709:
288:
81:
341:
571:
67:
2066:
302:
2699:
327:
631:
2709:
978:
487:
1804:
506:, wherein the British agreed to pay the King annual subsidies to protect shipwrecked British crews and guard wrecks against plunder. The agreement, however, remained unratified, as the British feared that doing so would "give other powers a precedent for making agreements with the Somalis, who seemed ready to enter into relations with all comers."
567:. In the years following the treaty the protectorate was however rather nominal due to Italian warships tasked with maintaining contact with the sultan visiting so rarely & irregularly. Piracy, looting of crashed steamships, weapons trade & slave trade could be carried out with almost no consequences.
1037:
In addition to a strong civil administration, the
Majeerteen Sultanate maintained a regular army. Besides protecting the polity from both external and internal threats, military officials were tasked with carrying out the King's instructions. The latter included tax collection, which typically came
610:
fell under the
Majeerteen Sultanate's administration. With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century. However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to
597:
The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates' respective administrations. In return for
Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions. The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few
642:
The
Sultanate of Hobyo, the Majeerteen Sultanate exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional
582:
had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own
Sultanate of Hobyo the year before. Both Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid had entered into the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist goals, with Sultan Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Boqor
675:, Boqor Osman taxed the harvest of aromatic trees and pearl fishing along the seaboard. He retained prior rights on goods obtained from ship wrecks on the coast. The Sultanate also exerted authority over the control of woodland and pastureland, and imposed both land and stock taxes.
425:. The earliest mention of the kingdom is the 16th century. The polity had all of the organs of an integrated modern state and maintained a robust trading network. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.
1019:
According to official reports from 1924 commissioned by the Regio
Governo della Somalia Italiana, the Majeerteen Sultanate maintained robust commercial activities before the Italian occupation of the following year. The Sultanate reportedly exported 1,056,400 Indian
1028:
and other gums. Fish and other sea products sold for a total value of 250,000 IR, roughly equivalent to 20% of the
Sultanate's aggregate exports. The remaining export proceeds came from livestock, with the export list of 1924 consisting of 16 items.
1448:
Early in 1885 Great
Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been
555:, since the Italians considered part of the Dhulbahante subject of the Italian-protected Sultan of the Majeerteen. With the intermediation of Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid & after a conference of all notablels of the sultanate in
469:
It was a semi-nomadic
Sultanate that appeared to have a strong seafaring tradition along the costal settlements. The sultanate rose to prominence during the 19th century, under the reign of the shrewd and resourceful
4882:
1487:
No treaty was concluded with the
Dolbahanta, the largest of the clans, for the Italians regarded part of the clan as subject to the Sultan of the Mijerteen, who was himself under Italian protection.
594:. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.
4887:
1678:
1354:
708:
539:
and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance along with aid and weaponry from Boqor Osman, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish the separate
4892:
4239:
606:. An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that
4805:
4800:
4872:
1499:
2051:
1006:
503:
80:
551:
In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the
4877:
465:
The Kingdom of Adel (as they say) is a large kingdom, and it extends over the Cape of Guardafuy, and there in that part another rules subject to Adel.
1872:
4232:
4049:
3431:
1472:
1317:
2427:
1595:
Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
1273:
1241:
Also known as Osman Mahamuud or Cismaan II Maxamuud. Long reign of almost 70 years. Last Sultan of the Majeerteen Sultanate Administration
625:
94:
2021:
1815:
1791:
1624:, Vol. 42, (Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the institute of British Geographers): 1872), p.61-63.
2183:
2137:
1334:
4101:
3101:
2501:
1364:
2745:
1885:
1782:
520:
Osman Mahamuud's Kingdom was under attack in the mid-19th century due to a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin,
669:
The Majeerteen Sultanate's ruler, however, commanded more power than was typical of other Somali leaders during the period. As the
4225:
999:
951:
3727:
2004:
957:
2120:
1983:
1808:
1761:
1278:
939:
4867:
4165:
2437:
2422:
2378:
2286:
2154:
1973:
963:
945:
1066:
region in northeastern Somalia now administers much of the former territories of the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia).
