Mail - Knowledge (XXG)

1246:, have reduced the attractiveness of paper mail for many applications. These modern alternatives have some advantages: in addition to their speed, they may be more secure, e.g., because the general public cannot learn the address of the sender or recipient from the envelope, and occasionally traditional items of mail may fail to arrive, e.g. due to vandalism to mailboxes, unfriendly pets, and adverse weather conditions. Mail carriers due to perceived hazards or inconveniences, may refuse, officially or otherwise, to deliver mail to a particular address (for instance, if there is no clear path to the door or mailbox). On the other hand, traditional mail avoids the possibility of computer malfunctions and 653: 1685:

and require affixing an adhesive stamp (though there have been some cases of a postal authority's issuing non-stamped postcards). Postcards are often printed to promote tourism, with pictures of resorts, tourist attractions or humorous messages on the front and allowing for a short message from the sender to be written on the back. The postage required for postcards is generally less than postage required for standard letters; however, certain technicalities such as their being oversized or having cut-outs, may result in payment of the first-class rate being required.

1357: 817: 4620: 502:, under the Ministry of Rites. During the Nguyen dynasty, official documents were transported by horse and other primitive means to stations built about 25-30 kilometers apart. In 1904, three wireless communication offices were established, and in early 1906 they were merged with the postal service to form the Post and Wireless Office. In 1945, after the August Revolution, the Post and Wireless Office was renamed the Post Office under the Ministry of Transportation. In 1955, the Post Office was upgraded to the Ministry of Post. 922: 517: 1139: 1605:), third class (bulk advertisements), and fourth-class mail (books and media packages). First-Class Mail prices are based on both the shape and weight of the item being mailed. Pieces over 13 ounces can be sent as Priority Mail. As of 2011 42% of First-Class Mail arrived the next day, 27% in two days, and 31% in three. The USPS expected that changes to the service in 2012 would cause about 51% to arrive in two days and most of the rest in three. The Canada Post counterpart is Lettermail. 128: 1303:). There have been methods which have combined mail and some of these newer methods, such as temporary emails, that combine facsimile transmission with overnight delivery. These vehicles commonly use a mechanical or electro-mechanical standardised writing (typing), that on the one hand makes for more efficient communication, while on the other hand makes impossible characteristics and practices that traditionally were in conventional mail, such as 46: 1386:. In some cases, when demand greatly exceeds supply, their commercial value on this specific market may become enormously greater than face value, even after use. For some postal services the sale of stamps to collectors who will never use them is a significant source of revenue; for example, stamps from Tokelau, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Niuafoʻou and many others. Stamp collecting is commonly known as 4514: 798: 1669:) to be attached to the outside of envelopes and bulk mailings, afterwards extending the test for an unspecified period. The repositionable note may be fixed directly to the address side of First-Class Mail and Standard Mail letter-size mailpieces. These mailpieces must meet the standards in 7.2 through 7.6. The note is included as an integral part of the mailpiece for weight and postage rate and must be accounted for in pricing. 1038: 4526: 668: 256: 1717: 381: 1627: 705:, taking advantage of a singular quality of this bird, which when taken far from its nest is able to find its way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation. Messages were then tied around the legs of the pigeon, which was freed and could reach its original nest. By the 19th century, homing pigeons were used extensively for military communications. 4538: 1511: 871: 4146: 1450: 973:

process of sending letter-like messages nearly instantaneous, and in many cases and situations correspondents use email where they previously would have used letters. The volume of paper mail sent through the U.S. Postal Service has declined by more than 15% since its peak at 213 billion pieces per annum in 2006.

1397:, a document written on a single robust sheet of paper, usually decorated with photographic pictures or artistic drawings on one of the sides, and short messages on a small part of the other side, that also contained the space for the address. In strict philatelic usage, the postcard is to be distinguished from the 557:(1368 to 1644) sought a postal system to deliver mail quickly, securely, and cheaply. Adequate speed was always a problem, because of the slow overland transportation system, and underfunding. Its network had 1,936 posthouses every 60 li along major routes, with fresh horses available every 10 li between them. The 1964:

In Australia, Canada, and the U.S., the term "mail" is commonly used for the postal system and for the letters, postcards, and parcels it carries; in New Zealand, "post" is more common for the postal system and "mail" for the material delivered; in the UK, "post" prevails in both senses. However, the

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Documents should generally not be read by anyone other than the addressee; for example, in the United States of America it is a violation of federal law for anyone other than the addressee and the government to open mail. There are exceptions however: executives often assign secretaries or assistants

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Larger envelopes are also sent through the mail. These are often composed of a stronger material than standard envelopes and are often used by businesses to transport documents that may not be folded or damaged, such as legal documents and contracts. Due to their size, larger envelopes are sometimes

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for new subscriptions. Inside many magazines are postage-paid subscription cards that a reader can fill out and mail back to the publishing company to be billed for a subscription to the magazine. In this fashion, magazines also use postcards for other purposes, including reader surveys, contests or

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are small message cards that are sent by mail unenveloped; the distinction often, though not invariably and reliably, drawn between them is that "postal cards" are issued by the postal authority or entity with the "postal indicia" (or "stamp") preprinted on them, while postcards are privately issued

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were sometimes used as mail chariots in ancient India. Couriers were used militarily by kings and local rulers to deliver information through runners and other carriers. The postmaster, the head of the intelligence service, was responsible for ensuring the maintenance of the courier system. Couriers

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of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company. The mails were available to certain officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed. On

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companies and other service providers. These letters often contain a self-addressed envelope that allows the receiver to remit payment back to the company easily. While still very common, many people now opt to use online bill payment services, which eliminate the need to receive bills through the

