251:: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types. In anisogamy, the mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile. Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female
454:
2588:
33:
255:(a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type. Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved. One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus).
1736:
Moniot, Brigitte; Declosmenil, Faustine; Barrionuevo, Francisco; Scherer, Gerd; Aritake, Kosuke; Malki, Safia; Marzi, Laetitia; Cohen-Solal, Ann; Georg, Ina; Klattig, JĂŒrgen; Englert, Christoph; Kim, Yuna; Capel, Blanche; Eguchi, Naomi; Urade, Yoshihiro; Boizet-Bonhoure, Brigitte; Poulat, Francis
707:
that attracts females. This is true for many species of birds where the male displays more vibrant colors than the female, making them more noticeable to potential mates. These characteristics have evolved over time as a result of sexual selection, as males who exhibited these traits were more
699:
In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. This is often attributed to the need for male mammals to be physically stronger and more competitive in order to win mating opportunities. In humans specifically, males have more body hair and muscle mass than females.
688:
is believed to be the driving force behind the development of these characteristics. Differences in physical size and the ability to fulfill the requirements of sexual selection have contributed significantly to the outcome of secondary sex characteristics in each species.
182:
species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for
465:
The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species have only two sexes (either male or female),
1686:
1025:
1901:
Cahill, Abigail E.; Juman, Alia Rehana; Pellman-Isaacs, Aaron; Bruno, William T. (December 2015). "Physical and
Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata".
190:
Accordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.
386:. For example, according to Merriam-Webster, "male" can refer to "having a gender identity that is the opposite of female". According to the Cambridge Dictionary, "male" can mean "belonging or relating to men".
1139:
Bachtrog, Doris; Mank, Judith E.; Peichel, Catherine L.; Kirkpatrick, Mark; Otto, Sarah P.; Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Hahn, Matthew W.; Kitano, Jun; Mayrose, Itay; Ming, Ray; Perrin, Nicolas (2014-07-01).
692:
In many species, males differ from females in more ways than just the production of sperm. For example, in some insects and fish, the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, the
2624:
535:, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a
2155:
1297:"Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes"
2070:
Ellis, Lee; Hershberger, Scott; Field, Evelyn; Wersinger, Scott; Pellis, Sergio; Geary, David; Palmer, Craig; Hoyenga, Katherine; Hetsroni, Amir (2013-05-13).
1656:
3282:
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Kim, Y.; Kobayashi, A.; Sekido, R.; Dinapoli, L.; Brennan, J.; Chaboissier, M. C.; Poulat, F.; Behringer, R. R.; Lovell-Badge, R.; Capel, B. (2006).
666:. The bacterium can only be transmitted via infected ova, and the presence of the obligate endoparasite may be required for female sexual viability.
565:, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development; for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the
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To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion.
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Transitions
Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
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324:, however, this derivation is "fanciful" and all the historical evidence favours "the conclusion of the French classical scholar
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1739:"The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation"
577:
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The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the
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139:
1080:
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between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by
3187:
2947:
2497:
2337:
2131:
1664:
1577:
1570:
Buck WR; Goffinet, B (August 2000). "Morphology and classification of mosses". In Shaw AJ & Goffinet B (ed.).
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2327:
1322:
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Male animals have evolved to use secondary sex characteristics as a way of displaying traits that signify their
217:
designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the
2268:
478:
448:
116:
3297:
2819:
2549:
1353:"Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae"
316:
in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god
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3292:
2465:
2460:
2256:
2251:
2195:
1301:
2124:
switze, International
Conference on Comparative Physiology 1992 Crans; Bassau, Short & (1994-08-04).
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2569:
24:
1104:
Lehtonen, Jussi (2017), "Gamete Size", in
Shackelford, Todd K.; Weekes-Shackelford, Viviana A. (eds.),
2176:
99:
without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and
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3222:
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1364:
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100:
1351:
Togashi, Tatsuya; Bartelt, John L.; Yoshimura, Jin; Tainaka, Kei-ichi; Cox, Paul Alan (2012-08-21).
