Maniots - Knowledge (XXG)

3070:"If any ship come to anchor on their coast, many arm themselves and go to the place, over against where the ship doth ride; some of them will be in priests habits, walking by the sea side, with their wallets, in which they will have some wine and bread. Their companions lye hid behind the bushes at some convenient post. When any strangers come ashore, who do not understand their language, the feigned priests make signes to them, shewing them their bread and wine, which they offer to them for money, by which the strangers being enticed from the sea side (and it may be to sit down and taste their wine) the hidden Manjotts come and make their prey. The priests will seem to be sorry, and endeavor to make the strangers to believe they were altogether ignorant of any such design. So a white flagg is put out, and a treaty held with the ship for their ransome. The priests endeavor to moderate the price, shewing a great deal of respect to their companions, who are clothed in Turkish habits. Many ships have been thus served." 2563:

defenders numbered 2,500 men. The Egyptians had trouble advancing to Polytsaravos, because it was surrounded by rocks situated on high ground. As soon as the Arabs arrived, the Maniots rallied around their fortifications and attacked the Arabs. The Arabs retreated from Polytsaravos after sustaining 400 casualties while the Maniots only suffered nine. Even though this campaign is overshadowed by other battles of the revolution, it was one of the most important, according to Maniot regional historians. The Maniots stopped the Egyptians and Ibrahim Pasha who had not been defeated this decisively before. This was the last invasion of Mani by the Egyptians or the Ottomans, as the Peloponnese, central Greece, and some of the Aegean islands were liberated in 1828 after the naval forces of

2663:), Kapodistrias went to attend a church service at the Church of Saint Spyridon. He noticed that Konstantinos and Georgios were waiting at the church doors. As he passed them, he briefly stopped before proceeding into the church. As he was about to step into the church, Konstantinos used his gun and the bullet hit Kapodistrias at the back of the head while at the same time Georgios stabbed him through the heart. Kapodistrias collapsed into the arms of his attendants. Kapodistrias' bodyguard shot Konstantinos as he was running, and Konstantinos was hit by several more bullets before he died. Kostantinos' body was then dragged by an angry mob, who threw it into the sea. Georgios was captured and executed on the island of Bourzi, off the coast of Nafplio, while his father watched. 3592:, and others. They mostly ignored the Niklianis' laws or tried to live in harmony with them. The Megalogenites also started building towers like the ones built by the Nikliani. The Achamnomeri were the third Maniot class and formed the middle class, having fewer rights than the first two classes. They had the right to build only one-storey towers and they were not allowed to build towers out of limestone or marble. They owned most of the fields and had a right to a portion of common property like quail, salt, and fish. They also had the freedom of movement and means of production. If during the night, they managed to raise a tower larger than one of their neighbors, they were considered more powerful. The last caste were the Fameyi who were 2524:

As Ibrahim moved his infantry and cavalry against the Maniot position, he also ordered two of his ships, including the one he was on, to attack the Maniot fortifications from the sea with their artillery. The Egyptian army attacked the Maniot position eight times and was thrown back. The fighting continued for a few more days before the Egyptians retreated when rumors that Kolokotronis was approaching their rear with 2,000 men proved true. The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Verga. This battle not only was costly for Ibrahim, who suffered 2,500 casualties, but also ruined his plan to invade Mani from the north.

2528: 1986:. During the siege of Athens, the Ottomans used the Parthenon as an ammunition depot. When artillery fire from the Venetians struck the depot, the resulting explosion damaged large portions of the Parthenon. The desperate Ottomans freed Limberakis and gave him the title "His Highness, the Ruler of Mani". Limberakis immediately launched several raids into Venetian-held territories of the Peloponnese. However, when the Ottomans attempted to poison Limberakis, he defected to the Venetian side. The Venetians made Limberakis a Knight of St. Mark and recognized him as ruler of 1899: 167: 3379:

Mani but lower to the ancestry the other Peloponnesians (148 samples - excluding the Tsakonians) share with the Slavs, which even though low, it's still relatively higher than Maniots (and Tsakonians) at 4.8%–14.4%. Even though Tsakonians, divided between Southerners (15 samples) and Northerners (9 samples) also possess low levels of common ancestry with the Slavs at 0.2%–0.9% and 3.9%–8.2% respectively, they remain a distinct population from both the Maniots and the rest of the Peloponnesians, something that is attributed to

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the Egyptians. The Egyptians, not expecting any resistance, were caught by surprise at this sudden attack and were forced to retreat to a fortified position on the beach where they could receive support from their ships. Eventually, 300 Maniots arrived from other towns, and the Egyptians were forced to either swim to their ships or be slain. Not only was Ibrahim's defeat costly, as he lost 1,000 men, but his plan to invade and conquer Mani was utterly ruined. Later on, the women of Diros were dubbed the 'Amazons of Diros'.

2488: 2723: 1934:. At the age of fifteen, he was in the Venetian galleys as a rower. After being released by the Venetians, he continued piracy and was captured by the Turks in 1667. The Grand Vizier decided to give him amnesty if he cooperated with the Turks and helped them conquer Mani. Gerakaris agreed and in 1670 became the bey of Mani. One of Gerakis' first acts was to exile his clan's enemies, the Iatriani family and the Stephanopoulos family from Oitylo. The Iatriani fled in 1670 and settled in 2389: 1257: 3609:. Around that time, towns like Skoutari were founded by people who had escaped from Constantinople. Kassis tells us that the population of Mani at that time was between 40,000 and 80,000. Count Chateau-Reneau says that at the beginning of the 17th century, there were 700 cities and many villages in Mani which was thought to be an exaggerated number. In 1700, 14,773 people were recorded in the census despite the constant migrations in Mani. In 1805, 2928: 1589: 2605: 2365: 1467: 3092:. The Maniots were famous and fearsome pirates whose ships dominated the Maniot coastline. The Maniots became pirates because Mani was not a very fertile land and the Maniots did not have many natural resources. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor, and it became their main source of income. The pirate raids were not stopped by the local priests of the 3631:, and especially Crete when the Turks acquired the island from the Venetians in 1669. The Cretan refugees settled in Mani and created villages with Cretan names that enriched the Maniot dialect with Cretan words and idioms. The mass migration of refugees caused new problems in Mani. The limited area of good arable land led to many local wars between families, clans, and different villages. The era of 1782: 1048: 2559:), he was stopped by Theodoros Stathakos, who together with his family of thirteen people was waiting in their tower. Bosinas tried to make Stathakos surrender, and when the latter feigned surrender, Bosinas came towards the tower. However, once Bosinas was within range, Stathakos and his small band killed him. In retaliation, Bosinas' army shot at the tower with their cannons and destroyed it. 2614: 2076:

seriously wounded but also the last survivor of the battle. He was ultimately tortured to death. They then invaded Mani and began ravaging the land near Almiros (near the modern village of Kyparissos). During the night, an army of 5,000 Maniot men and women attacked the enemy camp. The Ottoman forces lost 1,700, while the Maniots only suffered thirty-nine casualties.

2102: 5673: 2295: 2170: 48: 1367: 2321:, because he was unwilling to suppress his cousin, who was still attacking the Turks. The Turks were once again forced to retreat. Three years later, Grigorakis resigned in favor of his son-in-law, Konstantis Zervakos, who was favorable to the bey of the Peloponnese. However, the Maniots did not agree with the choice and deposed Zervakos. 2068:

replied by calling the Maniots "ragged" and "rude booty men". To this, Mavromichalis replied, "The last of these ragged booty men keeps his freedom with his own sword and deserves more than you, slave of a whore!" The Russians left and conducted their own operations until the end of the year, when they ultimately sailed back to Russia.

1667: 2094:. The defenders were Constantine Kolokotronis and Panagiotis Venetsanakis with 150 men and women. The fight lasted for twelve days: most of the defenders were killed, and all prisoners of war were tortured and dismembered. The wife of Constantine Kolokotronis was dressed like a warrior and fought her way out carrying her baby, 2755: 2126:. The Ottoman army advanced to the plain of Agio Pigada (meaning "Holy Well"). They sent envoys to the Maniots telling them that Hasan wanted to negotiate. The Maniots knew that if they sent envoys to the Turks, they would be executed by Hasan if the negotiations failed. However, the Maniots sent six men to discuss the terms. 2710:

king. Many of the Achamnomeri (see note α below) and some Megalogenites were convinced by his offers and submitted. However, several of the older families and the poorer Achamnomeri rejected the offer, because the former did not want to be dependent on a king and the latter did not want governors with superior rights. In

989: 1966:, discovered this plan and attacked Mani with 10,000 men. The Turks ravaged the plains, but during the night the Maniots attacked and killed 1,800 Turks. The other Turks retreated to the castles of Kelefa and Zarnatas, where they were besieged by the Maniots. After brief sieges, the Maniots managed to capture both 2714:, this division caused bloodshed when the king's supporters started fighting the other Maniots under the command of Giorgaros Skylakakos. Feder soon arrived with his new allies and exploded Skylakakos and all his allies in his towers. Thus the Bavarians managed to annex the whole peninsula to the Greek kingdom. 1749:, built a fortress in Mani, at Porto Kagio, and they also garrisoned Passavas. The aim of this was to disrupt the Venetians' communication lines and to keep the Maniots at bay. Alarmed, the Maniots called upon Venetian assistance, and the Venetian navy in combination with the Maniot army captured the castle. 1115:. A Roman fleet under Atilius managed to re-capture Gythium later that year. Nabis was murdered later that year and Sparta was made part of the Achaean League. However, the Spartans, while searching for a port captured Las. The Achaeans responded by seizing Sparta and unsuccessfully forcing their laws on it. 3417:, sculptor, in major international collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art, The Whitney Museum of American Art, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, all in New York City, The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens 2523:

Enraged by the Spartan reply, Ibrahim, commanding an army of 7,000 men, attacked Mani on June 21, 1826. He was stopped at the walls of Almiros and Verga, which ran for around 500 meters. Defending the walls were 2,000 Maniots under the command of Ilias Mavromichalis (Katsakos) and 500 Greek refugees.

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Katsonis, together with Androutsos and Barbitsiotis, built a gun battery at Porto Kagio. He gathered a small army and a navy of eleven ships and attacked Ottoman ships in the area. However, not being able to maintain his ships, he started attacking ships from other countries. Later that year, he sank

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Mani flourished under the Romans, because of its respectful obedience to Rome. The Koinon consisted of 24 cities (later 18), of which Gythium remained the most prominent. However, many parts of Mani remained under the also semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) Sparta, the most notable

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The Council decided that they could not subdue the Maniots by force, so they decided to send a diplomat, Max Feder, with the intention of subduing Mani by playing the love of money against the love of independence. He went to different Maniot families and offered them positions if they supported the

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On June 24, Ibrahim sent a small fleet carrying 1,500 troops to land at the Bay of Diros and capture Areopoli. As the Egyptians landed on the beach, the alarm bells rang. Soon, 300 women and old men who had been harvesting the crops gathered and, armed only with their scythes and cudgels, charged at

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with 300 Maniots. When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and defeated them. On April 28, a few thousand Maniot soldiers under the command of Petros Mavromichalis' sons joined Kolokotronis' camp outside Tripolitsa. On September 12, 1821, the Turkish capital in the

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Pierros Grigorakis, a son of Zanetos, entered Russian service on Zante and commanded a force of some 500 Maniots known as the Spartan Legion. This was part of the Legion of Light Riflemen, a force made up of mainland refugees that defended the Ionian Islands and participated in Russian operations in

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with assistance from the Western Legion. The siege proved to be difficult, and soon Orlov got into a dispute with John the Dog. Mavromichalis stated to Orlov that if they wanted to start a real war, they had to occupy Koroni, and that if they did not, they should not excite the Greeks in vain. Orlov

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of the Cretans, rushed to Crete to support them. The Cretans, together with the Maniots, forced the Turks into a fortress, where they besieged them. A combined Ottoman-British fleet managed to subdue the Cretans, but the undefeated Maniots chose to go back to Mani. In 1866, a new revolution sparked

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From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us saying that if we don't surrender, you'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That's why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign