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Handwritten correspondence, while once a major means of communications between distant people, is now used less frequently due to the advent of more immediate forms of communication, such as the telephone or email. Traditional letters, however, are often considered to hark back to a "simpler time"

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from standard keyboards. However, the increased use of typewritten or computer-printed letters for personal communication and the advent of email have sparked renewed interest in calligraphy, as a letter has become more of a "special event". Long before email and computer-printed letters, however,

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Mail sent to and from inmates in jails or prisons within the United States is subject to opening and review by jail or prison staff to determine if the mail has any criminal action dictated or provides means for an escape. The only mail that is not able to be read is attorney-client mail, which is

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Before about the mid-nineteenth century, in regions where postal systems existed, the payment models varied, but most mail was sent unpaid requiring the recipient to pay the postage fee. In some regions a partial payment was made by the sender. Today, worldwide, the most common method of prepaying

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Modern mail is organized by national and privatized services, which are reciprocally connected by international regulations, organizations and international agreements. Paper letters and parcels can be sent to almost any country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has made the

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described the system in this way: "It is said that as many days as there are in the whole journey, so many are the men and horses that stand along the road, each horse and man at the interval of a day's journey; and these are stayed neither by snow nor rain nor heat nor darkness from accomplishing

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of mail from the mail generator's computer directly to a Postal Service provider. The Postal Service provider is then able to use electronic means to have the mail piece sorted, routed and physically produced at a site closest to the delivery point. It is a type of mail growing in popularity with

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that it is no longer valid for pre-payment of postage. The exceptions are when the agent forgets or neglects to cancel the mailpiece, for stamps that are pre-cancelled and thus do not require cancellation and for, in most cases, metered mail. (The "personalized stamps" authorized by the USPS and

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to be printed out on a PC printer, obviating the necessity to license a dedicated franking machine and allowing companies with smaller mail programs to make use of the option; this was later expanded to test the use of personalized postage. The service provided by the U.S. Postal Service in 2003

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in most other countries) in order to facilitate the automation of operations. This also includes placing additional marks on the address portion of the letter or mailed object, called "bar coding". Bar coding of mail for delivery is usually expressed either by a series of vertical bars, usually

787:, is often considered the first modern postal service in the world, which initiated a revolution in communication in Europe. The system combined contemporary technical and organization means to create a stable transcontinental service which was also the first to offer (fee-based) public access. 629:

The modern Japanese system was developed in the mid-19th century, closely copying European models. Japan was highly innovative in developing the world's largest and most successful postal savings system and later a postal life insurance system as well. Postmasters play a key role in linking the

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Packages are often sent through some postal services, usually requiring additional postage than an average letter or postcard. Many postal services have limitations as to what a package may or may not contain, usually placing limits or bans on perishable, hazardous or flammable materials. Some

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There have been cases over the millennia of governments opening and copying or photographing the contents of private mail. Subject to the laws in the relevant jurisdiction, correspondence may be openly or covertly opened, or the contents determined via some other method, by the police or other

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to and from soldiers is often subject to surveillance. The mail is censored to prevent leaking tactical secrets, such as troop movements or weather conditions. Depending on the country, civilian mail containing military secrets can also be monitored and censored.

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Registered mail allows the location and in particular the correct delivery of a letter to be tracked. It is usually considerably more expensive than regular mail, and is typically used for valuable items. Registered mail is constantly tracked through the system.

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The mail service may be allowed to open the mail if neither addressee nor sender can be located, in order to attempt to locate either. Mail service may also open the mail to inspect if it contains materials that are hazardous to transport or violate local laws.

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the task of handling their mail; and postcards do not require opening and can be read by anyone. For mail contained within an envelope, there are legal provisions in some jurisdictions allowing the recording of identities of sender and recipient.

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operated 1,785 posthouses throughout their lands. More efficient, however, was the system linking the international settlements, centered around Shanghai and the Treaty ports. It was the main communication system for China's international trade.

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In the United Kingdom, prior to 1840 letters were paid for by the recipient and the cost was determined by the distance from sender to recipient and the number of sheets of paper rather than by a countrywide flat rate with weight restrictions.

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Japanese political system to local politics. The postmasters are high prestige, and are often hereditary. To a large extent, the postal system generated the enormous funding necessary to rapidly industrialize Japan in the late 19th century.

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By the end of Kublai Khan's rule, there were more than 1400 postal stations in China alone, which in turn had at their disposal about 50,000 horses, 1,400 oxen, 6,700 mules, 400 carts, 6,000 boats, more than 200 dogs, and 1,150 sheep.

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Each station was maintained by up to twenty five families. Work for postal service counted as military service. The system was still operational in 18th century when 64 stations were required for a message to cross Mongolia from the

3095:"The Paris Hotel de la Poste / VB mansion, connecting point of the Post in the Bourbon territories and operated by the Pajot & Rouille family and the Post in the Habsburg territories operated by the Thurn & Taxis family" 553:(618 to 907 AD) operated a recorded 1,639 posthouses, including maritime offices, employing around 20,000 people. The system was administered by the Ministry of War and private correspondence was forbidden from the network. The 4786: 601:

but were also available for travelling officials, military men, and foreign dignitaries. These stations aided and facilitated the transport of foreign and domestic tribute specifically and the conduct of trade in general.

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The British Royal Mail's 1st Class, as it is styled, is simply a priority option over 2nd Class, at a slightly higher cost. Royal Mail aims (but does not guarantee) to deliver all 1st Class letters the day after posting.

