1747:
6335:
8467:
1436:
6328:
4832:
5657:
5643:
1212:
1383:
7919:
7123:
7905:
5636:
2225:
1540:
7912:
4838:
1054:, like other majungasaurines, lacked the characteristic pits and grooves where claws and tendons would normally attach, and its finger bones were fused together, indicating that the hand was immobile. In 2012, a better specimen was described, showing that the lower arm was robust, though short, and that the hand contained four metatarsals and four, probably inflexible and very reduced, fingers, possibly with no claws. The minimum phalanx formula was 1-2-1-1.
6342:
1952:
1293:
154:
5650:
586:
8480:
7141:
864:
133:
7129:
1349:
7148:
8474:
757:
7899:
962:
7136:
649:
2211:
4239:
1663:
1271:
753:, some of which were attached to an isolated premaxilla that was described in 1996. The following seven expeditions would turn up tens of thousands of fossils, many of which belonged to species new to science. The Mahajanga Basin Project claims credit for quintupling the known diversity of fossil taxa in the region.
1565:, and perhaps other abelisaurids, specialized on hunting sauropods. Adaptations to strengthen the head and neck for a bite-and-hold type of attack might have been very useful against sauropods, which would have been tremendously powerful animals. This hypothesis may also be supported by the hindlegs of
847:. Although the monograph is comprehensive, the editors noted that it describes only material recovered from 1993 through 2001. A significant quantity of specimens, some very complete, were excavated in 2003 and 2005 and await preparation and description in future publications. The dentary was made the
1919:
different points, forming a solid bony mass. There is no sign of any other vertebrae after the fifth in the series, indicating that the tail ended there prematurely. From the size of the last vertebrae, scientists judged that about ten vertebrae were lost. One explanation for this pathology is severe
807:
too fragmentary to confidently assign to the same species as the skull. Further fieldwork over the next decade turned up a series of less complete skulls, as well as dozens of partial skeletons of individuals ranging from juveniles to adults. Project members also collected hundreds of isolated bones
1484:
had an even broader snout than other abelisaurids, and other aspects of its anatomy may also support the bite-and-hold hypothesis. The neck was strengthened, with robust vertebrae, interlocking ribs and ossified tendons, as well as reinforced muscle attachment sites on the vertebrae and the back of
1918:
The most serious pathology discovered was in a series of five large tail vertebrae. The first two vertebrae showed only minor abnormalities with the exception of a large groove that extended along the left side of both bones. However, the next three vertebrae were completely fused together at many
1456:
and other abelisaurids indicate different predatory habits than other theropods. Whereas most theropods were characterized by long, low skulls of narrow width, abelisaurid skulls were taller and wider, and often shorter in length as well. The narrow skulls of other theropods were well equipped to
2110:
through these channels at the beginning of the wet season, burying the carcasses of organisms killed during the preceding dry season and providing for their exceptional preservation as fossils. Sea levels in the area were rising throughout the
Maastrichtian, and would continue to do so into the
1942:
specimens observed amongst those recovered indicates most well preserved individuals generally lack observable pathologies, while a few select individuals were shown to have possessed multiple pathologies, a general pattern also noted in other large, nonavian theropods. Such patterns may be the
1733:
line, to which birds belong, occurred very early in the history of theropods. The avian respiratory system, present in both lines, must therefore have evolved before the split, and well before the evolution of birds themselves. This provides further evidence of the dinosaurian
1818:
is rotated so that its lateral canal is parallel to the ground, the entire skull is nearly horizontal. This contrasts with many other theropods, where the head was more strongly downturned when in the alert position. The lateral canal is also significantly longer in
1573:
would not have moved as fast as other similar-sized theropods, it would have had no trouble keeping up with slow-moving sauropods. The robust hindlimb bones suggest very powerful legs, and their shorter length would have lowered the animal's center of gravity. Thus
877:
was a medium-sized theropod that typically reached 5.6â7 m (18â23 ft) in length and weighed 750â1,100 kg (1,650â2,430 lb). Fragmentary remains of larger individuals indicate that some adults could have been similar in size to its relative
1516:. This may have been an adaptation to prevent the fracture of the lower jaw when holding onto a struggling prey animal. The front teeth of the upper jaw were more robust than the rest, to provide an anchor point for the bite, while the low crown height of
1535:
indicates that the theropod replaced its teeth anywhere from 2 to 13 times faster than other theropods, replacing the entire set within a span of two months. Gnawing on bone may have been a significant reason for such rapid tooth replacement.
2002:
1943:
result of a snowball effect where one injury or an infection increased the likelihood of additional maladies and injuries due to functional impairment or compromised immune systems in individuals once an initial injury had occurred.
1861:, this was the first time an abelisauroid had been examined in this manner. No wounds were found on any skull elements, in contrast to tyrannosaurids where sometimes gruesome facial bites were common. One of the specimens was a
1978:) seems to have become taller and more robust; additionally, the skull bones became more fused and the eye sockets became proportionally smaller. This indicates a shift in dietary preferences between juveniles and adults.
891:
is exceptionally well known compared to most theropods and generally similar to that of other abelisaurids. Like other abelisaurid skulls, its length was proportionally short for its height, although not as short as in
1746:
3179:
Tortosa, Thierry; Eric
Buffetaut; Nicolas Vialle; Yves Dutour; Eric Turini; Gilles Cheylan (2013). "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of southern France: Palaeobiogeographical implications".
1530:
had teeth curved on the front edge but straighter on the back (cutting) edge. This structure may have served to prevent slicing, and instead holding the teeth in place when biting. Examination of the teeth of
2262:
Depéret, Charles (1896). "Note sur les
Dinosauriens Sauropodes et Théropodes du Crétacé supérieur de Madagascar" [Note on the Dinosaurs Sauropods and Theropods of the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar].
517:
with a short snout. Although the forelimbs are not completely known, they were very short, while the hind limbs were longer and very stocky. It can be distinguished from other abelisaurids by its wider
2363:
Lavocat, René (1955). "Sur une portion de mandibule de Théropode provenant du Crétacé supérieur de
Madagascar" [On a portion of Theropod's mandible from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar].
2344:
Depéret, Charles; Savornin, Justin (1928). "La faune de
Reptiles et de Poissons albiens de Timimoun (Sahara algérien)" [The fauna of Reptiles and Albian Fish of Timimoun (Algerian Sahara)].
1993:
took twenty years to reach maturity, which may have been a result of the harsh environment in which it lived. However, other abelisaurids have also been found to have comparably slow growth rates.
1710:
vertebrae imply the presence of these air sacs. These air sacs may have allowed for a basic form of avian-style 'flow-through ventilation,' where air flow through the lungs is one-way, so that
916:, which were extremely thick and fused together, with a low central ridge running along the half of the bone closest to the nostrils. A distinctive dome-like horn protruded from the fused
1725:, besides providing an understanding of its respiratory biology, also has larger-scale implications for evolutionary biology. The split between the ceratosaur line, which led to
2914:
Agnolin, Federico L.; Chiarelli, Pablo (2009). "The position of the claws in
Noasauridae (Dinosauria: Abelisauroidea) and its implications for abelisauroid manus evolution".
691:
in the same region where the original material was found. The teeth matched those first described by Depéret, but the strongly curved jaw bone was very different from both
522:, the very rough texture and thickened bone on the top of its snout, and the single rounded horn on the roof of its skull, which was originally mistaken for the dome of a
4036:
Forster, Catherine; Sampson, Scott D.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Krause, David W. (1998). "The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late
Cretaceous of Madagascar".
2584:"Case 3487: Megalosaurus crenatissimus Depéret, 1896 (currently Majungasaurus crenatissimus; Dinosauria, Theropoda): proposed replacement of the holotype by a neotype"
1938:
suggest that the multitude of injuries that occurred were obtained over the course of the lives of the individuals studied. Furthermore, the small number of injured
1631:
as the only non-avian theropod with confirmed cannibalistic tendencies, although there is some evidence that cannibalism may have occurred in other species as well.
1892:(benign bone tumor) was deemed unlikely. Another specimen, a small caudal (tail) vertebra, was also found to have an abnormal growth, this time on the top of its
1050:
had very short forelimbs with four extremely reduced digits, first reported with only two very short external fingers and no claws. The hand and finger bones of
1962:, being known from many well-preserved specimens of different ages, is well studied in regards to its growth and development. Throughout ontogeny, the skull of
639:("most"), in reference to the numerous serrations on both front and rear edges of the teeth. Depéret later reassigned the species to the North American genus
8713:
2622:"Opinion 2269 (Case 3487): Megalosaurus crenatissimus Depéret, 1896 (currently Majungasaurus crenatissimus; Dinosauria, Theropoda): designation of a neotype"
1606:
have been discovered bearing tooth marks identical to those found on sauropod bones from the same localities. These marks have the same spacing as teeth in
734:
1618:
is the only large theropod known from the area, the simplest explanation is that it was feeding on other members of its own species. Suggestions that the
2061:
1849:. Scientists examined the remains of at least 21 individuals and discovered four with noticeable pathologies. While pathology had been studied in large
672:
478:
2302:; Sampson, Scott D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; O'Connor, Patrick M. (2007). "Overview of the history of discovery, taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of
2382:
Sues, Hans-Dieter; Taquet, Phillipe (1979). "A pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from
Madagascar and a LaurasiaâGondwanaland connection in the Cretaceous".
8654:
8559:
1393:
is perhaps most distinctive for its skull ornamentation, including the swollen and fused nasals and the frontal horn. Other ceratosaurs, including
3550:
O'Connor, Patrick M.; Claessens, Leon P.A.M. (2006). "Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs".
6334:
4252:
8738:
8733:
6327:
8466:
547:. It appears to be most closely related to abelisaurids from India rather than South America or continental Africa, a fact that has important
4130:
Sampson, Scott D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Forster, Catherine A. (2001). "A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late
Cretaceous of Madagascar".
3669:
3121:
2709:
904:
was markedly wider than in other abelisaurids. All abelisaurids had a rough, sculptured texture on the outside faces of the skull bones, and
3501:
1077:(ankle bones) were fused together, and the feet bore three functional digits, with a smaller first digit that did not contact the ground.
839:. In this volume, the dentary described by Lavocat was re-evaluated and determined to be diagnostic for this species. Therefore, the name
2434:
2037:
teeth have also been found in the underlying
Masorobe Member and the overlying Miadana Member. While these sediments have not been dated
4294:
609:
2476:
Sampson, S. D. (May 15, 1998). "Predatory Dinosaur Remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Biogeography of Gondwana".
