East Africa - Knowledge (XXG)

2645: 379: 2765: 419: 1033: 3513: 2735: 406: 1312:. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of 3332:. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft), 2163: 1722: 2863: 2615: 245: 89: 2934: 2795: 2673: 327: 219: 193: 167: 2705: 180: 1399: 2994: 2544: 2483: 2413: 340: 297: 258: 128: 102: 2575: 2514: 2321: 232: 115: 76: 42: 2110: 2964: 2902: 2443: 2383: 284: 271: 206: 154: 2825: 2352: 432: 141: 4112:

together with a range of distinctively "modern" cultural and symbolic features (highly shaped bone tools, personal ornaments, abstract artistic motifs, microblade technology, etc.), similar to those that accompanied the replacement of "archaic" Neanderthal by anatomically modern human populations in other regions of western Eurasia at a broadly similar date.

725: 5528: 1238:, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the area officially began after 1505, when flagships under the command of 4048:

Data on cranial morphology have been interpreted as suggesting that, before the main expansion from Africa through the Near East, anatomically modern humans may also have taken a Southern route from the Horn of Africa through the Arabian peninsula to India, Melanesia and Australia, about 100,000 yrs

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system began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and

765:, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known 4111:

These data support a coastally oriented dispersal of modern humans from eastern Africa to southern Asia ~60-50 thousand years ago (ka). This was associated with distinctively African microlithic and "backed-segment" technologies analogous to the African "Howiesons Poort" and related technologies,

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East Africa has a diverse climate that consists of hot, dry desert regions, cooler regions, and highlands. Its climate generally is rather atypical of equatorial regions, being mostly arid or semi-arid with rainfall totals across much of the lowland regions below 600 millimetres or 24 inches per

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Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an average growth rate of 2.5% per annum. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6 billion as of 2100 (UN estimates as of

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as a consequence of these interactions. Its important to note that Kiswahili grammar and structure are purely African and Bantu even if its vocabulary has non African influence in the same way English remains a Germanic language regardless of its vocabulary being heavily influenced by Latin and

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Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for

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was a long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving to communities and small groups moving to new areas.

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straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (19 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts.

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year. In fact, on the northern coast of Somalia, annual rainfall is less than 100 millimetres or 4 inches and many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. The causes of the low rainfall totals are not fully understood. One factor is presence of the

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Inside of Somalia there are two unrecognised states; Somaliland and Puntland, although Puntland still wants to join back with Somalia, for now it is independent. Adjacent to these mainland territories are island nations and territories such as

3306:. West of the mountains, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September — contracting to July and August around 1357:

under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove

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introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of East Africa, in the process making contact with

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has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the

1493:. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' 4863:

Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian

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Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries have been riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts:

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in 1964. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s.

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of Mombasa. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the

4495:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans" 685:

first appeared. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory. Some researchers have suggested that

4410:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity — New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species" 1615:

by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as

865:, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of 5258: 1623:

colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus limited, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Italy gained control of various parts of

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Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.

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The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of

4187: 3911: 3179:, with at least 80 million speakers as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. 1611:

over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the

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Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).

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from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.

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is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from March to May and the short rains from October to December. This is usually attributed to the passage of the

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and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to

4589: 1681:. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the 1875: 2077: 4738: 3259:(a fast wind system) in boreal summer, which brings cool southern hemisphere air into East Africa. A second cause is the presence of east to west river valleys in the 5316: 4035: 3325:. El Niño events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor 1377:

Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a

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had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Arabs reclaimed much of the

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Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later

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According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.

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had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the

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was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. It existed from approximately 100–940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite

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Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator", in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.

4347: 481: 624:, share significant historical and cultural connections with East Africa, particularly through the Indian Ocean's maritime networks. 498:, who first emerged around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago before spreading globally though Madagascar was only settled 3000 years ago. 6760: 5585: 5153: 5068: 4993: 4908: 4681: 4598: 2248: 2149: 480:, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape. Defined in varying scopes, the region is recognized in the 4854:

Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.

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is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, and Uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is

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that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many

558: 523: 5171:"Uganda and Its Peoples: Notes on the Protectorate of Uganda, Especially the Anthropology and Ethnology of Its Indigenous Races" 1856: 5954: 3036: 2210:, though populations have been declining under increased stress in recent times, particularly those of the rhino and elephant. 2029: 1898: 1145:. These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach central east Africa during their migration. 6527: 6221: 5170: 4730: 4657: 3291: 2131: 1334:

The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region. By this time, the

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Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press.

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The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the

2127: 1796: 1549: 1445:), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. The 1026: 744:

in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought.

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On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with

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The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa through Bab el Mandeb. Today at the

681:, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa in the area of the African Great Lakes is where 1682: 1612: 773:), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of 721:

and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory.

5603:"Geographical patterning in interannual rainfall variability in the tropics and near tropics: An L-moments approach" 3314:

and 550 mm (22 in) at Asmara. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500 millimetres or 100 inches.

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Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114

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in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the

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has enjoyed relatively stable governance. However, the politics of it has been turbulent at times, including the

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are believed to have lived. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of

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directly by sea. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the

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have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably, they experienced the 1994

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referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE, ultimately giving rise to the name for

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as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name

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Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE

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Rainfall generally increases towards the south and with altitude, being around 400 mm (16 in) at

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across the region in those months, but it may also be analogous to the autumn monsoon rains of parts of

3263:, which channel strong moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean away from East Africa and towards the 3144: 3093: 3067: 3063: 2725: 1553: 1293:

was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. At other places on his way, such as the island of

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Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Great Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the

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began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. This

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In a narrow sense, particularly in English-speaking contexts, East Africa refers to the area comprising

5227:"Book review. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations" 4369: 3774:"East African Community continues on a trajectory of expansion as Summit admits Somalia into the bloc" 1269:), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the 6755: 6233: 6054: 5764: 5614: 4541: 4454: 4225: 4142: 4127:; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003), "Pleistocene 4074: 3964: 3935: 3864: 3659: 3383: 3329: 2810: 2805: 2660: 1814: 1254: 1239: 758: 5881: 2186:

Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such as the "

2080:, particularly, South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by a dispute over the status of the 6652: 6632: 6497: 6169: 6077: 4063:"Genetic and archaeological perspectives on the initial modern human colonization of southern Asia" 3576: 3322: 3287: 3216: 3140: 2829: 2310: 2033: 1943: 1894: 1790: 1757: 1686: 1408: 1387: 846: 705: 574: 436: 367: 5446: 6712: 6617: 6226: 6174: 5796: 5632: 5207: 4499: 4334: 4257: 4166: 4027: 3531: 3283: 3244: 3097: 1674: 1639: 1632: 1592: 1363: 1339: 1274: 1231: 1057: 647: 527: 495: 5364: 5226: 4874: 2225:, the two tallest peaks in Africa. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, 1568:

trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended

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are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21 °C (70 °F) or less.

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David Phillipson: revised by Michael DiBlasi (1 November 2012). Neil Asher Silberman (ed.).

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in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. The recognition of

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Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the

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skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the

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was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

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Balter M (January 2011). "Was North Africa the launch pad for modern human migrations?".

1619:. German East Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the 1510: 1411:, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European 881:

spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin.

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set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today

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Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (

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In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260

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Saji, N. H.; Goswami, B. N.; Vinayachandran, P. N.; Yamagata, T. (September 1999).

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settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally),

952:, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by 5920: 5713: 5479: 5186:"Islands in a Cosmopolitan Sea: A History of the Comoros by Iain Walker (Review)" 5058: 5039: 5021: 4983: 4921: 4819: 4770: 4343: 4293: 4276: 3813: 3787: 3660:"Settling Madagascar: When Did People First Colonize the World's Largest Island?" 1650:. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the 6662: 6607: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6512: 6507: 6484: 6355: 6325: 6320: 6029: 6024: 4490: 4443:"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age" 3976: 3536: 3443: 3311: 3278:

on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at

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coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the land known to the

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arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3611:"A geographically explicit genetic model of worldwide human-settlement history" 1465:

were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of

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to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. The kingdom is mentioned in the

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Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World

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near Kilimanjaro. Rainfall in most of East Africa east of the Rwenzoris and

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An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition

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traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African

5827:"Could Africa soon split in two? The bizarre scientific theory, explained" 5683:"Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall" 6427: 6417: 6288: 6012: 4015: 3731:

Africa South of the Sahara, Second Edition: A Geographical Interpretation

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allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like

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in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (

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In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in

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Fleagle, John G.; Brown, Francis H.; McDougall, Ian (17 February 2005).

4154: 1642:). This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of 692:

According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that

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Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on

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Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (July 2017).

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In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the

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in the 1880s. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian

1098:. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of 6697: 6657: 6432: 6315: 6017: 5974: 4061:

Mellars, P; KC, Gori; M, Carr; PA, Soares; Richards, MB (June 2013).

3425: 3419: 3307: 3121: 3009: 3004: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2949: 2944: 2907: 2839: 2834: 2529: 2524: 2448: 2433: 2423: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2331: 2241: 2041: 2037: 2021: 2017: 1999: 1919: 1697:. The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to 1596: 1525: 1514: 1470: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1412: 1302: 1262: 1134: 1130: 1072: 1065: 1021:-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The latter also spread 1018: 957: 914: 874: 866: 850: 628:

is also sometimes included due in part because it is a member of the

566: 515: 477: 289: 276: 211: 159: 5939: 838:

The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by

724: 717:. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics 5495:"World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations" 3869:

African Development Bank — Building today, a better Africa tomorrow

3626: 3054:, there is an estimated population of 102 million as of 2016. 2006:

in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader

1407:

Germany during the period of colonialism. During the period of the

6702: 6345: 5776: 4965:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. 4613:

Eritrea at a Crossroads: A Narrative of Triumph, Betrayal and Hope

3369:

There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms.

3333: 2984: 2824: 2357: 2161: 2081: 2065: 1973: 1659: 1565: 1462: 1454: 1397: 1309: 1270: 1204: 1184: 1107: 1060:

origin. As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu

1031: 1022: 870: 723: 625: 550:—stands out as a distinct geopolitical entity within East Africa. 507: 146: 5915:

Christian Jennings (2005). "Eastern Africa: Regional Survey". In

4982:

Rich, Evelyn Jones; Wallerstein, Immanuel Maurice (2 July 1971).

3429:, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns. 3417:

are a few of the critically acclaimed movies. In the video games

2044:

continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region.

1658:. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of 1342:, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in 6295: 6117: 5094: 5092: 3492:

Music of Africa § West, Central, Southeast and South Africa

3326: 2878: 2873: 2464: 2089: 1643: 1490: 1486: 1353:

of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent

1331:

incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century.

1328: 1325: 1075: 854: 5943: 4772:

Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon

4374:"Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya" 1374:

had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region.

861:

around 7,000 BCE. Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the

4378: 2103: 1716: 1474: 1298: 1183:

were the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day

736:: now some 12 miles (19 km) wide, narrower in prehistory. 1951:

Outside Southeast Africa with Southeast African participation

960:. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own 1899:

genocide of Hutus in 1972 and the genocide of Tutsis in 1993

1056:, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of 5628:

10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3457:gpoirv>2.0.co;2

5525:"IFs Forecast – Version 7.00 – Google Public Data Explorer" 5852:"7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa" 1689:. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during 972:

and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the

656:

List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § East Africa

46:

Map of countries included in East Africa according to the

3151:

branch are most widely spoken. Among these languages are

2076:. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the 557:, an economic and political bloc, currently includes the 4676:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 48. 769:

fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and

4920:

Klein, Martin A.; Wesley Johnson, G. (8 January 2010).

3998:

Ghirotto S; Penso-Dolfin L; Barbujani G (August 2011).