836:, into real estate, most of it continuing to exist today. The Phone Book of the World has its roots in the long history of the avant-garde telecommunications family Thurn & Taxis. The directory is the result of 1342:, postal services in industrialized nations have seen a major shift to item shipping. This has been seen as a boost to the system's usage in the wake of lower paper mail volume due to the accessibility of email. 3387: 328:(722 BCE). Mail may not have been the primary mission of this postal service, however. The role of the system as an intelligence gathering apparatus is well documented, and the service was (later) called 766:

In 1716, Correos y Telégrafos was established in Spain as public mail service, available to all citizens. Delivery postmen were first employed in 1756 and post boxes were installed firstly in 1762.

77:. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century, national postal systems have generally been established as a 1792:

some Post Office operations and individual businesses venturing into this market. In some countries, these services are available to print and deliver emails to those who are unable to receive

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in the U.S. includes postcards, letters, large envelopes (flats), and small packages, providing each piece weighs 13 ounces (370 g) or less. Delivery is given priority over second-class (

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are also sent through postal services. Many magazines are simply placed in the mail normally (but in the U.S., they are printed with a special bar code that acts as pre-paid postage – see

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to protect the loose contents of the magazine. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, newspapers and magazines were normally posted using

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Recorded mail is handled just like ordinary mail with the exception that it has to be signed for on receipt. This is useful for legal documents where proof of delivery is required.

1578:) and then send letters advertising their product or service to all recipients. Other times, commercial solicitations are sent by local companies advertising local products, like a 840:

transmitting PTT culture to a student and helping with the opening of a small Telephone Boutique next to a historic Postal mansion his ancestors used to go to centuries earlier.

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store sending their weekly advertising circular to a general area. Bulk mail is also often sent to companies' existing subscriber bases, advertising new products or services.

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continue to use the Thurn & Taxis Post Horn in their company logo just like the global Phone Book of the World based in the old Postal mansion of King Louis XIV in Paris.

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The practice of communication by written documents carried by an intermediary from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of

3616: 2155: 3379: 316:(550 BCE), who mandated that every province in his kingdom would organize reception and delivery of post to each of its citizens. Other writers credit his successor 1116:

Internet-based system, allowing printing on ordinary adhesive labels or envelopes. Similar systems are being considered by postal administrations around the world.

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For 500 years the postal business based in Brussels and in Frankfurt was passed from one generation to another. Following the abolition of the Empire in 1806, the

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and are still used when someone wishes to be deliberate and thoughtful about their communication. An example would be a letter of sympathy to a bereaved person.

1401:, which has a pre-printed postage on the card. The fact that this communication is visible by other than the receiver often causes the messages to be written in 372:, although it uses the translation "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds". 909:

as alternative ways of getting the sender to pay for the postage, at a time when prepayment was optional, which led to the invention of the postage stamp, the

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Long-Distance Trade and Economy before and during the Age of Empires." Revolutionizing a World: From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East

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used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the state (2400 BCE). The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, dating to 255 BCE.

2486: 3207: 2100: 4653: 802: 639: 3269: 1574:, although it has other uses as well. The senders of these messages sometimes purchase lists of addresses (which are sometimes targeted towards certain 2642:

Lane J. Harris, "Stumbling towards empire: the Shanghai Local Post Office, the transnational British community and informal empire in China, 1863–97".

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system continued as a private organization into the postage stamp era before being absorbed into the postal system of the new German Empire after 1871.

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is a method of creating postage-prepaid envelopes under licence using a special machine. They are used by companies with large mail programs, such as

3497: 414:. The Mauryans developed early Indian mail service as well as public wells, rest houses, and other facilities for the public. Common chariots called 3152: 1653:. Under this legislation any document which its relevant law requires service by registered post can also be lawfully served by recorded delivery. 4445: 4376: 4130: 4080: 2438: 744:

system managed routes between the cities of Jerusalem, Ramla, Tyre, Ascalon, Damascus, Aleppo, and Fustat with year-round, regular mail delivery.

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The stations were 25 to 65 km (16 to 40 mi) apart and had reliable attendants working for the mail service. Foreign observers, such as

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are sent to their owners through the mail. The card and number are usually mailed separately several days or weeks apart for security reasons.

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When the pre-paid envelope or package is accepted into the mail by an agent of the postal service, the agent usually indicates by means of a

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The worldwide postal system constituting the individual national postal systems of the world's self-governing states is coordinated by the

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Alvaro Escribano, Patricia González, and Julio Lasheras. "Evolution and Analysis of the Market Structure of Postal Services in Spain" in

1250:, and the recipient does not need to print it out if they wish to have a paper copy, though scanning is required to make a digital copy. 1057:, on 9 September 1911. Some methods of airmail proved ineffective, however, including the United States Postal Service's experiment with 4351: 3642: 2893: 1171: 437:

By the end of the 18th century, a postal system in India was in operation. Later this system underwent complete modernization when the

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The ordinary mail service was improved in the 20th century with the use of planes for a quicker delivery. The world's first scheduled

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mail. Paperwork for the confirmation of large financial transactions is often sent through the mail. Many tax documents are as well.

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This epoch is undoubtedly mainly dominated by mechanical writing, with a general use of no more of half a dozen standard typographic

1034:. The "block of dots" method allows for the encoding of proof of payment of postage, exact routing for delivery, and other features. 4120: 4110: 3776: 3562: 2887: 2740: 652: 169:

began to appear as a reference for a bag that contained letters: "bag full of letter" (1654). Over the next hundred years the word

96:(PTT) service oversees the postal system, in addition to telephone and telegraph systems. Some countries' postal systems allow for 3513: 4409: 3350: 3291: 2122: 1721: 1525:

Letter-sized mail constitutes the bulk of the contents sent through most postal services. These are usually documents printed on

778: 4024: 2784: 2061: 4467: 4115: 3070:"Thurn & Taxis pushing a comeback of Telecom activities in Paris, next to the last, still existing historic Postal mansion" 1553: 28: 3438: 2274: 1408:

Letters are often studied as an example of literature, and also in biography in the case of a famous person. A portion of the

363:) would ride to the next post, whereupon he would swap his horse with a fresh one for maximum performance and delivery speed. 3667: 894: 93: 3240: 2606: 2147: 434:

used mail service for espionage purposes thereby acquiring knowledge related to matters that took place at great distances.