4160:
4044:
2491:
2417:
2373:
1865:
1830:
3207:
2014:
66:
4170:
2889:
2548:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2324:
2166:
2046:
2041:
992:
688:
598:
ambassadors to promote both the sultanates' and their own interests. The new protectorates were thereafter managed by
847:
4897:
2612:
933:
902:
757:
2840:
4128:
3276:
2565:
2524:
2449:
2444:
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1958:
1845:
896:
1840:
1825:
4790:
4086:
4061:
3911:
3570:
3565:
2595:
524:. After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was terribly defeated and finally forced into exile in
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3528:
3471:
3170:
3114:
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2575:
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2486:
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2363:
2065:
1933:
1858:
1516:
Dalla tribù allo Stato nella Somalia nord-orientale: il caso sei Sultanati di Hobiyo e Majeerteen, 1880-1930
823:
4785:
3627:
3342:
3096:
1835:
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3464:
3449:
3109:
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1820:
1747:
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1638:
A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
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3754:
2818:
2808:
2767:
2738:
1230:
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1831:
In 1938, Mussolini briefly considered settling Jews into Migiurtinia and turning it into a Jewish state
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1953:
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3771:
3737:
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2985:
2921:
2796:
2781:
2670:
2655:
2635:
2607:
2412:
2342:
2100:
381:
4004:
2708:
570:
4846:
4755:
4678:
4435:
4430:
4395:
4305:
4285:
3984:
3967:
3918:
3783:
3592:
3543:
3476:
3394:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3281:
3251:
3143:
3041:
2909:
2884:
2627:
2529:
2469:
2358:
2095:
1968:
1963:
1948:
1893:
1735:
1493:
1386:. University of California Libraries. London : Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 346.
917:
890:
884:
874:
859:
816:
777:
745:
718:
697:
671:
599:
587:
564:
540:
515:
334:
320:
4709:
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4355:
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3404:
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2560:
2110:
1778:
1757:
1478:
1468:
1399:
1360:
1313:
1268:
784:
643:
army. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.
603:
579:
529:
521:
4526:
3617:
4826:
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4739:
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3421:
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3091:
3051:
3034:
3017:
2980:
2731:
2702:
2665:
2660:
2617:
2009:
1996:
1928:
1918:
1841:
First whispers of democracy and anti democracy protests took place in Migiurtinia and Mudugh
1727:
1305:
1258:
796:
455:
293:
3989:
563:, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with Italy, making his kingdom a protectorate known as
4724:
4719:
4546:
4471:
4405:
4300:
4180:
4148:
4021:
3972:
3928:
3923:
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2602:
2580:
2516:
2276:
2261:
2105:
1938:
1133:
1124:
927:
829:
450:
clan. The origins of the state can be traced back to the late 15th or early 16th century.
387:
372:
117:
3622:
3602:
1430:
The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900
1381:
454:, a Portuguese missionary and explorer who spent six years at the Portuguese embassy in
4831:
4765:
4693:
4639:
4590:
4270:
4249:
4123:
4118:
4081:
4056:
4039:
3950:
3935:
3906:
3864:
3712:
3672:
3667:
3555:
3548:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3303:
3182:
3076:
2943:
2825:
2712:
2650:
2266:
2256:
2236:
2171:
1991:
1923:
1253:
982:
841:
790:
647:
607:
560:
499:
475:
459:
418:
411:
307:
204:
107:
4861:
4841:
4734:
4375:
4275:
4204:
4091:
3886:
3859:
3832:
3810:
3788:
3632:
3612:
3538:
3523:
3367:
3320:
3308:
3234:
3126:
3000:
2995:
2970:
2852:
2206:
1739:
659:
1846:
Sultanate of Migiurtinia signed a treaty with the Italy Government on April 7, 1889.