3686:
3050:
1927:(infection) of the last remaining vertebrae. Alternatively, the infection may have come first and led to the end of the tail becoming
826:
5656:
4079:
Makovicky, Peter J.; ApesteguĂa, Sebastian; AgnolĂn, Federico L. (2005). "The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America".
2033:
in northwestern Madagascar. Most of these, including all of the most complete material, came from the Anembalemba Member, although
1115:. Abelisaurids are known for their tall skulls with blunt snouts, extensive sculpturing on the outer surfaces of the facial bones (
7122:
3993:
Forster, Catherine A.; Chiappe, Luis M.; Krause, David W.; Sampson, Scott D. (1996). "The first Cretaceous bird from Madagascar".
3909:
Rogers, Raymond R. (2005). "Fine-grained debris flows and extraordinary vertebrate burials in the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar".
1896:, which projects upwards from the vertebrae, allowing muscle attachment. Similar growths from the neural spine have been found in
8718:
812:
teeth. Taken together, these remains represent nearly all the bones of the skeleton, although most of the forelimbs, most of the
533:
The genus is one of the first abelisaurs to be discovered, first being found in 1896 (although it was thought to be a species of
5642:
1415:
would have weakened the structure and probably precluded its use in direct physical combat, although the horn may have served a
7904:
2238:
4831:
2751:
900:(frontmost upper jaw bone), which made the tip of the snout very blunt, was also typical of the family. However, the skull of
8632:
3823:
2151:
5635:
3223:; Smith, Paula M.; Thomason, Jeffrey J.; Upchurch, Paul (2001). "Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur".
671:
in northwestern Madagascar were recovered by French collectors over the next 100 years, many of which were deposited in the
7918:
4837:
8728:
1868:
Most of the pathologies occurred on the vertebrae. For example, a dorsal (back) vertebra from a juvenile animal showed an
8345:
7140:
1686:
8678) recovered from the Maevarano Formation. Most of these vertebrae and some of the ribs contained cavities (pneumatic
6341:
3220:
153:
7911:
5649:
787:
PR 2100). On top of this skull was a dome-shaped swelling nearly identical to the one described by Sues and Taquet as
1512:
between certain bones that allowed a high degree of flexibility in the lower jaw, although not to the extent seen in
3740:
Gutherz, Samuel B.; Groenke, Joseph R.; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Burch, Sara H.; OâConnor, Patrick M. (July 2, 2020).
8479:
3871:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
3614:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
3000:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
2845:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
2803:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
2306:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
1811:
1683:
1557:
was the largest predator in its environment, while the only known large herbivores at the time were sauropods like
738:
7147:
1698:. In birds, the neck vertebrae and ribs are hollowed out by the cervical air sac, the upper back vertebrae by the
1435:
2187:
was by far the largest carnivore and probably the dominant predator on land, although large crocodylomorphs like
1873:
1408:
1204:
from mainland Africa. This leaves open the possibility of separate clades of abelisaurids in western and eastern
3706:
3157:
8723:
4382:
4243:
3303:
1489:
7128:
3971:
3630:
3521:
3016:
2861:
2819:
8473:
3887:
2777:
1569:, which were short and stocky, as opposed to the longer and more slender legs of most other theropods. While
1411:, although their exact function within that context is unknown. The hollow cavity inside the frontal horn of
4287:
2949:
Burch, S.H.; Carrano, M.T. (2012). "An articulated pectoral girdle and forelimb of the abelisaurid theropod
2548:
2435:"The premaxilla of Majungasaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda), with implications for Gondwanan paleobiogeography"
2322:
1897:
1769:
structure. Overall, the brain was very small relative to body size, but otherwise similar to many other non-
8499:
4264:
2243:
1782:
1485:
the skull. These muscles would have been able to hold the head steady despite the struggles of its prey.
1211:
745:
sediments near the village of Berivotra, in Mahajanga Province. Among these scientists was paleontologist
141:
8708:
8680:
8585:
6853:
6765:
4181:
3951:
3864:
3819:
3742:"Paleopathology in a nearly complete skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae)"
3390:
1824:
1814:
is usually parallel to the ground when the animal holds its head in an alert posture. When the skull of
574:
307:
3956:"Late Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from Madagascar: implications for Latin American biogeography"
7898:
1931:
and falling off. This is the first example of tail truncation known in a non-avian theropod dinosaur.
8641:
8546:
8431:
6542:
6510:
4249:
4193:
4139:
4088:
4045:
4002:
3918:
3753:
3559:
3406:
3338:
3291:
3279:
3232:
3189:
2962:
2672:
2485:
2446:
2391:
1912:
1908:
1116:
932:(CT scanning) of the skull shows that both the nasal structure and the frontal horn contained hollow
921:
741:
began the Mahajanga Basin Project, a series of expeditions to examine the fossils and geology of the
1803:, which also had a small flocculus, did not rely on quick head movements to sight and capture prey.
1650:
will then proceed to cannibalize the remains of their rivals, which may suggest similar behavior in
539:) and being named in 1955. Known from several well-preserved skulls and abundant skeletal material,
6866:
6653:
4184:; Forster, Catherine A. (2001). "The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar".
3109:
2230:
2124:
2103:
2072:
1907:, probably resulting from the ossification of a ligament running either between the neural spines (
1754:
1500:, where the nasal bones were fused and thickened for strength. On the other hand, the lower jaw of
1465:, most theropods may have used a strategy similar in some ways to that of long- and narrow-snouted
1458:
1382:
1120:
929:
783:
Fieldwork in 1996 turned up a spectacularly complete theropod skull preserved in exquisite detail (
688:
544:
7135:
1539:
8537:
8338:
6842:
6702:
6558:
6498:
5933:
5843:
5726:
4590:
4280:
4217:
4163:
4112:
4018:
3975:
3891:
3867:; Rasoamiaramanana, Armand H.; Rahantarisoa, Lydia (2007). "Paleoenvironment and Paleoecology of
3710:
3634:
3583:
3525:
3430:
3325:
D'Emic, M.D.; O'Connor, P.M.; Pascucci, T.R.; Gavras, J.N.; Mardakhayava, E.; Lund, E.K. (2019).
3307:
3256:
3161:
3020:
2978:
2931:
2865:
2823:
2781:
2641:
2603:
2560:
2509:
2407:
2326:
2038:
2030:
2010:
1975:
1881:
1807:
1675:
1505:
920:
on top of the skull as well. In life, these structures would have been covered with some sort of
832:
668:
663:.MAJ 1), the right dentary of a subadult individual â MusĂ©um national d'histoire naturelle, Paris
336:
148:
3533:
749:
of Stony Brook. The first expedition turned up hundreds of theropod teeth identical to those of
597:
327:
8685:
8590:
1951:
1598:, discoveries published in 2007 detail finds in Madagascar that indicate the presence of other
1586:
bones confirm that it at least fed on these sauropods, whether or not it actually killed them.
1292:
8667:
8572:
8220:
8137:
8111:
7950:
7937:
7815:
7356:
7308:
6140:
5490:
4569:
4209:
4155:
4104:
4061:
3665:
3657:
3575:
3479:
3422:
3366:
3248:
3117:
3077:
2715:
2705:
2552:
2533:"Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda:Abelisauridae) from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
2501:
2462:
1424:
1416:
1097:
992:
836:
617:
467:
8672:
8577:
8324:
8081:
7991:
7780:
7696:
7558:
7477:
7449:
7409:
7290:
7260:
6778:
6531:
6395:
6252:
6152:
6001:
5908:
5866:
5433:
4743:
4201:
4147:
4096:
4053:
4010:
3967:
3926:
3883:
3798:
3761:
3702:
3626:
3567:
3517:
3469:
3461:
3414:
3356:
3346:
3299:
3240:
3197:
3153:
3101:
3067:
3059:
3012:
2970:
2923:
2896:
2857:
2815:
2773:
2680:
2633:
2595:
2544:
2493:
2454:
2399:
2318:
2216:
1971:
1186:
1093:
1004:
896:. The skulls of large individuals measured 60â70 centimeters (24â28 in) long. The tall
821:
795:
was redescribed as an abelisaurid rather than a pachycephalosaur in 1998. Although the name
772:
719:
585:
523:
474:
379:
3718:
936:
cavities, perhaps to reduce weight. The teeth were typical of abelisaurids in having short
17:
8387:
8125:
8088:
8020:
7875:
7868:
7680:
7622:
7595:
7585:
7544:
7379:
7238:
7222:
7040:
7012:
6990:
6877:
6722:
6429:
6203:
6086:
6064:
5985:
5814:
5791:
5784:
5762:
5748:
5741:
5702:
5553:
5400:
5327:
5316:
5252:
5140:
5027:
4604:
4513:
4367:
4342:
4256:
3947:
3216:
2579:
2528:
2426:
2299:
2189:
2112:
2068:
2042:
1920:
1893:
1735:
1526:
and most other theropods, which were curved on both the front and back, abelisaurids like
1238:
1228:
1057:
Like other abelisaurids, the hindlimbs were stocky and short compared to body length. The
933:
863:
746:
742:
723:
605:
263:
41:
3691:
with comparisons to allosaur pathology in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry collection"
2659:
Grillo, O.N.; Delcourt, R. (2016). "Allometry and body length of abelisauroid theropods:
2060:
teeth are found up until the very end of the Maastrichtian, when all non-avian dinosaurs
680:
283:
4197:
4143:
4092:
4049:
4006:
3922:
3757:
3563:
3410:
3342:
3295:
3236:
3193:
2966:
2676:
2489:
2450:
2395:
726:
described a dome-shaped skull fragment (MNHN.MAJ 4) as a new genus of pachycephalosaur (
132:
8352:
8315:
8296:
8258:
8247:
8044:
7757:
7716:
7707:
7689:
7669:
7565:
7279:
7024:
6886:
6713:
6695:
6523:
6490:
6476:
6437:
6211:
6072:
6029:
6022:
5944:
5920:
5873:
5832:
5769:
5755:
5483:
5468:
5295:
5129:
4993:
4961:
4950:
4927:
4889:
4750:
4720:
4644:
4583:
4482:
3474:
3449:
3361:
3326:
3072:
3045:
2195:
2147:
2128:
2076:
2046:
1715:
1520:
teeth prevented them from breaking off during a struggle. Finally, unlike the teeth of
1509:
1496:, creating the characteristic rough texture of the bones. This is particularly true of
1348:
1105:
730:) in 1979. This was the first report of a pachycephalosaur in the Southern Hemisphere.
