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70:
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largely just puppet kingdoms controlled entirely by the Dutch. Majene inhabitants remember the Dutch era as being particularly harsh – a time where their culture was stifled and even suffocated. Mandar people were enslaved, stripped of all rights, forced to work on Dutch projects, and generally treated very poorly. Moreover, the colonizers did not acknowledge any of the local languages spoken by the inhabitants of the Mandar kingdoms and denied them access to education.
392:. Then, at the end of 1943, after they had gained their respect and trust, the Japanese forcibly took the land from the Mandar people as well as anything that was produced on it, effectively starving them and re-driving them into extreme poverty. Majenites say that in the transitional phase between occupations, they were passing "from the mouth of the crocodile to the mouth of the tiger". Many agree that the Asian occupation was far worse than the western one.
557:
478:
270:
411:) arrived in 1946 to temporarily restore order and move the remaining Japanese troops to Baruga, an area just outside Mandar territory. The Dutch accompanied them as well, even though they weren't technically members of the Allied Forces, in an effort to use this chaotic opportunity to regain the influence they had lost at the hand of the Japanese. In effect, they were trying for the fourth time to control Mandar territory. Even though
454:, because it wasn't until 1961 that the Indonesian government fully formed the regional administrations, allowing the kings to remain the symbolic heads of their territories until that time. Royal familial blood lines can still be traced today and royal heritage is still coveted in society - less for political or authoritative roles and more for cultural ones instead. Furthermore, ceremonies such as weddings and
432:
318:
Bone
Kingdom, the Mandar kingdoms would rush to their aid and vice versa. The treaty was signed near Pinrang and sought to divide up the kingdoms and make them less of a threat. Though this treaty was immediately ineffective, it was the beginning of the unraveling of the Mandar kingdoms in the face of the Dutch.
217:
in the far south of the regency is the administrative capital, and consists of two administrative districts - Banggae and
Banggae Timur. The population of Majene Regency was 151,197 at the 2010 Census and 174,407 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 181,360 (comprising 90,641
575:
investors plan on building micro-hydro powered cacao processing plants near Majene by 2011. With this acceleration in cacao production, Governor of West
Sulawesi Anwar Adnan Saleh is optimistic that the region will help Indonesia to become the world's largest cocoa producer and exporter. Indonesia
355:
The sub-Afdeling (or county) territorial boundaries outlined by the Dutch still stand today and denote the difference between Majene, Polewali, Mamasa, and Mamuju. Each area was led by a
Dutchman called the "controller". During this period, kings were still present and had some power, but they were
293:
arrived in Majene with the Dutch to attack the Mandar kingdoms for their violation of the treaty. The Dutch could not defeat the Mandar people on their first attempt. All the kingdoms were united by this common enemy and were galvanized to share resources to defend the homeland. Traditional warfare
317:
and some of the Mandar kingdoms stating that the Mandar kingdoms could no longer enter in agreements and contracts with each other and instead must work entirely through the Bone
Kingdom, which at the time was controlled by the Dutch. There was also a provision stating that if anyone attacked the
237:
The three kingdoms that occupied present day Majene
Regency were Bangai, Pamboang (encompassing the sub-kingdom of Malunda), and Sendana. Peace was maintained among the seven coastal kingdoms by the "Pitu Ba'ba Binanga" Treaty, which essentially stated that the kingdoms had more to gain by living
321:
The Bone treaty allowed the Dutch to conduct business with the Mandar people through the Bone intermediary, and as stipulated in the agreement, the Dutch did not interfere in governmental affairs of the Mandar people - though they did have a heavy influence on business and commerce. However, the
285:
people and Dutch forces, but also stated that every kingdom that has an existing treaty with Gowa must also acknowledge the
Bungaya Treaty. As regular traders with the Gowa Kingdom, the Mandar people would thus be submitting to the Dutch by default. However, when the Mandar kingdoms collectively
465:. Not only did he become the first Regent of Majene in 1959 at age 24, he would later go on to lead the struggle against corruption as district attorney during Soeharto Government. He became well-known for his notable bravery and uncompromising stance on corruption during the early
376:
capitulated to Japan. The
Japanese strategy for ridding Asia of all western occupiers was to win the hearts and support of the locals by assuming the role of the "older brother" and promising to act in the best of interests for Indonesia upon arrival.