3609:

Liu H, Prugnolle F, Manica A, Balloux F (August 2006).

3500:

Sub-Saharan African music traditions § East Africa

1733: 1532:, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely 6648:

List of countries where Arabic is an official language

4759:

J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29

3080:

Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies

1481:

with products produced from cattle and goats, such as

1052:

After their movements from their original homeland in

1203:

in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching

5650:

Yang, W.; Seager, R.; Cane, M. A.; Lyon, B. (2015).

3481:

List of African cuisines § East African cuisine

3349:

The largest tectonic movement in East Africa is the

1421:

had first established a strong presence in southern

577:

region overlaps significantly with these countries.

6595: 6483: 6376: 6249: 6068: 5981: 1701:. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of 1207:, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the 1036:

Early Iron Age findings in East and Southern Africa

445: 357: 54: 34: 19:For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see 4818: 4590:Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies 3037:List of ethnic groups of Africa § East Africa 2236:The unique geography and apparent suitability for 2058:regions of Somalia, have seen relative stability. 1257:the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered 1064:groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire 530:. Further extending East Africa's definition, the 5256:Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey 4922:"Perspectives on the African past – Google Books" 3096:predominate, including languages of the family's 747:East Africa is one of the earliest regions where 5652:"The Annual Cycle of East African Precipitation" 3233:Traditional African religions § East Africa 1607:named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a 1433:, they finally met the recently created British 518:, largely due to their shared history under the 4184:"Meet the Contenders for Earliest Modern Human" 5108:Killman, James; Bentley-Buckle, A. W. (1972). 3936:Searching for traces of the Southern Dispersal 3701:. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. 895:Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the 5955: 5281:"Economic Recovery and the Role of the State" 5114:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4959: 4951: 3664:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1025:to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained 630:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 494:East Africa is acknowledged as the cradle of 8: 5753:"A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean" 5681:Munday, C.; Savage, N.; Jones, R.G. (2023). 3604: 3602: 1246:, an island located in what is now southern 5365:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T6557A16980917.en 3317:Rainfall variability is influenced by both 23:. For the region of the African Union, see 5962: 5948: 5940: 5601:Dewar, Robert E.; Wallis, James R (1999). 5441: 5439: 5359:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4731:"The Bantu Migration | World Civilization" 3841:Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa 1289:and other coastal towns until the western 31: 5626: 5201: 4616:. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 21. 4561: 4466: 4292: 4096: 4086: 3634: 3455:Architecture of Africa § East Africa 2150:Learn how and when to remove this message 2088:both remained sources of tension between 1666:, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. 476:, is a region at the eastern edge of the 5331:"Sudan's Omar Bashir warning over Abyei" 2291: 5925:. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 649–659?. 5142:Lane, Frederic Chapin (November 1973). 5137: 5135: 5110:"A Portuguese wreck off Mombasa, Kenya" 4949:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 4526:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). 3568: 3033:List of African countries by population 2229:, and the world's second deepest lake, 1889:Southern East Africa (Southeast Africa) 1366:and relocation of the Omani capital to 401: 374: 319: 71: 16:Eastern region of the African continent 5057:Gonzales, Rhonda M. (30 August 2009). 3282:to over 1,100 mm (43 in) at 2279:Countries, capitals and largest cities 2068:in 2011, six and a half years after a 1758:Postcolonial Africa § East Africa 679:recent African origin of modern humans 673:Recent African origin of modern humans 6693:Portuguese-speaking African countries 5892:from the original on 27 November 2020 5807:from the original on 20 November 2020 4885:from the original on 23 December 2017 4507:from the original on 31 December 2019 4422:from the original on 17 November 2020 4350:from the original on 3 September 2021 4038:from the original on 22 December 2019 1591:gained control of a large area named 788:of the last common human ancestor to 648:Sub-Saharan Africa § East Africa 607:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean 7: 5862:from the original on 16 October 2020 5732:from the original on 13 October 2022 5505:from the original on 24 January 2018 5398:from the original on 14 January 2016 5337:from the original on 13 October 2022 5169:Cunningham, James Frederick (1905). 5077:from the original on 13 October 2022 5002:from the original on 13 October 2022 4928:from the original on 13 October 2022 4789:from the original on 13 October 2022 4741:from the original on 13 October 2022 4690:from the original on 6 February 2015 4630:from the original on 13 October 2022 3733:, (The Guildford Press; 2004), p. 26 2132:adding citations to reliable sources 1253:In March 1505, having received from 1227:to reach the eastern Mediterranean. 573:, Uganda and Tanzania. Notably, the 4673:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 3945:, by Dr. Marta Mirazón Lahr, et al. 3917:from the original on 7 October 2016 3754:from the original on 28 August 2010 5455:United Nations Statistics Division 5225:Leonard V Smith (September 2020). 5126:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1972.tb00687.x 4650:Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2 4386:from the original on 15 March 2018 3658:Mitchell, Peter (1 October 2020). 