704:
594:
496:
237:
8702:
8394:
8240:
8201:
8180:
8059:
8052:
7979:
7773:
7746:
7604:
7520:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7427:
7344:
7207:
7179:
7166:
7090:
6967:
6807:
6641:
6572:
6458:
6445:
6190:
6168:
6161:
6125:
6098:
6050:
5974:
5710:
5501:
5475:
5391:
5372:
5302:
5281:
5260:
5245:
5231:
5190:
5156:
5149:
5068:
4920:
4807:
4800:
4727:
4697:
4686:
4576:
4547:
4540:
4466:
4167:
3895:
3448:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Turner, Alan H.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Norell, Mark A. (2006).
3165:
3137:
2869:
2785:
2171:
2161:
2050:
2017:, most within 50 kilometers (31 mi) to the southeast of the provincial capital,
1924:
1862:
1858:
1770:
1643:
1614:
teeth, and contain smaller notches consistent with the serrations on those teeth. As
1480:, with short and broad snouts, that bite once and hold on until the prey is subdued.
1407:
itself bore crests on the head. These structures are likely to have played a role in
1326:
1128:
937:
556:
250:
83:
45:
4116:
3714:
3638:
3529:
3311:
3024:
2982:
2935:
2827:
2645:
2607:
2564:
2513:
2330:
1872:(bony growth) on its underside. The growth probably resulted from the conversion of
8366:
8304:
8274:
8194:
8187:
8165:
8157:
8037:
8029:
8009:
7724:
7635:
7573:
7463:
7434:
7386:
7215:
7200:
6975:
6907:
6835:
6814:
6793:
6609:
6565:
6373:
6360:
6290:
6243:
6118:
6008:
5960:
5953:
5890:
5859:
5852:
5733:
5560:
5412:
5309:
5211:
5204:
5099:
5083:
5019:
4970:
4902:
4679:
4562:
4555:
4526:
4489:
4458:
4221:
4022:
3979:
3653:
3587:
3434:
3275:
3260:
3105:
2900:
2458:
2430:
2411:
2176:
2053:
1986:
1985:
indicates that it was among the slowest-growing theropods. Based on studies of the
1829:
1806:
Inferences about behavior can also be drawn from examination of the inner ear. The
1714:-rich air inhaled from outside the body is never mixed with exhaled air laden with
1445:
1403:
1158:. The most recent analysis, using the most complete information, instead recovered
1112:
1016:
987:, the only other abelisaurid genera for which complete skeletal material is known.
917:
768:
756:
641:
604:
in 1896. These included two teeth, a claw, and some vertebrae discovered along the
569:
548:
535:
477:, making it one of the last-known non-avian dinosaurs that went extinct during the
346:
4057:
3955:
3766:
3741:
3144:
Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".
2883:
Burch, S.; Carrano, M. (2008). "Abelisaurid forelimb evolution: New evidence from
2684:
2621:
2583:
2497:
2075:
less than 20 million years earlier. It was drifting northwards but still 10 to 15
1880:
to bone during development, but the cause of the ossification was not determined.
1865:(toe bone) of the foot, which had apparently been broken and subsequently healed.
1457:
withstand the vertical stress of a powerful bite, but not as good at withstanding
8522:
3351:
3201:
2974:
2532:
8626:
8531:
8420:
8401:
8331:
8281:
8267:
8209:
8150:
8095:
7972:
7766:
7642:
7611:
7527:
7513:
7245:
7193:
7061:
6983:
6946:
6828:
6800:
6753:
6673:
6551:
6408:
6259:
6232:
6132:
6079:
6015:
5994:
5967:
5718:
5531:
5524:
5510:
5336:
5183:
5174:
5076:
5047:
4977:
4942:
4935:
4735:
4713:
4706:
4665:
4657:
4633:
4618:
4597:
4505:
4497:
3954:; Sampson, Scott D.; Buckley, Gregory A.; Rogers, Raymond R. (August 23, 2006).
3041:
2120:
2107:
2096:
1695:
1623:
1265:
1196:
1135:
1101:
880:
453:
58:
961:
816:
and the tip of the tail are still unknown. This fieldwork culminated in a 2007
8359:
8288:
8233:
7854:
7653:
7470:
7456:
7441:
7393:
7327:
7253:
7075:
7068:
7054:
6960:
6893:
6821:
6785:
6738:
6680:
6666:
6633:
6625:
6618:
6599:
6422:
6387:
6175:
5776:
5567:
5517:
5454:
5425:
5380:
5358:
5351:
5343:
5267:
5163:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5091:
5011:
4882:
4758:
4611:
4474:
4333:
3783:"Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular skeleton of abelisaurid dinosaur
2927:
2556:
2206:
2014:
1967:
1854:
1799:
1786:
1774:
1522:
1476:, may instead have been adapted for a feeding strategy more similar to modern
1343:
1309:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1109:
1070:
983:
970:
909:
897:
601:
471:
463:
211:
103:
68:
8617:
3116:(Second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 47â70.
2719:
991:
was bipedal, with a long tail to balance out the head and torso, putting the
573:, and is also one of the few dinosaurs for which there is direct evidence of
8380:
8373:
8073:
8066:
7739:
7731:
7662:
7315:
7033:
6579:
6483:
6218:
5803:
5688:
5675:
5602:
5538:
5461:
5440:
5197:
5060:
4868:
4855:
4773:
4625:
4444:
4431:
4394:
4303:
2165:
2018:
1885:
1869:
1850:
1842:
1766:
1730:
1639:
1462:
1155:
1143:
1139:
1074:
817:
608:
by a French army officer and deposited in the collection of what is now the
560:
440:
224:
165:
108:
52:
4213:
4159:
4108:
3803:
3782:
3579:
3483:
3465:
3426:
3370:
3252:
3081:
3063:
1022:
attached to the cervical ribs, giving them a forked appearance, as seen in
648:
4238:
4065:
2637:
2599:
2505:
2001:
1687:
8611:
8516:
7964:
7372:
7365:
7337:
7230:
6730:
6111:
5447:
5274:
5035:
4672:
4351:
4327:
2080:
1928:
1877:
1619:
1231:. A simplified version showing the taxa within the group is shown below.
1205:
1000:
564:
514:
459:
456:
198:
185:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
4100:
3571:
3418:
1833:, indicating a greater sensitivity to side-to-side motions of the head.
1662:
1270:
543:
has recently become one of the best-studied theropod dinosaurs from the
8659:
8564:
7505:
7267:
6997:
6900:
6225:
5546:
2084:
1889:
1154:
from South America, while others were unable to firmly place it in the
1124:
1035:
949:
945:
925:
848:
652:
620:
containing any number of unrelated large theropods, as the new species
482:
113:
88:
3824:"Bone histology reveals unusual life history in the theropod dinosaur
3625:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 180â184.
3011:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 163â179.
2856:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 127â162.
2814:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 103â126.
1718:. This method of respiration, while complicated, is highly efficient.
1646:
sometimes kill each other when competing for access to carcasses. The
8173:
7861:
5288:
4321:
4205:
4151:
4014:
3930:
3450:"Prey choice and cannibalistic behaviour in the theropod Coelophysis"
3244:
2772:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 32â102.
2699:
2403:
2156:
2088:
1711:
1703:
1647:
1142:
relationships) within the family Abelisauridae are confused. Several
1019:
1008:
954:
813:
633:
175:
8493:
3882:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 21â31.
3140:; Chiappe, Luis M.; Dingus, Lowell (2002). "A new close relative of
2887:(Abelisauridae: Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar".
2317:. Vol. 27. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. pp. 1â20.
1038:(upper arm bone) was short and curved, closely resembling those of
7004:
6745:
6687:
3502:"A reevaluation of cooperative pack hunting and gregariousness in
2756:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
2100:
2000:
1950:
1762:
1745:
1661:
1642:
their carcasses. However, some researchers have noted that modern
1538:
1513:
1477:
1466:
1434:
1381:
1210:
1089:
1058:
960:
862:
755:
676:
647:
625:
584:
527:
519:
511:
449:
3876:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
3781:
O'Connor, Patrick; Ratsimbaholison, Nirina; Felice, Ryan (2016).
3619:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
3327:"Evolution of high tooth replacement rates in theropod dinosaurs"
3005:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
2850:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
2808:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
2765:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
2311:(Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar
2106:. Strong geological evidence suggests the occurrence of periodic
1508:(opening) on each side, as seen in other ceratosaurs, as well as
8646:
8551:
8437:
7047:
3687:"Multiple injury and infection in a sub-adult theropod dinosaur
2841:
O'Connor, Patrick M. (2007). "The postcranial axial skeleton of
2143:
2139:
1699:
1691:
1493:
1488:
Abelisaurid skulls were also strengthened in many areas by bone
1027:
996:
852:
784:
776:
684:
660:
8497:
7935:
7164:
6358:
5673:
4853:
4429:
4314:
4276:
3656:(2005). "Theropod paleopathology: state-of-the-art review". In
1034:
had long depressions along the sides for weight reduction. The
1026:. All of these features resulted in a very strong and muscular
3046:"New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous"
1790:
1706:(hip) vertebrae by the abdominal air sac. Similar features in
1012:
3610:
Farke, Andrew A.; O'Connor, Patrick M. (2007). "Pathology in
3100:
Tykoski, Ronald B.; Rowe, Timothy (2004). "Ceratosauria". In
2799:
Smith, Joshua B. (2007). "Dental morphology and variation in
1469:, with the delivery of many bites weakening the prey animal.
1007:) to reduce their weight, they were robust, with exaggerated
713:
708:
412:
27:
Abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period
4272:
2582:; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Sampson, Scott D. (September 2009).
1934:
The small number of specimens preserved with pathologies in
1215:
Skeletal restoration showing known elements of two specimens
952:
of the lower jaw, more than in any other abelisaurid except
3707:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0076:MIAIIA]2.0.CO;2
3664:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 351â365.
3158:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0460:ANCROC]2.0.CO;2
2543:(Supplement 2). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 1â184.