149:, referring to a travelling bag or pack. It was spelled in that manner until the 17th century and is distinct from the word 2802:

Goldberg, Jessica, "Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean : The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World".

2462: 597:, this system also covered the territory of China. Postal stations were used not only for the transmission and delivery of 4663: 3827: 2210: 1939: 1810: 2011: 4419: 3412: 1970: 1847: 1662: 1462: 1097: 847: 843: 837: 538:, which would be the oldest mailing service in the world. The earliest credible system of couriers was initiated by the 217: 3587: 644:

The postal service was one of Korea's first attempts at modernization. The Joseon Post Office was established in 1884.

4073: 3748:"Marketing 'Notes' Extended for Additional Year: U.S. Postal Service Governors Issue Decision on Repositionable Notes" 2582: 1914: 1273: 1253:

Physical mail is still widely used in business and personal communications for such reasons as legal requirements for

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have emerged to give recipients a means of receiving traditional correspondence mail in a scanned electronic format.

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manufactured by Zazzle and other companies are in fact a form of meter label and thus do not need to be cancelled.)

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Many early post systems consisted of fixed courier routes. Here, a post house on a postal route in the 19th century

4105: 2763: 997: 111:(UPU), established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges as a 3289:

Article 8(1): Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.

816: 270:. However, the development of formal postal systems occurred much later. The first documented use of an organized 4781: 4658: 4648: 4569: 4183: 3204: 2084: 1167: 829: 535: 3494: 4346: 3894: 3098: 3073: 1159: 369: 3608: 3266: 1481:

Numerous countries, including Sweden (1 January 1993), New Zealand (1998 and 2003), Germany (2005 and 2007),

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established a postal system in the Empire, appointing Franz von Taxis to run it. This system, originally the

490:. This service was reserved for government correspondence. Yet another service for citizens was later added. 4875: 4530: 4399: 4047: 1882: 1816: 921: 859: 516: 511: 401: 3883: 2391: 1796:, such as the elderly or infirm. Services provided by Hybrid mail providers are closely related to that of 1198:(largely in the past, though there is apparently some continuance of their use today) opened extralegally. 4457: 4066: 4032: 2235: 1877: 1739:

hazardous materials in limited quantities may be shipped with appropriate markings and packaging, like an

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to Christian congregations in various parts of the Roman Empire. See below for a list of famous letters.

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control, with the mail and packages often surveyed and their contents sometimes edited out (or even in).

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family, then known as Tassis, had operated postal services between Italian city-states from 1290 onward.

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concerns, the U.S. Postal Service subjects their packages to numerous security tests, often scanning or

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Receipt services were made available in order to grant the sender a confirmation of effective delivery.

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1867 July 1 the State of Prussia had to make a compensation payment of 3.000.000 Thalers reinvested by

320:(521 BCE). Other sources claim much earlier dates for an Assyrian postal system, with credit given to 4846: 4562: 4258: 3861: 3325: 2845:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

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Some countries have organized their mail services as public limited liability corporations without a

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British, American, Australian, and Canadian national postal services are called, respectively, the "

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to be applied to the envelope before mailing; a much less common method is to use a postage-prepaid

797: 4854: 4841: 4178: 3469: 1894: 1839: 1788: 1774: 1530: 1438: 1364: 1120: 934: 902: 78: 3726: 2231: 499: 4719: 4371: 4330: 4299: 3921: 3866: 3051: 2709: 2202: 1872: 1345: 1054: 898: 887: 775: 317: 4145: 4037: 3751: 3174: 2538:"70 năm Ngành Bưu điện Việt Nam: Thông tin liên lạc trong 9 năm kháng chiến chống thực dân Pháp" 3123: 4669: 4599: 4135: 3968: 3949: 3840: 3806: 3554: 3024: 2990: 2984: 2956: 2922: 2916: 2883: 2849: 2736: 2730: 2192: 2090: 1822: 1454: 1206: 1133: 961: 953: 933:

The postal system was important in the development of modern transportation. Railways carried

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Postal authorities often have functions aside from transporting letters. In some countries, a

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Bills and invoices are often sent through the mail, like regular billing correspondence from

1276:". Occasionally, the term "white mail" has also been used as a neutral term for postal mail. 4676: 4518: 4452: 4284: 4163: 4006: 3408: 2779:

François L. Ganshof, "The impact of Charlemagne on the institutions of the Frankish realm".

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opened new business opportunities as people often get items bought online through the mail.

720: 127: 81:, with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is usually in the form of an adhesive 74: 70: 45: 2684:

The people's post office: The history and politics of the Japanese postal system, 1871–2010

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to distinguish it from the quicker email. Various dates have been given for its first use.

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Chelsea Zi Wang, "More Haste, Less Speed: Sources of Friction in the Ming Postal System".

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tells a fictional story in the form of the correspondence between two or more characters.