329:" strategy and hired Indonesian spies to foment revolution and weaken the kings from the inside. Rumors were started, the royal governing parties became insulted (in many cases, over the alleged beauty of Mandar queens), and provocations ensued.
619:), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of
549:(especially Mandar sarongs), and creative dancers (Pattudu Tomuane for males and Pattudu Towaine for Females). They are an extremely proud people and still insist that only people of Mandar tribal origin can hold high office in the region.
591:
began drilling offshore oil off the Majene
Regency in Makassar Strait. However by 2013, ExxonMobil returned Mandar Block to the government as it failed to find substantial oil after three exploration wells.
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Cell phone and computer repair shops have sprung up in response to the various technological needs of the people and internet cafes (warnets) are quick to open as soon as
Internet services become available.
447:. The kings cooperated with the representatives sent from this new government and the kingdoms officially dissolved in 1948 when the global community finally acknowledged the sovereignty of Indonesia.
322:
treaty only proved to be only marginally effective in keeping the Mandar people at bay, and the Dutch realized that only total control over the region would lead to the most successful trade monopoly.
599:
struck east of Majene. The earthquake caused extensive damage in the town, destroying many homes, buildings and schools. 108 people were killed and over 3,000 were injured, most of them in Majene and
238:
peacefully alongside each other than by warring for incidental gains in territory. The inland kingdoms also had a treaty known as "Pitu Uluna Salu", which also prevented warring amongst themselves.
388:
At the outset, the Japanese treated the Mandar people well. They offered them education, allowed them to speak their native language, and even trained the youth for war against the
254:, safely shuttling spices and other rare commodities from destination to destination. Majene's strategic location as a remote "middle-ground" between the Spice Islands of
1244:
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arrived in full in Mandar territory, where they fought the Mandar people for two years until the natives surrendered in 1907. Strong Mandar leaders were jailed in
1366:
1180:
1126:
1354:
54:
1272:
226:
According to oral history of Mandar, there were seven coastal Mandar kingdoms and seven inland Mandar kingdoms. The coastal kingdoms were
344:
and the Dutch occupation in the newly termed "Afdeling Mandar" began. The territory was supervised by a single Dutch Resident Assistant (
1405:
333:
443:, there was a gathering of all of the coastal Mandar kings, where they all decided it was in their best interest to unite under the
1100:
1073:
1343:
998:(e) including the 2 urban villages of Mosso and Mosso Dhua. (f) including the 2 urban villages of Lamungang Batu and Malunda.
440:
167:
986:(b) including the 8 urban villages of Baruga, Baruga Dhua, Baurung, Labuang, Labuang Utara, Lembang, Tande and Tande Timur.
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596:
466:
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Kingdom of South Sulawesi and the Dutch signed the Bungaya Treaty, which not only promised cooperation between the local
39:
403:
in 1945, the Japanese, having lost the war, left Sulawesi. Shortly thereafter, the Allied Forces (consisting mostly of
1265:
372:. Between 1942 and 1943, the Japanese arrived in West Sulawesi and seized all territory under Dutch control after the
230:(now known as Tinambung), Sendana, Bangai (now known as Majene), Pamboang, Tapalan, Mamuju, and Binuang (now known as
325:
So, in their third and final attempt to weaken the Mandar kingdoms, the Dutch fell back on their time-tested "
1061:. Majene: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Kabupaten Majene Bidang Binmudorabud Seksi Kebudayaan. p. 150.
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in 1945, the Mandar people continued to fight the Dutch in the Majene region until they accepted Indonesia's
1333:
263:
69:
1308:
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620:
612:
389:
30:
988:(c) including the 2 urban villages of Lalampanua and Sirindu. (d) includes the small offshore islands of
246:
It is said that the Mandar people were brave sailors who used their prowess on the sea to travel between
444:
234:), while the inland kingdoms were Rantebulahan, Mambi, Arale, Tabulahan, Taban, Bambang, and Matanga.
