756:
345:
642:
704:
Although agreements had been made in the 2000s to preserve and develop the neighbourhood as a living museum, the deals later broke down, and the BMA began demolishing houses whose owners accepted compensation in 2016. Other residents are still resisting eviction as of 2017, and there are still hopes that some of the buildings will be preserved. As of April 2018, all remaining residents have been evicted, and plans are underway to tear the remaining buildings down. However, the
Mahakan Fort Communityâs Facebook page has announced an initiative to create an online database about the Mahakan Fort community, and is crowdsourcing information about the site. In July 2018, BMA was completely developed surrounding area of Mahakan Fort to become a public park and the fort exhibition.
84:
537:
755:
30:
344:
496:
152:
1356:
1332:
1403:
1391:
696:). The fort, also octagonal in shape and in three levels, has a diameter of 38 metres (125 ft) and a height of 19 metres (62 ft), measured to the roof of the octagonal tower. Mahakan Fort has rectangular battlements on both its lower and upper levels, while the connected 180-metre (590 ft)-long section of the city walls features
629:-shaped battlements of the upper level. The fort has rectangular battlements on the lower level, and is topped by a roofed heptagonal tower, which collapsed sometime during the reigns of kings Rama V to Rama VII and was rebuilt in 1981 to celebrate the bicentennial of the city's foundation. The surrounding area was subsequently developed into
519:(BMA), and part of Pong Patchamit Fort is preserved behind the Khlong San District Office. In addition, a section of the city wall is preserved in front of Wat Bowonniwet, and another section remains connected to Mahakan Fort. These structures, as well as the canals that formed the city moats, are listed as registered
802:
Today, only a small section of the fort remains (an estimated area of 852 square metres (9,170 sq ft) out of the original 10,233 square metres (110,150 sq ft)). While official requests to scrap the fort for materials were documented as early as 1907, these were initially rejected,
763:
Pong
Patchamit Fort is the only remaining of those built in 1852â1854 to guard Phadung Krung Kasem Canal. In contrast to the earlier forts which were towers in the city wall, these were large star-shaped forts similar to those of Western design. Pong Patchamit Fort is situated on the west bank of the
130:
established his capital at the site of
Bangkok, to be known as the Thonburi Kingdom. He extended the city proper northward as far as Bangkok Noi Canal (part of the old river channel), and had a moat dug to protect the city's western flank. The city was also extended to the eastern bank, with a moat
91:
As an important outpost guarding the Chao Phraya, Bangkok (then located on the west bank of the river) was protected by city walls. A pair of forts were located at the confluence of the old river channel and the new main channel excavated around 1538, straddling the new channel. Western maps of the
69:
were built when the city of
Rattanakosin replaced Thonburi in 1782, which were mostly removed and replaced in the second half of the 19th century in order to accommodate the expanding city. Today, four of the city's defensive forts remain, along with two short sections of the Rattanakosin city wall
583:
in 1903, and became home to the Navy's headquarters after the academy relocated in 1946. A gaff-rigged flagpole was erected in 1971, and has since been used to fly the Naval Ensign. The fort has been used ceremonially for the firing of gun salutes since 1979, when
Memorial Bridge was permanently
703:
Near
Mahakan Fort, between the city wall and the canal, lies an old community whose wooden houses serve as an example of historic vernacular architecture. The community has been engaged in a decades-long struggle against eviction by the BMA, which intends to develop the area as a public park.
503:
Bangkok underwent rapid modernization beginning in the late 19th century, and by the 1920s most of the city's original forts and walls had been demolished to make way for the construction of roads and buildings. During the reign of King
Prajadhipok (Rama VII, 1925â1935), the
1270:
799:). It guarded the river together with the opposite Pit Patchanuek Fort, and fired gun salutes welcoming royal envoys during the time of King Mongkut. During King Chulalongkorn's reign, the Marine Department began flying signal flags from a pole installed at the fort.
369:
Rama I's fortifications were built to address traditional defence concerns, especially the lingering threat of a
Burmese invasion that continued on for several decades. However, they never came into actual military use, as the Burmese threat ended following the
358:, "Ghost Gate"), which was used to transport dead bodies out of the city. The Ghost Gate was left unenchanted in order to allow the spirits of the dead to pass. To prevent evil spirits entering, it was situated in the direct line of sight of the
390:
in order to expand the city limits. Eight new forts were built in 1852 to guard the new boundary: seven along the canal, and one on the opposite bank of the river to the canal's mouth. Defensive walls, outdated by then, were no longer built.