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and treated him as an honored guest but then had him hanged. On Easter Sunday, Exarchos' mother incited the men of Skoutari to take revenge for the death of her son. Commanded by Zanetos Grigorakis, the men of Skoutari dressed as priests and were allowed into Passavas. Once inside, the Skoutariotes

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After the end of the Turko-Venetian War, the Venetians left the Maniots to fend for themselves. Many of the Greeks who had revolted alongside the Venetians were massacred by the Ottomans, but many of them fled to find refuge in Mani. The Maniots continued to resist, and Mehmed dispatched an army of

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or Exo/Outer Mani (24 samples) to 4.9%–8.6% and of East Taygetos or Kato/Lower Mani (23 samples) to 5.7%–10.9% of common ancestry with Slavs (Belarusians, Russians, Polish, and Ukrainians) respectively. The Slavic ancestry possessed by the latter two is five to eight times higher than that of Deep

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Six Maniot envoys were sent to Hasan and, without bowing, asked him what he wanted. Hasan's demands entailed the children of ten captains as hostages, all Maniot-held arms, and an annual head-tax to be paid as punishment for supporting the Russians. The Maniots answered Hasan's demands saying, "We

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heard about this, they sent Arslan in command of an army of 20,000 men and 70 ships to invade Mani. He succeeded in ravaging Mani and imposing taxes on the Maniots (which they did not pay). This caused Nevers to move more actively for his crusade. Nevers sent envoys to the courts of Europe looking

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and they have often been described as such. The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". The name "Maniot" is a derivative meaning "of Mani". In the

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attacked Greece in order to support the Italians. The Greeks were forced to retreat, and soon Mani revived its forgotten role as a center for refugees. During April 1941, the British started evacuating their troops from Porto Kagio. By the end of that month, Mani and the rest of Greece were under

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The Egyptians then proceeded towards the town of Polytsaravos and reached it on August 28. The inhabitants of the town had sent the women and children to take refuge in the mountains before improving the fortifications they had there. The town militia was reinforced by other Maniots, and soon the

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Soon after the Orlov Expedition, a number of Maniots entered Russian military service. Remnants of the two legions joined Russian sea forces as marines, participating in operations in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Two leaders of these volunteers, Stephanos Mavromichalis and Dimitrios

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which frequently plagued Mani. Usually, the decision to start a vendetta was made at a family gathering. The main aim of a vendetta was usually to wipe out the other family. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and whenever they got the chance murdered members of the opposing

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Limberakis soon fell out of favor with the Turks since he joined his fellow Maniots in piracy and was captured in 1682. With Ottoman forces preoccupied with the Austrians, the Venetians under Morosini saw their opportunity to take over Turkish-held territories in the Peloponnese, beginning the

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Ibrahim, annoyed by his defeats at Verga and Diros, plundered the Peloponnese for a month before turning his attention back to Mani. He sent an army of 6,000 Arabs to advance to the Taygetus and capture Gytheio and Laconian Mani. In command of the army was a Greek traitor from the village of

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and laid siege to the tower of the powerful Grigorakis clan. The tower contained fifteen men, who held out for three days until the Turks undermined the tower, placed gunpowder, and blew up the entire garrison. By this time, the main Maniot army of 5,000 men and 2,000 women had established a

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before entering the Peloponnese. At Rizomylos in Messenia, they were blocked by John Mavromichalis and 400 of his followers. The Maniots held them off for a while, but the Ottoman forces eventually did not lose due to their superior numbers. They captured John Mavromichalis, who was not only

2702:. Ultimately, 800 Maniots from the surrounding towns attacked the Bavarians. The Bavarians were massacred as most of them were either slain by the Maniots or fell into a ravine near the town while escaping. Later that year, an army of 6,000 men with five cannons under the command of General 3199:. Vendettas continued after the liberation of Greece even though the Regency tried to demolish the towers. The Maniot vendetta culture is considered one of the most vicious and ruthless of all the Mediterranean vendetta cultures. One of the last large scale vendettas on record required the 3160:

killing of a murderer) vendettas would be concluded after the 'guilty' individual(s) were killed. In other cases vendettas, particularly long-running ones, were ended in a peaceful to terms or exchange of property. In the case of long vendettas, families often agreed upon a temporary

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claims they were the inhabitants of Nikli. The Nikliani were wealthy, upper class people who started the building of castles in Mani. The Megalogenites (meaning "great births") were refugees from other parts of Greece who were from wealthy and renowned families like the

2782:. Many volunteers from Mani took part in the war such as soldiers from the Dritsakos, Koutsonikolakos, Kosteas, Georgopapadakos, Iliopiereas, Loukakos, Kyriakoulakos, and Kalantzakos families. The Maniots also took part in the series of wars that followed including the 1358:) attacked and occupied most of the western Peloponnese in 590. However, there is no archaeological evidence for a Slavic (or Avar) penetration of imperial Byzantine territory before the end of the 6th century. Overall, traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare. 2137:. No one knew exactly how many casualties the Maniots suffered, but the Turks definitively lost 10,000 men. In 1780, Hasan Ghazi, the Bey of the Peloponnese, tried to weaken the Grigorakis family by arranging the assassination of Exarchos Grigorakis. He invited him to 1970:

and Kelefa. However, Ismael returned with 10,000 infantry and 2,500 artillery and started besieging the Maniots at Kelefa. The Turks nearly succeeded in breaching the walls before 4,500 Venetians under the command of Morosini arrived and forced the Turks to retreat to

1706:, handed over some Maniot rebels. The Ottomans reached Oitylo before Kladas, and the Maniots attacked and massacred them. Only a few escaped; amongst them was Ale Boumico. Kladas invaded the Laconian plain with 14,000 Maniots and killed the Turkish inhabitants. 2539:. This plan was described by Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos as "excellent" because it would catch Areopoli by surprise since it was ill defended. By capturing Areopoli, Ibrahim could disrupt the Maniot communication lines and control the mountain passes that led to 3733:

In this work, the author, giving an account of the conquest made in Greece by the Russians, and of the gallant defence made by the Maniotes (the descendants of the ancient Spartans) against the Turks, describes their invincible spirit with the eloquence of a

1421:, who up to the present time are termed Hellenes by the local inhabitants on account of their being in olden times idolatres and worshippers of idols like the ancient Greeks, and who were baptized and became Christians in the reign of the glorious 1879:, who visited Mani with the Ottoman expedition and recorded numerous villages, castles and churches; he described the Maniots with the following words: "They capture the Frank and sell him to us, they capture us and sell us to the Franks." 1689:

in 1461. Mehmed hoped that Kladas would defend Laconia from the Maniots. During that time, Mani's population grew as a result of an influx of refugees who came from other areas of Greece. In 1463, Kladas joined the Venetians in their

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with Gythium as the capital under the Achaean League's protection. Nabis, not content with losing his land in Mani, built a fleet and strengthened his army and advanced upon Gythium in 192 BC. The Achaean League's army and navy under

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recorded that there were 30,000 people living in Mani. Twelve years later, K. Koumas writes in his geography that Mani had 100,000 inhabitants which was deemed a wildly exaggerated number. In 1820, Anagnostras composition for the

1804:. They urged him to land his army at Porto Kagio and promised to join him with 15,000 armed men as well as 80,000 other Peloponnesians. The Maniots also sent envoys to some major powers of the Mediterranean, as for example the 2975:

There is little information on the economy of Mani during the early stages of Ottoman dominance of Greece, and what is known of the economy in the 17th and 18th centuries is from foreign observers. In Exo Mani ('outer Mani'),

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of Hasan's ships. This caused some of Baba's ships to founder on some rocks, and the Maniots, taking advantage of the situation, attacked and killed the Turks and seized the ships. Baba managed to escape with only one ship.

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Migonitis (occupied by the modern town), and the hill Larysium (Koumaro) rising above it. Nowadays, the most noteworthy remains of the theatre and the buildings partially submerged by the sea all belong to the Roman period.

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Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Bose, Aritra; Teodosiadis, Athanasios; Tsetsos, Fotis; Plantinga, Anna; Psatha, Nikoletta; Zogas, Nikos; Yannaki, Evangelia; Zalloua, Pierre; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Browning, Brian L. (8 March 2017).

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prefer to die rather than give to you our guns and children. We don't pay taxes, because our land is poor." Hasan became furious and had the six men decapitated and impaled on stakes so that the Maniots could see them.

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governing the country for him. One of the Council's first acts was to try to subdue the unruly Maniots and pull down their towers; another was to free Petros and Tzanis from their prisons. The council sent an army of

1875:, some Maniot pirate ships sneaked into the Ottoman fleet and managed to loot and burn some ships. However, Candia fell in 1669, and Crete became part of the Ottoman Empire. The piracy of Maniots was also observed by 3668:

wanted some Maniots to colonize the western Italian coast and protect it from pirates. There are mentions of Maniots in Naples and T. Asanis Palaeologus building a church there. There are also tombs of Palaeologi in

3055:) and the Modern Maniatiko. The Palio Maniatiko is only found in Mani and is described as an ancient dance. The Modern Maniatiko is the modern version of the Palio Maniatiko dance and includes certain aspects of the 2372:

Maniots, known for their martial traditions, were the very first to join the Greek liberation movement (a claim shared with many other Greek areas) and their contribution proved to be pivotal. The society called the

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Petros Mavromichalis was John the Dog's nephew. He was the first Maniot bey from Mesa Mani (Inner Mani). In 1798, he had also been approached by Napoleon to join the war on the Ottomans, but after the failure of the

2385:". The Maniots were responsible for writing "Victory" and not "Freedom" on their banner, since Mani was always free. At the bottom of the flag was an ancient Spartan inscription, "With the shield or on the shield." 2476:. Mahmud II accepted the offer and Ali sent his son in command of the expedition. Meanwhile, the Greeks were in disarray because of political rivalries, which caused a civil war. Kolokotronis was arrested, his son 1220:(reigned 161–180). The agora, the Acropolis, the island of Cranae (Marathonisi) where Paris on his way to Troy celebrated his nuptials with Beautiful Helen after taking her from Sparta, the Migonium or precinct of 2243:

two French ships, which was the beginning of the end for Katsonis. An Ottoman fleet of thirty ships and a French destroyer attacked Katsonis at Porto Kagio. Katsonis' men fled to land; Katsonis himself escaped to

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would champion their revolt under the command of the bishop of Monemvasia. The promised army never arrived, and by 1572 the bishop was forced to retreat to Mani. The Maniots did not succeed when they appealed to

1350:, on the way to his victorious campaign against the Vandals, stopped at Kenipolis to get supplies, honor the Kenipolitans for their victory, and recruit some soldiers. According to Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos, the 1243:, Mani became a haven for refugees. In 375, a massive earthquake in the area took its toll on Gythium, which was severely devastated. Most of the ruins of ancient Gythium are now submerged in the Laconian Gulf. 5236:Την επομένη, στην κηδεία των θυμάτων, τα επεισόδια απλώθηκαν σ' όλο τον Πειραιά, με νέα θύματα... ενώ κινητοποιήθηκαν, η αστυνομία, χίλιοι στρατιώτες και διακόσιοι ναύτες για να σταματήσουν το αιματοκύλισμα. 2951:

instead (e.g. versus standard 'wood'). These varieties are thought to be relic areas of a previously larger areal dialect group that used to share these features and was later divided by the penetration of

2266:. Zacharias Barbitsiotis and Zanetbey (Zanetos Grigorakis) accepted the offer, and Napoleon sent them weapons. When the Turks discovered this, they had Zanetos replaced as bey with Panagiotis Koumoundouros. 2340:("Friendly Company") and participated with the Greek Revolution, including Elias Chrisospathis, who initiated the Maniots into the secret society, as well as Pierros and his brothers Giorgos and Zanetakos. 1039:. The Thebans began a campaign against Laconia and captured Gythium after a three-day siege. The Thebans only briefly managed to hold Gythium, which was captured by 100 elite warriors posing as athletes. 1890:, sent the pirate Hasan Baba to subdue Mani. Baba arrived in Mani demanding that the Maniots surrender hostages, but instead he was answered with bullets. During the night, ten Maniots went and cut the 1102:

The allies went on to besiege Sparta and tried to force Nabis to surrender. As part of the terms of the peace treaty, the coastal cities of Mani were forced to become autonomous. The cities formed the

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governed the province. Mani seems to have been dominated by the Nikliani family, who were refugees. However, the peace was terminated when the Ottoman Turks started their attacks on the Peloponnese.