3477:African cuisine § East Africa 3466:Folk costume § Eastern Africa 3274:and 1,200 mm (47 in) at 2304:Second largest city by population 2255:in the nineteenth century. Today, 1876:Internal Political-ethnic Conflict 1402:Map of British East Africa in 1911 652:African empires § East Africa 482:United Nations Statistics Division 14: 5461:from the original on 2 April 2019 5418:"The World Factbook – Population" 5040:"isbn:1743213026 – Google Search" 5022:"isbn:0714611026 - Google Search" 4875:"Weilue: The Peoples of the West" 3587:from the original on 13 July 2011 2084:, and Abyei and South Kordofan's 1564:, an important island hub of the 1156:kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania. 1000:Between 2500 and 3000 years ago, 964:. The state also established its 948:as an important market place for 796:, representative of the earliest 4988:. Random House School Division. 4610:Andebrhan Welde Giorgis (2014). 4190:from the original on 2 June 2016 4186:. Smithsonian. 11 January 2012. 3511: 3361:are separating at 7mm per annum 2992: 2962: 2932: 2900: 2861: 2823: 2793: 2763: 2733: 2703: 2671: 2643: 2613: 2573: 2542: 2512: 2481: 2441: 2411: 2381: 2350: 2319: 2108: 1928:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1720: 990:Bantu expansion § Expansion 956:, who also governed the port of 559:Democratic Republic of the Congo 524:British East Africa Protectorate 430: 417: 404: 377: 338: 325: 295: 282: 269: 256: 243: 230: 217: 204: 191: 178: 165: 152: 139: 126: 113: 100: 87: 74: 40: 5922:Encyclopedia of African History 5578:Deserts and Desert Environments 5531:from the original on 1 May 2017 5394:. Garowe Online. 7 March 2015. 5392:"Somalia salt industry revives" 4710:Periplus of the Erythreaean Sea 3865:"East Africa Regional Overview" 2119:needs additional citations for 1576:and the rich farming island of 1110:—a seaboard referred to as the 827:of Ethiopia, as well as in the 677:According to the theory of the 6528:Guinean Forests of West Africa 4960: 4952: 4131:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", 3444:African art § East Africa 3292:Intertropical Convergence Zone 2240:made East Africa a target for 1580:, previously under the French 1394:Period of European imperialism 1126:French among other languages. 945:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 612:Regions including portions of 1: 6543:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic 6040:Cameroonian Highlands forests 5063:. Columbia University Press. 4652:, Algora Publishing, p. 258, 3676:10.1080/15564894.2019.1582567 2285:List of cities in East Africa 2217:, East Africa is the site of 1978:attempted coup d'état in 1982 936: 891:Horn of Africa § History 6668:Middle East and North Africa 6125:East African montane forests 4985:Africa: Tradition and Change 4769:James De Vere Allen (1993). 4344:10.1126/science.356.6342.993 4324:Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017). 4294:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 3839:Joireman, Sandra F. (1997). 3776:. Eac.int. 25 November 2023. 2166:Image of the region between 1797:Eritrean War of Independence 1027:African Traditional Religion 996:Bantu peoples § History 913:during the times of Pharaoh 757:, of the early emergence of 25:Regions of the African Union 5718:. Verso. pp. 263–266. 5145:Venice, A Maritime Republic 4821:The Rough Guide to Tanzania 4775:. James Currey Publishers. 3977:10.1126/science.331.6013.20 3905:"Eastern Africa Power Pool" 2651:French Southern Territories 1993:United Republic of Tanzania 1683:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1613:United Republic of Tanzania 632:(COMESA) free trade area. 385:French Southern Territories 6782: 5699:10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5 5376:Chittick, Neville (1975). 5333:. BBC News. 11 July 2011. 4554:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w 4281:Journal of Human Evolution 3489: 3474: 3463: 3452: 3441: 3230: 3061: 3026: 2301:Largest city by population 2282: 1969:(Laurent Nkunda Rebellion) 1847:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 1768:Status of forces agreement 1765: 1751: 1215:routes which utilized the 1168: 993: 987: 888: 701:anatomically modern humans 683:anatomically modern humans 670: 664: 645: 639: 18: 6438:Indian Ocean coastal belt 5712:Davis, Mike (July 2002). 5668:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00484.1 5451:Demographic Yearbook 2015 5085:– via Google Books. 5010:– via Google Books. 4735:courses.lumenlearning.com 4330:fossils found in Morocco" 4277:"The Omo-Kibish I pelvis" 3697:Maxon, Robert M. (2009). 3378:The Last King of Scotland 2889: 2850: 2602: 2470: 2308: 2170:(on the right) and Lakes 2074:Second Sudanese Civil War 1870:Second Sudanese Civil War 1842:Second Sudanese Civil War 1671:First Italo–Ethiopian War 1609:League of Nations mandate 1603:and the mainland part of 1595:, comprising present-day 1429:in present-day Kenya. At 1362:, intensification of the 857:allowed the beginning of 39: 6761:Geography of East Africa 5576:Laity, Julie J. (2009). 4648:Najovits, Simson (2004) 3843:. Universal-Publishers. 3496:East African urban music 2064:peacefully seceded from 1882:South Sudanese Civil War 1837:First Sudanese Civil War 1754:Decolonisation of Africa 1477:, as well as for animal 1240:Don Francisco de Almeida 1165:Arab and Portuguese eras 853:and such crop plants as 21:East Africa Protectorate 6638:Guineo-Congolian region 5184:Fabian, Steven (2021). 4468:10.1126/science.aao2646 4088:10.1073/pnas.1306043110 3891:"Eastern Africa region" 3744:"IRIN — Horn of Africa" 3205:Indo-European languages 3076:Indo-European languages 2078:South Kordofan conflict 1662:from a local sultan in 667:Prehistoric East Africa 5243:10.1093/gerhis/ghaa052 5190:African Studies Review 4716:14 August 2014 at the 3527:African historiography 3321:events and a positive 3241:Christianity in Africa 3072:Nilo-Saharan languages 3029:Demographics of Africa 2686:(1,015,140; 2005 est.) 2562:(2,739,551; 2007 est.) 2456:(1,507,114; 2014 est.) 2183: 1916:Lord's Resistance Army 1803:Eritrean-Ethiopian War 1550:two military campaigns 1546:French colonial empire 1457:. The Protectorate of 1403: 1344:Portuguese East Africa 1171:Portuguese East Africa 1037: 940: 4th century BCE 737: 642:History of East Africa 555:East African Community 6580:West Sudanian savanna 6538:Lower Guinean forests 6533:Upper Guinean forests 6448:Cape Floristic Region 6311:Cataracts of the Nile 6130:Eastern Arc Mountains 6050:Congolian rainforests 6045:East Sudanian savanna 5420:. CIA. Archived from 5261:22 March 2020 at the 4533:Nature Communications 4493:(10 September 2019). 