747:-shaped battlements, steps beside the gate provided access to the top of the wall. The gate's 12-metre (39 ft) pointed roof, which had earlier collapsed, was rebuilt in 1981 using photographic evidence from the reign of King Rama V.
174:(4.142 km; 1.599 sq mi). Fourteen defensive forts were built along the walls, and 63 gates provided access to the walled city. Each of the forts was named, and are as follows (from northernmost, in clockwise fashion):
1280:
623:). The octagonal fort is built of masonry on a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in)-deep spread footing foundation. It is 45 metres (148 ft) in diameter, and has a height of 10.5 metres (34 ft) measured to top of the
167:. He had the new fortifications rebuilt along these new boundaries, using materials salvaged from Taksin's old city walls and the ruins of King Narai's old fort, as well as the ruins of Ayutthaya's fortifications.
803:
and it is unknown when the partial demolition took place. The site remains under the authority of the Marine
Department, while the Khlong San District Office building now occupies part of the fort's former area.
641:
592:
Phra Sumen Fort is the northernmost of
Rattanakosin's original forts, located at the mouth of Khlong Rop Krung (the moat) where it meets the river, today the corner of Phra Sumen and Phra Athit roads (
352:
Of the 63 city gates, 16 were tower gates with pointed roofs. The rest were simple doors in the wall. All the gates bore enchantments warding off evil spirits, except for the gate known as Pratu Phi (
107:
to replace them. Construction was overseen by French engineer de la Mare, but only the eastern fort had been completed when resentment of the French's growing influence led to the
831:
While the practice of human sacrifices during the erection of city gates was documented during the Ayutthaya period, there is no evidence of this having taken place in Bangkok.
131:
also creating an island on the eastern side. The city walls were rebuilt along the newly created moats. The old fort on the western bank of the river was renamed Wichaiprasit (
1433:
163:) reestablished the capital as Rattanakosin, moving the city proper to the river's eastern bank. He had new outer moats dug, creating what is now known as
87:
Construction plan for the 1685 bastion forts, by French engineer de Lamare. Existing city walls are shown in red; only the eastern fort (bottom) was built.
771:
715:
668:
595:
547:
1407:
511:
Today, Four of Bangkok's defensive forts remain, one of which is still in military use. Wichaiprasit Fort, the oldest, is now owned by the
1423:
516:
1193:
1043:
1132:
1162:
913:
880:
861:
982:
712:
Another section of the city wall, 40 metres (130 ft) in length, along with a tower gate, remains in front of Wat Bowonniwet (
952:
83:
1221:
1080:
451:
463:
1192:
ICOMOS Thailand. "Thailand: Cooperation on cultural heritage conservation". In Petzet, Michael; Ziesemer, John (eds.).
536:
1428:
520:
1395:
108:
576:
57:
during the 15thâ16th centuries. These were reinforced when the city became the site of the short-lived capital of
387:
232:
580:
505:
475:
93:
115:
for four months before being allowed to retreat, and the fort was subsequently demolished during the reign of
404:), opposite the southern mouth of the canal on the western bank, near what is now Khlong San District Office
210:
743:). The wall here is 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) thick and 6 metres (20 ft) high. Also featuring
508:
resolved to preserve the two remaining original forts, Phra Sumen and Mahakan, for their historical value.
413:), next to the canal's southern mouth, on the eastern bank, near what is now Samphanthawong District Office
852:
General Desfarges; Lieutenant de La Touche; Jean Vollant des Verquains (2002). Smithies, Michael (ed.).
248:
140:
96:
raised over the southeast corner. Two smaller bastions protected the northwest and southwest corners.
1275:
654:
650:
630:
206:
46:
29:
1301:
765:
268:), just north of the mouth of Ong Ang Canal (southern section of the outer moat), near what is now
164:
812:
579:. The fort, along with the royal palace of Thonburi, had been given for the establishment of the
371:
170:
Rama I's city walls measured 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi) in length, encircling an area of 2,589
1306:
700:-shaped battlements. The fort and walls were also restored in 1981 for the city's bicentennial.