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Above all, the Maniots, who are said to be the true heirs of the Spartans and 'have always preserved their liberty' (Pococke, 1743, i. 178) serve as an illustration of this continuity. According to

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The Eastern Legion met with success when it defeated an army of 3,500 Turks. The Ottomans responded to this by sending an army of 8,000 to invade the Peloponnese. The Ottoman army first plundered

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In the second period of Byzantine rule over Mani, there were four social castes, the Nikliani, the Megalogenites, the Achamnomeri and the Fameyi. The Nikliani were the inhabitants of the town of

2648:, then capital of Greece, and negotiate. As soon as Tzanis arrived, he was arrested and imprisoned. Kapodistrias then sent soldiers to Mani and had Petros arrested, imprisoned, and charged with 2250:

Androutsos with 500 men tried to cross the Peloponnese and enter Roumelia. Barbitsiotis in a rear-guard action managed to help fight his way through the Peloponnese and into Roumelia. In 1798,

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attempted to conquer Mani with the purpose of using it as a base to raid and then conquer the Peloponnese. Gaiseric tried to land his fleet at Kenipolis (near modern village of Kyparissos in

2418:, informing them of what the Greeks were doing and signing them as "Commander in Chief of the Spartan Forces". The Messenian Senate was also held in Kalamata. Kolokotronis wanted to attack 3776:(1799, 31), ' descendants of the ancient Lacedemonians...still preserve their love for liberty so great a degree, as never to have debased themselves under the yoke of the Turkish empire'. 2352:. It was rumored at the time that he was appointed bey only because his uncle was not killed, had converted to Islam, and had become an officer in the Ottoman army. In 1819, he joined the 2056:. The Eastern Legion, under the command of Barkof, Grigorakis, and Psaros, consisted of 500 Maniots and 6 Russians. The Western Legion, under the command of John Mavromichalis (nicknamed 1824:. These states were interested and sent several expeditionary forces to Mani, but with the exception of a Spanish expedition that sacked Passavas, they all failed to achieve anything. 1694:

against the Ottomans. He led the Maniots against the Ottomans with Venetian aid until 1479, when the Venetians made peace with the Ottomans and gave the Ottomans the right to rule the

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took over the Spartan throne in 207 BC, he implemented some democratic reforms. One of these reforms entailed making Gythium into a major port and naval arsenal. In 195 BC, during the

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Ibrahim then decided to head for Mani. He sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots replied:

1729:

From 1500 to 1570, Mani kept its autonomy without any invasion from the Ottomans. The Ottomans were busy driving the Venetians out of the Peloponnese and succeeded in 1540, when they

1660: 1839:, Andronikos' son. Through this connection he claimed the throne of Constantinople. He began plotting with the Maniots, who addressed him as "King Constantine Palaiologos". When the 2737:, which have plagued the area for centuries. The vendettas continued until 1870, when a Maniot vendetta was halted by the efforts of a regular army with artillery support. In 1841, 2377:

sent their representatives Perrevos and Chrisospathis to organize the Maniots. On March 17, 1821, 12,000 Maniots gathered in the church of the Taxiarchs (Archangels) of the town of

3310:

started in Europe. When the Avars and Slavs invaded the Peloponnese, many Greek refugees fled to Mani since the invaders could not infiltrate the mountainous terrain. According to

3295:

and are considered more "pure-blooded" Greeks. According to their tradition, after the Romans took over Laconia, many of the Spartan citizens who were loyal to the Spartan laws of

2746:

in Crete, and 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petropoulakos went to assist their cousins. However, the Cretans were defeated, and the undefeated Maniots again returned to Mani.

1643:

in May 1453, Mani remained under the control of the Despotate of Morea. In May 1460, Mehmed occupied the Peloponnese. The Despotate of Morea had been ruled by the two brothers of

3884: 2381:

and declared war against the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece by about a week. Their flag was white with a blue cross in the center. Atop the flag was the motto "

2283:, the Ottomans deposed Panagiotis Koumoundouros, because he was not capable of subduing Zanetos Grigorakis, who was still receiving weapons from the French at his castle at 3635:

began in Mani and it seemed that only a new Ottoman invasion could save the country from a civil war. Many Maniot people began to serve as mercenaries in the army of the

3136:, was touring Mani in 1839, he found a fresh egg by the side of the road and offered it to a Maniot soldier who escorted him, who declined the offer explaining that if a 2640:

became governor of Greece. Kapodistrias quarreled with the Mavromichalis clan because the Maniots refused to pay taxes to the new government. Kapodistrias requested that

2014:

and managed to drive out the Venetians within seventy days. The Venetians won some minor naval battles off Mani but abandoned the Peloponnese in 1715. The next year, the

3324:

The only Greeks that have had an unbroken descent were the clans like the Maniotes who were so fierce, and lived so far up the mountain, that invaders left them alone.

5224: 3951: 2935:

The Maniot dialect of Modern Greek has several archaic properties that distinguishes it from most mainstream varieties. One of them, shared with the highly divergent

3596:. They had no property and they have been sometimes confused with the Achamnomeri by modern historians. They could be subject to emancipation and become Achamnomeri. 2706:, assisted by five squadrons of royalist Maniots, once again besieged Petrovouni. When news of an army of 1,000 Maniots was approaching, they retreated to Gytheio. 1458:. This can be explained by the mountainous nature of Mani's terrain, which enabled them to escape the attempts of the Eastern Roman Empire to Christianize Greece. 3461: 3342:, showed that Maniot individuals share on average 0.25% of their genome (or 35–36 cM) identical by descent, with 95% of pairs of individuals sharing at least one 2980:

were grown in great numbers but it was not until the 18th century that olives were widely spread in Mesa Mani ('inner Mani'). Exports from Exo Mani also included

2771: 2435: 2324:

Later that year, the Maniot leaders gathered at Gytheio and elected Theodoros Zanerakos or Theodorobey, nephew of Zanetos Grigorakis, as a leader of Mani. During

52: 919:. Eventually, the temple of Tenaron was dedicated to Poseidon and the temple at Delphi was dedicated to Apollo. According to other legends, there is a cave near 2858: 6284: 2881: 1147:. Even though the Romans conquered the Peloponnese, the Koinon was allowed to retain its independence. The Maniots suffered from pirate raids by Cretans and 3354:

analysis. They also differ from mainland, island and Asia Minor Greek populations who have been compared by PCA analysis, but they "partially" overlap with

2262:, sent two members of the Stephanopoulos family to Mani in order to convince the Maniots to attack the Ottomans from the Peloponnese while he attacked from 5691: 2572: 960:, but they soon started to expand their territory and by around 800 BC they had occupied Mani and the rest of Laconia. Mani was given the social caste of 6116: 2011: 1742: 1730: 1691: 1502:. These four empires produced rival emperors, struggling for control over each other and the rest of the semi-independent states emerging in the area. 2495:

Ibrahim made good use of this turmoil and landed with his army (25-30,000 infantry, cavalry and artillery supported by the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet) at

2048:

in 1769 and reached Mani in 1770. The fleet landed at Oitylo, where it was met by the Maniots. It was decided to divide the army into two groups, the

3179:

ended, the killing could resume. A cornerstone of the Maniot's vendetta culture was the agreement that all vendettas immediately stop in a universal

6355: 5721: 6320: 1511: 582: 3156:

Vendettas could go on for months, sometimes years, and usually ended when one family was exterminated or left the town. In some cases (like the

2825:

was among the leaders of the armed forces. Davakis, in command of the Pindus Detachment, defeated the elite Italian SOF brigade "Julia" at the

2888:, fought against the Hellenic Army and the royalists. Mani never recovered from both wars, and soon many of the young people of Mani left for 1264:

showing Mani and the eastern Peloponnese as part of the Empire (the rest of the Peloponnese was occupied temporarily by Slavic tribes), c. 717

5580: 5481: 4423: 3765: 3552: 1171: 3881: 1887: 3133: 1603:

recaptured Constantinople. Prince William was set free, on the condition that he had to surrender the fortresses of Megali Maina, Mystras,

1454:

was practiced by some Maniots in the region at an earlier time. The Maniots were the last inhabitants of Greece to openly follow the pagan

2133:

After the envoys were killed, the remaining Maniots attacked the Ottomans. The fighting was fierce, and only 6,000 Turks managed to reach

3108:, 'Inner Mani'). The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans, but the ships of powerful European nations were targeted as well. 2239:) unchanged. Lambros Katsonis said: "Aikaterini (Greek: Catherine) made her treaty, but Katsonis didn't make his treaty with the enemy." 1844:

for support. In 1619, he recruited six ships and a number of men, but he was forced to abort the mission because of the beginning of the

3002:. Honey is also of superior quality. Another important part of the Maniot economy was piracy. Nowadays the main industries in Mani are 837:. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the armies of 1486:. The Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned between several Greek and Latin successor states, notably including (from west to east) the 5291: 3773: 3339: 1998:. He captured and plundered the city before going back to Mani. The Arteans sent a committee to Venice and reported everything to the 1533:

The Maniots, however, were not easily contained, and they were not the only threat to the Frankish occupation of the Peloponnese. The

437: 3153:

family. The other families in the village normally locked themselves in their towers in order not to get in the way of the fighting.

2422:

and capture the main Turkish city in the Peloponnese. However, Mavromichalis wanted to capture the smaller towns first and then take

2212: 5599: 5561: 5504: 5462: 5439: 5416: 5397: 5378: 5359: 3948: 3544: 1430:

The area inhabited by the Maniates (or Maniots) was first called by the name 'Maina' and was associated probably with the castle of

899:

mentions the cities of Mani: Messi (Mezapos), Oetylus (Oitylo), Kardamili (or Skardamoula), Gerenia, Teuthrone (Kotronas), and Las (

3652:

Between 1600 and 1700, there was a mass exodus of Maniots leaving Mani for European countries. In 1570, some Maniots immigrated to

875: 6381: 3627:

As a result of the many revolts against the Ottoman Empire, the Maniots welcomed new Greek refugees from various areas including

3299:

decided to go to the Spartan mountains of Mani with the rest of the Spartans rather than be in Achaean or, later, Roman service.

2090:

Around 1770, the Ottoman commander Hasan Ghazi with 16,000 men besieged the two fighting towers (pyrgoi) of Venetsanakis clan in

752: 166: 5104: 3980: 3925: 6274: 3096:, who in fact blessed the ships before they left and sometimes accompanied them on raids. Most of the Maniot pirates came from 2345: 2325: 2314: 2280: 2085: 1564:

in the Taygetus mountains overlooking Sparta in order to contain the Melengi. To stop the Maniot raids, he built the castle of

1343:), but as his army disembarked, the inhabitants of the town attacked the Vandals and made them retreat after heavy casualties. 562: 527: 3015: 2527: 1800:. Clement died two years later, and the Maniots began to seek a new champion, centering their attention on the King of Spain, 2157:

tried to get Zanetos Grigorakis to replace him, but Zanetos refused until he was lured onto a ship and forced to become bey.

5193: 2729:(1817–1883), born in the Messenian side of Mani, was a political personality famous for his work towards national progress. 1717:. To delay the Turks long enough for Kladas to escape, the Maniot rear guard attacked the Turkish army. Kladas reached the 6279: 6184: 5214: 3686: 3664:

after gaining Ferdinand Medici's permission. There are still towers in Tuscany that look similar to the ones in Mani. The

2791: 2564: 2328:, the Ottomans attacked Mani but were driven back. Theodorobey was removed from power later that year and was replaced by 1860: 572: 1608: 5714: 5080: 4305: 3605:

In 1453, Mani's population grew drastically as a large number of refugees arrived from other parts of Greece, after the

3347: 2885: 2767: 274: 226: 2939:

as well as with the old dialects spoken around Athens until the 19th century, is the divergent treatment of historical

2487: 47: 5943: 3618:

says that Mani had 8,000 fighting men. Kassis comes to the conclusion that Mani had around 45,000 inhabitants in 1820.