1761:
skull (FMNH PR 2100) allowed a rough reconstruction of its
418:
403:
397:
385:
3304:
10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0527:DAMPC>2.0.CO;2
2996:
Carrano, Matthew T. (2007). "The appendicular skeleton of
1773:
theropods, with a very conservative form closer to modern
1419:
purpose. While there is variation in the ornamentation of
1131:), and stocky hindlimb proportions, among other features.
391:
3972:
10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[178:LCTVFM]2.0.CO;2
3631:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[180:PIMCTA]2.0.CO;2
3522:
10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[103:AROCPH]2.0.CO;2
3017:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[163:TASOMC]2.0.CO;2
2862:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[127:TPASOM]2.0.CO;2
2820:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[103:DMAVIM]2.0.CO;2
1452:
Scientists have suggested that the unique skull shape of
824:
on all aspects of the animal's biology, published in the
400:
394:
3888:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[21:PAPOMC]2.0.CO;2
2778:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:CAOMCT]2.0.CO;2
2029:
have been recovered from the Maevarano Formation in the
1594:
Although sauropods may have been the prey of choice for
908:
was no exception. This was carried to an extreme on the
3545:
3543:
2549:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:OOTHOD]2.0.CO;2
2323:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:OOTHOD]2.0.CO;2
699:. Based on this dentary, Lavocat created the new genus
600:
described the first theropod remains from northwestern
884:, possibly exceeding 8 m (26 ft) in length.
703:, using an older spelling of Mahajanga as well as the
2056:, which lasted from 70 to 66 Ma (million years ago).
1627:
was a cannibal have been recently disproven, leaving
1174:
from India, but excluding South American genera like
530:
in both upper and lower jaws than most abelisaurids.
421:
409:
388:
3495:
3493:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
415:
8601:
8506:
8419:
8314:
8257:
8219:
8136:
8109:
8019:
7989:
7948:
7846:
7814:
7756:
7706:
7679:
7652:
7621:
7594:
7583:
7542:
7407:
7355:
7326:
7288:
7277:
7177:
7089:
7023:
6945:
6876:
6852:
6764:
6712:
6652:
6608:
6597:
6541:
6509:
6456:
6406:
6371:
6289:
6242:
6189:
6151:
6097:
6048:
5984:
5943:
5919:
5888:
5842:
5812:
5801:
5686:
5601:
5500:
5411:
5390:
5326:
5229:
5173:
5139:
5046:
4991:
4960:
4900:
4866:
4792:
4772:
4696:
4643:
4524:
4442:
4393:
4366:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
2138:, fossil taxa recovered from the Maevarano include
1923:resulting in the loss of the tail tip, followed by
1682:
based on a superbly preserved series of vertebrae (
406:
382:
3095:
3093:
3091:
1690:) that may have resulted from the infiltration of
831:. The papers are in English, although each has an
3942:
3940:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3510:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
3384:
3382:
3380:
3036:
3034:
2761:. In Sampson, Scott D.; Krause, David W. (eds.).
3393:(2007). "Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur
2365:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2750:Sampson, Scott D.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2007).
2160:and several other birds, the possibly flighted
1793:with movements of the head. This suggests that
1104:, abelisaurids are included in the superfamily
3280:"Dinosaurian and mammalian predators compared"
2067:Then as now, Madagascar was an island, having
612:. Depéret referred these fossils to the genus
4288:
3500:Roach, Brian T.; Brinkman, Daniel T. (2007).
2199:might have competed with it closer to water.
2146:, lizards, snakes, seven distinct species of
1810:within the inner ear aid in balance, and the
8:
3878:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
3621:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
3007:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
2852:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
2810:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
2768:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
2313:. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir
2049:suggest that they were deposited during the
1065:was even stockier than that of its relative
2346:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
2265:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
2087:of the time was semi-arid, with pronounced
1757:, also known as CT scanning, of a complete
735:State University of New York at Stony Brook
430:
8494:
8225:
8142:
8117:
8001:
7997:
7956:
7945:
7932:
7843:
7811:
7627:
7591:
7550:
7419:
7415:
7300:
7296:
7285:
7185:
7174:
7161:
6952:
6942:
6858:
6770:
6658:
6605:
6515:
6468:
6464:
6414:
6379:
6368:
6355:
6286:
6195:
6103:
6056:
5925:
5900:
5896:
5824:
5820:
5809:
5694:
5683:
5670:
5598:
5417:
5408:
5237:
5052:
5003:
4999:
4912:
4908:
4874:
4863:
4850:
4649:
4532:
4450:
4439:
4426:
4372:
4363:
4311:
4295:
4281:
4273:
2704:. Princeton University Press. p. 85.
2119:may have roamed coastal environments like
1789:that helps to coordinate movements of the
1088:is classified as a member of the theropod
1069:, with a prominent crest on the knee. The
131:
31:
3828:from the Latest Cretaceous of Madagascar"
3802:
3765:
3473:
3360:
3350:
3071:
2953:from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar".
1721:The recognition of pneumatic foramina in
803:, the authors judged the type dentary of
1108:, which is in turn a subdivision of the
3960:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3822:; O'Connor, Patrick M. (October 2016).
3787:from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar"
3506:and other non-avian theropod dinosaurs"
2626:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2588:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2254:
1638:actively hunted their own kind or only
1003:had numerous cavities and excavations (
3863:Rogers, Raymond R.; Krause, David W.;
3389:Rogers, Raymond R.; Krause, David W.;
2701:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1777:than to birds. One difference between
1750:Head and neck of specimen FMNH PR 2836
1423:individuals, there is no evidence for
995:over the hips. Although the cervical (
851:specimen after a 2009 petition to the
1578:may have sacrificed speed for power.
1092:Abelisauridae, which is considered a
479:CretaceousâPaleogene extinction event
7:
1989:in several bones, it was found that
1781:and other theropods was its smaller
1461:(twisting). In comparison to modern
1134:As with many dinosaur families, the
673:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
8714:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Africa
2021:(marked with a red dot on the map).
1666:Comparison between the air sacs of
1244:
1234:
589:Original material described in 1896
3835:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3695:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3146:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3051:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2955:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2889:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2537:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2439:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1674:Scientists have reconstructed the
827:Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
667:Numerous fragmentary remains from
25:
3044:; Wilson, JA; Conrad, JL (2007).
2083:than it is today. The prevailing
1602:in their diet. Numerous bones of
1561:. Scientists have suggested that
1150:shares a close relationship with
1030:. Uniquely, the cervical ribs of
944:bore seventeen teeth in both the
8478:
8472:
8465:
7917:
7910:
7903:
7897:
7146:
7139:
7134:
7127:
7121:
6340:
6333:
6326:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
4836:
4830:
4237:
2433:; Forster, Catherine A. (1996).
2223:
2209:
1347:
1291:
1269:
624:. This name is derived from the
610:Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
378:
152:
2239:Timeline of ceratosaur research
2127:represents the contemporaneous
2009:fossils have been found in the
1046:. Also like related dinosaurs,
1015:that interlocked for strength.
843:was replaced by the older name
495:, a name which is considered a
491:. This dinosaur is also called
2901:10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459
2459:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011350
2152:five or six species of mammals
1610:jaws, are of the same size as
1081:Classification and systematics
683:described a theropod dentary (
645:, another poorly known taxon.
481:. The genus contains a single
1:
8734:Fossil taxa described in 1955
4058:10.1126/science.279.5358.1915
3791:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3767:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104553
2685:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.001
2498:10.1126/science.280.5366.1048
2091:in temperature and rainfall.
1742:Brain and inner ear structure
1127:) forelimbs (convergent with
733:In 1993, scientists from the
3352:10.1371/journal.pone.0224734
3202:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.10.003
2975:10.1080/02724634.2012.622027
2916:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
2763:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
1797:and other abelisaurids like
1146:studies have indicated that
714:
687:.MAJ 1) with teeth from the
8633:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
8603:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3874:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3869:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3826:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3785:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3617:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3612:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
3003:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2998:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2951:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2885:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2848:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2843:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2806:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2801:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2754:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2309:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
2304:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
1981:Research by Michael D'Emic
977:closely resembles those of
870:compared in size to a human
797:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
488:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
320:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
18:Majungasaurus crenatissimus
8755:
8739:Taxa named by René Lavocat
3685:Hanna, Rebecca R. (2002).
1812:lateral semicircular canal
1386:Skull cast of FMNH PR 2100
739:University of Antananarivo
709:
616:, which at the time was a
8462:
8228:
8145:
8120:
8004:
8000:
7959:
7944:
7931:
7895:
7842:
7810:
7630:
7553:
7422:
7418:
7303:
7299:
7188:
7173:
7160:
7119:
6955:
6941:
6861:
6773:
6661:
6518:
6471:
6467:
6417:
6382:
6367:
6354:
6323:
6285:
6198:
6106:
6059:
5928:
5903:
5899:
5827:
5823:
5697:
5682:
5669:
5631:
5597:
5420:
5240:
5055:
5006:
5002:
4915:
4911:
4877:
4862:
4849:
4827:
4652:
4535:
4453:
4438:
4425:
4375:
4362:
4310:
4263:mount erected in 2006 at
3662:The Carnivorous Dinosaurs
3274:Van Valkenburgh, Blaire;
2928:10.1007/s12542-009-0044-2
2752:"Craniofacial anatomy of
2698:Paul, Gregory S. (2016).
2123:as well. The neighboring
1702:, and the lower back and
1472:Abelisaurids, especially
1409:intraspecific competition
1340:
1323:
1306:
1284:
1262:
1249:
1242:
948:of the upper jaw and the
506:Like other abelisaurids,
342:
335:
313:
306:
149:Scientific classification
147:
139:
130:
34:
3950:; O'Connor, Patrick M.;
3182:Annales de Paléontologie
2632:(1): 89â90. March 2011.
1987:lines of arrested growth
1966:(more specifically, the
1841:A 2007 report described
1100:. Along with the family
771:horn misidentified as a
8719:Dinosaurs of Madagascar
3504:Deinonychus antirrhopus
1955:Restoration of an adult
1911:) or along their tops (
1888:were ruled out, and an
1219:A cladogram by Tortosa
362:Sues & Taquet, 1979
4265:Stony Brook University
4182:Curry Rogers, Kristina
3952:Rogers, Kristina Curry
3865:Curry Rogers, Kristina
3820:Curry Rogers, Kristina
3804:10.4202/app.00132.2014
3466:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0524
3391:Curry Rogers, Kristina
3219:; Horner, Celeste C.;
3064:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692
2661:Pycnonemosaurus nevesi
2465:on September 27, 2007.
