California Press. pp. 95, 257 with footnote 73.
424:
404:
267:
250:
454:
language, is still predominantly spoken among the people, alongside
1559:
Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius
2854:
1329:
497:
380:
235:
124:
120:
415:, they were forcibly removed from Bluff and settled in Bayview,
308:
1791:
1663:
1426:
A Dictionary of African Mythology: The Mythmaker as Storyteller
470:
by the elders of the community but still spoken by many on the
304:
1309:
The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity
253:
people. They have had a history of conflict with the Muslim
1281:
Africa at the End of the Twentieth Century: What Lies Ahead
1176:. University of California Press. pp. 94β97, 126β129.
590:
Africa at the End of the Twentieth Century: What Lies Ahead
375:
The Makua people refer to the coastal Muslim people as the
1546:, Oliver Kroger (2005), Survey of International Languages
1654:
Slave trade and slavery on the Swahili coast (1500-1750)
563:
Encyclopedia of Africa: Kimbangu, Simon - Zulu, Volume 2
257:
in the north involved in slave raids and slave trading.
1510:
Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (18 January 2016).
1203:. BRILL Academic. pp. 5β6, 61β66, 72β75, 123β124.
1146:. University of California Press. pp. 67 note 38.
1029:
Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa
794:
Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub-Saharan Africa
885:. BRILL Academic. pp. 160β161 with footnote 30.
1230:. University of California Press. pp. 185β189.
1119:. University of California Press. pp. 310β311.
1059:. University of California Press. pp. 771β775.
2830:
2798:
2745:
2717:
2684:
2656:
2638:
2610:
2567:
2529:
2481:
2438:
2410:
2377:
2334:
2296:
2238:
2190:
2142:
2114:
2061:
2023:
1990:
1962:
1934:
1891:
1868:
1825:
1451:Shapiro, Max S.; Hendricks, Rhoda A., eds. (1979).
1116:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1056:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
664:. BRILL Academic. pp. 154β158 with footnotes.
139:
110:
94:
76:
64:
54:
1452:
1423:
1394:
1373:
1312:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 64.
1081:
994:
961:
939:. University of California Press. pp. 11β12.
858:. University of California Press. pp. 10β11.
693:
626:
1351:. BRILL Academic. pp. 27β29 with footnotes.
1505:
1503:
1455:Mythologies of the World: A Concise Encyclopedia
1165:
1163:
770:. University of California Press. pp. 8β9.
743:. BRILL Academic. p. 223 with footnote 17.
240:Geographic distribution of Makua people (approx)
687:
685:
683:
681:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
1803:
1675:
27:Bantu ethnic group of Mozambique and Tanzania
8:
1537:Report on a Survey of Coastal Makua Dialects
1345:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
1340:
1338:
1197:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
1032:. Indiana University Press. pp. 81β82.
879:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
797:. Indiana University Press. pp. 80β82.
737:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
658:Hilary C. Palmer; Malyn D.D. Newitt (2016).
33:
1562:. Duke University Press. pp. 267β268.
847:
845:
843:
841:
1810:
1796:
1788:
1682:
1668:
1660:
1608:"Know the Makua people. β Skills Universe"
818:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
560:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
399:Makua people once lived in the country of
311:seeking slaves for domestic labor and the
39:
32:
1635:https://doi.org/10.1163/24680966-bja10001
543:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-18
1459:. Doubleday & Company. p. 128.
1430:. Oxford University Press. p. 159.
824:. Oxford University Press. p. 600.
566:. Oxford University Press. p. 116.
272:
1643:(University of California Press, 1975).
528:
509:
163:
1401:. Barnes and Noble. pp. 446β448.
1380:New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology
700:. Columbia University Press. pp.
593:. New Africa Press. pp. 136β137.
1088:. Indiana University Press. pp.
968:. Indiana University Press. pp.
633:. Indiana University Press. pp.
201:and the southern border provinces of
7:
1001:. Indiana University Press. p.
411:. However, due to the Apartheid era
65:Regions with significant populations
1631:Journal of African Military History
1496:Makua, Makhuwa-Meetto in Mozambique
25:
1284:. New Africa Press. p. 136.
1397:Mythology: A Visual Encyclopedia
1382:. New York] Putnam. p. 475.
78:
419:in 1960. Some Makua settled in
261:Metals, manufacturing and trade
197:ethnic group found in northern
478:in South Africa and Tanzania.
