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had to take on some of the traditional male roles. Also, the men's absence strained the resources of the village, and the people's ability to deal with their environment and remain self-sufficient. In 1905, a drought threatened the region. All that, as well as opposition to the government's agricultural and labour policies, led to open rebellion against the
Germans in July.
772:, claimed to be possessed by a snake spirit called Hongo. Ngwale began calling himself Bokero and developed a belief that the people of East Africa had been called upon to eliminate the Germans. German anthropologists recorded that he gave his followers war medicine that would turn German bullets into water. This "war medicine" was in fact water (
831:. Though the southern garrison was quite small (there were but 458 European and 588 native soldiers in the entire area), their fortifications and modern weapons gave them an advantage. At Mahenge, several thousand Maji Maji warriors (led by another spirit medium; not Bokero) marched on the German cantonment, which was defended by Lieutenant
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John Iliffe interprets the rebellion as a "mass movement originated in peasant grievances, was then sanctified and extended by prophetic religion, and finally crumbled as crisis compelled reliance on fundamental loyalties to kin and tribe". Patrick
Redmond describes the rebellion as "Tanzania's most
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Later historians have challenged that view and claimed that the rebellion cannot be seen as a unified movement but rather a series of revolts conducted for a wide range of reasons, including religion. The Ngoni chiefs were offered
Christian baptism before execution. Many people in the area itself saw
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The German scorched earth policy deliberately caused famine among the population. Von Götzen was willing to pardon the common soldiers who gave up their weapons, leaders and traditional healers. However, he also needed to flush out the remaining rebels and so chose famine. In 1905, one of the leaders
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If the German command's strategy was to destroy entire settlements (crops, harvests, and food), kill civilians along with combatants, coerce the surrender of entire groups through deliberate starvation, and to intentionally deprive ethnic groups of the leadership that was crucial to their survival —
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among the major
European powers in the 1880s, Germany reinforced its hold on several formal African colonies. These were German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and part of Mozambique), German Southwest Africa (present-day Namibia), Cameroon, and Togoland (today split between Ghana and Togo).
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Nuhn, Walter (1998). "Flammen über
Deutsch-Ostafrika. Der Maji-Maji-Aufstand 1905/06. Die erste gemeinsame Erhebung schwarzafrikanischer Völker gegen weiße Kolonialherrschaft" [Flames over German East Africa: The Maji Maji Uprising of 1905/06, the First Uprising of African People Against White
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decided to join in the revolt with a force of 5,000. The
Gwangara Ngoni were relatively recent arrivals in the region, descendants of a remnant of the Ndwandwe confederation defeated by the Zulus in 1818 (other Ngoni states were formed in Malawi, Zambia, and north-central Tanzania). German troops,
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The German policies were very unpopular, as they had serious effects on the lives of local peoples. The social fabric of society was rapidly changing: as the roles of men and women were being changed, they had to adapt for the communities. Since men were forced away from their homes to work, women
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ordered villages to grow cotton as a cash crop for export. Each village was charged with producing a quota of cotton. The headmen of the village were put in charge of overseeing the production, which set them against the rest of the population. The German government also introduced laws to protect
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The
Germans had a relatively weak hold on German East Africa. However, they maintained a system of forts throughout the interior of the territory and were able to exert some control over it. Since their hold on the colony was weak, they resorted to using violently repressive tactics to control the
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water medicine, disgruntled because they had been steadily losing influence since the advent of colonial rule, and those who dismissed the role of spirit mediums and emphasized the burdens created by German administration. The governor's circle cultivated the image of an atavistic, superstitious
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immediately ordered two cruisers with their Marine complements to the troubled colony. Reinforcements also arrived from as far away as New Guinea. When 1,000 regular soldiers from
Germany arrived in October, Götzen felt he could go on the offensive and restore order in the south.
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of German troops in the colony, Captain
Wangenheim, wrote to von Götzen, "Only hunger and want can bring about a final submission. Military actions alone will remain more or less a drop in the ocean." Germany's tactics have been described as genocidal by scholars such as
679:). The war was triggered by German colonial policies designed to force the indigenous population to grow cotton for export. The war lasted from 1905 to 1907, during which 75,000 to 300,000 died, overwhelmingly from famine. The end of the war was followed by a period of
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tribesmen marched on
Samanga and destroyed the cotton crop as well as a trading post. Kinjikitile was arrested and hanged for treason. Before his execution, he declared that he had spread the medicine of the rebellion throughout the region. On 14 August 1905,
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The role of Islam in the rebellion is a matter for debate. In a recent review of the evidence, Jörg Haustein concludes that the contention that Islam was a factor "is not warranted by historical sources and established scholarship about the Maji Maji War."