1692:
1664:
The Use of the Past: Variation in Historical traditions in a South Somalia community
1464:
Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland : betrayal and redemption, 1899-1921
630:
4668:
4466:
4440:
4096:
3837:
3827:
3793:
3722:
3717:
3644:
3434:
3416:
3377:
3372:
3352:
3347:
3219:
3212:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3086:
3024:
3005:
2990:
2926:
2211:
2159:
1913:
1514:
1299:
1025:
731:
17:
1772:
1751:
1605:
4601:
4481:
3815:
3800:
3649:
3362:
3271:
3261:
3187:
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2830:
2304:
2241:
1129:
583:
Osman over the Majeerteen Sultanate, as well as in a separate conflict with the
552:
421:
during its golden age, the sultanate controlled the areas which are now called
3842:
3659:
3533:
3493:
3426:
2640:
2314:
2246:
2147:
2125:
1978:
1731:
1105:
752:
533:
443:
31:
1826:
Square kilometers of Migiurtinia according to Encyclopadeia Britannica (1983)
1482:
3732:
3503:
3387:
3357:
3138:
3012:
2803:
2216:
2142:
1908:
1100:
725:
591:
536:
4340:
1821:
lntroduction and change to the somalo in Migiurtinia and other comissariats
1383:
Narrative of the Portuguese embassy to Abyssinia during the years 1520-1527
486:
30:
This article is about the early modern Somali Sultanate. For the clan, see
1803:
1462:
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2874:
2813:
2319:
2309:
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2271:
2201:
2130:
1309:
1138:
1063:
663:
422:
137:
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headland, Boqor Osman's kingdom entered into an informal agreement with
4649:
4644:
4609:
4551:
4501:
4496:
4425:
3046:
2975:
2931:
2847:
2786:
2299:
1881:
1110:
439:
407:
359:
144:
1301:
A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa
4634:
4619:
4385:
4380:
2879:
2754:
2231:
2196:
1158:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1039:
763:
655:
651:
635:
556:
1356:
The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia
1850:
1753:
The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy
4614:
4571:
4566:
4531:
4491:
4476:
4461:
3513:
2251:
2191:
2115:
1163:
1120:
1115:
1080:
1075:
1050:) ordinarily tithed by Somalis to the poor and religious clerics (
1021:
629:
569:
525:
491:
485:
471:
447:
415:
127:
1718:
Hess, Robert L. (1964). "The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia".
2400:
2226:
2221:
584:
4221:
2727:
1854:
1586:, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
1380:
Alvares, Francisco; Stanley, Henry Edward John Stanley (1881).
638:(built in 1878), a seasonal capital of the Majeerteen Sultanate
1024:(IR) worth of commodities, 60% of which came from the sale of
490:
One of the forts of the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) in
662:
in various areas within its realm, including a fortress at
2723:
1652:, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.
1610:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
528:. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the
1519:. Edizioni Università di Trieste (EUT). pp. 144–145.
611:
the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.
1204:
Also known as Yuusuf I. Brief reign of only two years.
4883:
States and territories established in the 17th century
1417:
Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience
574:
Italian Somaliland including the Majeerteen Sultanate.
498:
Due to consistent ship crashes along the northeastern
99:
Protectorate of Italy ( 7 April 1889– 26 October 1926)
1679:
Africa: rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione
1774:
Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920)
1561:
1559:
4814:
4778:
4748:
4702:
4658:
4599:
4449:
4263:
4256:
4189:
4141:
4020:
3658:
3062:
2761:
2626:
2547:
2468:
2341:
2285:
2182:
2073:
2034:
1901:
1892:
355:
255:
250:
236:
226:
214:
197:
187:
177:
167:
157:
143:
133:
123:
113:
103:
90:
39:
1432:, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
646:The Majeerteen Sultanate's main capital was at
1682:, Volume 56, (Edizioni africane: 2001), p.591.
85:Map of the Majeerteen Sultanate at its height.
4888:States and territories disestablished in 1924
4233:
2739:
1866:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1526:
1000:
8:
4196:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
438:The Majeerteen Sultanate was established by
1632:
1630:
1419:, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.71
4260:
4240:
4226:
4218:
4017:
2746:
2732:
2724:
2553:
2474:
2351:
2347:
2083:
2079:
1898:
1873:
1859:
1851:
1650:Transformation towards a regulated economy
1498:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1151:
1007:
993:
682:
79:
36:
4893:20th-century disestablishments in Somalia
1836:World famous incense was from Migiurtinia
1534:La Migiurtinia Ed Il Territorio Del Nugál
1467:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire. p. 12.
2016:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
1304:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 26.
261:124,320 km (48,000 sq mi)
4248:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
1771:Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993).
1607:Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67
1290:
696:
685:
458:, wrote about a ruler in the region of
254:
249:
1666:. University of Besançon. p. 178.
1622:On the Neighbourhood of Bunder Marayah
1491:
1395:
1393:
27:1600s–1927 northeastern Somali kingdom
4873:17th-century establishments in Africa
235:
225:
221:
196:
186:
176:
166:
156:
152:
142:
46:𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒖 𐒑𐒖𐒃𐒜𐒇𐒂𐒜𐒒
7:
1640:, (LIT Verlag Münster: 1999), p.208.