380:
1300:
546:
202:
194:
97:
577:
1328:
408:
482:
159:
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production and exportation has experienced significant growth in the region in recent years.
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refused to adhere to the provisions of this treaty, the Dutch chose to intervene with force.
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477:
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269:
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1323:
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510:
290:
206:
90:
416:
369:
1205:
506:
420:
404:
373:
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1181:"Basarnas: Korban Gempa Sulbar, 90 Meninggal, 18 Selamat, 3 Hilang Halaman all"
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ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management
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communions for royal families are distinct from those for the non-royals.
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The kings still held the power in the kingdoms after the country became a
451:
400:
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231:
227:
210:
538:
534:
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247:
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455:
214:
155:
102:
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in Majene was led by Daeng Rioso and Raja Bangai using traditional
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581:
572:
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476:
430:
379:
365:
303:
295:
268:
1127:"ExxonMobil Signs a New Production Sharing Contract in Indonesia"
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Sejarah Mandar dan Sejarah Perjuangan Bangsa Di Kabupaten Majene
542:
530:
494:
314:
309:
On their second attempt to gain control over West Sulawesi, the
299:
278:
1254:
1236:
984:) of Banggae, Baru, Galung, Pangali-Ali, Rangas and Totoli.
1043:
1041:
1015:
1013:
1011:
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is currently the world's third largest cocoa producer after
1031:
1029:
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intervention, which sought to intercept and monopolise the
1101:"West Sulawesi to make RI biggest cocoa producing country"
1074:"Philippines, China to build cacao plant in West Sulawesi"
181:
348:), who at the time also controlled the entire island of
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and the Asian mainland made it an attractive target for
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1019:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024,
461:A notable figure from Majene during this era was
313:orchestrated another treaty between the king of
1266:
1155:"ExxonMobil Hengkang dari 2 Blok Migas di RI"
8:
980:Notes: (a) including the 6 urban villages (
1273:
1259:
1251:
633:
18:
1355:List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
1206:"Indonesia, Earthquakes in West Sulawesi"
1007:
631:) in each district, and its post code.
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165:
148:
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117:365.96 sq mi (947.84 km)
107:
95:
75:
66:
48:
36:
623:in each district (a total of 62 rural
489:The Mandar people continue to be avid
209:Province, Indonesia, on the island of
1047:Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
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133:
125:
112:
85:
7:
1179:Aditya, Nicholas Ryan (2021-01-20).
1153:Wahyuni, Nurseffi Dwi (2013-06-18).
1057:Ahmad, Bapak; Marjanah, Dra (2007).
1035:Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
395:When the atomic bomb was dropped on
289:As a result, in 1674, the Bone king
16:Regency in West Sulawesi, Indonesia
611:The regency is divided into eight
364:The Dutch era was followed by the
334:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
14:
1021:Kabupaten Majene Dalam Angka 2024
23:Majene Regency (Kabupaten Majene)
1342:
384:Coconut shells drying in the sun
68:
53:
38:
441:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
969:
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898:
869:
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782:
753:
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959:
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828:
825:
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776:
773:
770:
767:
745:
742:
739:
736:
714:
711:
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218:males and 80,719 females).