3490:Further information: 3475:Further information: 3464:Further information: 3453:Further information: 3442:Further information: 3396:The Constant Gardener 3231:Further information: 3145:Niger-Congo languages 3094:Afroasiatic languages 3068:Niger-Congo languages 3064:Afroasiatic languages 3062:Further information: 3027:Further information: 2926:(783,296; 2012 est.) 2726:Beau Bassin-Rose Hill 2375:(915,101; 2009 est.) 2165: 1752:Further information: 1695:East African Campaign 1554:Kingdom of Madagascar 1401: 1094:members of the Bantu 1035: 994:Further information: 819:Some of the earliest 800:, and suggested that 727: 646:Further information: 620:, often aligned with 368:dependent territories 6234:Zanzibar Archipelago 6202:Indian Ocean islands 5831:www.sciencefocus.com 4946:Hill, John E. 2004. 4879:depts.washington.edu 4016:10.3378/027.083.0403 3788:"Somaliland profile" 3302:, and the Brazilian 2915:(868,800; 2012 est.) 2496:(529,000; 2018 est.) 2128:improve this article 1828:Northern East Africa 1815:Dijboutian Civil War 1782:Northern East Africa 1713:Post-colonial period 1685:, it became part of 1255:Manuel I of Portugal 715:Homo sapiens sapiens 522:and as parts of the 395:internal territories 6653:Mediterranean Basin 6633:Greater Middle East 6170:Ethiopian Highlands 6078:African Great Lakes 5769:1999Natur.401..360S 5619:1999JCli...12.3457D 5380:. pp. 117–133. 5355:Emslie, R. (2012). 5319:on 31 January 2014. 5203:10.1017/asr.2021.11 4972:= Azania and notes. 4817:Jens Finke (2010). 4546:2019NatCo..10.3406M 4459:2018Sci...360...90B 4238:10.1038/nature03258 4230:2005Natur.433..733M 4155:10.1038/nature01669 4147:2003Natur.423..742W 4079:2013PNAS..11010699M 3969:2011Sci...331...20B 3941:10 May 2012 at the 3323:Indian Ocean Dipole 3288:Ethiopian Highlands 3141:African Great Lakes 2334:(22,989; 2012 est.) 2311:African Great Lakes 2295:Country / Territory 2034:Burundian Civil War 2032:and the subsequent 2004:Uganda–Tanzania War 1982:2007 election riots 1944:Zanzibar Revolution 1904:Uganda–Tanzania War 1895:Burundian Civil War 1791:Ethiopian Civil War 1687:Italian East Africa 1409:Scramble for Africa 1388:Zanzibar Revolution 1261:, he set sail from 1084:Swahili City States 968:over the declining 847:Ethiopian Highlands 706:Homo sapiens idaltu 575:African Great Lakes 496:early modern humans 491:and 4 territories. 487:as encompassing 18 313:unrecognised states 6713:Sub-Saharan Africa 6618:Commonwealth realm 6227:Northern Highlands 6175:Dahlak Archipelago 5656:Journal of Climate 5607:Journal of Climate 5293:on 12 January 2011 4500:The New York Times 3814:"Puntland profile" 3532:Sub-Saharan Africa 3365:Popular depictions 3245:Religion in Africa 2263:in Somalia, is of 2184: 1936:1990–1993 and the 1897:1993–2005 and the 1732:. You can help by 1640:British Somaliland 1633:Italian Somaliland 1593:German East Africa 1461:and the Colony of 1404: 1340:Indian Ocean trade 1259:territory in India 1232:Republic of Venice 1038: 873:and crops such as 738: 528:German East Africa 6766:Regions of Africa 6743: 6742: 6643:Islands of Africa 6623:Equatorial Africa 6575:Inner Niger Delta 6363:Tibesti Mountains 6222:Central Highlands 6108:Virunga Mountains 6103:Rift Valley lakes 6093:Great Rift Valley 6088:East African Rift 6055:Ouaddaï highlands 5932:978-1-57958-245-6 5917:Kevin Shillington 5858:. 23 April 2018. 5763:(6751): 360–363. 5725:978-1-85984-382-6 5693:(7951): 276–279. 5613:(12): 3457–3466. 5424:on 4 October 2018 4832:978-1-4053-8018-8 4782:978-0-85255-075-5 4623:978-1-62857-331-2 4408:(15 March 2018). 4372:(15 March 2018). 4370:Chatterjee, Rhitu 4224:(7027): 733–736. 4141:(6491): 742–747, 4073:(26): 10699–704. 3893:. 17 August 2017. 3850:978-1-58112-000-4 3708:978-1-933202-46-4 3615:Am. J. Hum. Genet 3372:7 Days in Entebbe 3351:East African Rift 3345:Tectonic activity 3261:East African Rift 3183:Nilotic languages 3175:and many others. 3045:Nilotic expansion 3020: 3019: 2661:Port-aux-Français 2219:Mount Kilimanjaro 2215:East African Rift 2160: 2159: 2152: 2050:, as well as the 1940:against the Tutsi 1934:Rwandan Civil War 1750: 1749: 1707:French Somaliland 1648:Arabian Peninsula 1560:off the coast of 1336:Portuguese Empire 1044:communities. The 978:Himyarite Kingdom 974:Arabian Peninsula 962:Aksumite currency 901:Ancient Egyptians 879:Nilotic languages 845:, whereas in the 808:and East Africa. 478:African continent 463: 462: 6773: 6735:Zambezian region 6723:Sudanian savanna 6708:Southeast Africa 6688:Northeast Africa 6673:Miombo woodlands 6548:Guinea Highlands 6212:Lamu Archipelago 6190:Gulf of Tadjoura 5964: 5957: 5950: 5941: 5936: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5662:(6): 2385–2404. 5647: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5367: 5357:Diceros bicornis 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5315:. Archived from 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5286:. Archived from 5285: 5277: 5271: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5044:books.google.com 5036: 5030: 5029: 5026:books.google.com 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4979: 4973: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4954: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4911: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4871: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4825:. Rough Guides. 