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184:
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634:, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some
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The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different
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for comparison. Both models have partially shaved body hair; e.g. clean-shaven pubic regions.
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with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to
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1839:"Fertile diploid males in the ant Cataglyphis cursor: a potential cost of thelytoky?"
1628:
1113:
605:
580:, where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW in females) sex chromosomes, may be found in
467:
428:
313:
269:
243:
led to the evolution of male and female function. Before the evolution of anisogamy,
92:
2025:
1982:
1939:
1880:
1330:
1241:
40:(god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet
3333:
3328:
3202:
3192:
3100:
2912:
2814:
2789:
2591:
2443:
2320:
2315:
2261:
1788:"Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination"
1418:
Stearn, William T. (1962). "The Origin of the Male and Female
Symbols of Biology".
654:
642:, the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.
570:
532:
486:
112:
108:
3125:
2872:
2762:
2745:
2009:
1482:
1228:
Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P (2019). "Anisogamy". In Vonk J, Shackelford T (eds.).
861:"A Review of Red Queen Models for the Persistence of Obligate Sexual Reproduction"
1804:
1571:
1157:
3257:
3012:
2922:
2907:
2887:
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2779:
2757:
2740:
2690:
1271:
The
Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection
727:
593:
589:
435:. They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called
432:
413:
405:
273:
244:
163:
131:
2602:
1357:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3151:
3043:
3007:
2957:
2862:
2799:
1862:
1657:"The Most Horrifying Parasite: The Sex-Changing Tongue-Eating Cymothoa Exigua"
1461:
639:
638:, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female. In tropical
528:
345:
252:
218:
2902:
1974:
1923:
1558:
female Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector
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167:
2017:
1931:
1823:
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1404:
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894:
786:
753:"Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes"
616:. However, fertile diploid males may still appear in some species, such as
1915:
3262:
3227:
2972:
2835:
2767:
2448:
2349:
995:
650:
490:
88:
72:
19:
This article is about the male sex. For the capital of the
Maldives, see
32:
3090:
3085:
3063:
2937:
2897:
2882:
2772:
2416:
2389:
2073:
Sex
Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research
1871:
1754:
1439:
909:
704:
613:
609:
524:
523:. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to be
499:
change sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity.
436:
281:
248:
198:
159:
20:
3038:
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508:
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375:
202:
179:
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127:
104:
84:
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138:. The use of "male" in regard to sex and gender has been subject to
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1966:
1712:
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2850:
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2670:
1057:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Chapter 20.
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562:
512:
452:
404:
Species that are divided into females and males are classified as
352:
206:
80:
31:
2917:
581:
555:
551:
547:
471:
332:, the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is
309:
49:
41:
2606:
2191:
966:. SpringerBriefs in law. Dordrecht : Springer. p. v.
3058:
2665:
2218:
1996:
Zimmer, Carl (2001). "Wolbachia: a tale of sex and survival".
722:
696:
of a single organism includes both the male and female parts.
601:
597:
543:
383:
379:
234:
68:
1201:
Sawada, Hitoshi; Inoue, Naokazu; Iwano, Megumi (2014-02-07).
1454:"male | Etymology, origin and meaning of male by etymonline"
1953:
1323:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2
708:
successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes.
960:
Palazzani, Laura; Bailes, Victoria; Fella, Marina (2012).
1236:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1â5.
1108:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1â4,
1024:
Klymkowsky, Michael W.; Melanie M., Cooper (2016-06-04).
573:, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.
2187:
111:, which codes for the production of larger amounts of
2042:
Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations
1629:"hermaphroditism | Definition, Types, & Effects"
358:("masculine, male, worthy of a man"), diminutive of
3240:
3170:
3134:
3031:
2998:
2985:
2788:
2656:
2645:
2535:
2368:
2225:
2097:Richards, Julia E.; Hawley, R. Scott (2010-12-12).
805:Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10).
592:) and other organisms. Members of the insect order
308:The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of
1141:"Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?"