495:
1016:
857:
447:
348:
The wall section in front of Wat Bowonniwet features the last remaining of the 16 tower gates.
123:
54:
42:
1106:
33:
Phra Sumen Fort is one of the remaining original forts that guarded the city of Rattanakosin.
281:
151:
112:
58:
41:
consist of several series of defensive structures built to protect the city during the late
1246:
1140:
662:
658:
512:
329:
1170:
921:
888:
92:
late 17th century show the city wall in a rectangular shape, with the western fort as a
990:
359:
269:
194:
62:
960:
1417:
382:
By the mid-19th century, Rattanakosin's walled city had become overcrowded, and King
363:
317:
293:
132:
649:
Mahakan Fort is the easternmost fort of Rattanakosin's walls, now situated next to
435:
104:
1084:
423:
259:), near what is now the intersection of Maha Chai and Yaowarat/Phiraphong roads
171:
786:
773:
730:
717:
683:
670:
610:
597:
562:
549:
116:
17:
394:
The eight new forts received rhyming names. From south to north, they are:
1402:
1390:
625:
184:), at the mouth of Bang Lamphu Canal (northern section of the outer moat)
584:
lowered, preventing warships from sailing upriver to perform the task.
383:
305:
244:
159:
Taksin was overthrown in 1782, and the new King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (
50:
1169:(in Thai). Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University. Archived from
1139:(in Thai). Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University. Archived from
959:(in Thai). Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University. Archived from
887:(in Thai). Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation. Archived from
1247:"Mahakan Fort Community to live on in the virtual world - The Nation"
881:"āļŠāļēāļĢāļ°āļāđāļēāļĢāļđāđāļāļĢāļļāļāļāļāļāļļāļĢāļĩ (Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi)"
160:
127:
1167:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)
1137:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)
987:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)
957:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)
918:āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļāđāļāļĄāļđāļĨāđāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ (Rattanakosin Island Information Centre)
754:
640:
535:
494:
343:
150:
100:
82:
28:
985:[City wall and gates in front of Wat Bowonniwet Vihara].
362:, enshrined on the other side of the city in the royal temple of
66:
1201:. International Council on Monuments and Sites. pp. 150â1
1195:
ICOMOS World Report 2006-2007 on Monuments and Sites in Danger
1078:āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļĄāđāļ āļāļāđāļāļĢāļļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢāđ 200 āļāļĩ. Reproduced in
1359:[The Pong Patchamit Fort at Khlong San (final part)]
1019:[The Ghost Gate and the duty of the Emerald Buddha].
989:. Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University. Archived from
920:. Wang Tha Phra Library, Silpakorn University. Archived from
515:. Phra Sumen Fort and Mahakan Fort are under the care of the
1222:"Fighting Restoration by Clinging to Remnants of the Past"
1335:[The Pong Patchamit Fort at Khlong San (part 1)]
1113:(in Thai). King Mongkut University of Technology Thonburi
854:
Three military accounts of the 1688 'revolution' in Siam
1271:"āļāļāļĄ.āđāļāļīāļ "āļŠāļ§āļāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļ°āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļēāļŽ" āļāļĒāđāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāļāļĩāđ"
155:
Map showing the locations of Bangkok's forts and walls
875:
873:
292:), opposite Wichaiprasit Fort, now the location of
1044:"The origin and meaning of the Thai 'city pillar'"
53:was an outpost of Ayutthaya guarding entry to the
49:periods. The earliest structures were built when
103:commissioned the construction of Western-style
1021:Silpa Wattanatham (Art & Culture Magazine)
1326:
1324:
8:
908:
906:
1074:
1072:
1010:
1008:
759:Section of the walls of Pong Patchamit Fort
111:. The French garrison holding the fort was
99:Around 1685â1687, the French-oriented King
1107:"āļ āļēāļāļāļāļ§āļ āļāđāļāļĄāļ§āļīāļāđāļĒāļāļāļĢāđ āļāđāļāļĄāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđ"
481:
469:
457:
441:
429:
417:
408:
399:
353:
340:), between Phra Athit and Phra Sumen Forts
335:
323:
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
254:
238:
226:
217:
200:
188:
179:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
61:after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. New
1357:"āļāđāļāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļīāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŠāļēāļ (āļāļāļāļāļ§āļŠāļēāļ)"
1333:"āļāđāļāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļīāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāļāļĨāļāļāļŠāļēāļ (āļāļāļāļāļĩāđ 1)"
983:"āļāļģāđāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāđāļĄāļ·āļāļāļŦāļāđāļēāļ§āļąāļāļāļ§āļĢāļāļīāđāļ§āļĻāļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢ"
1355:Khlainathon, Watchara (February 2008).