791: 760: 618: 470: 465: 455: 427: 313: 97: 36: 3772: 3546: 2563:"Dấu mốc ngành Bưu điện từ thời kháng chiến đến thời tách quản lý nhà nước và kinh doanh" 2270: 1037: 4709: 4253: 4097: 3803:

Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India

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to their members with a message to be signed and sent to a politician (e.g. to promote

1541: 1470: 1469:. Different mailboxes are also provided for local and express service. (The USPS has a 1265: 982: 957: 667: 407: 305: 140: 116: 3821: 1264:, which is almost always much faster, the postal system has come to be referred to in 581: 571: 380: 4869: 4811: 4765: 4724: 4704: 4604: 4462: 4404: 4320: 4243: 4238: 4213: 3501: 2260:

Herodotus, Herodotus, trans. A.D. Godley, vol. 4, book 8, verse 98, pp. 96–97 (1924).

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their appointed course with all speed". The verse prominently features on New York's

360: 356: 333: 295: 86: 82: 3446: 1257:, requirements of etiquette, and the requirement to enclose small physical objects. 4836: 4831: 4826: 4745: 4366: 4315: 4294: 4279: 1904: 1857: 1728: 1631: 1575: 1549: 1514: 1417: 1339: 1316: 1195: 1183: 992:, which among other things sets international postage rates, defines standards for 729: 590: 576: 558: 554: 550: 255: 4019:

From Thurn & Taxis to Phone Book of the World - 7 centuries of Telecom History

3663: 3236: 3120:"Phone Book of the World using the Thurn & Taxis Posthorn in the company logo" 1720:

This antique "letter-box" style U.S. mailbox is both on display and in use at the

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became the transport of choice for inter-continental mail. Postmen started to use

410:(322–185 BCE) stimulated sustained development of civil infrastructure in ancient 3901:

A Concise History of the French Post Office: From Its Origins to the Present Time

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adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the

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authorities in some cases relating to a suspected criminal conspiracy, although

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authorised the first tests of a secure system of sending digital franks via the

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The first credible claim for the development of a real postal system comes from

221: 3547:"Handwritten Notes Are a Rare Commodity. They're Also More Important Than Ever" 2206: 2178: 4806: 4750: 4361: 4325: 4188: 1999: 1966: 1899: 1833: 1770: 1758: 1701: 1579: 1375: 1179: 1109: 942: 610: 479: 291: 209: 190: 3865: 3558: 1218:

covered under the attorney-client confidentiality laws in the United States.

805:(1681–1739), still today part of the logo of the Whitepages in many countries 4696: 4440: 4223: 4168: 3999: 3583: 2487:"Công tác thông tin liên lạc từ sau Cách mạng tháng 8 năm 1945 đến năm 1954" 2188: 1752: 1744: 1697: 1626: 1598: 1559: 1482: 1387: 1320: 1254: 1231: 1227: 1049:

post service took place in the United Kingdom between the London suburbs of

952:

came to change the conditions for physical mail. Email (and in recent years

756: 543: 396:

district, as part of a comprehensive reform of the district's postal system.

364: 321: 901:

and prepayment. In his proposal, Hill also called for official pre-printed

657: 173:

began to be applied strictly to the letters themselves and the sack as the

4058: 3175:"USPS volume report by The Boston Consulting Group on USPS public website" 2414:"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc" 2392:"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc" 2368:"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc" 2343:"Lịch sử Bưu điện Việt Nam: Hành trình từ thời Nguyễn đến thời Pháp thuộc" 1497:, thus the ending of its monopoly on stamps bearing the name New Zealand. 1283:

has combined electronic and paper delivery. Electronic mechanisms include

4740: 4218: 4198: 4173: 3988: 1924: 1909: 1762: 1689: 1681: 1612:

In Austria priority delivery mail is called Prio, in Switzerland A-Post.

1602: 1394: 1324: 1311: 1284: 1269: 1101: 1082: 1078: 1005: 949: 938: 341: 309: 299: 242: 101: 66: 2760: 1510: 870: 4585: 4435: 4381: 4274: 1766: 1630:

Multi-franked registered mail from Crete using Greek stamps during the

1563: 1518: 1421: 1247: 1187: 1105:

allows the franks to be printed out on special adhesive-backed labels.

1046: 1031: 1027: 1015: 926: 672: 498:

In 1802, the first Vietnamese postal service was established under the

279: 271: 267: 260: 50: 1751:

packages for materials that might be found in biological materials or

1449: 446:

this basis the Indian Post Office was established on October 1, 1837.

3891:

Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse

3094: 3069: 2729:

Silverstein, Adam (2006). "Post, or Barid". In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).

1784: 1665:

introduced a test allowing "repositionable notes" (for example, 3M's

1583: 1489:

opened up the postal services market to new entrants. In the case of

1402: 1050: 1003:

In most countries a system of codes has been created (referred to as

733: 712: 684: 661: 527:

Some Chinese sources claim mail or postal systems dating back to the

389: 337: 237:, short for "electronic mail", first appeared in the 1970s. The term 2918:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

2732:

Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2: L–Z, Index

1154:

The privacy of correspondence is guaranteed by the constitutions of

4012: 3237:"United States Code: Title 18, 1702. Obstruction of correspondence" 1390:, although strictly the latter term refers to the study of stamps. 759:, and churches. The best organization, however, was created by the 579:

installed an empire-wide messenger and postal station system named

4043: 2848:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 1862: 1793: 1748: 1740: 1715: 1625: 1509: 1486: 1448: 1437:

A makeshift mail method after stranding on a deserted island is a

1413: 1383: 1355: 1296: 1261: 1243: 1235: 1137: 1036: 920: 869: 842: 815: 796: 752: 679: 666: 651: 520: 515: 411: 393: 379: 345: 275: 254: 233: 199: 126: 44: 20: 711:

extended to the whole territory of his empire the system used by

3239:. Legal Information Institute of Cornell University Law School. 2271:"First Issues Collectors Club of stamps and philatelic material" 1533:(8.5×11 inches), or smaller paper and placed in envelopes. 1331: 1086: 956:

sites) became a fierce competitor to physical mail systems, but

716: 487: 461: 150: 144: 4558: 4062: 3712:

for example documents served under The Law of Property Act 1925

3445:. United States Embassy, Bulgaria. 25 June 1990. Archived from 1178:. The control of the contents inside private citizens' mail is 747:

Many religious orders had a private mail service. Notably, the

613:, have attested to the efficiency of this early postal system. 193: 2815:

Marco Mostert, "New approaches to medieval communication?" in

2511: 2439:"70 năm truyền thống của Ngành Bưu điện: Những dấu ấn lịch sử" 1292: 1239: 1146:

for unsticking of envelopes during correspondence surveillance

1143: 3801:

Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami; S. Krishnaswami A. (2004).