1106:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science
1050:
519:where males have XY (as opposed to XX in females)
378:, such as for gender role or gender identity of a
1019:
1017:
1015:
474:, have both male and female reproductive organs.
457:Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult
158:. The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in
811:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111â113.
751:Lehtonen, Jussi; Parker, Geoff A. (2014-12-01).
328:(Salmasius, 1588â1683)" that it is derived from
1268:Togashi, Tatsuya; Cox, Paul Alan (2011-04-14).
1263:
1261:
1134:
1132:
978:'gender' means human gender, male/female gender
2618:
2203:
1274:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â15.
1234:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
8:
3283:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
515:, are genetically determined as such by the
2154:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1081:"Why Sex? Biologists Find New Explanations"
955:
953:
800:
798:
796:
2995:
2653:
2625:
2611:
2603:
2210:
2196:
2188:
1546:. Hoboken Taylor and Francis. p. 96.
1544:Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts
221:that give rise to male and female plants.
1870:
1813:
1803:
1762:
1394:
1376:
1204:Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants
1196:
1194:
1174:
1156:
989:
987:
876:
768:
427:Males can coexist with hermaphrodites, a
2181:Transactions of the Philological Society
838:. Oxford University Press. p. 354.
832:Hine, Robert; Martin, Elizabeth (2015).
743:
612:and females and some sterile males are
16:Sex of an organism which produces sperm
2147:
649:, sex is determined by infection with
272:used to represent the male sex is the
630:In some species of reptiles, such as
550:, which forms feedforward loops with
312:. It was first used to denote sex by
7:
2306:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1843:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
276:â, a circle with an arrow pointing
1079:Wilcox, Christie (23 April 2020).
14:
2127:The Differences Between the Sexes
1526:How to Build Electronic Equipment
1295:Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000).
362:("male person or animal, male").
3198:Attraction to transgender people
2587:
2586:
2380:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1601:Leonard, Janet L. (2019-05-21).
1528:. New York: Rider. p. 167.
1114:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3063-1
859:Lively, Curtis M. (2010-03-01).
231:Evolution of sexual reproduction
209:, among others. In land plants,
107:, including male humans, have a
1955:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1242:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1
477:Not all species share a common
2488:Sexual reproduction in animals
374:can be used in the context of
83:, which fuses with the larger
1:
3288:Social construction of gender
2010:10.1126/science.292.5519.1093
703:Birds often exhibit colorful
670:Secondary sex characteristics
259:Symbol, etymology, and usage
126:can also be used to refer to
3273:Sex as a biological variable
2360:Sex as a biological variable
2343:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1805:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187
1158:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
1049:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
963:Gender in Philosophy and Law
757:Molecular Human Reproduction
676:Secondary sex characteristic
36:The symbol of the Roman god
1524:J. Richard Johnson (1962).
808:The Biology of Reproduction
626:Environmental determination
578:ZW sex-determination system
517:XY sex-determination system
493:; however, species such as
235:Sex § Evolution of sex
3355:
3188:Androphilia and gynephilia
2498:Penile-vaginal intercourse
2338:Sequential hermaphroditism
2132:Cambridge University Press
1711:Reference, Genetics Home.
1687:"43.1C: Sex Determination"
1607:. Springer. pp. 1â3.
1578:Cambridge University Press
908:Reference, Genetics Home.
673:
604:, are often determined by
569:and the multiplication of
446:
228:
18:
2582:
2328:Testis-determining factor
1863:10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6
1542:Richard Ferncase (2013).
162:species with two or more
130:, in the social sense of
95:. A male organism cannot
2736:Non-binary / genderqueer
2269:Sex-determination system
1026:"4.9: Sexual dimorphism"
479:sex-determination system
449:Sex-determination system
117:male reproductive organs
3298:Transgender archaeology
1904:The Biological Bulletin
1837:Doums, Claudie (2013).