2244:Evolution of dinosaurs
2022:
1956:
1751:
1671:
1551:
1449:
1387:
1251:Pourcieux abelisaurid
1216:
966:
871:
808:and thousands of shed
780:
664:
590:
142:Stony Brook University
8681:Paleobiology Database
8586:Paleobiology Database
6854:Carcharodontosaurinae
6766:Carcharodontosauridae
4255:May 20, 2006, at the
3721:on September 27, 2007
2638:10.21805/bzn.v68i1.a7
2600:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a7
2578:Carrano, Matthew T.;
2179:sauropods, including
2004:
1954:
1749:
1665:
1654:and other theropods.
1543:Mounted skeletons of
1542:
1438:
1385:
1214:
1011:attachment sites and
964:
866:
759:
651:
588:
299:M. crenatissimus
8729:Maastrichtian genera
7847:Dubious coelurosaurs
6543:Metriacanthosaurinae
6511:Metriacanthosauridae
4793:Dubious neotheropods
4246:at Wikimedia Commons
3395:Majungatholus atopus
3102:Weishampel, David B.
2095:inhabited a coastal
1913:supraspinal ligament
1909:interspinal ligament
1227:in a new subfamily,
1121:carcharodontosaurids
1061:(lower leg bone) of
820:consisting of seven
801:Majungatholus atopus
789:Majungatholus atopus
762:Majungatholus atopus
728:Majungatholus atopus
718:(meaning "lizard").
632:("notched") and the
581:Discovery and naming
563:, mainly preying on
470:, at the end of the
358:Majungatholus atopus
6867:Carcharodontosaurus
6654:Carcharodontosauria
4198:2001Natur.412..530C
4144:2001Natur.409..504S
4101:10.1038/nature03996
4093:2005Natur.437.1007M
4087:(7061): 1007â1011.
4050:1998Sci...279.1915F
4044:(5358): 1915â1919.
4007:1996Natur.382..532F
3923:2005Geo....33..297R
3758:2020CrRes.11504553G
3746:Cretaceous Research
3689:Allosaurus fragilis
3652:Rothschild, Bruce;
3572:10.1038/nature03716
3564:2005Natur.436..253O
3536:on August 10, 2007.
3419:10.1038/nature01532
3411:2003Natur.422..515R
3343:2019PLoSO..1424734D
3296:2002Pbio...28..527V
3237:2001Natur.409.1033R
3231:(6823): 1033â1037.
3194:2014AnPal.100...63T
3142:Carnotaurus sastrei
3058:(1546): 1325â1330.
2967:2012JVPal..32....1B
2677:2017CrRes..69...71G
2665:Cretaceous Research
2527:Sampson, Scott D.;
2490:1998Sci...280.1048S
2484:(5366): 1048â1051.
2451:1996JVPal..16..601S
2425:Sampson, Scott D.;
2396:1979Natur.279..633S
2231:Paleontology portal
2125:Berivotra Formation
2073:Indian subcontinent
1947:Ontogeny and growth
1808:semicircular canals
1755:Computed tomography
1463:mammalian predators
1439:Restoration of two
1378:Skull ornamentation
930:Computed tomography
924:, possibly made of
689:Maevarano Formation
545:Southern Hemisphere
526:. It also had more
8339:Archaeornithomimus
6843:Veterupristisaurus
6703:Veterupristisaurus
6559:Metriacanthosaurus
6499:Piatnitzkysauridae
5934:Eustreptospondylus
5844:Piatnitzkysauridae
5727:Chuandongocoelurus
4591:Notatesseraeraptor
2663:is the new king".
2099:cut by many sandy
2079:more southerly in
2031:Mahajanga Province
2023:
2011:Mahajanga Province
1957:
1882:Hypervitaminosis A
1785:, a region of the
1752:
1696:lungs and air sacs
1676:respiratory system
1672:
1658:Respiratory system
1552:
1450:
1388:
1217:
967:
872:
781:
669:Mahajanga Province
665:
591:
140:Mounted Skeleton,
8696:
8695:
8668:Open Tree of Life
8573:Open Tree of Life
8500:Taxon identifiers
8491:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8221:Macrocheiriformes
8138:Ornithomimosauria
8112:Maniraptoriformes
8105:
8104:
7951:Maniraptoromorpha
7938:Maniraptoromorpha
7927:
7926:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7885:
7884:
7838:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7816:Maniraptoromorpha
7806:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7790:
7789:
7538:
7537:
7403:
7402:
7357:Proceratosauridae
7309:Chingkankousaurus
7156:
7155:
7117:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7085:
7084:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6350:
6349:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6185:
6184:
6141:Vallibonavenatrix
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
5884:
5883:
5665:
5664:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5220:
4987:
4986:
4845:
4844:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4768:
4767:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4242:Media related to
4192:(6846): 530â534.
4138:(6819): 504â506.
4001:(6591): 532â534.
3818:D'Emic, Michael;
3671:978-0-253-34539-4
3558:(7048): 253â256.
3405:(6931): 515â518.
3215:Rayfield, Emily;
3138:Coria, Rodolfo A.
3123:978-0-520-24209-8
3110:OsmĂłlska, Halszka
2711:978-1-78684-190-2
2390:(5714): 633â635.
2025:All specimens of
1823:than in its more
1670:and a modern bird
1634:It is unknown if
1425:sexual dimorphism
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1123:), very reduced (
1098:Linnaean taxonomy
993:center of gravity
822:scientific papers
760:Type specimen of
618:wastebasket taxon
468:million years ago
369:
368:
363:
354:
287:
16:(Redirected from
8746:
8689:
8688:
8676:
8675:
8663:
8662:
8650:
8649:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8622:
8621:
8620:
8594:
8593:
8581:
8580:
8568:
8567:
8555:
8554:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8495:
8482:
8476:
8469:
8325:Aepyornithomimus
8226:
8143:
8118:
8082:Sinocalliopteryx
8002:
7998:
7992:Neocoelurosauria
7957:
7946:
7933:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7901:
7844:
7812:
7781:Zhuchengtyrannus
7697:Thanatotheristes
7628:
7592:
7559:Appalachiosaurus
7551:
7420:
7416:
7410:Pantyrannosauria
7301:
7297:
7291:Tyrannosauroidea
7286:
7261:Xinjiangovenator
7186:
7175:
7162:
7150:
7143:
7138:
7131:
7125:
6953:
6943:
6859:
6779:Acrocanthosaurus
6771:
6659:
6606:
6532:Yangchuanosaurus
6516:
6469:
6465:
6415:
6396:Lourinhanosaurus
6380:
6369:
6356:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6287:
6253:Sigilmassasaurus
6196:
6153:Ceratosuchopsini
6104:
6057:
6002:Dubreuillosaurus
5926:
5909:Streptospondylus
5901:
5897:
5867:Piatnitzkysaurus
5825:
5821:
5810:
5695:
5684:
5671:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5599:
5434:Ekrixinatosaurus
5418:
5409:
5238:
5053:
5004:
5000:
4913:
4909:
4875:
4864:
4851:
4840:
4834:
4744:Procompsognathus
4650:
4533:
4451:
4440:
4427:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4312:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4241:
4226:
4225:
4206:10.1038/35087566
4178:
4172:
4171:
4152:10.1038/35054046
4127:
4121:
4120:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4015:10.1038/382532a0
3990:
3984:
3983:
3948:Krause, David W.
3944:
3935:
3934:
3931:10.1130/G21036.1
3906:
3900:
3899:
3860:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3717:. Archived from
3682:
3676:
3675:
3654:Tanke, Darren H.
3649:
3643:
3642:
3607:
3592:
3591:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3532:. Archived from
3497:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3386:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3337:(11): e0224734.
3322:
3316:
3315:
3276:Molnar, Ralph E.
3271:
3265:
3264:
3245:10.1038/35059070
3217:Norman, David B.
3212:
3206:
3205:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3038:
3029:
3028:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2760:
2747:
2724:
2723:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2580:Krause, David W.
2575:
2569:
2568:
2529:Krause, David W.
2524:
2518:
2517:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:. Archived from
2427:Krause, David W.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:10.1038/279633a0
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2300:Krause, David W.
2296:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2217:Dinosaurs portal
2214:
2213:
2212:
2169:, the noasaurid
2041:, evidence from
1845:in the bones of
1504:sported a large
1351:
1295:
1273:
1245:
1235:
1187:Ekrixinatosaurus
1162:in a clade with
965:Life restoration
773:pachycephalosaur
720:Hans-Dieter Sues
717:
712:
711:
657:M. crenatissimus
622:M. crenatissimus
524:pachycephalosaur
447:
444:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
361:
352:
322:
318:
282:
275:
262:
249:
236:
157:
156:
135:
125:
55:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
8754:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8724:Maevarano fauna
8699:
8698:
8697:
8692:
8684:
8679:
8671:
8666:
8658:
8653:
8645:
8640:
8631:
8630:
8625:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8597:
8589:
8584:
8576:
8571:
8563:
8558:
8550:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8502:
8492:
8483:
8470:
8444:
8407:
8388:Sinornithomimus
8310:
8253:
8215:
8132:
8126:Compsognathidae
8114:
8101:
8089:Sinosauropteryx
8021:Compsognathidae
8015:
7994:
7985:
7953:
7940:
7923:
7922:
7908:
7881:
7876:Shanyangosaurus
7869:Phaedrolosaurus
7830:
7786:
7752:
7702:
7681:Daspletosaurini
7675:
7648:
7623:Tyrannosaurinae
7617:
7596:Albertosaurinae
7588:
7586:Tyrannosauridae
7579:
7547:
7545:Eutyrannosauria
7534:
7412:
7399:
7380:Proceratosaurus
7351:
7322:
7293:
7282:
7273:
7239:Richardoestesia
7223:Chilantaisaurus
7182:
7169:
7152:
7151:
7132:
7105:
7081:
7041:Australovenator
7019:
7013:Chilantaisaurus
6991:Phuwiangvenator
6913:
6878:Giganotosaurini
6872:
6848:
6760:
6723:Chilantaisaurus
6708:
6648:
6602:
6585:
6537:
6505:
6461:
6452:
6430:Monolophosaurus
6411:
6402:
6376:
6363:
6346:
6345:
6331:
6305:
6265:
6238:
6204:Camarillasaurus
6181:
6147:
6093:
6087:Ostafrikasaurus
6065:Camarillasaurus
6053:
6036:
5986:Afrovenatorinae
5980:
5939:
5915:
5893:
5880:
5838:
5817:
5815:Megalosauroidea
5806:
5797:
5792:Vectaerovenator
5785:Szechuanosaurus
5763:Monolophosaurus
5749:Kaijiangosaurus
5742:Cryolophosaurus
5703:Calamospondylus
5691:
5678:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5617:
5573:
5554:Pycnonemosaurus
5496:
5407:
5401:Majungasaurinae
5386:
5328:Majungasaurinae
5322:
5317:Xenotarsosaurus
5253:Dryptosauroides
5234:
5217:
5169:
5141:Elaphrosaurinae
5135:
5042:
5028:Ornithomimoides
4996:
4983:
4956:
4905:
4896:
4871:
4858:
4841:
4835:
4813:
4788:
4764:
4692:
4639:
4605:Shuangbaisaurus
4529:
4520:
4447:
4434:
4409:
4389:
4383:Avemetatarsalia
4368:Avemetatarsalia
4358:
4343:Avemetatarsalia
4317:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4257:Wayback Machine
4234:
4229:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4035:
4034:
4030:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3862:
3861:
3846:
3830:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3609:
3608:
3595:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3454:Biology Letters
3447:
3446:
3442:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3221:Horner, John R.