1422:
1406:Regencies of West Sulawesi
1023:(Katalog-BPS 1102001.7605)
560:Traditional Mandar wedding
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1340:
1289:
67:
49:
37:
28:
1281:Regencies and cities of
597:magnitude 6.2 earthquake
525:(farming predominantly
264:Maritime Southeast Asia
138:500/sq mi (190/km)
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595:On January 15 2021, a
561:
486:
436:
385:
274:
198:
1247:
559:
480:
434:
383:
272:
201:) is one of the six
135: • Density
1382:1.3181°S 119.3751°E
1378: /
445:Indonesian Republic
332:Then, in 1905, the
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990:Pulau Lereklerekan
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273:Sunset over Majene
127: • Total
114: • Total
1387:-1.3181; 119.3751
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1360:
1212:. 25 January 2021
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493:(catching mainly
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1159:liputan6.com
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1137:. Retrieved
1135:. 2007-03-27
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517:), talented
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1373:119°22′30″E
1105:Antara News
1078:Antara News
867:Bonde Bonde
483:moon wrasse
421:sovereignty
417:independent
405:Australians
374:Netherlands
368:era during
1353:See also:
1329:Pasangkayu
1216:26 January
1191:2023-10-15
1185:KOMPAS.com
1165:2023-10-15
1139:2023-10-15
1132:ExxonMobil
1002:References
809:Mosso Dhua
780:Lalampanua
589:ExxonMobil
569:Philippine
467:Reform era
195:Indonesian
122:Population
1370:1°19′05″S
1301:Regencies
1291:Capital:
982:kelurahan
838:Tammerodo
648:kecamatan
629:kelurahan
617:kecamatan
613:districts
587:In 2006,
491:fishermen
423:in 1948.
413:Indonesia
409:Americans
397:Hiroshima
252:Singapore
203:regencies
172:(+62) 422
168:Area code
151:Time zone
81:Indonesia
1400:Category
925:Kabiraan
910:Ulumanda
907:76.05.05
878:76.05.04
849:76.05.07
820:76.05.06
794:Sendana
791:76.05.03
765:Pamboang
762:76.05.02
729:76.05.08
700:76.05.01
690:villages
678:mid 2023
676:Estimate
644:District
621:villages
503:cakalang
452:republic
401:Nagasaki
366:Japanese
350:Sulawesi
346:Governor
338:Makassar
232:Polewali
228:Balanipa
211:Sulawesi
87:Province
961:181,360
956:174,407
951:151,107
896:Malunda
881:Malunda
703:Banggae
642:Name of
639:Wilayah
573:Chinese
547:weavers
539:bananas
535:coconut
527:cassava
523:farmers
519:sailors
511:tongkol
248:Ternate
222:History
177:Website
130:181,360
98:Capital
77:Country
31:Regency
1324:Mamuju
1319:Mamasa
1314:Majene
1293:Mamuju
966:Majene
946:947.84
940:Totals
931:81454
922:10,320
913:456.00
902:81453
893:20,770
890:19,894
887:16,986
884:187.65
873:81455
864:10,230
844:81450
835:13,280
832:12,646
829:10,584
815:81452
806:25,550
803:24,299
800:20,374
786:81451
777:25,070
774:24,087
771:20,800
746:31,110
743:30,579
740:28,550
718:Totoli
715:45,080
712:43,304
709:37,333
683:centre
669:Census
662:Census
601:Mamuju
537:, and
513:, and
499:layang
456:Aqiqah
304:spears
296:swords
256:Maluku
215:Majene
143:
1111:5 May
1084:5 May
919:9,839
916:8,266
861:9,759
858:8,214
855:41.17
826:55.40
797:82.24
768:70.19
737:30.04
706:25.15
695:code
681:Admin
674:Pop'n
667:Pop'n
660:Pop'n
653:Area
637:Kode
582:Ghana
565:Cacao
515:kakap
473:Today
300:keris
260:Dutch
156:UTC+8
1218:2021
1113:2011
1086:2011
992:and
693:Post
671:2020
664:2010
625:desa
580:and
571:and
543:silk
531:rice
495:tuna
407:and
399:and
315:Bone
279:Gowa
250:and
160:ICST
109:Area
899:12
812:16
783:15
686:No.
340:at
1402::
1208:.
1183:.
1157:.
1129:.
1103:.
1076:.
1040:^
1028:^
1010:^
996:.
971:82
754:9
721:8
688:of
657:km
655:in
603:.
533:,
529:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
469:.
352:.
306:.
298:,
197::
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
1220:.
1194:.
1168:.
1142:.
1115:.
1088:.
928:8
870:7
841:7
650:)
646:(
615:(
545:-
193:(
162:)
158:(
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