4824: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4667: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4607: 4601: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4470: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4326:"World's oldest 4321: 4315: 4314: 4296: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4100: 4090: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4043: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3952: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3638: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3414:Captain Phillips 3041:African diaspora 2998: 2996: 2995: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2892:Southeast Africa 2867: 2865: 2864: 2853:Northeast Africa 2828: 2827: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2292: 2204:black rhinoceros 2155: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2112: 2104: 2030:Burundi genocide 2026:Rwandan genocide 1961:Second Congo War 1938:Rwandan genocide 1910:Ugandan Bush War 1821:Somali Civil War 1785:(Horn of Africa) 1745: 1742: 1724: 1717: 1699:French Indochina 1515:Lourenço Marques 1116:Swahili language 941: 938: 929:Kingdom of Aksum 843:hunter-gatherers 761:associated with 759:modern behaviors 732:crossing in the 489:sovereign states 468:, also known as 435: 434: 433: 423: 421: 420: 410: 408: 407: 398: 383: 381: 380: 371: 344: 342: 341: 331: 329: 328: 316: 301: 299: 298: 288: 286: 285: 275: 273: 272: 262: 260: 259: 249: 247: 246: 236: 234: 233: 223: 221: 220: 210: 208: 207: 197: 195: 194: 184: 182: 181: 171: 169: 168: 158: 156: 155: 145: 143: 142: 132: 130: 129: 119: 117: 116: 106: 104: 103: 93: 91: 90: 80: 78: 77: 68: 65:sovereign states 44: 32: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6730:Tropical Africa 6591: 6479: 6458:Kalahari Desert 6443:Albany thickets 6408:Succulent Karoo 6372: 6274:Atlas Mountains 6245: 6064: 5977: 5968: 5933: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5726: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5483:City Population 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5263:Wayback Machine 5254: 5250: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5141: 5140: 5133: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5071: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4996: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4783: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4718:Wayback Machine 4707: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4684: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4583: 4579: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4453:(6384): 90–94. 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4041: 4039: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3943:Wayback Machine 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3542:Southern Africa 3517: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3488: 3483: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3435: 3367: 3347: 3342: 3252: 3247: 3237:Islam in Africa 3229: 3082: 3060: 3047: 3025: 2993: 2991: 2963: 2961: 2933: 2931: 2901: 2899: 2862: 2860: 2822: 2794: 2792: 2764: 2762: 2734: 2732: 2704: 2702: 2672: 2670: 2644: 2642: 2614: 2612: 2574: 2572: 2543: 2541: 2513: 2511: 2482: 2480: 2442: 2440: 2412: 2410: 2382: 2380: 2351: 2349: 2320: 2318: 2287: 2281: 2253:colonialization 2231:Lake Tanganyika 2156: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2125: 2113: 2102: 2070:peace agreement 1957:First Congo War 1775: 1770: 1764: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1730:needs expansion 1715: 1693:as part of the 1621:British Crown's 1396: 1177: 1175:History of Oman 1169:Main articles: 1167: 1162: 1088:Swahili culture 1046:Bantu expansion 1010:Bantu expansion 998: 992: 986: 984:Bantu expansion 970:Kingdom of Kush 939: 911:Pharaonic Egypt 893: 887: 885:Ancient history 784:, of a virtual 675: 669: 663: 658: 644: 638: 622:Southern Africa 504: 456: 452: 441: 431: 429: 418: 416: 405: 403: 400: 399: 393: 389: 378: 376: 373: 372: 366: 353: 350: 339: 337: 326: 324: 318: 317: 311: 307: 296: 294: 283: 281: 270: 268: 257: 255: 244: 242: 231: 229: 218: 216: 205: 203: 192: 190: 179: 177: 166: 164: 153: 151: 140: 138: 127: 125: 114: 112: 101: 99: 88: 86: 75: 73: 70: 69: 63: 50: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6779: 6777: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6718:Sudan (region) 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6553:Gulf of Guinea 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6468:Cape Peninsula 6465: 6463:Okavango Delta 6460: 6455: 6453:Skeleton Coast 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6368:Western Sahara 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6341:Nuba Mountains 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6259:Eastern Desert 6255: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6214: 6209: 6207:Comoro Islands 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Hanish Islands 6177: 6172: 6167: 6165:Danakil Desert 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6140:Horn of Africa 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6083:Albertine Rift 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6060:Ennedi Plateau 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5996:Gulf of Guinea 5987: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5873: 5856:tripindigo.com 5843: 5818: 5743: 5724: 5704: 5673: 5642: 5593: 5586: 5580:. p. 18. 5568: 5557:. 11 July 2022 5542: 5516: 5486: 5472: 5435: 5409: 5383: 5368: 5348: 5322: 5304: 5272: 5248: 5231:German History 5217: 5196:(2): E30–E31. 5176: 5161: 5154: 5131: 5100: 5088: 5069: 5049: 5031: 5013: 4994: 4974: 4939: 4912: 4896: 4866: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4831: 4809: 4800: 4781: 4761: 4752: 4722: 4701: 4682: 4662: 4641: 4622: 4602: 4585:Diamond, Jared 4577: 4518: 4482: 4433: 4397: 4361: 4316: 4267: 4201: 4175: 4116: 4053: 3990: 3963:(6013): 20–3. 3947: 3928: 3896: 3882: 3856: 3849: 3831: 3820:. 11 July 2011 3805: 3794:. 11 July 2011 3779: 3765: 3735: 3729:Robert Stock, 3722: 3707: 3689: 3670:(4): 576–595. 