1717:Genetics Home Reference
1633:Encyclopedia Britannica
1378:10.1073/pnas.1203495109
1000:Encyclopedia Britannica
914:Genetics Home Reference
835:A Dictionary of Biology
608:, where most males are
3293:Split attraction model
3278:Sexâgender distinction
2252:Sexual differentiation
2177:"On False Etymologies"
1661:From Quarks to Quasars
462:
241:evolution of anisogamy
195:Male/female dimorphism
53:
23:. For other uses, see
3268:Queer heterosexuality
2294:Temperature-dependent
1916:10.1086/bblv229n3p276
1053:Living at Micro Scale
878:10.1093/jhered/esq010
770:10.1093/molehr/gau068
590:butterflies and moths
503:Genetic determination
456:
394:a shape of connectors
35:
25:Male (disambiguation)
3248:Anti-gender movement
3223:Romantic orientation
2076:. Psychology Press.
2049:. pp. 392â393.
1511:Cambridge Dictionary
1483:"Definition of MALE"
871:(suppl_1): S13âS20.
694:sporophyte sex organ
546:. The SRY activates
489:, sex is determined
400:Males across species
370:In humans, the word
156:convergent evolution
122:In humans, the word
91:, in the process of
79:(sex cell) known as
3000:Sexual orientations
2731:Masculine of center
2510:Hormonal motivation
2483:Fungal reproduction
2402:Reproductive system
2173:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
2039:Campbell B (2017).
2004:(5519): 1093â1095.
1855:2013BEcoS..67.1983D
1667:on November 7, 2013
1369:2012PNAS..10913692T
1363:(34): 13692â13697.
1315:2000Pbio...26..386B
865:Journal of Heredity
185:sexual reproduction
3121:Same gender loving
3032:Alternative labels
2515:Human reproduction
2493:Sexual intercourse
2478:Plant reproduction
2103:. Academic Press.
1755:10.1242/dev.032631
1691:Biology LibreTexts
1458:www.etymonline.com
1030:Biology LibreTexts
619:Cataglyphis cursor
463:
392:can also refer to
326:Claude de Saumaise
247:in a species were
97:reproduce sexually
75:that produces the
54:
3306:
3305:
3253:Gender assignment
3236:
3235:
2981:
2980:
2721:Gender neutrality
2600:
2599:
2520:Lordosis behavior
2235:Sexual dimorphism
2141:978-0-521-44878-9
2110:978-0-08-091865-5
2083:978-1-136-87493-2
1849:(12): 1983â1993.
1749:(11): 1813â1821.
1653:Creighton, Jolene
1614:978-3-319-94139-4
1587:978-0-521-66794-4
1573:Bryophyte Biology
1281:978-1-139-50082-1
1251:978-3-319-47829-6
1214:978-4-431-54589-7
1123:978-3-319-16999-6
1064:978-0-674-03116-6
845:978-0-19-871437-8
818:978-1-108-49985-9
763:(12): 1161â1168.
470:animals, such as
443:Sex determination
322:William T. Stearn
46:alchemical symbol
3346:
3096:Non-heterosexual
2996:
2654:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2550:Animal sexuality
2473:Sexual selection
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2100:The Human Genome
2094:
2088:
2087:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2036:
2030:
2029:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1874:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1663:. Archived from
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1380:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1160:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
991:
982:
980:
957:
948:
947:
945:
944:
930:
924:
923:
921:
920:
905:
899:
898:
880:
856:
850:
849:
829:
823:
822:
802:
791:
790:
772:
748:
686:Sexual selection
303:
299:
296:
293:
291:
154:, an example of
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3232:
3183:Analloeroticism
3166:
3162:Heterosociality
3130:
3027:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2792:
2784:
2726:Gender variance
2716:Gender fluidity
2648:
2641:
2631:
2601:
2596:
2578:
2565:Differentiation
2555:Human sexuality
2545:Plant sexuality
2531:
2427:Spermatogenesis
2371:
2364:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2171:
2168:
2166:Further reading
2163:
2146:
2142:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:Merriam-Webster
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1432:10.2307/1217734
1417:
1416:
1412:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1151:(7): e1001899.