482:, a parallel service was established with two-wheeled carts ( 4144: 2830:

Competitive Transformation of the Postal and Delivery Sector

3052:"Thurn and Taxis postal system European history Britannica" 2583:"Ngành TT&TT: Tiếp bước cội nguồn - Khởi tạo tương lai" 181:

to refer to letters being sent abroad (i.e. on a ship) and

165:

is the Irish term for a bag. In the 17th century, the word

4554: 3723:"Postal Service Helps Businesses "Stick" to their Message" 2879:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

2697:

Beyond Our Means: Why America Spends While the World Saves

1142:"The Steamboat" – mobile steaming equipment used by Czech 16:

System for transporting documents and other small packages

4017: 3020:

Alphabet to Internet: Mediated Communication in Our Lives

1645:

In the United Kingdom recorded delivery mail (branded as

1582:

delivery service advertising to their delivery area or a

332:, a term that in time came to indicate a tax system. The 274:

service for the dissemination of written documents is in

198:, which ultimately stems from the past participle of the 3837:

Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction

1521:, Portugal (1st class mail in blue and 2nd class in red) 736:, Egypt wrote about using a postal service known as the 1566:, and processing at reduced rates. It is often used in 3914:

Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps (v. III)

3470:"How Did Mail Art Develop into a Global Art Movement?" 2986:

History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders

945:. The handling of mail became increasingly automated. 406:

The economic growth and political stability under the

4052: 2882:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. 2710:"Korea's first modern postal service started in 1884" 2286:

First Issues Collectors Club (retrieved 25 September)

1279:

Mainly during the 20th century, experimentation with

1182:

and concerns social, political, and legal aspects of

460:

The first well-documented postal service was that of

3119: 2915:

Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (1 June 2019).

2735:. Leiden and New York: Routledge. pp. 631–632. 1634:

to Egypt in 1914 showing numbered registration label

1562:

is mail that is prepared for bulk mailing, often by

897:

reformed the postal system based on the concepts of

678:

Another important postal service was created in the

542:(206 BCE – 220 CE), who had relay stations every 30 185:

to refer to letters for domestic delivery. The word

4799: 4774: 4733: 4695: 4631: 4592: 4478: 4428: 4390: 4339: 4308: 4267: 4156: 4096: 2607:"Lịch sử 70 năm phát triển của ngành GTVT Việt Nam" 728:In the mid-11th century, flax traders known as the 2983:Rossum, Gerhard Dohrn-van; Dohrn, Gerhard (1996). 1989:" are found throughout the English-speaking world. 177:. In the 19th century, the British typically used 3380:"A Blind Spot in Attorney-Client Confidentiality" 2463:"Kỷ niệm 75 năm Ngày truyền thống ngành Bưu điện" 1453:In the United States, private companies, such as 1186:. International mail and packages are subject to 348:, used couriers for communicating his decisions. 3476:. Widewalls Modern & Contemporary Art Source 2183:. University College London Press. p. 177. 2027:, G. & C. Merriam Company, 1963, pp. 662–63. 441:established its control over most of India. The 3280:, January 17, 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006. 2955:. Princeton University Press. pp. 46, 47. 2670:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 2467:Trang Tin Điện Tử Đảng Bộ Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh 2083:Radden, Günter; Dirven, René (1 January 2007). 312:) attributes the invention to the Persian King 3609:"Postal service cuts mean slower mail in 2012" 834:Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis 822:Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis 4570: 4074: 3944:Mote, Frederick W.; John K. Fairbank (1998). 656:An example of a main post office building in 523:4-cent on 100-dollar silver overprint of 1949 8: 3514:"Frycklund, Jonas "Private Mail in Sweden", 3351:"History comes to life with censored covers" 2989:. University of Chicago Press. p. 336. 2644:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 419:were also used to deliver personal letters. 208:'to lay down or place'. So in the U.K., the 154: 3965:Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India 3835:Dorn, Harold; MacClellan, James E. (2006). 3326:CIA Intelligence Collection About Americans 2949:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (11 May 2021). 2025:Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary 803:Anselm Franz, 2nd Prince of Thurn and Taxis 203: 160: 4577: 4563: 4555: 4081: 4067: 4059: 3937:The Imperial Post Offices of British India 3926:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3409:"Significant Years in U.S. Postal History" 2755:Carter W. Clarke, "Signal Corps Pigeons". 848:Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn & Taxis 838:Johannes, 11th Prince of Thurn & Taxis 832:, daughter-in-law of the last postmaster, 640:Postage stamps and postal history of Korea 3262: 3260: 3258: 2542:Tạp chí điện tử Thông tin và Truyền thông 2177:Altaweel, Mark; Andrea Squitieri (2018). 1330:In the 2000s (decade) with the advent of 468:(62 BCE – 14 CE), the service was called 3874:. London: John Murray. pp. 288–317. 2876:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). 2817:New approaches to medieval communication 2123:"Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country" 2089:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 4. 1731:are usually less than 2 kg (4 lb). 1461:, compete with the federal government's 1374:are also object of a particular form of 751:had one which connected more than 6,000 719:and connected this service with that of 478:) pulled by fast horses. By the time of 65:is a system for physically transporting 4013:The British Postal Museum & Archive 3149:The British Postal Museum & Archive 2654: 2652: 1981:"; in addition, such fixed phrases as " 1957: 1651:The Recorded Delivery Services Act 1962 850:(1926–1990), heir of the Postal fortune 474:and was provided with light carriages ( 3919: 3880:The history of the British post office 3855:Royal Mail: The Post Office Since 1840 3243:from the original on September 4, 2010 2952:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 2896:from the original on 26 September 2021 359:), whence the message carrier (called 340:, VIII) makes mention of this system: 3419:from the original on 27 February 2015 3345: 3343: 3341: 3292:"European Convention on Human Rights" 2010:(Unabridged (v 1.1) ed.). 2007. 1176:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1112:in the United Kingdom introduced its 1013:in the United Kingdom and Australia, 355:system worked using stations (called 7: 4537: 4027:British Army Postal Services History 3155:from the original on 22 January 2023 2242:from the original on 10 January 2022 2052:Bauer, Patricia (31 December 2018). 1743:label. Additionally, as a result of 854:Several European Post Carriers like 4352:Mail Isolation Control and Tracking 3619:from the original on 8 October 2013 3267:Back when spies played by the rules 2842:Metzig, Gregor (21 November 2016). 2158:from the original on April 14, 2023 1393:Another form of collecting regards 1172:European Convention on Human Rights 4357:Multiline Optical Character Reader 4003:(First U.S. street mailbox patent) 3839:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3205:First Class Mail Volume, 1926–2010 2154:. November 22, 1968. p. NY3. 2103:from the original on 14 April 2023 2064:from the original on 12 March 2017 688:Mu'awiyya; the service was called 216:, while in North America both the 153:. The French have a similar word, 14: 3882:(Harvard University Press, 1912) 1649:by the Royal Mail) is covered by 1226:Modern alternatives, such as the 1222:Rise of electronic correspondence 1073:postage is by buying an adhesive 878:, the world's first postage stamp 546:(about 15km) along major routes. 4618: 4536: 4525: 4524: 4512: 3963:Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). 3867:"Imperial Postal Services" 3773:"Cut-Out Postcard – Postage Due" 3615:. Associated Press. 2011-12-05. 3224:Fifty Years of British Air Mails 2041:. Oxford University Press. 2019. 2014:from the original on 2007-02-19. 1722:Smithsonian Institution Building 1696:Postcards are sometimes sent by 1474: 159:, for a trunk or large box, and 4446:most expensive philatelic items 3939:. Calcutta: Phila Publications. 3857:(Athlone, 1985), Great Britain. 3779:from the original on 2006-03-09 3695:from the original on 2022-05-29 3670:from the original on 2018-04-23 3645:from the original on 2018-04-23 3590:from the original on 2011-10-15 3565:from the original on 2019-05-29 3390:from the original on 2022-07-01 3361:from the original on 2022-10-28 3304:from the original on 2009-01-04 3187:from the original on 2015-10-25 3145:"Rowland Hill's Postal Reforms" 3126:from the original on 2021-10-17 3101:from the original on 2021-02-27 3076:from the original on 2021-02-27 2277:from the original on 2012-09-04 2213:from the original on 2022-01-21 2129:from the original on 2023-04-14 1889:Components of a postal system: 1769:), but many are now shipped in 1554:personal identification numbers 1030:coding or a block of dots as a 917:Modern transport and technology 94:postal, telegraph and telephone 89:is also used for bulk mailing. 