3474: 3424: 3311: 2683: 2535:

While Ibrahim was beginning his attack on the Maniot position at Verga, he decided to launch a small fleet and attack

2392: 1753: 1553: 557: 138: 1852: 1898: 2508: 2041: 1809: 1425:. The place in which they live is waterless and inaccessible, but has olives from which they gain some consolation. 1128: 1080: 2287:. The Ottomans replaced him with Antony Grigorakis, cousin of Zanetos. The Turkish fleet under the command of the 6330: 5985: 3576: 3534: 3507: 3493: 3465: 3196: 3075: 2877: 2396: 2255: 2040:

to send an army to Mani and liberate Greece. A Russian fleet of five ships and 500 soldiers under the command of

1832: 1198:), and their Koinon stayed an independent state. This signified the beginning of the "Golden Age" of the Koinon. 698: 693: 112: 56: 1111:, tried to relieve the city but the Achaean navy was defeated off Gythium and the army was forced to retreat to 6248: 6088: 3548: 3497: 2726: 2430: 1836: 1757: 1600: 1507: 1388: 1103: 1000:

ruled Mani, Tenaron became an important gathering place for mercenaries. Gythium became a major port under the

838: 567: 1963: 1702:

2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under the command of Ale Boumico. The Venetians, trying to gain favor with the

5287:"Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks" 3116:

There is a strong history of superstition and folklore in Maniot culture; most common stories revolve around

2959:

Other features of the Maniot dialect include the palatalization of velar consonants, i.e. the realization of

1721:, whence he became a mercenary leader. He returned to Mani in 1490 and was killed in a battle at Monemvasia. 1075:

tried to invade Mani and the rest of Laconia (219–218 BC) and unsuccessfully besieged the cities of Gythium,

6310: 6258: 6189: 6108: 5707: 3480: 3470: 3140:

had enchanted it he would have to marry her. The Maniots thought that certain areas were haunted by demons.

3093: 2795: 2703: 1136: 1009: 3336:

Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks

1159:

defeated them. Most probably in gratitude, the Maniots supplied Pompey with archers in his battles against

6219: 6127: 6036: 5865: 3606: 2964: 2960: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2845: 2653: 2641: 2469: 2403: 2196: 2192: 2095: 1942:. The Stephanopoulos clan was forced to leave Oitylo in 1676, and after having gained permission from the 1817: 1640: 1515: 1471: 1455: 1228:

The Koinon remained semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) until the provincial reforms of

1213: 1183: 646: 130: 4418:, IFEA/Kitap yayınevi (in Turkish), İstanbul: Institut français d’études anatoliennes, pp. 735–835, 2555:, called Bosinas. As he advanced towards Polytsaravos (nowadays a deserted place in the southern part of 1088: 6335: 6223: 6143: 6122: 6073: 3972: 3917: 3408: 3380: 2457: 2015: 1915: 1714: 1648: 1503: 1190:(September 2, 31 BC) and in gratitude they officially recognized Augustus as Emperor and invited him at 551: 150: 108: 2722: 1164: 1576:. A Latin bishop was appointed for Mani during the 1250s. In 1259, the bishop was captured during the 6325: 6305: 6253: 6153: 6112: 5782: 3610: 3580: 3525: 3503: 3438: 3429: 3319: 3192: 2872:

sentiment of the Maniots. The Germans and Italians left Greece in 1944, but as soon as they left the

2822: 2699: 2637: 2627: 2623: 2504: 2336:

the Mediterranean in the years 1805–1807. Many veterans of this unit later joined the secret society

2329: 2251: 2200: 1931: 1845: 1518:. In 1210, Mani was given to Baron Jean de Neuilly as Hereditary Marshal, and he built the castle of 1289: 1281: 745: 532: 422: 301: 3804: 3639:

while some others became pirates to fulfill their patriotic duties. In fact, the Ottoman fleet near

2426:. The Senate agreed with Mavromichalis, and the Maniots attacked the Turks of Messenia and Laconia. 2388: 1663:, a daughter of Demetrios and his second wife Theodora Asanina, was given in marriage to Mehmed II. 1256: 1099:

with assistance from a combined Pergamene and Rhodian force captured Gythium after a lengthy siege.

6300: 6148: 5928: 5886: 5754: 5677: 4410:

Yerasimos, Marianna (2020-05-27), Anadol, Çağatay; Eldem, Edhem; Pekin, Ersu; Tibet, Aksel (eds.),

3540: 3529: 3343: 3307: 3173:, 'truce') in order to allow for crop harvests or the attendance of religious ceremonies; when the 2865: 2698:

On May 14, 1834, four companies of Bavarian troops, assisted by four cannons, besieged the town of

2671: 2414:. On March 23, they captured the city. From Kalamata, Mavromichalis wrote letters to the states of 2188: 2037: 1801: 1577: 1499: 1487: 1443: 1418: 1371: 1072: 1068: 1019:

along with 50 triremes and 4,000 hoplites. The city and the dockyards were rebuilt and by the late

822: 487: 250: 176: 5685: 4062: 2802:

feelings amongst Maniots. That is why most Maniots remained loyal to Constantine during the Greek

6078: 6013: 5975: 5764: 5652: 5540: 3519: 3420: 3314:, the Maniots were not conquered by the Slavs and were descended from the ancient 'Romaioi'. The 3300: 2936: 2779: 2695:, but during the night the Maniots surrounded and captured them, forcing them to leave the area. 2660: 2588: 2477: 2183:

and other Greek bandits. Among them was the famous Greek pirate and officer of the Russian army,

2123: 1864: 1805: 1770: 1678: 1652: 1612: 1592: 1526:. The castle occupied a significant position, as it controlled an important pass from Gythium to 1285: 1207: 1060: 890: 678: 656: 636: 517: 512: 329: 6204: 6169: 6031: 6007: 5595: 5576: 5557: 5500: 5477: 5458: 5435: 5412: 5393: 5374: 5355: 5328: 5310: 4419: 3761: 3755: 3694: 3414: 3351: 3296: 2915:. Mani's main source of income is tourism. The most famous of the tourist attractions are the 2576: 2496: 2439: 2187:, who helped the Russians with their wars against the Ottomans, Andreas Androutsos (father of 2114: 2106: 2091: 1972: 1943: 1813: 1793: 1766: 1718: 1709:

A month later, a larger force under the command of Ahmed Bey invaded Mani and drove Kladas to

1036: 1020: 936: 714: 688: 631: 611: 455: 432: 269: 262: 245: 216: 3726: 3253: 2060:), Piotr Dolgorukov, and Panagiotis Koumoundouros, consisted of 200 Maniots and 12 Russians. 6376: 6240: 6209: 6083: 5952: 5774: 5642: 5532: 5318: 5300: 3787: 3660:, as well as the Latriani, (whose Latinized name happened to be Medici) who went to live in 3374:

or Mesa/Inner Mani (22 samples) it amounts to 0.7%–1.6%, while in the cases of Maniots from

2826: 2818: 2382: 2259: 2184: 2173: 1876: 1495: 1450:

fully in the 9th century AD, though some church ruins from the 4th century AD indicate that

1447: 1293: 1261: 1236: 1187: 1156: 723: 661: 502: 467: 381: 334: 231: 1047: 6350: 6340: 6046: 5881: 5795: 5759: 5749: 3984: 3955: 3929: 3888: 3682: 2927: 2873: 2803: 2423: 2419: 2216: 2204: 2138: 1872: 1828: 1761: 1383: 1351: 1325: 1309: 1217: 1084: 950: 738: 606: 577: 522: 507: 386: 376: 354: 279: 257: 221: 1698:. Kladas refused to accept the conditions, and so the Venetians put a price on his head. 1292:. The Roman Empire had divided for the last time, and Mani became part of the Eastern or 5619: 2604: 1588: 6199: 6194: 6179: 6063: 6051: 5834: 5730: 5493: 5451: 5428: 5323: 5286: 3636: 3515: 3488: 3446: 3315: 2869: 2837: 2775: 2675: 2667: 2580: 2568: 2349: 2033: 1927: 1671: 1644: 1633: 1545: 1538: 1483: 1479: 1435: 1402: 1144: 1140: 1124: 1096: 1092: 1028: 879: 842: 786: 774: 727: 719: 641: 621: 599: 497: 492: 399: 368: 359: 238: 2911:. Mani has around 18,000 inhabitants, with the most important and populous town being 1466: 6370: 6315: 6214: 6041: 6026: 5994: 5938: 5933: 5908: 5808: 5656: 5544: 5112: 3977: 3922: 3690: 3665: 3615: 3484: 2995: 2893: 2814: 2374: 2353: 2337: 2154: 2142:

took out their concealed weapons and killed all the Turkish inhabitants of Passavas.

1840: 1703: 1313: 1229: 1202:

being Asine and Kardamyli. Mani became a center for purple dye, which was popular in

1160: 977: 928: 703: 626: 472: 349: 92: 2829:(October 28-November 13, 1940), despite the Italians having more advanced weaponry. 2543:. This would also allow the Egyptians to attack the Maniots at Verga from the rear. 2161:

Grigorakis, were scions of the main Maniot clans, each rising to the rank of major.

1210:. Las is recorded to have been a comfortable city with Roman baths and a gymnasium. 6068: 6021: 6001: 5876: 5847: 5744: 3739: 3452: 3200: 2916: 2853: 2841: 2810: 2679: 2649: 2584: 2208: 2027: 1999: 1991: 1883: 1523: 1491: 1451: 1398: 1340: 1273: 1269: 1240: 651: 616: 477: 404: 344: 104: 3358:

and southern Italians. This can be explained by the fact that Maniots (along with

2967:. This feature is shared with many southern dialects of Greek, especially Cretan. 2460:, to aid him to attack Mani. Ali promised to aid him in return for the islands of 2364: 1781: 861:("inner" or southwestern and eastern) part of Mani and the occasional "-oggonas". 2402:

On March 21, an army of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis,

903:). Under the Mycenaeans, Mani flourished and a temple dedicated to the Greek god 5970: 5962: 5920: 5903: 5898: 5821: 5185: 3735: 3678: 3589: 3384: 3367: 3157: 3056: 3003: 2787: 2783: 2473: 2407: 2236: 2146: 1979: 1710: 1655:

chose to follow his example and defend the Peloponnese. Instead, Thomas fled to

1565: 1308:

and destroyed what was left of Gythium. Alaric captured the most famous cities,

1305: 1195: 1179: 1108: 1032: 965: 798: 482: 306: 5495:

The Greek Adventure: Lord Byron and Other Eccentrics in the War of Independence

2169: 1950:. The Stephanopoulos family first lived in the town of Paomia before moving to 1863:. The Maniots supported the Venetians by offering them ships. In 1659, Admiral 1831:, Duke of Mantua and Nevers. Charles was a descendant of the Byzantine Emperor 1027:

fleet. The Spartan leadership of the Peloponnese lasted until 371 BC, when the

3628: 3208: 3204: 3117: 2985: 2953: 2833: 2799: 2122:. The entire army was under the command of Exarchos Grigorakis and his nephew 2045: 1959: 1951: 1903: 1859:, one of their provinces since 1204, from the Ottoman Empire, initially under 1604: 1557: 1549: 1347: 1232: 1191: 683: 339: 316: 181: 5314: 5076: 4297: 2032:

Georgios Papazolis, a Greek officer of the Russian army, was a friend of the

857:("outer" or northwestern) part of Mani, "akis" or "-akos" in what is now the 6230: 5390:

Travelers to an Antique Land: The History and Literature of Travel to Greece

3632: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3355: 3224: 3149: 2897: 2734: 2688: 2481: 2449: 2119: 2002:. Ultimately, Limberakis moved to Italy where he died fourteen years later. 1995: 1637: 1301: 1221: 666: 462: 442: 427: 84: 5332: 4411: 3790:, Centre for Research of Greek Folklore of the Academy of Athens (in Greek) 2613: 5672: 5536: 3303:

claims that Maniots rarely mated with non-Maniots until the 20th century.