1138:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1085:Quanta Magazine
1078:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
985:
974:
959:
958:
951:
942:
940:
932:
931:
927:
918:
916:
907:
906:
902:
858:
857:
853:
846:
831:
830:
826:
819:
804:
803:
794:
750:
749:
745:
741:
714:
678:
672:
628:
567:spermatic cords
559:
521:sex chromosomes
505:
496:Cymothoa exigua
451:
445:
408:in animals, as
402:
368:
342:
320:. According to
301:
297:
294:
289:
288:
284:code-point is:
266:
261:
237:
227:
148:
136:gender identity
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Plurisexuality
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Sociosexuality
3138:
3136:
3135:Social aspects
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3081:Heteroflexible
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Vakasalewalewa
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2311:Sex chromosome
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2140:
2116:
2109:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2056:978-1351514415
2055:
2031:
1988:
1967:10.1086/411613
1945:
1910:(3): 276â281.
1893:
1829:
1778:
1728:
1703:
1678:
1644:
1620:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1562:
1552:
1534:
1516:
1498:
1474:
1445:
1426:(4): 109â113.
1410:
1343:
1287:
1280:
1257:
1250:
1220:
1213:
1190:
1128:
1122:
1096:
1071:
1063:
1041:
1011:
994:Berrill, N.J.
983:
972:
949:
934:"Y Chromosome"
925:
910:"Y chromosome"
900:
851:
844:
824:
817:
792:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:Male pregnancy
713:
710:
674:Main article:
671:
668:
627:
624:
557:
527:or have other
504:
501:
468:hermaphroditic
447:Main article:
444:
441:
401:
398:
367:
364:
344:Borrowed from
341:
338:
306:
305:
265:
262:
260:
257:
226:
223:
147:
144:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3351:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Terms for men
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Postgenderism
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:Monosexuality
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3178:Allosexuality
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Homosociality
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Antisexuality
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:Bugis genders
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:Third genders
2787:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Gender bender
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Cross-dresser
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2525:Pelvic thrust
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:Fertilization
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:Gametogenesis
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:parasexuality
2353:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:Hermaphrodite
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:Haplodiploidy
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:9780240801575
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
984:
979:
975:
973:9789400749917
969:
965:
964:
956:
954:
950:
939:
935:
929:
926:
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
852:
847:
841:
837:
836:
828:
825:
820:
814:
810:
809:
801:
799:
797:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
744:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:
706:
701:
697:
695:
690:
687:
683:
677:
669:
667:
665:
664:
660:of the genus
659:
656:
655:endosymbiotic
652:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
606:haplodiploidy
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:Sertoli cells
568:
564:
560:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
460:
455:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:sexual system
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
354:
350:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Carl Linnaeus
311:
287:
286:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
236:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
186:
181:
177:
173:
170:species with
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:fertilisation
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
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3258:Gender roles
3203:Kinsey scale
3193:Aromanticism
3069:Gray asexual
3018:Heterosexual
2943:Sworn virgin
2913:Mukhannathun
2815:Binabinaaine
2675:
2444:spermatozoon
2372:reproduction
2321:Y chromosome
2316:X chromosome
2262:Virilization
2257:Feminization
2239:
2180:
2126:
2119:
2099:
2092:
2072:
2065:
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1958:
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1792:PLOS Biology
1791:
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1716:
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1693:. 2018-07-17
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1665:the original
1660:
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1306:
1302:Paleobiology
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1223:
1207:. Springer.
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1148:
1145:PLOS Biology
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533:reproduction
511:, including
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355:
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267:
245:mating types
238:
214:
210:
193:
189:
174:of male and
164:mating types
149:
123:
121:
113:testosterone
109:Y chromosome
103:. Most male
56:
55:
29:
3116:Questioning
2989:orientation
2908:Mudoko dako
2868:Femminiello
2780:Transsexual
2758:Trans woman
2741:Transgender
1961:(1): 3â21.
1872:10261/88167
1798:(6): e187.