3214:
3213:
3209:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3042:Sereno, Paul C.
3040:
3039:
3032:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2727:
2712:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2531:, eds. (2007).
2526:
2525:
2521:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2298:
2297:
2276:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2190:Mahajangasuchus
2148:crocodylomorphs
2113:Paleocene Epoch
2043:biostratigraphy
2039:radiometrically
1999:
1949:
1921:physical trauma
1853:theropods like
1839:
1744:
1736:origin of birds
1660:
1644:Komodo monitors
1592:
1582:tooth marks on
1510:synovial joints
1433:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1239:Majungasaurinae
1229:Majungasaurinae
1083:
861:
799:was older than
747:David W. Krause
743:Late Cretaceous
724:Philippe Taquet
606:Betsiboka River
598:Charles Depéret
583:
549:biogeographical
445:
439:
436:
433:
381:
377:
360:
351:
331:
324:
316:
315:
302:
281:
273:
264:Majungasaurinae
260:
247:
234:
151:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8752:
8750:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8701:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:
8677:
8664:
8651:
8638:
8623:
8607:
8605:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8582:
8569:
8556:
8543:
8528:
8512:
8510:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8434:
8425:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8353:Dromiceiomimus
8349:
8342:
8335:
8328:
8320:
8318:
8316:Ornithomimidae
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8301:
8297:Paraxenisaurus
8293:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8263:
8261:
8259:Deinocheiridae
8255:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8248:Shenzhousaurus
8244:
8237:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8206:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8146:
8140:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8121:
8115:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8070:
8063:
8056:
8049:
8045:Beipiaognathus
8041:
8034:
8025:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8005:
7995:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7976:
7969:
7960:
7954:
7949:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7929:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7916:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7850:
7848:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7760:
7758:Tyrannosaurini
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7743:
7736:
7728:
7721:
7717:Bistahieversor
7712:
7710:
7708:Teratophoneini
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7693:
7690:Daspletosaurus
7685:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7670:Qianzhousaurus
7666:
7658:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7639:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7598:
7589:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7570:
7566:Bistahieversor
7562:
7554:
7548:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7413:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7390:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7341:
7333:
7331:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7312:
7304:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7280:Tyrannoraptora
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7242:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7212:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7183:
7178:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7145:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7095:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7029:
7027:
7025:Megaraptoridae
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6972:
6964:
6956:
6950:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6887:Giganotosaurus
6882:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6750:
6742:
6735:
6727:
6718:
6716:
6714:Neovenatoridae
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6699:
6696:Ulughbegsaurus
6692:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6622:
6614:
6612:
6603:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6528:
6524:Xuanhanosaurus
6519:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6495:
6491:Xuanhanosaurus
6487:
6480:
6477:Asfaltovenator
6472:
6462:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6438:Megalosauridae
6434:
6426:
6418:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6392:
6383:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6256:
6248:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6212:Ichthyovenator
6208:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6083:
6076:
6073:Cristatusaurus
6069:
6060:
6054:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:Poekilopleuron
6026:
6023:Piveteausaurus
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5947:
5945:Megalosaurinae
5941:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5921:Megalosauridae
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:Xuanhanosaurus
5870:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5833:Yunyangosaurus
5828:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5770:Pandoravenator
5766:
5759:
5756:Kayentavenator
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5698:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5484:Skorpiovenator
5480:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5421:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5296:Spectrovenator
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5130:Spinostropheus
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5007:
4997:
4994:Abelisauroidea
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4964:
4962:Ceratosauridae
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4951:Saltriovenator
4947:
4939:
4932:
4928:Fosterovenator
4924:
4916:
4906:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:Lophostropheus
4886:
4878:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4751:Pterospondylus
4747:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4721:Lucianovenator
4717:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4653:
4647:
4645:Coelophysoidea
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4584:Lophostropheus
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4483:Erythrovenator
4479:
4471:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4268:
4247:
4233:
4232:External links
4230:
4228:
4227:
4173:
4122:
4071:
4028:
3985:
3966:(2): 178â208.
3936:
3917:(4): 297â300.
3901:
3844:
3810:
3773:
3732:
3677:
3670:
3644:
3593:
3539:
3516:(1): 103â138.
3489:
3460:(4): 611â614.
3440:
3376:
3317:
3290:(4): 527â543.
3266:
3207:
3171:
3152:(2): 460â465.
3129:
3122:
3114:The Dinosauria
3087:
3030:
2988:
2941:
2922:(2): 293â300.
2906:
2875:
2833:
2791:
2725:
2710:
2690:
2651:
2613:
2594:(3): 261â264.
2570:
2519:
2468:
2445:(4): 601â605.
2417:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2274:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2204:
2201:
2196:Trematochampsa
2062:became extinct
2047:paleomagnetism
1998:
1995:
1948:
1945:
1859:tyrannosaurids
1838:
1835:
1771:coelurosaurian
1743:
1740:
1716:carbon dioxide
1659:
1656:
1591:
1588:
1432:
1429:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1129:tyrannosaurids
1106:Abelisauroidea
1082:
1079:
860:
857:
595:paleontologist
582:
579:
551:implications.
497:junior synonym
466:from 70 to 66
462:that lived in
367:
366:
365:
364:
355:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
311:
310:
304:
303:
295:
293:
289:
288:
271:
267:
266:
258:
254:
253:
245:
241:
240:
238:Abelisauroidea
232:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
137:
136:
128:
127:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8751:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8687:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8592:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8544:
8539:
8538:Majungasaurus
8533:
8529:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8508:Majungasaurus
8505:
8501:
8496:
8481:
8477:
8475:
8468:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8429:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8395:Struthiomimus
8392:
8390:
8389:
8385:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8346:"Coelosaurus"
8343:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8279:
8277:
8276:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8241:Pelecanimimus
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8203:
8202:Thecocoelurus
8199:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8181:Kinnareemimus
8178:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8108:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8060:Huaxiagnathus
8057:
8055:
8054:
8053:Compsognathus
8050:
8047:
8046:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7980:Ornitholestes
7977:
7975:
7974:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7930:
7920:
7915:
7913:
7906:
7900:
7878:
7877:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7866:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7774:Tyrannosaurus
7771:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7747:Teratophoneus
7744:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7686:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7605:Albertosaurus
7602:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7541:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7521:Xiongguanlong
7518:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7499:Suskityrannus
7496:
7494:
7493:
7492:Stokesosaurus
7489:
7487:
7486:
7485:Santanaraptor
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7428:Alectrosaurus
7425:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7406:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7377:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7347:
7346:
7345:Tanycolagreus
7342:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:Bahariasaurus
7205:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7181:
7180:Coelurosauria
7176:
7172:
7168:
7167:Coelurosauria
7163:
7159:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7137:
7130:
7124:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7091:Coelurosauria
7088:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:Bahariasaurus
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6808:Kelmayisaurus
6805:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6763:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6643:
6642:Saurophaganax
6639:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6596:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6573:Siamotyrannus
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6459:Allosauroidea
6455:
6448:
6447:
6446:Spinosauridae
6443:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6343:
6338:
6336:
6329:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6191:Spinosaurinae
6188:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6169:Riparovenator
6166:
6164:
6163:
6162:Ceratosuchops
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6126:Riojavenatrix
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:Baryonychinae
6096:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6051:Spinosauridae
6047:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5975:Wiehenvenator
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:Chienkosaurus
5708:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5502:Furileusauria
5499:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:Rahiolisaurus
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5392:Carnotaurinae
5389:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:Rahiolisaurus
5370:
5368:
5367:
5366:Majungasaurus
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:Tarascosaurus
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:Eoabelisaurus
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:Chenanisaurus
5243:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5232:Abelisauridae
5228:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:Masiakasaurus
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:Huinculsaurus
5154:
5152:
5151:
5150:Elaphrosaurus
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:Austrocheirus
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4921:Berberosaurus
4918:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4833:
4810:
4809:
4808:Halticosaurus
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:Teinurosaurus
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:Megapnosaurus
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4698:Coelophysidae
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:Powellvenator
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4577:Liliensternus
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:Dolichosuchus
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:Dilophosaurus
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4516:
4515:
4514:Herrerasauria
4511:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:Daemonosaurus
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4261:Majungasaurus
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:Press release
4248:
4245:
4244:Majungasaurus
4240:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:Carpenter, K.
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:Dodson, Peter
3103:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Dodson, Peter
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:(in French).
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2348:(in French).
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:(in French).
2266:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:Majungasaurus
2182:
2178:
2177:titanosaurian
2174:
2173:
2172:Masiakasaurus
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:dromaeosaurid
2159:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Majungasaurus
2132:
2131:environment.