2101: 1611:. With the Franks gone from Laconia, the Maniots lived in peace under the 1434:(situated in the small peninsula of Tigani in Mezapos bay in northwestern 6174: 5684: 5352:

Mani: A Guide to the Villages, Towers and Churches of the Mani Peninsular

5305: 3670: 3653: 3585: 3363: 3359: 3195:

when war was declared on the Ottoman Empire in March 1821, beginning the

2908: 2692: 2556: 2552: 2536: 2411: 2378: 2310: 2302: 2224: 1911: 1868: 1738: 1616: 1542: 1534: 1519: 1439: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1332: 1321: 1297: 1277: 1175: 1152: 1076: 1016: 961: 916: 900: 854: 794: 5647: 5630: 2994:, a crimson-colored dye. The north-west parts of Mesa Mani were rich in 2919:, which are two caves that have underwater rivers flowing through them. 2309:

In 1805, Seremet attacked Zacharias Barbitsiotis at his fortress in the

2294: 2018:

was signed, and the Venetians abandoned their claim to the Peloponnese.

1978:

The Venetians, with assistance of the Greeks, conquered the rest of the

976:, a sea shell that was used to make purple dye and was plentiful in the 3674: 3661: 3657: 3433: 3396: 3388: 3125: 3014: 2912: 2904: 2759: 2645: 2540: 2500: 2453: 2318: 2288: 2220: 2180: 2134: 1987: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1907: 1797: 1785: 1734: 1561: 1422: 1375: 1366: 1336: 1216:

has left us a description of Gythium as it existed during the reign of

1148: 1132: 1052: 1013: 969: 953: 947: 874: 858: 826: 790: 17: 3411:, Chief of Staff of Greek Air Force under the King. Five star general. 3291:

The inhabitants of Mani claim to be direct descendants of the ancient

2652:. His brother Konstantinos, the defender of Nafplio, and Petros' son, 2291:

Seremet, was unable to capture Cranae and was soon forced to retreat.

2118:

defensive position which was on mountainous terrain above the town of

1882:

With Crete captured, the Ottomans turned their attention to Mani. The

1855:" began, during which the Republic of Venice was attempting to defend 988: 853:

The surnames of the Maniots uniformly end in "eas" in what is now the

3640: 3292: 3278: 3089: 3059:

dance in it. Like the Palio Maniatiko, it is only performed in Mani.

2977: 2889: 2849: 2770:, military conflicts against the Bulgarian organization known as the 2465: 2415: 2298: 2284: 2275:

Early 19th century and the beginning of the Greek War of Independence

2244: 2228: 2150: 2072: 2064: 1983: 1967: 1923: 1891: 1746: 1686: 1569: 1527: 1431: 1317: 1064: 1024: 1005: 1001: 997: 957: 940: 932: 920: 912: 908: 904: 830: 817: 802: 782: 208: 201: 158: 88: 80: 5430:

Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age

1556:, acted against the raiders. He used the newly captured fortress of 3728:

The Bureau: Or Repository of Literature, Politics, and Intelligence

2348:, Petros joined the French army only for a while and fought in the 1666: 3572: 3456: 3261: 3185:

whenever the community faced a Turkish threat. The longest of all

3129: 3121: 3013: 2926: 2754: 2753: 2738: 2721: 2711: 2526: 2486: 2461: 2443: 2387: 2363: 2293: 2263: 2168: 2100: 1897: 1856: 1821: 1780: 1665: 1656: 1587: 1465: 1365: 1355: 1255: 1112: 1046: 987: 973: 924: 895: 886: 873: 409: 5699: 4412:"Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi'nde Yunanistan: Rota ve Güzergâhlar" 1930:, there was a notorious twenty-five-year-old Maniot pirate named 5523:

Nicholas, Nick (2006). "Negotiating a Greco-Corsican Identity".

5434:(Second ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3967: 3912: 3593: 3383:

and the possibility that Tsakonia in antiquity was inhabited by

2999: 2981: 2232: 1682: 1580:

by the renewed Byzantine Empire under the leadership of Nicaea.

1203: 834: 5703: 4678: 4676: 3579:. Kyriakos Kassis claims that the Nikliani were a family while 2766:

At the start of the 20th century, Greece was involved with the

2682:. Since he was underage, he had a Council of Regency headed by 2503:

and Mani. When he tried to capture Nafplio, he was repelled by

1174:(32–30 BC), the Maniots and the rest of the Laconians supplied 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4734: 4732: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4478: 4476: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4322: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4041: 4039: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3511: 3442: 3137: 2360:"Declaration of War" and Contributions to the Greek Revolution 1206:, as well as being well known for its rose antique marble and 968:

came to Mani and were thought to have established a colony at

5219:[1906: The bloody feud between Maniots and Cretans]. 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3370:, especially the ones from Deep Mani. Namely, in the case of 3346:

segment. The Maniots differ from all other Peloponnesians by

2733:

During Otto's rule, blood was spilled in Mani because of the

2395:(Greek: Νικόλαος Πιερράκος Μαυρομιχάλης), fighter during the 2211:

Koca Yusuf Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ended the

825:, Maniots had a reputation as fierce and proudly independent 3656:. Around 700 members of the Stephanopoulos clan migrated to 2794:. The participation of troops from Mani in these wars under 1681:, a Greek from Laconia, was granted lordship by Mehmed over 1438:). The Maniots at that time were called 'Hellenes'—that is, 5216:

1906: Η αιματηρή βεντέτα ανάμεσα σε Μανιάτες και Κρητικούς

3066: 1647:, who had died defending Constantinople. However, neither 1560:

to keep the Tsakonians at bay, and he built the castle at

2741:

revolted against the Ottomans. The Maniots, described as

2499:. Ibrahim soon had recaptured the Peloponnese except for 2105:

Maniot towers like the one that held off the Ottomans at

2098:, the future commander of the Greek War of Independence. 1848:. The idea of the crusade faded and Nevers died in 1637. 4416:

Bir allame-i cihan : Stefanos Yerasimos (1942-2005)

2956:

settlement in much of its area in the late Middle Ages.

2429:

Kolokotronis, convinced that he was correct, moved into

1607:

and Monemvasia, as well as surrender hostages including

2864:

During the occupation, Mani became a stronghold of the

2438:, Petros Mavromichalis' younger brother, was killed in 816:

The Maniots claim to be the descendants of the ancient

2903:

Nowadays, Mani is divided between two regional units:

1382:

There is a description of Mani and its inhabitants in

5631:"Modern Greek Dialects: A Preliminary Classification" 5621:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

5592:

Herōides tēs Lakonias kai tēs Manēs holēs (1453–1944)

5453:

Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of Greece

3306:

Mani became a refuge during the 4th century when the

2931:

A map showing the distribution of the Maniot dialect.

927:. Mani was also featured in other tales such as when 5050: 5038: 5026: 4999: 4941: 4871: 4847: 4738: 4711: 4699: 4682: 4646: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4511: 4494: 4482: 4349: 4328: 4244: 4165: 4132: 4105: 4045: 4030: 3940: 3938: 3864: 3148:

Another important aspect of Maniot culture were the

1851:

In 1645, a new Turkish-Venetian War, the so-called "