3650: 3627:10.1086/505436 3598: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3557:Horn of Africa 3554: 3549: 3547:Central Africa 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3506: 3503: 3487: 3484: 3472: 3469: 3461: 3458: 3450: 3447: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3390:Queen of Katwe 3366: 3363: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3251: 3248: 3228: 3225: 3086:Horn of Africa 3059: 3056: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2857: 2856: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2552: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2477: 2476: 2473:Horn of Africa 2468: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2283:Main article: 2280: 2277: 2265:archaeological 2158: 2157: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2101: 2098: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1959:1996–1997 and 1953: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1931: 1918:insurgency in 1913: 1907: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1762:Neocolonialism 1748: 1747: 1727: 1725: 1714: 1711: 1507:Vila Junqueiro 1447:British Empire 1395: 1392: 1225:camel caravans 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:Modern history 1158: 1118:contains many 1102:(particularly 1096:Swahili people 988:Main article: 985: 982: 889:Main article: 886: 883: 665:Main article: 662: 659: 640:Main article: 637: 634: 532:Horn of Africa 503: 500: 474:East of Africa 470:Eastern Africa 461: 460: 447: 443: 442: 440: 439: 427: 414: 392: 391: 390: 388: 387: 365: 364: 363: 361: 355: 354: 352: 351: 349: 348: 335: 321: 310: 309: 308: 306: 305: 292: 279: 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 201: 188: 175: 162: 149: 136: 123: 110: 97: 84: 62: 61: 60: 58: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6778: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596:Macro-regions 6594: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6523:Guinea region 6521: 6519: 6518:Cape Mesurado 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6284:Gibraltar Arc 6282: 6280: 6279:Barbary Coast 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269:Ancient Libya 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6241:Swahili coast 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Afar Triangle 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5991:Guinea region 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5891: 5887: 5886:Halo Waypoint 5883: 5882:"New Mombasa" 5877: 5874: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777:10.1038/43854 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5744: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5587:9781444300741 5583: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5556: 5555:reliefweb.int 5552: 5546: 5543: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5473: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5162: 5157: 5155:9780801814600 5151: 5148:. JHU Press. 5147: 5146: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5070:9780231142427 5066: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5001: 4997: 4995:9780394009384 4991: 4987: 4986: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4958: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4909:0-19-814264-1 4906: 4900: 4897: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4689: 4685: 4683:9780199735785 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599:0-393-03891-2 4596: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4202: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4125:White, Tim D. 4120: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010:(4): 477–89. 4009: 4005: 4004:Human Biology 4001: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3929: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3871:. 8 June 2019 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3832: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3519:Africa portal 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3456: 3448: 3445: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3384:Out of Africa 3380: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500:Djibouti City 2498: 2495: 2494:Djibouti City 2492: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2429:Dar es Salaam 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2227:Lake Victoria 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168:Lake Victoria 2164: 2154: 2151: 2143: 2140:December 2015 2133: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2117:This section 2115: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028:and the 1993 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1998:Tanzania and 1996: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1967:Kivu Conflict 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852:War in Darfur 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1735: 1731: 1728:This section 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:British India 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:German Empire 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540:. Madagascar 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:geomorphology 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Ottoman Turks 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Vasco da Gama 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Swahili Coast 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 997: 991: 983: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946: 934: 930: 925: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 892: 884: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 841: 836: 835:in Tanzania. 834: 833:Olduvai Gorge 831:in Kenya and 830: 826: 822: 817: 814: 813:Bab-el-Mandeb 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 790:modern humans 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 745: 743: 735: 731: 730:Bab-el-Mandeb 726: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 702: 699:evolved into 698: 697: 690: 688: 684: 680: 674: 668: 660: 657: 653: 649: 643: 635: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 499: 497: 492: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 438: 428: 426: 415: 413: 402: 396: 386: 375: 369: 362: 360: 356: 347: 336: 334: 323: 322: 320: 314: 304: 293: 291: 280: 278: 267: 265: 254: 252: 241: 239: 228: 226: 215: 213: 202: 200: 189: 187: 176: 174: 163: 161: 150: 148: 137: 135: 124: 122: 111: 109: 98: 96: 85: 83: 72: 66: 59: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 6678:Mittelafrika 6628:Françafrique 6493:Pepper Coast 6331:Middle Egypt 6185:Gulf of Aden 6160:Danakil Alps 6098:Gregory Rift 6069: 5921: 5909:Bibliography 5894:. 