1743:Development
728:Masculinity
594:Hymenoptera
491:genetically
433:androdioecy
414:seed plants
274:Mars symbol
219:sporophytes
168:anisogamous
132:gender role
115:to develop
87:gamete, or
44:and is the
3313:Categories
3152:Asociality
3106:Polysexual
3074:Demisexual
3044:Bi-curious
3023:Homosexual
2991:identities
2958:Two-spirit
2863:Fakafifine
2858:Fa'afafine
2800:Androgynos
2649:identities
2640:identities
2505:Copulation
2226:Biological
1722:2020-07-22
1713:"SRY gene"
1697:2020-07-22
1638:2020-07-22
1492:2023-03-22
1462:Etymonline
1309:(3): 386.
1090:2020-07-22
1035:2020-07-22
1005:2020-07-22
943:2020-09-07
938:Genome.gov
919:2020-07-22
739:References
647:arthropods
640:clown fish
632:alligators
596:, such as
529:karyotypes
481:. In most
422:cryptogams
406:gonochoric
346:Old French
302:♂
253:Volvocales
229:See also:
140:discussion
3126:TakatÄpui
3101:Pansexual
3054:Ex-ex-gay
2893:Koekchuch
2873:GĂŒevedoce
2793:and sexes
2763:Fakaleitī
2753:Trans man
2746:Akava'ine
2696:Cisgender
2686:Androgyne
2560:Mechanics
2537:Sexuality
2432:Oogenesis
2407:Sex organ
2397:Germ cell
2385:Anisogamy
2150:cite book
2047:Routledge
1975:0033-5770
1924:0006-3185
1886:2 October
1387:0027-8424
1230:Anisogamy
1167:1545-7885
887:0022-1503
779:1360-9947
733:Gentleman
663:Wolbachia
651:parasitic
584:and some
531:. During
410:dioecious
340:Etymology
298:MALE SIGN
278:northeast
268:A common
249:isogamous
225:Evolution
205:and land
178:types to
160:isogamous
101:asexually
67:) is the
3263:Intersex
3241:See also
3228:Sapphism
3013:Bisexual
2973:X-gender
2948:Travesti
2923:NĂĄdleehi
2836:Chibados
2768:Mak nyah
2592:Category
2570:Activity
2466:Internal
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2350:Intersex
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1405:22869736
1336:12 April
1331:36648568
1185:24983465
895:20421322
787:25323972
712:See also
658:bacteria
645:In many
588:(mostly
418:dioicous
356:masculus
295:♂
199:chytrids
180:oogamous
152:lineages
146:Overview
73:organism
3091:Lesbian
3086:Khanith
3064:Gay men
3008:Asexual
2938:Sipiniq
2898:Lhamana
2883:Kathoey
2830:Calalai
2827:Calabai
2773:Rae-rae
2658:Genders
2417:Meiosis
2390:Isogamy
1998:Science
1851:Bibcode
1815:1463023
1764:4075598
1671:7 April
1467:23 July
1440:1217734
1396:3427103
1365:Bibcode
1311:Bibcode
1176:4077654
981:(eBook)
705:plumage
682:fitness
614:diploid
610:haploid
586:insects
561:in the
525:XX male
509:mammals
483:animals
437:trioecy
431:called
416:and as
351:, from
334:Thouros
282:Unicode
280:. The
203:diatoms
172:gametes
105:mammals
3049:Ex-gay
3039:Banjee
2987:Sexual
2968:Winkte
2953:Tumtum
2933:Palopa
2846:Eunuch
2841:Enaree
2805:Apwint
2706:Femboy
2681:Female
2647:Gender
2638:sexual
2634:Gender
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2412:Mating
2370:Sexual
2245:Female
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376:gender
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290:U+2642
270:symbol
264:Symbol
211:female
207:plants
176:female
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3111:Queer
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2888:Köçek
2878:Hijra
2851:Galli
2824:Bissu
2810:Bakla
2671:Woman
2228:terms
2022:S2CID
1979:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1877:S2CID
1436:JSTOR
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1327:S2CID
996:"Sex"
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507:Most
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