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armed with machine guns, departed from Mahenge to the Ngoni camp, which they attacked on 21 October. The Ngoni soldiers retreated, throwing away their bottles of war medicine and crying, "The maji is a lie!" Upon the outbreak of the fighting, Count
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Three columns moved into the rebellious South. They destroyed villages, crops, and other food sources used by the rebels. They made effective use of their firepower to break up rebel attacks. A successful ambush of a German column crossing the
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used it as an example of the first stirrings of Tanzanian nationalism, a unifying experience that brought together all the different peoples of Tanzania under one leader, in an attempt to establish a nation free from foreign domination.
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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forests and wildlife. While these measures may have been desirable in theory, they led to great hardship for the African population, not least because of an increase in wild pigs, which did enormous damage to food crops.
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by the Bena kept the rebellion alive in the southwest, but the Germans were not denied for long. By April 1906, the southwest had been pacified. However, elsewhere the fighting was bitter. A column under Lieutenant
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the revolt as one part of a longer series of wars continuing since long before the arrival of Germans in the region. They cite the alliance of some groups with the Germans to further their own agendas.
1229:. Tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people died or were displaced from their homes. In the wake of the war, the imperial government instituted administrative reforms under the governorship of
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eventually gathered. Von Blumenthal was then sent along the Luwegu River, partly by boat. The southeast campaign degenerated into a guerrilla war that brought with it a devastating famine.
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has said of this work that it is "remarkable for containing no reference whatever to the cotton scheme which the author had initiated," and he calls it "an account of atavistic conspiracy."
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Ultimately members of the commission disagreed on the nature of the uprising, dividing between those who saw it as an irrational movement spawned by sorcerers and headmen making use of
795:, sometimes poisoned. However, they were numerous and believed that they could not be harmed because the Germans' bullets would turn to water. They marched from their villages wearing
1241:, the 'Cinderella Province,' has not fully recovered from the German terror half a century ago. The economy of the region has never been successfully rebuilt." Later Tanzanian
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and attacked German garrisons throughout the colony. The attack on Ifakara, on 16 August, destroyed the small German garrison and opened the way to the key fortification at
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In the aftermath of the rebellion, Governor von Götzen initiated an inquiry into the causes of the rebellion. Sunseri has summarised the results of the inquiry as follows:
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Germany levied head taxes in 1898 and relied heavily on forced labour to build roads and accomplish various other tasks. In 1902, governor of German East Africa,
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687:), caused in large part by the scorched-earth policies used by governor von Götzen to suppress the rebellion. These tactics have been described by scholars as
1704:(1967b). "The Effects of the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905-1906 on German Occupation Policy in East Africa". In Gifford, Prosser; Louis, William Roger (eds.).
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of 1891–1898 are viewed by historians as precursors of the Maji Maji uprising. The suppression of the Maji Maji people changed the history of southern
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The insurgents turned to magic to drive out the German colonizers and used it as a unifying force in the rebellion. A spirit medium named
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Not until August 1907 were the last embers of rebellion extinguished. In its wake, the rebellion had left 15 Germans, 73 askaris, 316
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The Causes of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa (Tanzani): The Official Reports of the German Colonial Government
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1475:"Was Quashing the Maji-Maji Uprising Genocide? An Evaluation of Germany's Conduct through the Lens of International Criminal Law"
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Sunseri, Thaddeus (1997). "Famine and Wild Pigs: Gender Struggles and the Outbreak of the Majimaji War in Uzaramo (Tanzania)".
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t is doubtlessly appropriate—probably even important—to understand the German suppression of the Maji-Maji Revolt as genocidal.
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tribes started participating and throughout August the rebels moved from the Matumbi Hills in the southern part of what is now
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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seeds. Empowered with this new liquid, Bokero's followers began what would become known as the Maji Maji Rebellion.
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stalks around their foreheads. Initially, they attacked small outposts and damaged cotton plants. On 31 July 1905,
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spectacular manifestation of the rejection of colonial rule" but which had only a "slight chance of success".