911:. The temple was of such importance that it rivaled 6293: 6267: 6239: 6162: 6136: 6101: 5984: 5961: 5864: 5857: 5773: 5737: 2943:(written <υ>). Although this sound merged to 2813:, the Maniot armed forces significantly helped the 1713:. There, he was picked up by three galleys of King 1552:also resisted the Franks. In 1249, the new prince, 1155:. The Maniots were delivered from the pirates when 1127:rebelled against Roman dominance, resulting in the 119: 98: 74: 64: 38: 5492: 5450: 5427: 5371:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities 3996: 2179:During Zanetos' rule, Mani became a base for many 1752:Cyprus fell later that year, but the fleet of the 1023:, Gythium was the main building place for the new 939:spent their first night together on the island of 5449:Greenhalgh, P. A. L.; Eliopoulos, Edward (1985). 2630:(right) led to the assassination of Kapodistrias. 1788:, a typical Maniot village famous for its towers. 1123:The Maniots lived in peace until 146 BC when the 1004:as it was only 27 km (17 mi) away from 4925: 4923: 2145:In 1782, the Ottomans lured Michalis Troupakis, 1835:through his grandmother, who was of the line of 1067:, Mani remained controlled by the Spartans. The 3395:), while similarly conservative Mani by actual 2452:became desperate and during 1824 called on his 1394: 1012:, it was besieged and captured by the Athenian 5179: 5177: 5099: 5097: 3754:Harris, W. V.; Harris, William Vernon (2005). 2772:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 2656:, were put under house arrest in the capital. 2368:Maniot flag with the motto "Victory or Death". 1954:, and to this day consider themselves Greeks. 1871:, a large city near Mani. In 1667, during the 1867:, with 13,000 Maniots as his allies, occupied 1151:who plundered Mani and pillaged the temple of 1131:. The conflict resulted in the destruction of 5715: 3575:before it was sacked in the reign of Emperor 2215:, recognized Russia's 1783 annexation of the 1994:, when the Ottomans destroyed his estates at 1659:, while Demetrios sought refuge with Mehmed. 1370:A characteristic door with the symbol of the 972:(Roman name: Gythium). This colony collected 746: 8: 6285:Institute for Language and Speech Processing 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 2832:Later, Maniots won another victory when the 2691:in order to tame Mesa Mani. They made it to 2113:From Kastania, Hasan Ghazi advanced towards 33: 5573:The Greeks: Their Struggle for Independence 5369:Cartledge, Paul; Spawforth, Antony (2002). 5010: 5008: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4522: 4520: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4255: 4253: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4205: 4203: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3103: 3097: 3040: 3034: 3028: 2989: 2674:and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, became 2573:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2063:Meanwhile, the Russian fleet was besieging 1346:Decades later, the famed Byzantine general 5861: 5722: 5708: 5700: 4929: 4914: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4723: 3528:, military officer and army leader of the 1962:. The Turkish general in the Peloponnese, 753: 739: 145: 46: 32: 5646: 5409:Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese 5322: 5304: 5247: 3449:and one of the most feared Maniot Pirates 3362:) inherited the lowest amounts of Slavic 1510:defeated the Peloponnesian Greeks at the 1276:under his control, died. His eldest son, 6356:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries 5062: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3760:. Oxford University Press. p. 282. 3643:, Crete was destroyed by Maniot pirates. 2659:On September 27, 1831 (October 9 in the 2356:, which by 1821 was prepared to revolt. 2153:, where he was executed for piracy. The 1990:. Limberakis first attacked the city of 1574:at a fearful cliff with a headland above 1548:, raided Laconia from the west, and the 992:Map of Modern Mani, also showing Laconia 785:subgroup that traditionally inhabit the 5271: 4117: 3718: 3564: 2988:, hides as well as a tanning agent and 2254:, at the time a general serving in the 1599:On July 25, 1261, the Byzantines under 1514:(1205), and the Peloponnese became the 1512:Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros 1178:with troops for his confrontation with 157: 5259: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5014: 4987: 4970: 4953: 4902: 4890: 4859: 4828: 4816: 4759: 4667: 4591: 4564: 4547: 4526: 4467: 4458:, p. 31. See also Nicholas, 2006. 4455: 4443: 4397: 4380: 4368: 4276: 4259: 4232: 4209: 4194: 4182: 4144: 4086: 4074: 4013: 3845: 3828: 3816: 2313:mountains and managed to kill him. In 1827:The Maniots found a champion in 1612, 1252:From Theodosius I to the Avar invasion 3944: 3900: 3788:Form and evolution of Maniot surnames 3522:and President of the Executive (1823) 2947:everywhere else, these dialects have 1172:Civil war between Antony and Octavian 915:which was then a temple dedicated to 7: 5611:Greek Traditional Architecture: Mani 3731:. S.C. Carpenter. 1812. p. 36. 3134:Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon 2468:, as well as making his eldest son, 2317:, the Ottomans attacked Antonbey at 1482:(1201–1204), the Crusaders captured 1397:Be it known that the inhabitants of 956:. The Dorians settled originally at 75:Regions with significant populations 27:Ethnic subgroup from southern Greece 6058: 5613:. Athens: Melissa Publishing House. 5556:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2434:Peloponnese fell. On July 4, 1822, 2305:, stronghold of Mavromichalis' clan 1609:Lady Margaret, Baroness of Passavas 1401:are not from the race of aforesaid 805:. They were also formerly known as 5554:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5292:European Journal of Human Genetics 3340:European Journal of Human Genetics 2848:(March 27-March 29, 1941) on Cape 1756:defeated the Ottoman fleet at the 25: 5590:Roumeliōtēs, Giannēs Ch. (2002). 3681:of a Palaeologus who fought with 3545:Member of the Hellenic Parliament 2012:Ottomans attacked the Peloponnese 5671: 5575:. Hellenic International Press. 5392:. University of Michigan Press. 5051:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 5039:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 5027:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 5000:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4942:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4872:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4848:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4739:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4712:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4700:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4683:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4647:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4628:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4616:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4604:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4512:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4495:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4483:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4350:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4329:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4245:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4166:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4133:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4106:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4046:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 4031:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 3865:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985 3088:Part of Maniot culture involved 2612: 2603: 2393:Nikolaos Pierrakos Mavromichalis 1796:, who had recently taken up the 1792:In 1603, the Maniots approached 1462:Under the Principality of Achaea 946:During the 12th century BC, the 165: 6275:Hellenic Foundation for Culture 5525:Journal of Modern Greek Studies 5227:from the original on 2018-07-02 5196:from the original on 2006-12-30 5083:from the original on 2008-01-05 4308:from the original on 2006-10-15 2086:Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770) 2080:Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770) 1272:, who had managed to unite the 841:and later against those of the 5552:Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). 5491:Howarth, David Armine (1976). 5407:Fermor, Patrick Leigh (1984). 3997:Cartledge & Spawforth 2002 3697:, had an army corps named the 3187: 3181: 3175: 2678:after he was appointed by the 2227:the Russo-Turkish frontier in 2149:, onto a ship and sent him to 1910:, which was founded by Maniot 1167:(49–45 BC) and were defeated. 1: 6280:Center for the Greek Language 5838: 5825: 5812: 5799: 5786: 5571:Paroulakis, Peter H. (1984). 3506:, starter and fighter of the 2859:Italian and German occupation 2792:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) 1975:with the Maniots in pursuit. 1773:to provide military support. 1362:During the Macedonian dynasty 1320:. He was at last defeated by 323:Constantinople and Asia Minor 134: 126: 5635:Journal of Greek Linguistics 5354:. Antonis Thomeas Services. 4298:"Turkokratia: Kladas Revolt" 3757:Rethinking the Mediterranean 3553:Minister for Foreign Affairs 3494:Kyriakoulis P. Mavromichalis 1584:Under the Despotate of Morea 943:, off the coast of Gytheio. 878:Map showing the location of 4302:Mani: A Guide and a History 4120:, pp. 1916–1919 under 3473:, lawyer, president of the 3338:" (2017), published in the 3312:Constantine Porphyrogenitus 3163: 3098: 3029: 3027:Two dances come from Mani: 2990: 2684:Josef Ludwig von Armansperg 2480:was killed, and his nephew 1554:William II of Villehardouin 1530:and contained the Maniots. 563:Greek Byzantine Catholicism 139:Greek Orthodox Christianity 6398: 5686:"Maina and Mainotes" 5594:. Ekdoseis Adoulōtē Manē. 3423:, painter, founder of the 3197:Greek War for Independence 3080:Present State of the Morea 2509:Konstantinos Mavromichalis 2491:Konstantinos Mavromichalis 2083: 2042:Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov 2025: 1760:. The Greeks assumed that 1139:and the annexation of the 5514:Kassis, Kyriakos (1979). 3577:Andronikos II Palaiologos 3535:George Tsimbidaros-Fteris 3508:Greek War of Independence 3477:and Prime Minister (1963) 3466:Greek War of Independence 3462:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis 3169: 3104: 3035: 2878:Communist Party of Greece 2876:began. The armies of the 2821:. A Maniot named Colonel 2758:View of the promenade of 2644:, Petros' brother, go to 2436:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis 2397:Greek War of Independence 2256:French Revolutionary Wars 1918:church in the background. 1888:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pasha 1833:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1568:, which is most probably 1284:, while his younger son, 778: 335:Constantinopolitan Greeks 137:10th century to present: 124: 103: 79: 69: 53:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis 45: 5629:Trudgill, Peter (2003). 5609:Saitas, Yiannis (1990). 5472:Hellander, Paul (2008). 5223:(in Greek). 2018-09-14. 5215: 3549:Prime Minister of Greece 3498:Prime Minister of Greece 3366:ancestry throughout the 2774:, and Turkish forces in 2727:Alexandros Koumoundouros 2587:defeated Ibrahim at the 2346:French invasion of Egypt 2258:under the orders of the 1837:Theodore I of Montferrat 1758:Battle of Lepanto (1571) 1601:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1508:Geoffrey I Villehardouin 1389:De Administrando Imperio 1104:Koinon of Free Laconians 1008:. In 455 BC, during the 964:. During that time, the 839:William II Villehardouin 6382:Ethnic groups in Greece 6311:Greek language question 5692:Encyclopædia Britannica 5618:Smith, William (1873). 5388:Eisner, Robert (1993). 3481:Demetrios Mavromichalis 3471:Stylianos Mavromichalis 3094:Eastern Orthodox Church 2796:Constantine I of Greece 2762:, largest town of Mani. 2199:had her representative 1745:the Venetian island of 1296:. Between 395 and 397, 1280:, succeeded him in the 1137:Lucius Mummius Achaicus 1010:First Peloponnesian War 809:, and the peninsula as 558:Greek Roman Catholicism 5695:(11th ed.). 1911. 5624:. London: John Murray. 3607:Fall of Constantinople 3019: 2932: 2846:Battle of Cape Matapan 2763: 2730: 2704:Christian von Schmaltz 2654:Georgios Mavromichalis 2532: 2492: 2470:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt 2404:Theodoros Kolokotronis 2399: 2369: 2306: 2223:to Russia, making the 2197:Catherine II of Russia 2195:. On January 9, 1792, 2193:Zacharias Barbitsiotis 2176: 2110: 2096:Theodoros Kolokotronis 2036:and had them convince 1919: 1818:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1789: 1675: 1596: 1516:Principality of Achaea 1475: 1472:Principality of Achaea 1428: 1379: 1265: 1184:Cleopatra VII of Egypt 1056: 993: 883: 595:Languages and dialects 131:Ancient Greek religion 5537:10.1353/mgs.2006.0009 5426:Green, Peter (1990). 5373:. London: Routledge. 5109:PMDG: Types of Dances 4059:Description of Greece 3973:Ab urbe condita libri 3918:Ab urbe condita libri 3537:, poet and journalist 3381:isolation by distance 3249:, pasta with egg dish 3191:was announced by the 3017: 2930: 2757: 2725: 2530: 2490: 2458:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 2391: 2367: 2297: 2247:on one of the ships. 2172: 2104: 2016:Treaty of Passarowitz 1901: 1784: 1737:. The Ottomans under 1715:Ferdinand I of Naples 1669: 1649:Demetrios Palaiologos 1591: 1572:. It is described as 1504:William of Champlitte 1469: 1417:) but from the older 1369: 1324:and then crossed the 1259: 1071:under the command of 1051:Ancient theatre near 1050: 991: 877: 789:; located in western 552:Greek Orthodox Church 6321:Morphemes in English 6306:Eteocypriot language 5738:Origin and genealogy 5680:at Wikimedia Commons 5350:Barrow, Bob (2000). 5306:10.1038/ejhg.2017.18 3677:, as well as one in 3611:William Martin Leake 3581:Patrick Leigh Fermor 3526:Michail Anagnostakos 3504:Petros Mavromichalis 3439:Limberakis Gerakaris 3430:Konstantinos Davakis 3320:David Armine Howarth 3257:(pork meat, coldcut) 3219:Local specialities: 2823:Konstantinos Davakis 2668:Otto von Wittelsbach 2638:Ioannis Kapodistrias 2628:Ioannis Kapodistrias 2624:Petros Mavromichalis 2622:The imprisonment of 2595:Republic and Regency 2505:Dimitrios Ypsilantis 2330:Petros Mavromichalis 2201:Alexander Bezborodko 1932:Limberakis Gerakaris 1470:Coat of Arms of the 1290:Western Roman Empire 1282:Eastern Roman Empire 1268:On January 17, 395, 568:Greek Evangelicalism 6326:Terms of endearment 6301:Eteocretan language 6268:Promotion and study 5755:Pre-Greek substrate 5648:10.1075/jgl.4.04tru 5457:. Faber and Faber. 