29:Postal service (disambiguation) 4055:, a part of the United Nations 3948:. Cambridge University Press. 3946:The Cambridge History of China 3805:. Asian Educational Services. 1: 3935:Mazumdar, Mohini Lal (1990). 3899:Le Roux, Muriel, et al. eds. 3828:Institute of European History 3222:Baldwin, N. C. (1960), p. 5, 2832:(Springer, 2003) pp. 287–309. 1811:Category Postal organizations 1323:formed part of the medium of 1299:, and short message service ( 308:. The best-documented claim ( 3750:. 2007-07-06. Archived from 3725:. 2005-04-05. Archived from 3545:Coleman, John (2013-04-05). 3413:United States Postal Service 3023:. Rada Press. p. 2008. 2536:ictvietnam.vn (2015-11-03). 1971:United States Postal Service 1848:United States Postal Service 1735:charged additional postage. 1663:United States Postal Service 1616:Registered and recorded mail 1477:and Standard Mail delivery.) 1463:United States Postal Service 830:Helene von Thurn & Taxis 824:(1802–1871), last Postmaster 697:By 3000 BC, Egypt was using 131:Mail envelope (back to back) 100:and handle applications for 53:collecting mail for delivery 4479:List of entities that have 4219:Post box / Mailbox 4044:U.S. National Postal Museum 1783:, sometimes referred to as 1688:Postcards are also used by 1427:A style of writing, called 1170:, and is alluded to in the 1041:An automated postal machine 998:international reply coupons 996:and operates the system of 937:. During the 20th century, 464:. Organized at the time of 33:Snail Mail (disambiguation) 4892: 4106:Timeline of postal history 3878:Hemmeon, Joseph Clarence. 3872:The Empire and the century 2804:Cambridge University Press 2668:Weatherford, Jack (2004). 1673:Postal cards and postcards 1619: 1131: 881: 637: 569: 509: 453: 399: 289: 18: 4782:American Air Mail Society 4616: 4506: 4415:Postal systems by country 4184:Information-Based Indicia 4142: 3823:Humanistic Letter-Writing 2921:. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. 2510:Trần, Lành (2021-08-15). 2166:– via Google Books. 2111:– via Google Books. 2086:Cognitive English Grammar 4392:Institutions and systems 4347:Intelligent Mail barcode 4300:Surface Air Lifted (SAL) 3967:. Abhinav Publications. 3689:"Comparison of services" 3017:Fang, Irving E. (2008). 2682:Patricia L. Maclachlan, 1552:and their corresponding 1491:New Zealand Post Limited 1382:has been a very popular 370:James Farley Post Office 4090:Mail and postal systems 4048:Smithsonian Institution 3990:A Hundred Years by Post 3551:Harvard Business Review 2759:25.140 (1933): 133–138 2189:10.2307/j.ctt21c4td4.10 2058:Encyclopedia Britannica 1883:List of postal entities 1817:Deutsche Post DHL Group 1032:two-dimensional barcode 929:flight in Germany, 1912 671:Delivery by bicycle in 512:Postal history of China 402:Postal history of India 194: 145: 4468:Philatelic terminology 4150: 4131:Pan-American countries 4053:Universal Postal Union 4033:London Review of Books 4025:Royal Engineers Museum 3820:Almási, Gábor (2010). 3518:Vol. 13, No. 1 (1993)" 3335:(400 KB download) 3226:, Francis J.Field Ltd. 2236:Universal Postal Union 1878:Universal Postal Union 1777:with a stamp imprint. 1725: 1693:information requests. 1635: 1522: 1495:Universal Postal Union 1478: 1368: 1147: 1128:Privacy and censorship 1042: 1009:in the United States, 990:Universal Postal Union 930: 884:Uniform Fourpenny Post 879: 851: 825: 806: 784:Kaiserliche Reichspost 675: 664: 524: 397: 263: 204: 161: 155: 132: 109:Universal Postal Union 54: 4842:Humber-Sommer biplane 4481:issued postage stamps 4148: 4038:In the Sorting Office 2757:The Military Engineer 2646:46.3 (2018): 418–445. 2125:. 1843. p. 662. 1719: 1629: 1620:Further information: 1513: 1452: 1359: 1315:decorated envelopes, 1141: 1040: 924: 873: 846: 819: 800: 670: 655: 519: 383: 258: 130: 48: 25:Mail (disambiguation) 4519:Philately portal 4259:Variable value stamp 4149:Envelope for mailing 3449:on 19 September 2015 2633:40.2 (2019): 89–140. 2512:"Nhật Minh Expresss" 2232:"About UPU: History" 1789:electronic lodgement 1657:Repositionable notes 1260:Since the advent of 1205:While in most cases 935:railway post offices 860:Österreichische Post 811:Thurn-und-Taxis Post 443:Post Office Act XVII 19:For other uses, see 4625:Curtis "Jenny" JN-4 3862:Heaton, J. Henniker 3775:. Members.aol.com. 3384:www.americanbar.org 2783:40.1 (1965): 47–62 2631:Late Imperial China 1895:Fire sign (address) 1840:Post Office Limited 1800:service providers. 1712:Other mail services 1529:(210×297 mm), 1465:, particularly for 1439:message in a bottle 1416:is composed of the 1346:Online post offices 1098:U.S. Postal Service 430:(1399–1947) of the 218:U.S. Postal Service 79:government monopoly 4720:First flight cover 4632:Specific countries 4372:Package forwarding 4331:Postmaster General 4151: 4126:Oceanian countries 4121:European countries 3584:"First-Class Mail" 3331:2008-12-27 at the 3272:2007-03-11 at the 3210:2012-01-14 at the 3056:www.britannica.com 2806:, (2012): 189–193. 2790:2020-07-27 at the 2766:2020-02-29 at the 2322:Aiyangar 2004: 302 2238:. 2 October 2013. 1873:Shipping insurance 1813:, examples being: 1726: 1636: 1523: 1479: 1369: 1148: 1055:Windsor, Berkshire 1043: 931: 888:Uniform Penny Post 880: 852: 826: 807: 776:Holy Roman Emperor 676: 665: 525: 398: 318:Darius I of Persia 264: 133: 113:Specialized Agency 55: 4863: 4862: 4790: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4670:Air Mail Facility 4644: 4626: 4600:Airmail etiquette 4552: 4551: 4136:Postal censorship 4111:African countries 4036:, 28 April 2011, 3993:by J. Wilson Hyde 3974:978-81-7017-053-2 3955:978-0-521-24333-9 3889:John, Richard R. 3846:978-0-8018-8359-0 3812:978-0-8018-8359-0 3495:City Mail, Sweden 3030:978-1-933011-90-5 2996:978-0-226-15511-1 2962:978-0-691-21731-4 2928:978-1-4408-4856-8 2855:978-3-11-045673-8 2819:(1999) pp. 15–37. 2699:(2012) pp 143–67. 2198:978-1-911576-65-5 1823:La Poste (France) 1632:Union with Greece 1517:on the island of 1334:and other online 1134:Postal censorship 962:Internet shopping 954:social networking 432:Kingdom of Mysore 4883: 4788: 4682: 4677:Air Mail scandal 4675: 4668: 4642: 4624: 4622: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4556: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4453:Stamp collecting 4285:Package delivery 4164:Advertising mail 4083: 4076: 4069: 4060: 4046:, a part of the 4007:US patent office 4002: 3996:Potts, Albert, " 3978: 3959: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3875: 3869: 3850: 3831: 3816: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3523:. 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J. 3847: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3797: 3795:Further reading 3792: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3641:. 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