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Redmond, Patrick M. (1975). "Maji Maji in Ungoni: A Reappraisal of Existing Historiography".
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movement rooted in traditional beliefs so as to insulate their policies from close scrutiny.
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From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa
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Seel, Sarah-Jane; Mgawe, Peter; Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Pinda, Mizengo K. P. (2014).
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Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
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Development for Exploitation: German Colonial Policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914
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The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912
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Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany
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Sunseri, Thaddeus (2000). "Statist Narratives and Maji Maji Ellipses".
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to Mahenge. The Germans decided to concentrate at Kitanda, where Major
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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then Germany's conduct in East Africa deserves the label of genocide.
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with sixty native soldiers, a few hundred loyal tribesmen, and two
1598:. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. p. 35.
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1817:"The Maji Maji Rebellion | Violence in Twentieth Century Africa"
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Uprising in the south and east of German East Africa, 1905–1907
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The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective
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Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). "From Conquest to Genocide". In
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with the areas affected by the rebellion highlighted in red.
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The followers of Bokero's movement were poorly armed with
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75,000–300,000 total dead by famine, disease, and violence
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noted in 1953 that "even today the Southern Province of
2054:(1967). "The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion".
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In 1909 Götzen published a history of the rebellion.
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International Journal of African Historical Studies
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International Journal of African Historical Studies
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1793:"Maji Maji revolt | the Polynational War Memorial"
1160:Maji Maji warriors before hanging in February 1906
1427:. War and Genocide. Vol. 12 (1st ed.).
1685:(Berlin: D. Reimer, 1909), English translation:
1349:] (in German). Bonn: Bernard & Graefe.
134:
1370:Moyd, Michelle (2022). "Genocide and War". In
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
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1773:"Bullets into Water: The Sorcerers of Africa"
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1139:While this was the apex of the uprising, the
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1688:German East Africa in Rebellion, 1905/06
1596:The history and traditions of the Pimbwe
1319:. Distributor, Tiedekirja. p. 172.
2090:Tanganyika under German Rule, 1905-1912
1849:] (in German). Berlin. p. 149.
1516:. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. p. 59.
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1956:. Harper & Brothers. p. 411.
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2812:Natural resource and waste management
1683:Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06
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2314:South-West Africa Campaign (1914–15)
1843:Deutsch Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905–6
106:{{Translated|de|Maji-Maji-Aufstand}}
1847:German East Africa in Revolt 1905–6
1077:1998 United States embassy bombings
1771:Petraitis, Richard (August 1998).
25:
2956:African resistance to colonialism
1512:Natermann, Diana Miryong (2018).
1473:; Kemp, Gerhard (July 30, 2021).
1186:, Lieutenants von Blumenthal and
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2109:Maji Maji Bibliography Project
2057:The Journal of African History
1560:The Journal of African History
1480:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
104:You may also add the template
1:
2991:History of Tanzania by period
1841:Götzen, Gustav Adolf (1909).
1706:Britain and Germany in Africa
1087:COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania
683:, known as the Great Hunger (
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2961:Anti-black racism in Africa
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1839:Pakenham, 622 quoting from
1627:East, John W., ed. (2019).
1278:Herero and Namaqua genocide
905:Mumba Cave hunter-gatherers
117:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
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2946:1907 in German East Africa
2941:1906 in German East Africa
2936:1905 in German East Africa
2335:Pacific Campaign (1914–19)
2094:Cambridge University Press
1891:Cambridge University Press
1016:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty
890:Oldowan stone tool culture
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68:Machine translation, like
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1996:10.1163/15700682-12341520
1740:Pakenham, Thomas (1992).
1573:10.1017/S0021853796006937
816:) were speared to death.
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159:Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert
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49:the corresponding article
2879:House of Representatives
2196:German South West Africa
1927:Cornell University Press
1313:Koponen, Juhani (1995).
991:East African slave trade
2951:20th-century rebellions
1977:Haustein, Jörg (2021).
1384:Oxford University Press
1231:Albrecht von Rechenberg
1146:Gustav Adolf von Götzen
713:Gustav Adolf von Götzen
173:July 1905 – August 1907
115:For more guidance, see
3021:Wars involving Germany
2817:Persecution of Albinos
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1952:Gunther, John (1955).