1274:List of Muslim empires and dynasties
1149:Rulers of the Majeerteen Sultanate:
1070:Major Cities of Majeerteen Sultanate
1062:Established in 1998, the autonomous
650:, with its seasonal headquarters at
626:Somali aristocratic and court titles
578:His second cousin and rival Sultan
391:
386:'Boqortooyada Majerteen',
238:• Campaign of the Sultanates
25:
1336:The Arab Factor in Somali History
4878:1924 disestablishments in Africa
4264:Islamic sultanates & Empires
2707:
2698:
2697:
2064:
1802:
1234:Suldaan Maxamuud Suldaan Cismaan
976:
952:Transitional National Government
707:
634:Ruins of King Osman's castle in
339:
325:
300:
286:
65:
1984:Somaliland War of Independence
1353:Fergusson, James (2013-05-01).
958:Transitional Federal Government
4450:Christian kingdoms and Empires
1720:The Journal of African History
1279:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
1198:"Bah-Yaaquub" of Bahdir-Rooble
1038:in the form of the obligatory
654:. It likewise had a number of
1:
1974:Trust Territory of Somaliland
1406:, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
590:over an area to the north of
4806:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
1237:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1153:
482:Majeerteen-British agreement
97:Sovereign until 7 April 1889
4801:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
1756:. London: Haan Associates.
1693:"Somali Traditional States"
1513:Battera, Frederico (2004).
547:Majeerteen-Italian treaties
4914:
1298:Lewis, I.M. (2002-12-01).
758:Ancient Somali City-States
623:
513:
29:
4791:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
2693:
2556:
2477:
2354:
2350:
2086:
2082:
2062:
1816:The Majeerteen Sultanates
1792:The Majeerteen Sultanates
1732:10.1017/s0021853700005107
1676:Istituto italo-africano,
1662:Luling, Virginia (1993).
1574:The Majeerteen Sultanates
1553:Issa-Salwe (1996), 34–35.
1442:Jardine, Douglas (1923).
934:Mohamed Siad Barre regime
265:
246:
222:
210:
153:
78:
62:
57:
1748:Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M.
1444:Mad Mullah of Somaliland
1404:Somalia: a country study
1216:Suldaan Cismaan Maxamuud
1186:Also known as Cismaan I
848:Khedivate's Somali Coast
410:kingdom centered in the
1934:Sultanate of the Geledi
940:Somaliland independence
824:Sultanate of the Geledi
803:Sultanate of Mogadishu
639:
575:
559:, In 7. April 1889 in
495:
467:
376:
4166:Medieval great powers
1811:at Wikimedia Commons
633:
573:
489:
463:
377:Suldanadda Majeerteen
242:October–November 1927
114:Common languages
44:Suldanadda Majeerteen
4868:Majeerteen Sultanate
4176:European colonialism
4161:Ancient great powers
2023:(2009–present)
1954:Warsangali Sultanate
1944:Majeerteen Sultanate
1809:Majeerteen Sultanate
1565:Hess (1964), 416–17.
1310:10.2307/j.ctv136c1w2
1264:Warsengali Sultanate
854:Majeerteen Sultanate
836:Habr Yunis Sultanate
369:Majeerteen Sultanate
58:15-16th century–1927
41:Majeerteen Sultanate
4171:Modern great powers
1461:Irons, Roy (2013).
1428:Lee V. Cassanelli,
228:• Established
199:• 1866 - 1927
189:• 1837 - 1866
179:• 1835 - 1837
169:• 1818 - 1835
159:• 1809 - 1818
18:Majerteen Sultanate
4786:Ethiopian–Adal war
4756:Kingdom of Wolaita
4431:Sultanate of Showa
4286:Sultanate of Harar
2325:South West Somalia
1969:British Somaliland
1964:Italian Somaliland
1949:Sultanate of Hobyo
1333:Hersi, AA (1977).
983:Somalia portal
964:Federal Government
946:Interim Government
891:British Somaliland
885:Italian Somaliland
860:Sultanate of Hobyo
764:Azania city-states
728:(3,500-2,500 BCE )
672:primus inter pares
640:
600:Vincenzo Filonardi
588:Sultan of Zanzibar
576:
565:Italian Somaliland
541:Sultanate of Hobyo
516:Sultanate of Hobyo
510:Sultanate of Hobyo
496:
335:Italian Somaliland
321:Sultanate of Hobyo
193:Boqor Mahmud Osman
183:Boqor Osman Mahmud
173:Boqor Mahmud Yusuf
4898:Former sultanates
4855:
4854:
4822:Solomonic dynasty
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4773:
4215:
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4137:
4136:
4102:Polish–Lithuanian
3277:Gurjara-Pratihara
2721:
2720:
2689:
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2542:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2428:Political parties
2418:Political history
2374:Foreign relations
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2111:Guardafui Channel
2060:
2059:
1999:(1986–1992)
1986:(1981–1991)
1807:Media related to
1474:978-1-4738-3155-1
1415:David D. Laitin,
1400:Helen Chapin Metz
1359:. Da Capo Press.