1165:[Mahakan Fort and city walls].
844:
824:
1331:Khlainathon, Watchara (January 2008).
386:(Rama IV) ordered the construction of
486:), next to the canal's northern mouth
374:and Britain's colonization of Burma.
7:
1015:Jiajanpong, Pises (December 2003) .
708:City wall in front of Wat Bowonniwet
1434:Buildings and structures in Bangkok
1017:"āļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļāđāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļāļ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāđāļ§āļĄāļĢāļāļ"
517:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
222:), now next to Phan Fa Lilat Bridge
25:
1083:. BMA Data Center. Archived from
126:in 1767, the newly declared King
1401:
1389:
955:[Forts and city walls].
422:), a small fort used for firing
1220:Mydans, Seth (4 January 2017).
434:), in the area of what is now
1:
1408:City wall remnants in Bangkok
452:Pom Prap Sattru Phai District
328:), at what is now the end of
1279:. 2016-07-24. Archived from
885:Phra Racha Wang Derm website
577:Royal Thai Navy Headquarters
464:Chaturaphak Rangsarit Bridge
1135:[Phra Sumen Fort].
1051:Journal of the Siam Society
1042:Terwiel, B.J. (July 1978).
491:Demolition and preservation
468:Hak Kamlang Datsakon Fort (
70:and one of the city gates.
1450:
1424:Fortifications in Thailand
231:), in front of the former
139:), and became part of the
119:, who usurped the throne.
113:besieged by Siamese troops
109:Siamese revolution of 1688
1163:"āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļēāļŽāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļ"
856:. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
482:
470:
458:
442:
430:
418:
409:
400:
388:Phadung Krung Kasem Canal
354:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
276:
264:
255:
239:
233:Old Bangkok Remand Prison
227:
218:
201:
189:
180:
136:
39:fortifications of Bangkok
665:) and Khlong Rop Krung (
633:, which opened in 2000.
581:Royal Thai Naval Academy
480:Maha Nakhon Raksa Fort (
476:Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge
450:. It is the namesake of
205:), between what are now
440:Prap Sattru Phai Fort (
428:Phlan Phairi Rap Fort (
316:), next to what is now
1081:"āļāļ§āđāļēāļāļ°āļĄāļēāđāļāđāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļāļŊ"
787:13.73083°N 100.50944°E
760:
731:13.76000°N 100.50167°E
684:13.75556°N 100.50556°E
646:
611:13.76389°N 100.49583°E
563:13.74222°N 100.49083°E
541:
500:
456:Thamlai Porapak Fort (
349:
156:
88:
79:Ayutthaya and Thonburi
34:
1111:3king.lib.kmutt.ac.th
758:
644:
575:) is now part of the
539:
498:
407:Pit Patchanuek Fort (
398:Pong Patchamit Fort (
347:
249:Damrong Sathit Bridge
154:
141:Thonburi royal palace
86:
32:
1410:at Wikimedia Commons
1398:at Wikimedia Commons
657:and the junction of
655:Ratchadamnoen Avenue
651:Phan Fa Lilat Bridge
631:Santichaiprakan Park
474:), near what is now
462:), near what is now
446:), near what is now
416:Huek Hiam Han Fort (
280:), near what is now
963:on 19 November 2017
953:"āļāđāļāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāđāļāļāđāļĄāļ·āļāļ"
924:on 20 December 2011
916:[History].