1174:(1879–1913, buried at
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270:Commanders and leaders
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1710:Yale University Press
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1026:East African Campaign
996:Sultanate of Zanzibar
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361:Casualties and losses
242:Qadiriyya Brotherhood
88:copyright attribution
3016:Rebellions in Africa
2440:Zanzibar slave trade
1797:www.war-memorial.net
1750:. pp. 616–621.
1380:Genocide: Key Themes
1341:Colonial Rule].
1036:Tanganyika Territory
1001:Zanzibar slave trade
3006:Mass murder in 1907
3001:Mass murder in 1906
2996:Mass murder in 1905
2462:Uganda–Tanzania War
2447:Zanzibar Revolution
2412:Maji Maji Rebellion
2186:Maji Maji rebellion
1494:10.1093/hgs/dcab032
1103:Tanzania portal
1072:Uganda–Tanzania War
1057:Zanzibar Revolution
1031:British East Africa
1021:Maji Maji Rebellion
1006:Scramble for Africa
935:History of Zanzibar
882:Pre-colonial period
701:Scramble for Africa
653:Maji Maji Rebellion
633:South Africa (1914)
598:South Africa (1906)
563:South Africa (1899)
533:Matabeleland (1896)
523:South Africa (1895)
503:Matabeleland (1893)
468:Somalia (1888–1924)
463:Equatoria (1886–89)
433:South Africa (1880)
428:South Africa (1879)
415:Scramble for Africa
142:Scramble for Africa
135:Maji Maji Rebellion
18:Maji-Maji rebellion
2792:List of Tanzanians
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833:Theodor von Hassel
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762:Kinjikitile Ngwale
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749:German East Africa
673:German East Africa
669:Vita vya Maji Maji
661:Maji-Maji-Aufstand
488:Mashonaland (1890)
321:Kinjekitile Ngwale
234:German East Africa
183:German East Africa
96:interlanguage link
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1875:Gellately, Robert
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1442:978-1-84545-452-4
1326:978-3-8258-2006-0
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593:Morocco (1905–06)
588:Tanganyika (1905)
568:Somaliland (1900)
508:Morocco (1893–94)
493:Katanga (1891−92)
458:Madagascar (1883)
380:
379:
202:
201:
155:Battle of Mahenge
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2903:
2896:
2735:
2691:
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2559:
2493:
2420:
2375:
2368:
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2292:Samoan Civil War
2269:Sokehs rebellion
2234:
2222:
2164:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2097:
2081:
2038:
2037:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1989:(3–4): 321–344.
1974:
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1310:
1301:
1295:
1223:Wahehe Rebellion
1129:
1122:
1115:
1101:
1100:
1099:
870:
860:
842:
764:, who practiced
548:Wassoulou (1898)
513:Wassoulou (1894)
453:Wassoulou (1883)
418:
416:
406:
399:
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383:
355:
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167:
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74:Google Translate
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38:
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30:
21:
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2906:
2899:
2892:
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2822:Public holidays
2720:
2689:
2651:
2544:
2482:
2471:
2418:
2388:
2379:
2349:
2340:
2296:
2273:
2255:
2251:Jietou incident
2225:
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2190:
2176:Abushiri revolt
2155:
2150:
2116:
2105:
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2084:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2009:
2008:
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1951:
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1946:
1938:
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1471:Bachmann, Klaus
1469:
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1435:. p. 310.
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1298:Islam in Africa
1296:
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1288:
1264:
1219:Abushiri revolt
1215:
1133:
1097:
1095:
973:Colonial period
960:Kilwa Sultanate
955:Swahili culture
920:Bantu expansion
858:
851:
770:animist beliefs
758:
697:
649:
648:
647:
642:
628:Libya (1911–12)
538:Zanzibar (1896)
528:Ethiopia (1896)
419:
414:
412:
410:
366:15 Germans, 73
337:
334:Hemedi Muhammad
314:
302:
290:
286:G.A. von Götzen
278:
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190:
153:
124:
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105:
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56:(February 2019)
39:
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2696:Stock Exchange
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2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
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2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:HeHe rebellion
2178:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2157:
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2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2103:External links
2101:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2064:(3): 495–512.
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2026:10.2307/217152
2020:(3): 407–424.
2002:
1969:
1962:
1944:
1932:
1929:. p. 157.
1925:. Ithaca, NY:
1910:
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1832:
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1784:
1763:
1756:
1715:
1712:. p. 570.