1319:978-1-78204-987-6
1269:Ali Yusuf Kenadid
1245:
1244:
1017:
1016:
877:(1884–1960)
785:Sultanate of Ifat
734:(2,500–1,500 BCE)
604:chartered company
580:Yusuf Ali Kenadid
543:(Obbia) in 1878.
530:Arabian Peninsula
522:Yusuf Ali Kenadid
452:Francisco Álvares
396:Majerteen Kingdom
385:
365:
364:
351:
350:
347:
346:
313:
312:
16:(Redirected from
4905:
4847:Makhzumi dynasty
4837:Goobroon dynasty
4827:Walashma dynasty
4796:Oromo migrations
4761:Kingdom of Damot
4749:Wolaita kingdoms
4730:Kingdom of Damot
4261:
4242:
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3683:Austro-Hungarian
3383:Chagatai Khanate
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2507:Mineral industry
2497:Economic history
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2080:
2068:
2024:
2017:
2000:
1987:
1959:Dervish movement
1919:Walashma dynasty
1899:
1875:
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1259:Ajuran Sultanate
1152:
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981:
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797:Ajuran Sultanate
768:(c. 1st century)
760:(c. 1st century)
711:
701:
683:
446:sub-clan of the
393:
380:
343:
342:
329:
328:
317:
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304:
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294:Ajuran Sultanate
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95:Somali Sultanate
83:
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37:
21:
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4306:Aussa Sultanate
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4200:American Empire
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4181:African empires
4133:
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3708:Central African
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2792:Middle Assyrian
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2277:Woqooyi Galbeed
2262:Middle Shebelle
2178:
2138:Mountain ranges
2106:Greater Somalia
2069:
2056:
2030:
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2015:
1998:
1985:
1939:Isaaq Sultanate
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1125:Hobyo Sultanate
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928:Somali Republic
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830:Isaaq Sultanate
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518:
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460:Cape Guardafui.
436:
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340:
326:
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232:15-16th century
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4250:Horn of Africa
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3117:
3112:
3104:
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3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3064:Post-classical
3060:
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2863:Middle Kingdom
2860:
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2838:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:Neo-Babylonian
2816:
2811:
2809:Old Babylonian
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2800:
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2568:
2566:Child marriage
2563:
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2545:
2544:
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2540:
2538:
2537:
2535:Transportation
2532:
2527:
2525:Communications
2522:
2514:
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2504:
2499:
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2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2462:
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2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2445:Prime Minister
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2269:
2267:Lower Shebelle
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
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2194:
2188:
2186:
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2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:Bajuni Islands
2164:
2163:
2162:
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2150:
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2128:
2118:
2113:
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2038:
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2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1992:Isaaq genocide
1989:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:Adal Sultanate
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1878:
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1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1799:
1798:External links
1796:
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1768:
1762:
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1710:
1707:
1706:
1684:
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1613:
1597:
1588:
1584:Horn of Africa
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1555:
1539:
1522:
1505:
1473:
1453:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1389:
1372:
1366:978-0306821585
1365:
1345:
1342:. p. 212.
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842:Hiraab Imamate
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827:
820:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
805:(13th–16th c.)
800:
799:(13th–17th c.)
794:
791:Adal Sultanate
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771:
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624:Main article:
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615:Administration
613:
561:Alula, Somalia
548:
545:
514:Main article:
511:
508:
500:Cape Guardafui
483:
480:
476:Osman Mahamuud
435:
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427:
419:Osman Mahamuud
412:Horn of Africa
398:also known as
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4842:Zagwe dynasty
4840:
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4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:Aussa Imamate
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4206:
4205:Soviet empire
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:Miscellaneous
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:German Empire
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:Turco-Persian
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:Mental health
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Ajuran Empire
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1784:0-86232-444-0
1780:
1777:. Zed Books.
1776:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:(3): 415–33.
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:I. M. Lewis,
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:S. B. Miles,
1617:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:. p. 57.