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Retrieved 4498: 4491:Zimmer, Carl 4485: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4424:. Retrieved 4415:The Atlantic 4413: 4400: 4388:. Retrieved 4377: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4333: 4328:Homo sapiens 4327: 4319: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4221: 4217: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4178: 4138: 4132: 4129:Homo sapiens 4128: 4119: 4110: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4047: 4040:. Retrieved 4007: 4003: 3993: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3899: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3868: 3859: 3840: 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3817: 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3791: 3782: 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3747: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3698: 3692: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3621:(2): 230–7. 3618: 3614: 3591:22 September 3589:. Retrieved 3580: 3571: 3552:North Africa 3449:Architecture 3424: 3418: 3412: 3408:The Good Lie 3406: 3402:Hotel Rwanda 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3359:Nubian Plate 3355:Somali Plate 3348: 3316: 3269: 3267:rainforest. 3253: 3203: 3181: 3138: 3136:) branches. 3083: 3048: 3023:Demographics 2890: 2851: 2690:Antananarivo 2684:Antananarivo 2656:Saint Pierre 2605:Indian Ocean 2603: 2471: 2309: 2288: 2275:importance. 2249:exploitation 2235: 2212: 2185: 2146: 2137: 2126:Please help 2121:verification 2118: 2096:as of 2011. 2060: 2046: 2012: 1997: 1986: 1972: 1878:2011–ongoing 1859:2023–present 1857:War in Sudan 1776: 1738: 1734:adding to it 1729: 1691:World War II 1673:against the 1668: 1637: 1629:protectorate 1586: 1552:against the 1523: 1511:Porto Amélia 1435:Protectorate 1417: 1405: 1376: 1351:colonization 1348: 1333: 1307: 1291:Indian Ocean 1252: 1229: 1217:Persian Gulf 1178: 1147: 1128: 1070: 1051: 1039: 1015:Austronesian 999: 943: 926: 904: 894: 837: 825:Awash Valley 818: 810: 802:Homo sapiens 801: 798:Homo sapiens 797: 793: 779: 775:Homo sapiens 774: 767:Homo sapiens 766: 763:Homo sapiens 762: 755:Olorgesailie 750:Homo sapiens 748: 746: 742:Jebel Irhoud 739: 718: 714: 704: 696:Homo sapiens 695: 691: 687:North Africa 676: 611: 579: 552: 534:—comprising 520:Omani Empire 505: 493: 473: 469: 465: 464: 48:UN geoscheme 29: 6756:East Africa 6663:Middle East 6608:Afromontane 6570:Niger Delta 6565:Niger Basin 6558:Dahomey Gap 6513:Cape Palmas 6508:Ivory Coast 6503:Slave Coast 6356:Upper Egypt 6326:Lower Nubia 6321:Lower Egypt 6296:Nile Valley 6030:Congo Basin 6025:Pool Malebo 5896:24 November 5811:26 November 5509:29 November 5428:20 December 5120:: 153–157. 4720:, chs. 4, 5 4694:11 November 4540:(1): 3406. 4287:: 199–219. 3699:East Africa 3537:West Africa 3353:, both the 3312:Addis Ababa 3265:Congo Basin 3161:Kinyarwanda 3090:Nile Valley 2869:South Sudan 2816:Anse Etoile 2781:Saint Denis 2776:Saint Denis 2588:(2,572,125) 2560:Addis Ababa 2555:Addis Ababa 2245:exploration 2223:Mount Kenya 2062:South Sudan 2002:fought the 1924:South Sudan 1864:South Sudan 1654:leading to 1582:sovereignty 1570:archipelago 1542:became part 1431:Lake Malawi 1379:wage-labour 1372:Seyyid Said 1370:in 1839 by 1364:slave trade 1360:plantations 1355:city-states 1349:Omani Arab 1213:spice trade 1114:—the Bantu 1062:pastoralist 1054:West Africa 1029:adherents. 859:agriculture 786:skull shape 571:South Sudan 561:, Somalia, 502:Definitions 466:East Africa 359:Territories 251:South Sudan 35:East Africa 6750:Categories 6613:Arab world 6587:Yorubaland 6498:Gold Coast 6423:Maputaland 6413:Nama Karoo 6403:Thembuland 6351:The Sudans 6336:Nile Delta 6301:Nile Delta 6217:Madagascar 6035:Chad Basin 6003:Cape Lopez 5736:14 October 5561:7 February 5535:24 October 5499:esa.un.org 5480:Madagascar 5081:14 October 5006:14 October 4957:by Yu Huan 4793:23 January 4658:087586256X 4634:14 October 4593:; p. 103; 4042:2 November 3921:15 October 3563:References 3257:Somali Jet 3217:Portuguese 3207:, such as 3185:, such as 3050:2017). In 2940:Mozambique 2845:Qalansiyah 2801:Seychelles 2786:Saint Paul 2721:Port Louis 2716:Port Louis 2697:(326,286) 2679:Madagascar 2505:Ali Sabieh 2273:economical 2269:historical 2180:Tanganyika 2086:Nuba Hills 2082:Abyei Area 2072:ended the 2056:Somaliland 1809:Ogaden War 1766:See also: 1741:April 2019 1677:Empire of 1574:Seychelles 1562:Tanganyika 1548:following 1530:Madagascar 1467:cash crops 1441:(nowadays 1423:Mozambique 1386:until the 1314:Fort Jesus 1275:Tana River 1242:conquered 1193:Mozambique 1181:Portuguese 1139:Menouthias 1123:loan-words 1004:-speaking 922:Hatshepsut 863:tsetse fly 829:Koobi Fora 794:H. sapiens 711:Omo Kibish 671:See also: 661:Prehistory 618:Madagascar 614:Mozambique 605:, and the 595:Seychelles 446:Time zones 333:Somaliland 225:Seychelles 199:Mozambique 173:Madagascar 6683:Negroland 6603:Aethiopia 6473:False Bay 6150:Al-Habash 6135:Serengeti 6113:Kavirondo 5785:1476-4687 5212:236357241 4889:2 January 4303:1095-8606 4246:1476-4687 3717:318191973 3684:1556-4894 3296:Sri Lanka 3272:Mogadishu 3132:(such as 3116:(such as 3100:(such as 3058:Languages 2751:Mamoudzou 2746:Mamoudzou 2711:Mauritius 2695:Toamasina 2636:Mutsamudu 2592:Mogadishu 2586:Mogadishu 2566:Dire Dawa 2338:Bujumbura 2261:Ras Hafun 2100:Geography 1963:1998–2003 1912:1981–1986 1906:1978–1979 1884:2013–2015 1872:1983–2005 1823:1991–2009 1817:1991–1994 1811:1977–1978 1805:1998–2000 1799:1961–1991 1793:1974–1991 1773:Conflicts 1709:in 1897. 1578:Mauritius 1503:Vila Pery 1483:goat meat 1479:husbandry 1439:Nyasaland 1303:Cannanore 1092:Afro-Arab 771:Florisbad 591:Mauritius 565:, Kenya, 458:UTC+04:00 454:UTC+03:00 450:UTC+02:00 186:Mauritius 56:Countries 6428:Highveld 6418:Bushveld 6386:Rhodesia 6289:Ifriqiya 6155:Barbaria 6013:Igboland 5890:Archived 5860:Archived 5805:Archived 5793:16862108 5730:Archived 5637:55652367 5529:Archived 5503:Archived 5459:Archived 5457:. 2016. 5396:Archived 5335:Archived 5297:29 April 5259:Archived 5075:Archived 5000:Archived 4926:Archived 4883:Archived 4787:Archived 4739:Archived 4714:Archived 4688:Archived 4628:Archived 4572:31506422 4505:Archived 4477:29545508 4426:15 March 4420:Archived 4406:Yong, Ed 4390:15 March 4384:Archived 4348:Archived 4311:28552208 4254:15716951 4188:Archived 4163:12802332 4107:23754394 4036:Archived 4032:17344813 4024:21846205 3985:21212332 3939:Archived 3912:Archived 3910:. 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