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:Majungasaurus
2114:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:Majungasaurus
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:Majungasaurus
2055:
2052:
2051:Maastrichtian
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:Majungasaurus
2032:
2028:
2027:Majungasaurus
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:Majungasaurus
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1991:Majungasaurus
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1976:quadratojugal
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Majungasaurus
1961:
1960:Majungasaurus
1953:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:Majungasaurus
1937:
1936:Majungasaurus
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:osteomyelitis
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:Masiakasaurus
1902:
1901:
1898:specimens of
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Majungasaurus
1844:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:Majungasaurus
1817:
1816:Majungasaurus
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:Majungasaurus
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:Majungasaurus
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Majungasaurus
1756:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1727:Majungasaurus
1724:
1723:Majungasaurus
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Majungasaurus
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Majungasaurus
1677:
1669:
1668:Majungasaurus
1664:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1652:Majungasaurus
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Majungasaurus
1632:
1630:
1629:Majungasaurus
1626:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:Majungasaurus
1613:
1612:Majungasaurus
1609:
1608:Majungasaurus
1605:
1604:Majungasaurus
1601:
1600:Majungasaurus
1597:
1596:Majungasaurus
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:Majungasaurus
1577:
1576:Majungasaurus
1572:
1571:Majungasaurus
1568:
1567:Majungasaurus
1564:
1563:Majungasaurus
1560:
1556:
1555:Majungasaurus
1550:
1546:
1545:Majungasaurus
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:Majungasaurus
1529:
1528:Majungasaurus
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:Majungasaurus
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Majungasaurus
1499:
1498:Majungasaurus
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1482:Majungasaurus
1479:
1475:
1474:Majungasaurus
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1454:Majungasaurus
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:Majungasaurus
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1421:Majungasaurus
1418:
1414:
1413:Majungasaurus
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:Majungasaurus
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:Rahiolisaurus
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1288:Majungasaurus
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:Majungasaurus
1222:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:, as well as
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:Majungasaurus
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:Majungasaurus
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Majungasaurus
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Majungasaurus
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:Majungasaurus
1049:
1048:Majungasaurus
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Majungasaurus
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Majungasaurus
986:
985:
980:
976:
975:Majungasaurus
972:
963:
959:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
942:Majungasaurus
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:frontal bones
915:
914:Majungasaurus
911:
907:
906:Majungasaurus
903:
902:Majungasaurus
899:
895:
890:
889:Majungasaurus
887:The skull of
885:
883:
882:
876:
875:Majungasaurus
869:
868:Majungasaurus
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:Majungasaurus
842:
841:Majungatholus
838:
834:
830:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:Majungasaurus
806:
805:Majungasaurus
802:
798:
794:
793:Majungatholus
790:
786:
778:
774:
770:
767:
766:Majungasaurus
763:
758:
754:
752:
751:Majungasaurus
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
706:
702:
701:Majungasaurus
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
587:
580:
578:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
557:apex predator
554:
553:Majungasaurus
550:
546:
542:
541:Majungasaurus
538:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
509:
508:Majungasaurus
504:
502:
501:Majungasaurus
498:
494:
493:Majungatholus
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
455:
451:
442:
426:
375:
374:
373:Majungasaurus
359:
356:
353:Depéret, 1896
350:
349:crenatissimus
348:
344:
343:
341:
338:
334:
329:
323:
321:
312:
309:
308:Binomial name
305:
301:
300:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
279:
278:Majungasaurus
272:
269:
268:
265:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:Abelisauridae
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
231:Superfamily:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
143:
138:
134:
129:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
47:
46:Maastrichtian
43:
37:
36:Majungasaurus
33:
30:
19:
8709:Abelisaurids
8602:
8507:
8471:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8367:Ornithomimus
8365:
8358:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8305:Tyrannomimus
8303:
8295:
8287:
8280:
8275:Deinocheirus
8273:
8266:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8208:
8200:
8195:Nqwebasaurus
8193:
8188:Nedcolbertia
8186:
8179:
8172:
8166:Calamosaurus
8164:
8158:Aviatyrannis
8156:
8149:
8124:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8043:
8038:Aristosuchus
8036:
8030:Aniksosaurus
8028:
8010:Aniksosaurus
8008:
7978:
7971:
7963:
7909:
7874:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7745:
7738:
7730:
7725:Dynamoterror
7723:
7715:
7695:
7688:
7668:
7661:
7641:
7636:Asiatyrannus
7634:
7610:
7603:
7574:Dryptosaurus
7572:
7564:
7557:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7483:
7476:
7469:
7464:Jinbeisaurus
7462:
7455:
7448:
7440:
7435:Aviatyrannis
7433:
7426:
7392:
7387:Sinotyrannus
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7343:
7336:
7314:
7307:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7237:
7229:
7221:
7216:Bicentenaria
7214:
7206:
7201:Asiamericana
7199:
7192:
7133:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7011:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6976:Deltadromeus
6974:
6966:
6959:
6908:Tyrannotitan
6906:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6865:
6841:
6836:Taurovenator
6834:
6827:
6820:
6815:Lajasvenator
6813:
6806:
6799:
6794:Concavenator
6792:
6784:
6777:
6752:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6701:
6694:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6640:
6632:
6624:
6617:
6610:Allosauridae
6578:
6571:
6566:Shidaisaurus
6564:
6557:
6550:
6530:
6522:
6497:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6421:
6394:
6386:
6374:Avetheropoda
6361:Avetheropoda
6332:
6291:Avetheropoda
6258:
6251:
6244:Spinosaurini
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6139:
6131:
6124:
6119:Protathlitis
6117:
6110:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6063:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6009:Leshansaurus
6007:
6000:
5993:
5973:
5966:
5961:Megalosaurus
5959:
5954:Duriavenator
5952:
5932:
5907:
5891:Megalosauria
5872:
5865:
5860:Marshosaurus
5858:
5853:Condorraptor
5851:
5831:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5734:Cruxicheiros
5732:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5566:
5561:Quilmesaurus
5559:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5413:Brachyrostra
5399:
5379:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5342:
5335:
5315:
5310:Tralkasaurus
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5244:
5212:Vespersaurus
5210:
5205:Velocisaurus
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5100:Deltadromeus
5098:
5090:
5084:Compsosuchus
5082:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5034:
5026:
5020:Lametasaurus
5018:
5010:
4976:
4971:Ceratosaurus
4969:
4949:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4919:
4903:Ceratosauria
4888:
4881:
4806:
4799:
4757:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4685:
4680:Podokesaurus
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4632:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4563:Gojirasaurus
4561:
4556:Dracovenator
4554:
4546:
4539:
4527:Neotheropoda
4512:
4504:
4496:
4490:Guaibasaurus
4488:
4481:
4473:
4465:
4459:Chindesaurus
4457:
4347:
4338:
4270:
4260:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4041:
4037:
4031:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3963:
3959:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3838:
3834:
3825:
3813:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3701:(1): 76â90.
3698:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3661:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3555:
3551:
3534:the original
3513:
3509:
3503:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3287:
3284:Paleobiology
3283:
3269:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3113:
3055:
3049:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2700:
2693:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2591:
2587:
2573:
2540:
2536:
2522:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2463:the original
2442:
2438:
2420:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2181:Rapetosaurus
2180:
2170:
2164:
2155:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2108:debris flows
2092:
2066:
2057:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2006:
1997:Paleoecology
1990:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1917:
1904:
1899:
1894:neural spine
1867:
1846:
1840:
1830:Ceratosaurus
1828:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1778:
1775:crocodilians
1758:
1753:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1651:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1584:Rapetosaurus
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:Rapetosaurus
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:Rapetosaurus
1548:
1544:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1453:
1451:
1446:Rapetosaurus
1444:
1440:
1420:
1412:
1404:Ceratosaurus
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1373:Paleobiology
1342:
1341:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1224:
1223:2013 places
1220:
1218:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1140:evolutionary
1133:
1113:Ceratosauria
1085:
1084:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1023:
988:
982:
978:
974:
973:skeleton of
968:
953:
941:
913:
905:
901:
893:
888:
886:
879:
874:
873:
867:
844:
840:
825:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
765:
761:
750:
732:
727:
700:
697:Dryptosaurus
696:
693:Megalosaurus
692:
681:René Lavocat
666:
656:
655:specimen of
642:Dryptosaurus
640:
636:
629:
621:
614:Megalosaurus
613:
592:
570:Rapetosaurus
568:
552:
540:
536:Megalosaurus
534:
532:
507:
505:
500:
492:
487:
486:
372:
371:
370:
357:
347:Megalosaurus
345:
319:
314:
298:
297:
277:
276:
218:
205:
192:
35:
29:
8627:Wikispecies
8532:Wikispecies
8432:Maniraptora
8421:Maniraptora
8402:Tototlmimus
8332:Anserimimus
8282:Garudimimus
8268:Beishanlong
8210:Valdoraptor
8151:Arkansaurus
8096:Xunmenglong
7973:Juravenator
7767:Tarbosaurus
7643:Nanuqsaurus
7612:Gorgosaurus
7528:Megaraptora
7514:Timurlengia
7246:Sciurumimus
7194:Aratasaurus
7062:Murusraptor
6984:Fukuiraptor
6947:Megaraptora
6829:Shaochilong
6801:Eocarcharia
6754:Megaraptora
6674:Lusovenator
6552:Alpkarakush
6409:Carnosauria
6260:Spinosaurus
6233:Siamosaurus
6133:Suchosaurus
6080:Iberospinus
6016:Magnosaurus
5995:Afrovenator
5968:Torvosaurus
5719:Chilesaurus
5532:Carnotaurus
5525:Caletodraco
5511:Abelisaurus
5337:Arcovenator
5184:Laevisuchus
5175:Noasaurinae
5077:Berthasaura
5048:Noasauridae
4978:Genyodectes
4943:Lukousaurus
4936:Jubbulpuria
4736:Panguraptor
4714:Coelophysis
4707:Camposaurus
4666:Panguraptor
4658:Dracoraptor
4634:Zupaysaurus
4619:Tachiraptor
4598:Sarcosaurus
4498:Nhandumirim
2961:(1): 1â16.