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
990:
988:
987:
984:
974:
973:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
921:
913:
912:
904:
901:
898:
897:Dervish State
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
870:
869:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
818:
813:
812:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
779:
774:
773:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
742:
741:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
720:
715:
714:
710:
706:
705:
702:
695:
690:
684:
678:
676:
674:
673:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
637:
632:
627:
619:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
586:
581:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
493:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:Establishment
433:
428:
426:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
389:
383:
378:
374:
370:
361:
358:
356:Today part of
354:
338:
336:
333:
332:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
309:
306:
299:
298:
295:
292:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
260:
245:
241:
231:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
192:
182:
172:
162:
148:
146:
139:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
96:
93:
89:
82:
77:
68:
61:
56:
52:
38:
33:
19:
4467:Akkele Guzay
3956:Contemporary
3806:Indo-Persian
3794:Nazi Germany
3738:Contemporary
3640:Vijayanagara
3539:Great Seljuk
3450:Thessalonica
3378:Golden Horde
3018:Carthaginian
2797:Neo-Assyrian
2782:Neo-Sumerian
2636:Architecture
2576:Demographics
2571:Coat of arms
2512:Oil industry
2487:Central Bank
2404:
2384:Human rights
2364:Constitution
1943:
1914:Land of Punt
1801:
1773:
1752:
1723:
1719:
1697:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1533:
1515:
1508:
1486:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1335:
1328:
1300:
1293:
1231:
1213:
1195:
1177:
1148:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1026:frankincense
1018:
920:(since 1960)
853:
817:Early modern
732:Land of Punt
670:
668:
645:
641:
596:
577:
550:
519:
497:
468:
464:
437:
403:
400:Majeerteenia
399:
395:
392:سلطنة مجرتين
368:
366:
276:Succeeded by
275:
270:
257:• Total
50:
48:سلطنة مجرتين
4659:Kingdom of
4602:Beta Israel
4600:Kingdom of
3544:Khwarezmian
3477:Carolingian
3282:Rashtrakuta
2986:Shaishunaga
2885:Hellenistic
2868:New Kingdom
2858:Old Kingdom
2482:Agriculture
2389:LGBT rights
2305:Hirshabelle
2242:Middle Juba
1130:Harardheere
960:(2004–2012)
954:(2000–2004)
948:(1991–1997)
942:(1981–1991)
936:(1969–1991)
930:(1960-1969)
905:(1941–1960)
899:(1895–1920)
893:(1888–1960)
887:(1889–1941)
862:(1876–1926)
856:(18th–1924)
850:(1874–1884)
844:(17th–1890)
838:(1769–1907)
832:(1750–1884)
826:(17th–1911)
793:(1415–1577)
778:Middle Ages
698:History of
620:Bureaucracy
553:Dhulbahante
414:. Ruled by
404:Migiurtinia
271:Preceded by
51:Migiurtinia
4862:Categories
4114:Portuguese
3995:Revival Le
3985:Vietnamese
3628:Later Tran
3598:Vietnamese
3494:Singhasari
3482:Holy Roman
3106:Bulgarian
3042:Satavahana
3013:Phoenician
2949:Achaemenid
2910:Indo-Greek
2890:Macedonian
2804:Babylonian
2656:Literature
2519:(currency)
2423:Parliament
2379:Government
2315:Somaliland
2247:Lower Juba
2148:Buur Dhaab
2126:Iskushuban
2121:Waterfalls
1997:Rebellion
1979:Ogaden War
1902:Chronology
1763:187420991X
1712:References
1106:Iskushuban