1693:
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1567:(2): 235–259.
1549:
1537:
1522:
1504:
1459:
1451:j.ctt9qd5qb.16
1441:
1433:Berghahn Books
1417:Moses, A. Dirk
1404:
1402:, p. 495.
1389:
1386:. p. 242.
1376:Moses, A. Dirk
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1150:Kaiser Wilhelm
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1044:Modern history
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757:
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696:
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644:
643:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Morocco (1911)
620:
618:Ouaddai (1909)
615:
613:Morocco (1909)
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:Namibia (1904)
580:
575:
570:
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558:Fashoda (1898)
555:
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545:
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518:Ashanti (1895)
515:
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498:Dahomey (1892)
495:
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480:
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473:Eritrea (1889)
470:
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2767:Ethnic groups
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2095:
2092:. Cambridge:
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1954:Inside Africa
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1904:0-521-52750-3
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1708:. New Haven:
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608:Mufilo (1907)
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2044:Bibliography
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2005:
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1879:Kiernan, Ben
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1766:
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1696:
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1167:Rufiji River
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818:
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652:
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478:Congo (1895)
448:Egypt (1882)
443:Sudan (1881)
331:Nasr Khalfan
264:Tanganyikans
245:
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207:Belligerents
185:(modern-day
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92:edit summary
83:
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46:
2874:Archipelago
2673:Agriculture
2602:LGBT rights
2204:Herero Wars
2117:(in German)
2114:News report
1940:Iliffe 1969
1545:Iliffe 1969
1400:Iliffe 1967
1273:Herero Wars
857:History of
738:John Iliffe
553:Chad (1898)
2930:Categories
2797:Literature
2777:Healthcare
2690:(currency)
2613:Parliament
2582:High Court
2576:Corruption
2430:Tanganyika
1963:0836981979
1893:. p.
1826:2019-12-14
1802:2019-12-13
1778:2008-11-30
1757:0380719991
1652:(3): 569.
1532:1037008514
1487:(2): 243.
1382:. Oxford:
1286:References
1239:Tanganyika
1052:Tanganyika
940:Menouthias
812:Bishop of
778:castor oil
766:folk Islam
699:After the
573:Aro (1901)
370:, and 316
2787:Languages
2762:Education
2716:Transport
2688:Shilling
2683:Companies
2623:President
2588:Elections
2535:Volcanoes
2505:Districts
2488:Geography
1855:cite book
1614:903052545
1207:ruga ruga
819:Soon the
689:genocidal
372:ruga ruga
110:talk page
51:in German
2910:Category
2851:Zanzibar
2827:Religion
2782:HIV/AIDS
2701:Taxation
2608:Military
2580:Courts (
2554:Politics
2540:Wildlife
2402:Timeline
2386:articles
2382:Tanzania
2088:(1969).
1921:(2004).
1881:(2003).
1378:(eds.).
1300:, p. 221
1262:See also
1227:Tanzania
965:Engaruka
915:Luxmanda
876:Timeline
859:Tanzania
848:a series
846:Part of
825:Tanzania
756:Uprising
677:Tanzania
342:Strength
187:Tanzania
178:Location
140:Part of
86:provide
2894:Outline
2859:History
2752:Culture
2742:Cuisine
2730:Society
2711:Tourism
2661:Economy
2566:Cabinet
2525:Regions
2510:Islands
2394:History
1690:(2019).
1666:3097435
1419:(ed.).
829:Mahenge
801:Matumbi
747:Map of
665:Swahili
260:tribes
247:Matumbi
221:Germany
161:, 1908.
108:to the
90:in the
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2915:Portal
2869:Unguja
2530:Rivers
2500:Cities
2457:Ujamaa
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2160:Africa
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945:Rhapta
850:on the
806:Ngindo
797:millet
793:arrows
789:spears
782:millet
695:Causes
681:famine
657:German
368:askari
356:90,000
323:
262:other
250:Ngindo
195:Result
2901:Index
2864:Pemba
2832:Sport
2807:Music
2802:Media
2515:Lakes
2074:JSTOR
2030:JSTOR
1845:[
1662:JSTOR
1577:JSTOR
1447:JSTOR
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1176:Lindi
685:ukame
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2746:wine
2645:List
2628:List
1958:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1861:link
1752:ISBN
1679:Graf
1610:OCLC
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