914:"āļāļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļīāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļāļĄāļē"
792:13.73083; 100.50944
783: /
766:Khlong San District
751:Pong Patchamit Fort
736:13.76000; 100.50167
727: /
689:13.75556; 100.50556
680: /
616:13.76389; 100.49583
607: /
568:13.74222; 100.49083
559: /
544:Wichaiprasit Fort (
436:Hua Lamphong Market
165:Rattanakosin Island
1429:History of Bangkok
1226:The New York Times
1087:on 16 January 2013
993:on 2 December 2017
813:History of Bangkok
761:
661:(the beginning of
647:
542:
527:Present structures
501:
372:Anglo-Burmese Wars
350:
237:Suea Thayan Fort (
225:Mu Thaluang Fort (
157:
147:Early Rattanakosin
137:āļāđāļāļĄāļ§āļīāđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāđ
89:
35:
1406:Media related to
1394:Media related to
1143:on 8 January 2018
540:Wichaiprasit Fort
532:Wichaiprasit Fort
521:ancient monuments
471:āļāđāļāļĄāļŦāļąāļāļāļģāļĨāļąāļāļāļąāļŠāļāļĢ
448:Nopphawong Bridge
443:āļāđāļāļĄāļāļĢāļēāļāļĻāļąāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļēāļĒ
401:āļāđāļāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĄāļīāļāļĢ
322:Phra Athit Fort (
243:), just north of
193:), just north of
187:Yukhonthon Fort (
178:Phra Sumen Fort (
124:fall of Ayutthaya
55:Chao Phraya River
16:(Redirected from
1441:
1405:
1396:Forts in Bangkok
1393:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:(in Thai): 50â57
1362:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1343:(in Thai): 57â65
1338:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1302:"āļāđāļēāļ§āļāđāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāđāļĒāđāļ"
1298:
1292:
1291:
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849:
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419:āļāđāļāļĄāļŪāļķāļāđāļŦāļĩāđāļĒāļĄāļŦāļēāļ
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282:Pak Khlong Talat
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483:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē
431:āļāđāļāļĄāļāļĨāļēāļāđāļāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ
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298:Maha Yak Fort (
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360:Emerald Buddha
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1369:. Retrieved
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1310:. 2016-07-24
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645:Mahakan Fort
637:Mahakan Fort
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301:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļĒāļąāļāļĐāđ
265:āļāđāļāļĄāļāļąāļāļĢāđāļāļāļĢ
245:Sam Yot Gate
240:āļāđāļāļĄāđāļŠāļ·āļāļāļĒāļēāļ
169:
158:
121:
98:
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47:Rattanakosin
38:
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26:
18:Mahakan Fort
1371:23 November
1347:23 November
1231:28 November
1205:28 November
1177:28 November
1147:28 November
1117:23 November
1061:23 November
1057:(2): 159â71
1027:23 November
997:24 November
967:16 November
928:16 November
895:11 December
790: /
778:100°30âē34âģE
734: /
722:100°30âē06âģE
687: /
675:100°30âē20âģE
614: /
602:100°29âē45âģE
566: /
554:100°29âē27âģE
424:gun salutes
337:āļāđāļāļĄāļāļīāļŠāļīāļāļāļĢ
304:), next to
289:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļĪāļāļĐāđ
277:āļāđāļāļĄāļāļĩāđāļŠāļ·āđāļ
228:āļāđāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļđāļāļĨāļ§āļ
202:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļĢāļēāļ
1418:Categories
1365:Navikasart
1341:Navikasart
1314:2018-07-25
1307:āļāđāļēāļ§āļąāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
1287:2018-07-25
1256:2018-04-27
1251:The Nation
839:References
775:13°43âē51âģN
719:13°45âē36âģN
672:13°45âē20âģN
599:13°45âē50âģN
551:13°44âē32âģN
378:1852 forts
256:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāđāļāļĒ
219:āļāđāļāļĄāļĄāļŦāļēāļāļēāļŽ
190:āļāđāļāļĄāļĒāļļāļāļāļāļĢ
1023:(in Thai)
117:Phetracha
45:to early
43:Ayutthaya
1091:1 August
807:See also
94:cavalier
59:Thonburi
384:Mongkut
355:āļāļĢāļ°āļāļđāļāļĩ
306:Wat Pho
213:Bridges
74:History
51:Bangkok
860:
161:Rama I
128:Taksin
1361:(PDF)
1337:(PDF)
1199:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
819:Notes
101:Narai
67:forts
63:walls
1373:2017
1349:2017
1233:2017
1207:2017
1179:2017
1149:2017
1119:2017
1093:2012
1063:2017
1029:2017
999:2017
969:2017
930:2017
897:2011
858:ISBN
745:sema
698:sema
626:sema
247:and
209:and
133:Thai
65:and
37:The
653:of
172:rai
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