787:(940–1415)
753:Macrobians
719:Prehistory
602:through a
537:musketeers
444:Majeerteen
134:Government
32:Majeerteen
4815:Dynasties
4710:Bahargamo
4537:Mai-Tsade
4296:Mogadishu
4107:Couronian
3745:Ethiopian
3733:Manchukuo
3688:Brazilian
3534:Ghaznavid
3504:Srivijaya
3455:Trebizond
3440:Byzantine
3422:North Sea
3417:Norwegian
3405:Almoravid
3388:Ilkhanate
3358:Majapahit
3331:Muromachi
3240:Solomonic
3225:Ethiopian
3139:Caliphate
3072:Aragonese
2900:Ptolemaic
2681:Languages
2586:Education
2517:Shilling
2492:Companies
2433:President
2396:Judiciary
2369:Elections
2217:Galguduud
2155:Mountains
2143:Cal Madow
2075:Geography
2010:Civil War
1909:Laas Geel
1740:162991126
1494:cite book
1483:885208819
1238:1860–1927
1219:1844–1860
1201:1842–1844
1183:1815–1842
1180:"Bah-Dir"
1101:Gaalkacyo
726:Laas Geel
592:Warsheikh
456:Abyssinia
442:from the
124:Religion
4725:Kambaata
4625:Waldebba
4522:Hamasien
4517:Gheralta
4512:Entitcho
4487:Begemder
4457:Ambassel
4321:Aymallal
4311:Arababni
4087:Japanese
4050:Scottish
4030:American
4022:Colonial
3951:Imperial
3919:Moroccan
3855:Japanese
3833:Afsharid
3692:Burmese
3678:Austrian
3633:Later Le
3608:Early Le
3593:Venetian
3519:Tiwanaku
3432:Hellenic
3395:Moroccan
3326:Kamakura
3316:Japanese
3299:Saffarid
3252:Georgian
3166:Chalukya
3144:Rashidun
3134:Calakmul
3102:Bruneian
2981:Haryanka
2959:Sasanian
2954:Parthian
2905:Bactrian
2895:Seleucid
2875:Goguryeo
2853:Egyptian
2787:Assyrian
2777:Akkadian
2768:Colonies
2703:Category
2671:Religion
2608:Polygamy
2581:Diaspora
2413:Military
2343:Politics
2320:Puntland
2310:Jubaland
2295:Galmudug
2272:Togdheer
2202:Banaadir
2131:Lamadaya
2101:Wildlife
2047:Military
2042:Maritime
2035:By topic
1886:articles
1750:(1996).
1248:See also
1229:Suldaan
1214:Maxamuud
1212:Suldaan
1194:Suldaan
1176:Suldaan
1139:Baargaal
1064:Puntland
1058:Puntland
1033:Military
689:a series
687:Part of
679:Commerce
664:Murcanyo
534:Hadhrami
423:Puntland
406:, was a
138:Monarchy
4766:Welayta
4694:Wolayta
4679:Janjero
4650:Wolqayt
4645:Tsegede
4610:Dembiya
4552:Tselemt
4542:Tembien
4527:Haramat
4507:Enderta
4502:Dembela
4497:Delanta
4436:Tankish
4426:Sharkha
4346:Dankali
4331:Baqulin
4316:Argobba
4154:largest
4149:Empires
4129:Swedish
4124:Spanish
4119:Russian
4082:Italian
4057:Chinese
4045:English
4040:British
4035:Belgian
4010:Vietnam
4000:Tay son
3946:Tsarist
3941:Russian
3936:Ottoman
3902:Dzungar
3897:Khoshut
3870:Mexican
3865:Maratha
3848:Pahlavi
3828:Safavid
3823:Iranian
3750:Haitian
3713:Chinese
3673:Ashanti
3645:Wagadou
3571:Eastern
3566:Western
3549:Timurid
3509:Tibetan
3499:Songhai
3489:Serbian
3410:Almohad
3400:Idrisid
3304:Samanid
3294:Tahirid
3289:Iranian
3267:Kannauj
3247:Genoese
3183:Chinese
3176:Eastern
3171:Western
3159:Fatimid
3154:Abbasid
3149:Umayyad
3122:Burmese
3082:Ayyubid
3077:Angevin
3047:Xianbei
3035:Eastern
3030:Western
2976:Magadha
2939:Iranian
2932:Xiongnu
2917:Hittite
2826:Chinese
2814:Kassite
2763:Ancient
2755:Empires
2651:Cuisine
2628:Culture
2549:Society
2530:Tourism
2470:Economy
2359:Cabinet
2300:Khatumo
2184:Regions
2096:Climate
1894:History
1882:Somalia
1699:5 April
1402:, ed.,
1232:Cismaan
1178:Cismaan
1145:Sultans
1111:Qandala
1052:wadaads
966:(2012–)
746:Ancient
700:Somalia
656:castles
504:Britain
474:(King)
440:Somalis
429:History
384:
360:Somalia
215:History
104:Capital
4779:Events
4740:Sigamo
4735:Sidamo
4715:Buzamo