3541:Tzannis Tzannetakis 3530:Macedonian Struggle 3308:Barbarian invasions 2866:Security Battalions 2768:Macedonian Struggle 2672:Ludwig I of Bavaria 2565:Bourbon Restoration 2531:Ilias Mavromichalis 2511:, Petros' brother. 2446:fortress of Kiafa. 2038:Catherine the Great 1661:Helena Palaiologina 1641:took Constantinople 1615:, whose successive 1578:Battle of Pelagonia 1500:Empire of Trebizond 1488:Despotate of Epirus 1444:Names of the Greeks 1372:double-headed eagle 1328:towards the north. 1073:Philip V of Macedon 823:early modern period 57:Greek revolutionary 35: 6346:Greek Language Day 5976:Jewish Koine Greek 5765:Hellenic languages 5518:. Athens: Presoft. 3983:2007-09-29 at the 3954:2011-06-04 at the 3928:2006-09-07 at the 3887:2012-09-30 at the 3520:Lieutenant General 3421:Panagiotis Doxaras 3409:Georgios Antonakos 3207:soldiers, and 200 3193:Mavromichalis clan 3020: 2984:for masts as well 2933: 2764: 2731: 2661:Gregorian calendar 2533: 2493: 2400: 2370: 2307: 2252:Napoleon Bonaparte 2231:while leaving the 2219:, and transferred 2177: 2124:Zanetos Grigorakis 2111: 1982:and then besieged 1920: 1865:Francesco Morosini 1806:Republic of Venice 1790: 1771:Philip II of Spain 1679:Krokodeilos Kladas 1676: 1653:Thomas Palaiologos 1613:Despotate of Morea 1597: 1593:Despotate of Morea 1476: 1380: 1266: 1237:barbarian invasion 1165:Caesar's civil war 1061:Hellenistic period 1057: 994: 907:was built at Cape 891:Catalogue of Ships 884: 797:, in the southern 647:Constantinopolitan 227:Russia and Ukraine 196:Native communities 6364: 6363: 6170:Cypriot syllabary 6097: 6096: 5971:Hellenistic Koine 5676:Media related to 5582:978-0-9590894-0-0 5483:978-1-74104-656-4 5476:. Lonely Planet. 5411:. Penguin Books. 5105:"Types of Dances" 5065:, pp. 54–59. 4446:, pp. 30–31. 4425:978-2-36245-044-0 3767:978-0-19-926545-9 3695:Holy Roman Empire 3543:, naval officer, 3487:and aide to King 3415:Stephen Antonakos 3231:Kolokythokorfades 3211:sailors to stop. 3086: 3085: 2868:, because of the 2798:, created strong 2718:Late 19th century 2577:Edward Codrington 2213:Russo-Turkish War 1944:Republic of Genoa 1846:Thirty Years' War 1820:, and once again 1814:Republic of Genoa 1810:Kingdom of France 1794:Pope Clement VIII 1767:Pope Gregory VIII 1719:Kingdom of Naples 1456:Hellenic religion 1235:in 297. With the 1135:by the forces of 1129:Battle of Corinth 1089:Roman–Spartan War 1035:defeated them at 1021:Peloponnesian War 763: 762: 715:History of Greece 689:Karamanli Turkish 433:Megleno-Romanians 144: 143: 59:of Maniot origin. 16:(Redirected from 6389: 6089:Greco-Australian 5862: 5843: 5840: 5830: 5827: 5817: 5814: 5804: 5801: 5791: 5788: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5696: 5688: 5675: 5660: 5650: 5625: 5614: 5605: 5586: 5567: 5548: 5519: 5510: 5498: 5487: 5468: 5456: 5445: 5433: 5422: 5403: 5384: 5365: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5308: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5181: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5111:. Archived from 5101: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4974: 4968: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4742: 4736: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4577:Roumeliōtēs 2002 4574: 4568: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4509: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4028: 4017: 4011: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3965: 3959: 3942: 3933: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3849: 3843: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3723: 3702: 3650: 3644: 3625: 3619: 3603: 3597: 3569: 3425:Heptanese School 3190: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3076:Bernard Randolph 3067: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3018:Woman from Mani. 2993: 2966: 2963:as ( or before 2962: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2844:of Italy in the 2827:Battle of Pindus 2819:Battle of Greece 2616: 2607: 2410:marched towards 2383:Victory or death 2260:French Directory 2185:Lambros Katsonis 2174:Lambros Katsonis 2165:Lambros Katsonis 2044:sailed from the 1638:Sultan Mehmed II 1522:on the ruins of 1496:Empire of Nicaea 1446:)—and were only 1413:dwelling on the 1354:(along with the 1294:Byzantine Empire 1262:Byzantine Empire 1188:Battle of Actium 1157:Pompey the Great 1043:Hellenistic Mani 829:, who practiced 781:) are an ethnic 780: 755: 748: 741: 694:Megleno-Romanian 382:Ethiopian Greeks 292:Groups by region 169: 146: 136: 128: 65:Total population 50: 36: 21: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6351:Trojan language 6341:Minoan language 6289: 6263: 6235: 6163:Writing systems 6158: 6154:Standard Modern 6132: 6128:Standard Modern 6093: 6047:Greco/Calabrian 5980: 5957: 5853: 5841: 5828: 5815: 5802: 5796:Mycenaean Greek 5789: 5769: 5760:Graeco-Phrygian 5750:Graeco-Armenian 5733: 5728: 5683: 5668: 5663: 5628: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5570: 5564: 5551: 5522: 5513: 5507: 5490: 5484: 5471: 5465: 5448: 5442: 5425: 5419: 5406: 5400: 5387: 5381: 5368: 5362: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5230: 5228: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5183: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5103: 5102: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4977: 4969: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4930:Paroulakis 1984 4928: 4921: 4915:Paroulakis 1984 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4802: 4796:Paroulakis 1984 4794: 4790: 4784:Paroulakis 1984 4782: 4778: 4772:Paroulakis 1984 4770: 4766: 4758: 4745: 4737: 4730: 4724:Paroulakis 1984 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4689: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4653: 4645: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4554: 4546: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4356: 4348: 4335: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4295: 4294: 4283: 4275: 4266: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4172: 4164: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4012: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3985:Wayback Machine 3966: 3962: 3956:Wayback Machine 3943: 3936: 3930:Wayback Machine 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3889:Wayback Machine 3875: 3871: 3863: 3852: 3844: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3768: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3683:Oliver Cromwell 3651: 3647: 3626: 3622: 3604: 3600: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3405: 3403:Notable Maniots 3332: 3330:Genetic studies 3301:Kyriakos Kassis 3289: 3217: 3146: 3114: 3065: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3036:Παλιό Μανιάτικο 3030:Palio Maniatiko 3025: 3012: 2973: 2925: 2874:Greek Civil War 2804:National Schism 2752: 2720: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2597: 2472:, pasha of the 2362: 2277: 2272: 2217:Crimean Khanate 2205:Treaty of Jassy 2167: 2088: 2082: 2030: 2024: 2008: 1873:Siege of Candia 1829:Charles Gonzaga 1779: 1762:John of Austria 1741:, preparing to 1733:Monemvasia and 1727: 1696:Brazzo di Maina 1630: 1625: 1586: 1464: 1384:Constantine VII 1364: 1326:Gulf of Corinth 1288:, received the 1254: 1249: 1218:Marcus Aurelius 1121: 1045: 986: 872: 867: 851: 759: 717: 709: 708: 673:Other languages 596: 588: 587: 546: 538: 537: 458: 448: 447: 387:Sudanese Greeks 293: 285: 284: 193: 60: 41: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6200:Greek numerals 6197: 6195:Attic numerals 6192: 6187: 6180:Greek alphabet 6177: 6172: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6039: 6037:Constantinople 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6005: 5998: 5990: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5845: 5835:Medieval Greek 5832: 5819: 5806: 5793: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5731:Greek language 5729: 5727: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5681: 5667: 5666:External links 5664: 5662: 5661: 5626: 5615: 5606: 5600: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5520: 5516:Mani's History 5511: 5505: 5488: 5482: 5469: 5463: 5446: 5440: 5423: 5417: 5404: 5398: 5385: 5379: 5366: 5360: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5299:(5): 637–645. 5276: 5264: 5252: 5250:, p. 204. 5248:Hellander 2008 5240: 5206: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5093: 5075:John Chapman. 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5029:, p. 141. 5019: 5004: 4992: 4975: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4932:, p. 168. 4919: 4917:, p. 165. 4907: 4905:, p. 102. 4895: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4833: 4821: 4800: 4798:, p. 125. 4788: 4786:, p. 113. 4776: 4764: 4743: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4687: 4685:, p. 140. 4672: 4651: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4581: 4569: 4552: 4531: 4516: 4499: 4487: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4402: 4385: 4383:, p. 150. 4373: 4354: 4333: 4318: 4296:John Chapman. 4281: 4264: 4249: 4237: 4214: 4199: 4187: 4170: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4110: 4091: 4079: 4077:, p. 120. 4067: 4050: 4035: 4018: 4001: 3989: 3960: 3934: 3905: 3903:, p. 302. 3893: 3869: 3850: 3848:, p. 302. 3833: 3821: 3809: 3792: 3780: 3766: 3746: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3645: 3637:Doge of Venice 3620: 3598: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3501: 3491: 3489:Otto of Greece 3483:, politician, 3478: 3468: 3464:, hero of the 3459: 3450: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3401: 3331: 3328: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3216: 3213: 3145: 3142: 3113: 3110: 3084: 3083: 3072: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3024: 3021: 3011: 3008: 2972: 2969: 2924: 2923:Maniot dialect 2921: 2917:Caves of Diros 2870:anti-communist 2838:United Kingdom 2751: 2748: 2719: 2716: 2676:King of Greece 2621: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2581:Russian Empire 2569:Henri de Rigny 2519:and await you. 2361: 2358: 2350:Ionian Islands 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2166: 2163: 2084:Main article: 2081: 2078: 2054:Eastern Legion 2050:Western Legion 2026:Main article: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2004: 1928:Constantinople 1916:Greek Catholic 1778: 1775: 1726: 1723: 1672:Ottoman Empire 1645:Constantine XI 1634:Ottoman Empire 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1585: 1582: 1546:mountain range 1484:Constantinople 1480:Fourth Crusade 1463: 1460: 1436:Mani Peninsula 1363: 1360: 1352:Eurasian Avars 1304:plundered the 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1239:affecting the 1145:Roman Republic 1141:Achaean League 1125:Achaean League 1120: 1117: 1097:Achaean League 1093:Roman Republic 1044: 1041: 985: 984:Classical Mani 982: 923:that leads to 880:Mani Peninsula 871: 870:Mycenaean Mani 868: 866: 863: 850: 847: 843:Ottoman Empire 787:Mani Peninsula 761: 760: 758: 757: 750: 743: 735: 732: 731: 711: 710: 707: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 459: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 413: 412: 407: 402: 390: 389: 384: 379: 365: 364: 363: 362: 357: 347: 342: 337: 332: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 275:United Kingdom 272: 267: 266: 265: 255: 254: 253: 239:Greek diaspora 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 213: 212: 205: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 179: 171: 170: 162: 161: 155: 154: 142: 141: 129:10th century: 122: 121: 117: 116: 101: 100: 96: 95: 77: 76: 72: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 51: 43: 42: 39: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6394: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6220:Cyrillization 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6190:Archaic forms 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6052:Griko/Apulian 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5887:Arcadocypriot 5885: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5846: 5836: 5833: 5829: 300 BC 5823: 5820: 5810: 5809:Ancient Greek 5807: 5797: 5794: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5601:960-87030-1-8 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5563:0-19-504652-8 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5506:0-689-10653-X 5502: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5464:0-571-13524-2 5460: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5443: 5441:0-500-01485-X 5437: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5418:0-14-011511-0 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5399:0-472-08220-5 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5380:0-415-26277-1 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5361:0-9537517-0-8 5357: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5274:, p. 69. 5273: 5268: 5265: 5262:, p. 20. 5261: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5207: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5171:, p. 18. 5170: 5165: 5162: 5159:, p. 17. 5158: 5153: 5150: 5147:, p. 16. 5146: 5141: 5138: 5135:, p. 60. 5134: 5129: 5126: 5115:on 2006-08-20 5114: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5082: 5078: 5077:"The Economy" 5071: 5068: 5064: 5063:Trudgill 2003 5059: 5056: 5053:, p. 39. 5052: 5047: 5044: 5041:, p. 38. 5040: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5020: 5017:, p. 46. 5016: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002:, p. 36. 5001: 4996: 4993: 4990:, p. 45. 4989: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4973:, p. 44. 4972: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4956:, p. 43. 4955: 4950: 4947: 4944:, p. 35. 4943: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4896: 4893:, p. 41. 4892: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4874:, p. 63. 4873: 4868: 4865: 4862:, p. 21. 4861: 4856: 4853: 4850:, p. 62. 4849: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4831:, p. 12. 4830: 4825: 4822: 4819:, p. 40. 4818: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4774:, p. 58. 4773: 4768: 4765: 4762:, p. 39. 4761: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4741:, p. 58. 