339:Ocean such as Madagascar, the
1:
423:, Mariannhill, Mariannridge,
117:Traditional African religions
1278:Godfrey Mwakikagile (2013).
587:Godfrey Mwakikagile (2013).
379:, which may be derived from
45:A Makua mother and child in
2881:Ethnic groups in Mozambique
1691:Ethnic groups in Mozambique
1633:1, (September 2020): 1β30.
1375:"Mythology of Black Africa"
2907:
2886:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
1819:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
1697:
1516:. BRILL. pp. 63β67.
1251:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
1170:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
1140:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
1113:Bethwell A. Ogot (1999).
1053:Bethwell A. Ogot (1992).
933:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
906:Mary Fitzpatrick (2010).
852:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
764:Edward A. Alpers (1975).
159:
144:
115:
99:
69:
59:
38:
1224:J. F. Ade Ajayi (1989).
1080:M. D. D. Newitt (1995).
993:M. D. D. Newitt (1995).
960:M. D. D. Newitt (1995).
625:M. D. D. Newitt (1995).
474:-Mozambican border, and
2891:Ethnic groups in Malawi
1588:Encyclopedia Britannica
1481:The Makua of Mozambique
1422:Scheub, Harold (2000).
1372:Fauconnet, Max (1968).
1084:A History of Mozambique
997:A History of Mozambique
964:A History of Mozambique
629:A History of Mozambique
291:Colonialism and slavery
1752:Portuguese Mozambicans
1556:Megan Vaughan (2005).
1026:Louis Brenner (1993).
821:Encyclopedia of Africa
791:Louis Brenner (1993).
278:
241:
220:language, also called
692:Andrew Dalby (1998).
276:
239:
150:Eastern Shona peoples
140:Related ethnic groups
1306:Celeste Ray (2014).
466:in Mozambique, some
462:(in South Africa),
35:
2845:Chinese Tanzanians
1639:Alpers, Edward A.
1542:2018-07-12 at the
1490:2016-12-19 at the
1393:Forty, Jo (2004).
1328:from St. Domingue/
541:The World Factbook
417:Chatsworth, Durban
391:The Makua Diaspora
279:
242:
2863:
2862:
2850:Indian Tanzanians
1785:
1784:
1523:978-90-04-29368-7
1358:978-90-04-29368-7
1319:978-1-4696-1658-2
1291:978-9987-16-030-3
1264:978-0-520-02689-6
1237:978-0-520-03917-9
1210:978-90-04-29368-7
1183:978-0-520-02689-6
1153:978-0-520-02689-6
1126:978-0-520-06700-4
1066:978-0-435-94811-5
946:978-0-520-02689-6
919:978-1-74104-888-9
892:978-90-04-29368-7
865:978-0-520-02689-6
831:978-0-19-533770-9
777:978-0-520-02689-6
750:978-90-04-29368-7
711:978-0-231-11568-1
671:978-90-04-29368-7
600:978-9987-16-030-3
573:978-0-19-533770-9
179:
178:
90:8,486,103 (26.1%)
16:(Redirected from
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2840:White Tanzanians
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403:in an area near
185:, also known as
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84:
82:
81:
55:Total population
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2138:
2110:
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1986:
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1864:
1821:
1816:
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1781:
1693:
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19:
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1611:. Retrieved
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
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739:
732:
727:, Ethnologue
720:
695:
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628:
589:
582:
562:
555:
545:, retrieved
540:
537:"Mozambique"