4674:Enarya
4635:Wegera
4630:Semien
4620:Gojjam
4576:Efrata
4562:Semada
4557:Salowa
4547:Tigray
4472:Amhara
4441:Werjih
4421:Qita'a
4416:Nagash
4391:Hadiya
4386:Gurage
4381:Gidaya
4371:Gabaal
4366:Dawaro
4356:Belgin
4341:Dobe'a
4336:Dahlak
4276:Ajuran
4257:States
4092:Mongol
4077:German
4072:French
4062:Danish
4005:Dainam
3980:Tongan
3968:Somali
3963:Sokoto
3929:'Alawi
3907:Kalmyk
3887:Mongol
3880:Second
3860:Korean
3811:Mughal
3801:Indian
3784:German
3777:Second
3767:French
3760:Second
3696:Second
3668:Afghan
3660:Modern
3586:Kyrgyz
3581:Uighur
3576:Second
3556:Turkic
3524:Toltec
3460:Epirus
3445:Nicaea
3368:Mongol
3321:Yamato
3257:Huetar
3115:Second
3052:Rouran
3001:Shunga
2996:Maurya
2971:Kushan
2944:Median
2922:Hunnic
2880:Harsha
2713:Portal
2676:Sports
2646:Cinema
2591:Health
2561:Anthem
2287:States
2232:Sanaag
2197:Bakool
2167:Island
2160:Bahaya
2091:Cities
2052:Postal
2005:Piracy
1884:
1781:
1760:
1738:
1481:
1471:
1363:
1316:
1196:Yuusuf
1168:Notes
1159:Sultan
1096:Garowe
1091:Qardho
1086:Bosaso
1042:alms (
1040:Muslim
1022:Rupees
691:on the
652:Bargal
636:Bargal
557:Bargal
408:Somali
394:), or
388:Arabic
373:Somali
218:
203:Boqor
149:
118:Somali
91:Status
4689:Sheka
4684:Kaffa
4669:Dawro
4661:Damot
4640:Qwara
4615:Gafat
4586:Shire
4580:Geshe
4572:Shewa
4567:Serae
4532:Lasta
4492:Bugna
4477:Angot
4462:Agame
4401:Jarin
4396:Harar
4351:Bazin
4301:Tunni
4142:Lists
4097:Omani
4067:Dutch
3973:Isaaq
3924:Saadi
3892:Oirat
3875:First
3843:Qajar
3772:First
3755:First
3728:China
3701:Third
3561:First
3514:Tikal
3465:Morea
3435:Roman
3353:Latin
3348:Khmer
3343:Kanem
3309:Buyid
3235:Zagwe
3230:Aksum
3220:Chola
3127:First
3110:First
3097:Bornu
3092:Benin
3087:Aztec
3025:Roman
3006:Gupta
2991:Nanda
2927:White
2666:Music
2661:Media
2618:Women
2257:Nugal
2252:Mudug
2237:Hiran
2192:Awdal
2116:Hafun
1736:S2CID
1449:made.
1340:(PDF)
1285:Notes
1164:Reign
1121:Hobyo
1116:Bayla
1081:Hafun
1076:Alula
660:forts
648:Alula
608:Baran
585:Omani
526:Yemen
492:Hafun
472:Boqor
448:Darod
416:Boqor
128:Islam
108:Alula
4720:Garo
4482:Bahr
4411:Mora
4406:Maya
4376:Ganz
4361:Dara
4326:Bale
4291:Ifat
4271:Adal
3912:Bogd
3838:Zand
3816:Sikh
3723:Qing
3718:Ming
3650:Wari
3618:Tran
3603:Dinh
3373:Yuan
3363:Mali
3272:Pala
3262:Inca
3213:Yuan
3203:Song
3198:Liao
3193:Tang
2966:Kush
2848:Dʿmt
2603:Flag
2450:List
2438:List
2405:Xeer
2401:Law
2227:Sool
2222:Gedo
2207:Bari
1779:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1701:2015
1500:link
1479:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1048:sako
1044:seko
658:and
402:and
382:lit.
367:The
251:Area
145:King
73:Flag
4591:Wag
3990:Mac
3427:Oyo
3336:Edo
3208:Jīn
3188:Sui
2841:Jin
2836:Han
2831:Qin
2641:Art
2502:EEZ
2212:Bay
1728:doi
1306:doi
1132:|
1054:).
1046:or
4864::
4578:,
3623:Ho
3613:Ly
1734:.
1722:.
1629:^
1558:^
1542:^
1525:^
1496:}}
1492:{{
1485:.
1477:.
1446:.
1392:^
1312:.
1123:|
666:.
478:.
390::
379:,
375::
4582:)
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4227:v
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2766:(
2747:e
2740:t
2733:v
2407:)
2403:(
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1867:t
1860:v
1787:.
1766:.
1742:.
1730::
1724:5
1703:.
1502:)
1369:.
1322:.
1308::
1226:4
1209:3
1191:2
1173:1
1155:#
1008:e
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994:v
494:.
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