4740: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4726:, p. 40. 4725: 4720: 4717: 4714:, p. 33. 4713: 4708: 4705: 4702:, p. 32. 4701: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4670:, p. 37. 4669: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649:, p. 31. 4648: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4630:, p. 52. 4629: 4624: 4621: 4618:, p. 51. 4617: 4612: 4609: 4606:, p. 30. 4605: 4600: 4597: 4594:, p. 36. 4593: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4579:, p. 31. 4578: 4573: 4570: 4567:, p. 35. 4566: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4550:, p. 34. 4549: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529:, p. 33. 4528: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4514:, p. 29. 4513: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497:, p. 28. 4496: 4491: 4488: 4485:, p. 27. 4484: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4470:, p. 27. 4469: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4403: 4400:, p. 32. 4399: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4371:, p. 30. 4370: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4352:, p. 26. 4351: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4331:, p. 25. 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4279:, p. 29. 4278: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262:, p. 28. 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4247:, p. 54. 4246: 4241: 4238: 4235:, p. 38. 4234: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4212:, p. 25. 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4197:, p. 86. 4196: 4191: 4188: 4185:, p. 24. 4184: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168:, p. 24. 4167: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4147:, p. 23. 4146: 4141: 4138: 4135:, p. 23. 4134: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4108:, p. 22. 4107: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089:, p. 19. 4088: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4048:, p. 49. 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4033:, p. 21. 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4016:, p. 16. 4015: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3999:, p. 78. 3998: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3867:, p. 20. 3866: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3831:, p. 13. 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3774:Lord Sandwich 3769: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691:King of Spain 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3666:Duke of Genoa 3663: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616:Filiki Eteria 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485:major general 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3376:West Taygetos 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3109: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3006:and tourism. 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2957: 2955: 2938: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894:United States 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840:defeated the 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815:Hellenic Army 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2606: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:France under 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375:Filiki Eteria 2366: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2354:Filiki Eteria 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2338:Filiki Eteria 2333: 2332:or Petrobey. 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010:In 1715, the 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1877:Evliya Çelebi 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1670:A map of the 1668: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623:Ottoman times 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541:tribe in the 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Christianized 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1260:A map of the 1258: 1251: 1247:Medieval Mani 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230:Roman Emperor 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1194:(near modern 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:Julius Caesar 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 983: 981: 979: 978:Laconian Gulf 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929:Helen of Troy 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897: 892: 888: 881: 876: 869: 864: 862: 860: 856: 848: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 776: 772: 768: 756: 751: 749: 744: 742: 737: 736: 734: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 713: 712: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 675: 674: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 602: 601: 592: 591: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553: 549: 548: 542: 541: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456:Greek culture 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 417: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 396: 394: 393:Other regions 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 371: 370: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 326: 324: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 296:Modern Greece 289: 288: 281: 280:United States 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 264: 261: 260: 259: 256: 252: 249: 248: 247: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197: 189: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 168: 164: 163: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147: 140: 132: 123: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 94: 93:United States 90: 86: 82: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 37: 19: 6224:Romanization 6074:Romano-Greek 6064:Mariupolitan 6012: 6002:Katharevousa 6000: 5993: 5850:(since 1453) 5848:Modern Greek 5745:Graeco-Aryan 5690: 5638: 5634: 5620: 5610: 5591: 5572: 5553: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5499:. Atheneum. 5494: 5473: 5452: 5429: 5408: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5296: 5290: 5279: 5272:Howarth 1976 5267: 5255: 5243: 5235: 5229:. Retrieved 5221:cretapost.gr 5220: 5209: 5198:. Retrieved 5189: 5184:Venizeleas. 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5117:. Retrieved 5113:the original 5108: 5085:. Retrieved 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4995: 4949: 4937: 4910: 4898: 4867: 4855: 4824: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4719: 4707: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4572: 4490: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4429:, retrieved 4415: 4405: 4376: 4310:. Retrieved 4301: 4240: 4190: 4140: 4128: 4121: 4118:Kazhdan 1991 4113: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4053: 3992: 3971: 3963: 3916: 3908: 3896: 3877: 3872: 3824: 3819:, p. 7. 3812: 3800: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3756: 3749: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3698: 3648: 3623: 3601: 3567: 3453:Elias Koteas 3335: 3333: 3323: 3305: 3290: 3277: 3274:(Λαλαγγίδες) 3271: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3218: 3201:Greek Police 3155: 3147: 3115: 3112:Superstition 3087: 3079: 3026: 2974: 2958: 2934: 2902: 2863: 2854:Nazi Germany 2842:Regia Marina 2831: 2811:World War II 2808: 2765: 2750:20th century 2742: 2732: 2708: 2697: 2680:Great Powers 2665: 2658: 2650:high treason 2635: 2585:Login Geiden 2561: 2549: 2545: 2534: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2494: 2448: 2428: 2401: 2371: 2342: 2334: 2323: 2308: 2278: 2249: 2241: 2209:Grand Vizier 2178: 2159: 2144: 2132: 2128: 2112: 2089: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2031: 2028:Orlov Revolt 2022:Orlov Revolt 2009: 2006:18th century 1977: 1956: 1921: 1902:A street of 1884:Grand Vizier 1881: 1850: 1826: 1791: 1777:17th century 1769:to convince 1751: 1728: 1725:16th century 1708: 1700: 1695: 1677: 1631: 1628:15th century 1598: 1573: 1566:Megali Maina 1532: 1492:Latin Empire 1477: 1452:Christianity 1429: 1399:Castle Maina 1396: 1395: 1387: 1381: 1345: 1341:Cape Tenaron 1330: 1274:Roman Empire 1270:Theodosius I 1267: 1241:Roman Empire 1227: 1212: 1200: 1169: 1122: 1101: 1058: 995: 945: 894: 885: 865:Ancient Mani 852: 815: 810: 806: 793:and eastern 770: 766: 764: 672: 671: 598: 550: 416:Other groups 415: 414: 392: 391: 367: 366: 345:Karamanlides 330:Cappadocians 322: 321: 311: 295: 237: 236: 207: 200: 195: 113:Maniot Greek 105:Modern Greek 30:Ethnic group 6331:Place names 6205:Orthography 6014:Misthiotika 6008:Cappadocian 5822:Koine Greek 5803: 1600 5790: 2900 5783:Proto-Greek 5260:Kassis 1979 5190:Mani.org.gr 5169:Barrow 2000 5157:Barrow 2000 5145:Barrow 2000 5133:Eisner 1993 5015:Kassis 1979 4988:Kassis 1979 4971:Kassis 1979 4954:Kassis 1979 4903:Barrow 2000 4891:Kassis 1979 4860:Barrow 2000 4829:Saitas 1990 4817:Kassis 1979 4760:Kassis 1979 4668:Kassis 1979 4592:Kassis 1979 4565:Kassis 1979 4548:Kassis 1979 4527:Kassis 1979 4468:Kassis 1979 4456:Kassis 1979 4444:Kassis 1979 4398:Kassis 1979 4381:Fermor 1984 4369:Kassis 1979 4277:Kassis 1979 4260:Kassis 1979 4233:Kassis 1979 4210:Kassis 1979 4195:Fermor 1984 4183:Kassis 1979 4145:Kassis 1979 4087:Kassis 1979 4075:Fermor 1984 4057:Pausanias. 4014:Kassis 1979 3846:Fermor 1984 3829:Saitas 1990 3817:Kassis 1979 3736:Demosthenes 3679:Westminster 3590:Palaiologoi 3551:(1989) and 3368:Peloponnese 3334:The paper " 3243:, lamb soup 3158:tit for tat 3057:Kalamatiano 3004:agriculture 2852:. However, 2817:to win the 2788:World War I 2784:Balkan Wars 2670:, a son of 2474:Peloponnese 2442:, near the 2408:Papaflessas 2270:Modern Mani 2237:Kuban River 2147:Bey of Mani 1980:Peloponnese 1914:, with its 1754:Holy League 1711:Porto Kagio 1692:ongoing war 1478:During the 1306:Peloponnese 1196:Porto Kagio 1180:Mark Antony 1170:During the 1109:Philopoemen 1069:Macedonians 1059:During the 1033:Epaminondas 966:Phoenicians 835:blood feuds 833:and fierce 799:Peloponnese 612:Cappadocian 438:Slavophones 307:Sarakatsani 302:Macedonians 182:Greek names 6371:Categories 6241:Literature 6210:Diacritics 5953:Pamphylian 5944:Macedonian 5925:Northwest 5842: 330 5816: 800 5531:: 91–133. 5231:2020-05-01 5200:2007-01-25 5186:"Vendetta" 5119:2007-01-25 5087:2008-01-02 4431:2023-07-13 4312:2007-01-19 3945:Smith 1873 3901:Green 1990 3876:Xenophon. 3709:References 3629:Asia Minor 3500:(1909–10). 3387:-speaking 3360:Tsakonians 3318:historian 3209:Greek Navy 3205:Greek Army 3050:Old Maniot 2996:mulberries 2986:turpentine 2954:Arvanitika 2834:Royal Navy 2790:, and the 2778:-occupied 2700:Petrovouni 2626:(left) by 2579:, and the 2424:Tripolitsa 2420:Tripolitsa 2235:frontier ( 2139:Tripolitsa 2046:Baltic Sea 1960:Morean War 1946:, went to 1853:Cretan War 1802:Philip III 1632:After the 1605:Geronthrae 1595:, c. 1450. 1558:Monemvasia 1550:Tsakonians 1498:, and the 1348:Belisarius 1233:Diocletian 1192:Psamathous 1119:Roman Mani 996:While the 931:(Queen of 684:Arvanitika 528:Television 503:Literature 423:Aromanians 340:Phanariots 317:Tsakonians 192:By country 6254:Byzantine 6231:Greeklish 6102:Phonology 6079:Tsakonian 6032:Himariote 5882:Mycenaean 5858:Varieties 5805:–1100 BC) 5792:–1600 BC) 5657:145744857 5641:: 45–63. 5545:145285702 5315:1476-5438 3878:Hellenica 3801:The Iliad 3714:Citations 3687:Charles V 3633:vendettas 3475:Areopagus 3393:Herodotus 3372:Deep Mani 3364:autosomal 3356:Sicilians 3352:ADMIXTURE 3322:states: " 3287:Ethnology 3282:(dessert) 3268:Lalagides 3225:Hilopites 3150:vendettas 3144:Vendettas 3105:Μέσα Μάνη 3099:Mesa Mani 2991:prinokoki 2961:/k,ɡ,x,ɣ/ 2937:Tsakonian 2898:Australia 2780:Macedonia 2735:vendettas 2689:Bavarians 2666:In 1833, 2636:In 1831, 2591:in 1827. 2482:Nikitaras 2450:Mahmud II 2203:sign the 2120:Parasyros 1996:Karpenisi 1861:Ibrahim I 1731:conquered 1687:Vardounia 1302:Visigoths 1222:Aphrodite 1214:Pausanias 1149:Cilicians 893:" in the 855:Messenian 724:Byzantine 679:Aromanian 667:Greeklish 657:Tsakonian 632:Himariote 607:Calabrian 583:Hellenism 488:Education 443:Souliotes 428:Arvanites 377:Egyptiots 251:Melbourne 246:Australia 177:Etymology 99:Languages 85:Australia 6336:Proverbs 6175:Linear B 6117:teaching 5873:Central 5831:–AD 330) 5818:–300 BC) 5333:28272534 5225:Archived 5194:Archived 5081:Archived 4306:Archived 3981:Archived 3952:Archived 3926:Archived 3885:Archived 3693:and the 3671:Cornwall 3654:Volterra 3586:Komnenoi 3441:, First 3297:Lycurgus 3293:Spartans 3247:Tsouchtí 3236:Paspalas 3203:, 1,000 3126:vampires 2909:Messenia 2800:royalist 2693:Areopoli 2589:Navarino 2557:Taygetus 2553:Vordonia 2537:Areopoli 2444:Souliote 2440:Splantza 2412:Kalamata 2379:Areopoli 2311:Taygetus 2303:Areopoli 2225:Dniester 2189:Odysseas 2115:Skoutari 2107:Skoutari 2092:Kastania 2052:and the 1973:Kastania 1912:refugees 1869:Kalamata 1739:Selim II 1617:Despotes 1543:Taygetus 1520:Passavas 1415:Taygetus 1411:Ezeritai 1407:Melingoi 1333:Gaiseric 1331:In 468, 1322:Stilicho 1300:and his 1298:Alaric I 1286:Honorius 1278:Arcadius 1208:porphyry 1176:Augustus 1153:Poseidon 1095:and the 1017:Tolmides 1002:Spartans 998:Spartans 962:Perioeci 917:Poseidon 901:Passavas 859:Laconian 827:warriors 818:Spartans 807:Mainotes 795:Messenia 779:Μανιάτες 771:Maniates 642:Mariupol 545:Religion 518:Religion 513:Politics 498:Language 400:Cypriots 355:Caucasus 151:a series 149:Part of 120:Religion 109:Standard 40:Μανιάτες 6377:Maniots 6316:Exonyms 6249:Ancient 6215:Braille 6185:History 6144:Ancient 6137:Grammar 6109:Ancient 6084:Yevanic 6042:Italiot 6027:Cypriot 5995:Demotic 5939:Locrian 5934:Epirote 5929:Achaean 5909:Homeric 5866:Ancient 5775:Periods 5678:Maniots 5343:Sources 5324:5437898 3799:Homer. 3699:Mainoti 3675:England 3662:Tuscany 3658:Corsica 3510:, last 3434:Colonel 3397:Dorians 3389:Ionians 3316:British 3272:Lalagia 3254:Syglino 3215:Cuisine 3132:. When 3118:witches 3044: 3010:Culture 2971:Economy 2965:/i,e,j/ 2913:Gytheio 2905:Laconia 2836:of the 2809:During 2776:Ottoman 2760:Gytheio 2743:cousins 2646:Nafplio 2541:Gytheio 2501:Nafplio 2497:Methoni 2454:Viceroy 2431:Arcadia 2319:Gytheio 2289:admiral 2279:During 2233:Asiatic 2221:Yedisan 2191:), and 2181:klephts 2135:Mystras 2058:The Dog 1988:Roumeli 1952:Cargèse 1948:Corsica 1940:Tuscany 1936:Livorno 1922:In the 1908:Corsica 1904:Cargèse 1892:hawsers 1786:Vatheia 1735:Nafplio 1562:Mystras 1535:Melengi 1419:Romaioi 1376:Gytheio 1337:Vandals 1335:of the 1310:Corinth 1186:at the 1163:during 1143:by the 1133:Corinth 1083:. 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Index