531:
512:
445:
441:Johannesburg
401:South Africa
398:
394:
384:
376:
374:
362:
358:
349:
337:
302:
294:
280:
264:
243:
225:
221:
217:
215:
205:such as the
190:
186:
183:Makua people
182:
180:
166:
154:Venda people
146:Sotho-Tswana
129:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
2116:Kilimanjaro
370:Sunni Islam
284:Lake Malawi
71:East Africa
2870:Categories
2832:Immigrants
2501:Ndengereko
1613:2020-08-15
1593:2020-08-15
1494:, (c) 67%
1483:, (b) 71%
909:Mozambique
547:2022-01-31
524:References
464:Portuguese
431:and West,
368:school of
329:Seychelles
325:Madagascar
255:Yao people
199:Mozambique
105:Portuguese
86:Mozambique
47:Mozambique
2732:Nyanyembe
2699:Nyamwanga
2612:Shinyanga
2587:Ndendeule
1326:Louisiana
456:Afrikaans
437:Cape Town
421:Wentworth
341:Caribbean
95:Languages
60:8,486,103
2800:Zanzibar
2727:Nyamwezi
2630:Nyamwezi
2336:Morogoro
2311:Nyakyusa
2210:Barabaig
2152:Machinga
2081:Holoholo
1747:Ndwandwe
1540:Archived
1488:Archived
482:See also
472:Tanzania
355:Religion
298:Zanzibar
203:Tanzania
193:, are a
111:Religion
2822:Swahili
2817:Shirazi
2790:Swahili
2737:Swahili
2676:Nyaturu
2658:Singida
2577:Matengo
2554:Tumbuka
2511:Swahili
2402:Swahili
2387:Makonde
2369:Vidunda
2273:Ngurimi
2220:Kw'adza
2192:Manyara
2182:Swahili
2167:Makonde
2157:Matumbi
2101:Swahili
2091:Manyema
2043:Konongo
2000:Hangaza
1926:Sandawe
1906:Burunge
1878:Swahili
1840:Datooga
1767:Swahili
1722:Makonde
476:English
468:Swahili
407:called
366:Shafi'i
321:RΓ©union
317:Comoros
232:History
191:Wamakua
187:Makhuwa
101:Makhuwa
2812:Hadimu
2802:&
2785:Zigula
2780:Sambaa
2775:Segeju
2760:Dhaiso
2755:Bondei
2719:Tabora
2709:Lambya
2694:Malila
2686:Songwe
2671:Isanzu
2666:Iramba
2648:Sukuma
2640:Simiyu
2625:Sukuma
2620:Iramba
2569:Ruvuma
2549:Mambwe
2521:Zigula
2516:Zaramo
2506:Rufiji
2468:Pangwa
2440:Njombe
2430:Sukuma
2425:Kerewe
2412:Mwanza
2397:Maviha
2379:Mtwara
2364:Sagara
2359:Pogolo
2354:Luguru
2344:Kaguru
2288:Zanaki
2230:Mbugwe
2225:Maasai
2177:Ngindo
2172:Ndonde
2124:Chagga
2096:Tongwe
2063:Kigoma
2053:Rungwa
2048:Pimbwe
2025:Katavi
2010:Nyambo
1992:Kagera
1982:Ndamba
1977:Mbunga
1964:Iringa
1949:Sumbwa
1944:Sukuma
1916:Gorowa
1901:Alagwa
1893:Dodoma
1883:Zaramo
1860:Maasai
1835:Arusha
1827:Arusha
1772:Tsonga
1732:Maviha
1566:
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425:Umlazi
405:Durban
343:, the
313:French
268:hearth
251:Maravi
246:Namuli
226:Emakua
222:Emakua
152:, and
83:
2876:Makua
2855:Arabs
2804:Pemba
2770:Ngulu
2765:Mbugu
2747:Tanga
2704:Ndali
2597:Nindi
2592:Ngoni
2582:Mpoto
2559:Wanda
2544:Lungu
2531:Rukwa
2483:Pwani
2473:Wanji
2463:Manda
2453:Kinga
2392:Makua
2326:Sangu
2321:Safwa
2316:Nyiha
2306:Kimbu
2298:Mbeya
2268:Kuria
2263:Kabwa
2253:Ikoma
2248:Ikizu
2215:Iraqw
2162:Mwera
2144:Lindi
2129:Ngasa
2106:Vinza
2038:Bende
2033:Bembe
2015:Shubi
1954:Zinza
1936:Geita
1921:Rangi
1855:Sonjo
1845:Hadza
1762:Shona
1737:Mwani
1727:Makua
1717:Lemba
1712:Kunda
1702:Chopi
1485:Makua
1330:Haiti
637:β65.
504:Notes
498:Makoa
452:Bantu
409:Bluff
381:Mecca
309:Arabs
218:Makua
195:Bantu
125:Sunni
121:Islam
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2539:Fipa
2496:Kami
2458:Kisi
2448:Bena
2420:Kara
2349:Kutu
2283:Ware
2278:Suba
2258:Jita
2240:Mara
2200:Akie
2134:Pare
2086:Jiji
2071:Goma
2005:Haya
1972:Hehe
1911:Gogo
1850:Meru
1757:Sena
1742:Ndau
1707:Gaza
1564:ISBN
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595:ISBN
568:ISBN
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