2121:tidal flats
2097:flood plain
2089:seasonality
1972:postorbital
1855:allosaurids
1843:pathologies
1624:Coelophysis
1590:Cannibalism
1492:out of the
1490:mineralized
1395:Carnotaurus
1266:Arcovenator
1197:Abelisaurus
1176:Carnotaurus
1152:Carnotaurus
1136:systematics
1102:Noasauridae
1067:Carnotaurus
1044:Carnotaurus
1024:Carnotaurus
1005:pleurocoels
979:Carnotaurus
971:postcranial
940:, although
910:nasal bones
894:Carnotaurus
881:Carnotaurus
859:Description
835:written in
679:. In 1955,
575:cannibalism
454:abelisaurid
257:Subfamily:
51:70â66
8703:Categories
8360:Gallimimus
8289:Harpymimus
8234:Harpymimus
7855:Iliosuchus
7825:see belowâ
7654:Alioramini
7471:Juratyrant
7457:Eotyrannus
7442:Bagaraatan
7394:Yutyrannus
7328:Coeluridae
7254:Vayuraptor
7100:see belowâ
7076:Tratayenia
7069:Orkoraptor
7055:Megaraptor
6961:Aoniraptor
6894:Mapusaurus
6822:Sauroniops
6786:Altispinax
6739:Neovenator
6681:Siamraptor
6667:Datanglong
6634:Epanterias
6626:Antrodemus
6619:Allosaurus
6600:Allosauria
6423:Altispinax
6388:Gasosaurus
6300:see belowâ
6176:Suchomimus
5777:Sinosaurus
5612:see belowâ
5568:Viavenator
5518:Aucasaurus
5455:Ilokelesia
5426:Dahalokely
5381:Rajasaurus
5359:Indosaurus
5352:Genusaurus
5344:Dahalokely
5268:Indosuchus
5164:Limusaurus
5123:Ligabueino
5116:Kiyacursor
5108:Genusaurus
5092:Dahalokely
5012:Betasuchus
4883:Dornraptor
4783:see belowâ
4759:Segisaurus
4612:Sinosaurus
4475:Eodromaeus
4404:see belowâ
4352:Dinosauria
4334:Sauropsida
4259:about the
3752:: 104553.
2557:1026511658
2371:: 256â259.
2352:: 257â265.
2271:: 176â194.
2250:References
2015:Madagascar
1900:Allosaurus
1886:bone spurs
1800:Indosaurus
1787:cerebellum
1729:, and the
1523:Allosaurus
1443:chasing a
1399:Rajasaurus
1344:Rajasaurus
1310:Indosaurus
1192:Aucasaurus
1181:Ilokelesia
1171:Indosaurus
1165:Rajasaurus
1117:convergent
1110:infraorder
1071:astragalus
1040:Aucasaurus
984:Aucasaurus
922:integument
898:premaxilla
602:Madagascar
472:Cretaceous
464:Madagascar
212:Saurischia
199:Dinosauria
8523:Q18511009
8436:includes
8381:Rativates
8374:Qiupalong
8074:Scipionyx
8067:Mirischia
7740:Lythronax
7732:Labocania
7663:Alioramus
7316:Labocania
7034:Aerosteon
6580:Sinraptor
6484:Erectopus
6219:Irritator
5804:Orionides
5689:Tetanurae
5676:Tetanurae
5603:Tetanurae
5539:Elemgasem
5462:Llukalkan
5441:Elemgasem
5198:Noasaurus
5061:Afromimus
4869:Averostra
4856:Averostra
4774:Averostra
4626:Velocipes
4445:Theropoda
4432:Theropoda
4395:Theropoda
4320:Kingdom:
4304:Theropoda
4168:205013285
3896:130262308
3725:August 3,
3188:: 63â86.
3166:131148538
2870:131213722
2786:129240095
2720:985402380
2671:: 71â89.
2166:Rahonavis
2071:from the
2069:separated
2019:Mahajanga
1874:cartilage
1870:exostosis
1851:tetanuran
1837:Pathology
1827:relative
1783:flocculus
1767:inner ear
1731:tetanuran
1640:scavenged
1156:phylogeny
1144:cladistic
1125:atrophied
1075:calcaneum
1001:vertebrae
818:monograph
565:sauropods
561:ecosystem
441:Mahajanga
292:Species:
225:Theropoda
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
8612:Wikidata
8517:Wikidata
7965:Coelurus
7373:Kileskus
7366:Guanlong
7338:Coelurus
7231:Gualicho
6731:Gualicho
6112:Baryonyx
5448:Guemesia
5275:Kryptops
5036:Ozraptor
4673:Pendraig
4328:Chordata
4326:Phylum:
4322:Animalia
4253:Archived
4214:11484051
4160:11206544
4117:27078534
4109:16222297
3715:85654858
3639:13873519
3580:16015329
3530:84175628
3484:17148302
3427:12673249
3371:31774829
3331:PLOS ONE
3312:85725299
3278:(2002).
3253:11234010
3112:(eds.).
3082:15306329
3025:54704403
2983:86430531
2936:84491924
2828:85729335
2646:87394881
2608:83535309
2565:13274054
2514:22449613
2331:13274054
2203:See also
2175:and two
2134:Besides
2104:channels
2081:latitude
1929:necrotic
1878:ligament
1688:foramina
1620:Triassic
1506:fenestra
1206:Gondwana
1017:Ossified
837:Malagasy
833:abstract
737:and the
637:-issimus
630:crenatus
555:was the
515:predator
460:dinosaur
457:theropod
337:Synonyms
330:, 1896)
244:Family:
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
8673:4129816
8660:4966167
8647:4532789
8618:Q131173
8578:4129815
8565:4822834
8552:4532788
7506:Timimus
7268:Zuolong
6998:Rapator
6901:Meraxes
6226:Oxalaia
5547:Koleken
4570:Lepidus
4332:Class:
4222:4347583
4194:Bibcode
4140:Bibcode
4089:Bibcode
4066:9506938
4046:Bibcode
4038:Science
4023:4364184
4003:Bibcode
3980:9166607
3919:Bibcode
3911:Geology
3754:Bibcode
3660:(ed.).
3588:4390587
3560:Bibcode
3475:1834007
3435:4389583
3407:Bibcode
3362:6880968
3339:Bibcode
3292:Bibcode
3261:4396729
3233:Bibcode
3190:Bibcode
3073:1691741
2963:Bibcode
2895:: 58A.
2673:Bibcode
2506:9582112
2486:Bibcode
2478:Science
2447:Bibcode
2412:4345348
2392:Bibcode
2085:climate
2077:degrees
1890:osteoma
1863:phalanx
1694:-style
1648:lizards
1459:torsion
1431:Feeding
1417:display
1036:humerus
1020:tendons
950:dentary
946:maxilla
926:keratin
849:neotype
829:Memoirs
779:.MAJ 1)
769:frontal
653:Neotype
593:French
559:in its
512:bipedal
483:species
448:) is a
434:
328:Depéret
317:†
296:†
284:Lavocat
270:Genus:
120:↓
8174:Hexing
7862:Kakuru
7450:Dilong
5491:Thanos
5469:Niebla
5289:Rugops
5282:Kurupi
4220:
4212:
4186:Nature
4166:
4158:
4132:Nature
4115:
4107:
4081:Nature
4064:
4021:
3995:Nature
3978:
3894:
3841:: 124.
3713:
3668:
3637:
3586:
3578:
3552:Nature
3528:
3482:
3472:
3433:
3425:
3399:Nature
3369:
3359:
3310:
3259:
3251:
3225:Nature
3164:
3120:
3080:
3070:
3023:
2981:
2934:
2868:
2826:
2784:
2718:
2708:
2644:
2606:
2563:
2555:
2512:
2504:
2410:
2384:Nature
2329:
2157:Vorona
2129:marine
1974:, and
1712:oxygen
1704:sacral
1514:snakes
1478:felids
1467:canids
1401:, and
1221:et al.
1202:Rugops
1094:family
1009:muscle
955:Rugops
938:crowns
814:pelvis
775:dome (
715:sauros
710:ÏαÏ
ÏÎżÏ
634:suffix
510:was a
475:Period
443:lizard
286:, 1955
8686:53957
8591:38582
8438:birds
7478:Moros
7005:Siats
6746:Siats
6688:Siats
4348:Clade
4339:Clade
4218:S2CID
4164:S2CID
4113:S2CID
4019:S2CID
3976:S2CID
3892:S2CID
3831:(PDF)
3711:S2CID
3635:S2CID
3584:S2CID
3526:S2CID
3431:S2CID
3308:S2CID
3257:S2CID
3162:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2979:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2866:S2CID
2824:S2CID
2782:S2CID
2759:(PDF)
2642:S2CID
2604:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2510:S2CID
2408:S2CID
2327:S2CID
2144:frogs
2115:, so
2101:river
2054:stage
1983:et al
1968:jugal
1876:or a
1825:basal
1763:brain
1692:avian
1119:with
1090:clade
1059:tibia
934:sinus
707:word
705:Greek
677:Paris
628:word
626:Latin
567:like
528:teeth
520:skull
450:genus
219:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
8655:GBIF
8560:GBIF
8430:see
7048:Maip
4506:Tawa
4381:see
4210:PMID
4156:PMID
4105:PMID
4062:PMID
3727:2007
3666:ISBN
3576:PMID
3480:PMID
3423:PMID
3367:PMID
3249:PMID
3118:ISBN
3078:PMID
2716:OCLC
2706:ISBN
2553:OCLC
2502:PMID
2193:and
2140:fish
2045:and
2005:All
1903:and
1884:and
1857:and
1765:and
1700:lung
1547:and
1494:skin
1194:and
1168:and
1073:and
1042:and
1028:neck
1013:ribs
997:neck
981:and
969:The
853:ICZN
785:FMNH
777:MNHN
764:: a
722:and
695:and
685:MNHN
661:MNHN
431:lit.
59:Preê
8642:EoL
8547:EoL
4202:doi
4190:412
4148:doi
4136:409
4097:doi
4085:437
4054:doi
4042:279
4011:doi
3999:382
3968:doi
3927:doi
3884:doi
3799:doi
3762:doi
3750:115
3703:doi
3627:doi
3568:doi
3556:436
3518:doi
3470:PMC
3462:doi
3415:doi
3403:422
3397:".
3357:PMC
3347:doi
3300:doi
3241:doi
3229:409
3198:doi
3186:100
3154:doi
3068:PMC
3060:doi
3056:271
3013:doi
2971:doi
2924:doi
2897:doi
2858:doi
2816:doi
2774:doi
2681:doi
2634:doi
2596:doi
2545:doi
2494:doi
2482:280
2455:doi
2400:doi
2388:279
2319:doi
2013:of
1915:).
1791:eye
1678:of
1096:in
912:of
675:in
499:of
452:of
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