History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)

387: 1363: 2257:, on the southeast coast of China, provoking China to send an armada of more than forty armed powered junks to confront and surround the destroyer for nearly five hours before the destroyer departed the area without either side widening the conflict by initiating hostile fire. Declining a UN armistice, the two sides fought intermittently on both sides of the 38th Parallel until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953. The Korean War ended any possibility of normalised relations with the United States for years. Meanwhile, Chinese forces invaded and annexed Tibet in October 1950. Tibet had been nominally subject to the Chinese emperors in past centuries, but declared its independence in 1912. 1214: 221: 2762: 1158: 1144: 1130: 207: 1964: 1183: 2400:. Normal market mechanisms were disrupted, agricultural production fell behind, and people exhausted themselves producing shoddy, unsellable goods. Because of the reliance on the government providing and distributing food and resources and their rapid depletion due to poor planning, starvation appeared even in fertile agricultural areas. From 1960 to 1961, the combination of poor planning during the Great Leap Forward, political movements incited by the government, as well as unusual weather patterns and natural disasters resulted in 2358:

large Stalin portraits at the May Day celebrations that year. Mao declared that despite some faults, Stalin had basically been a good, well-meaning Marxist. He felt that the Soviets were not treating China as an equal partner. Cultural differences also contributed to friction between the two communist giants. Khrushchev's idea of peaceful competition with the United States rather than overt hostility did not resonate well with Beijing. Mao said that "Do you think the capitalists will put down their butcher knife and become Buddhas?"

396: 2665:, which gradually dismantled the ideology of Cultural Revolution. In 1981, the Communist Party publicly acknowledged numerous failures of the Cultural Revolution, declaring it "responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the people, the country, and the party since the founding of the People's Republic." Given its broad scope and social impact, memories and perspectives of the Cultural Revolution are varied and complex in contemporary China. It is often referred to as the "ten years of chaos" ( 2412:. Peng was a believer in orthodox Soviet-style economic planning and totally against experimentations. Several years earlier, he had been instrumental in trying to develop the PLA into a well-equipped, professional fighting force, as opposed to Mao's belief that soldiers who were revolutionary enough could overcome any obstacle. The army had had no ranks during the civil war and Korea. This system worked rather poorly in those conflicts, and so a rank system (modeled after the Soviet one) was implemented in 1954. 2362:

you can leave us with a guerrilla force." When the Soviet premier himself visited China the following year, Mao again asked him to explain what a joint fleet was. He stated that the Soviets were not welcome to put any troops on Chinese soil in peacetime and added "Listen carefully. We have worked long and hard to drive out the Americans, the British, the Japanese, and others. Never again will we allow foreigners to use our territory for their purposes." Khrushchev also thought that the Chinese were too soft on the

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River area. China responded by sending waves of troops south, in what became known as the People's Volunteers in order to disassociate them from the PLA. The Chinese army was poorly equipped but contained many veterans of the civil war and the conflict with Japan. In addition, it possessed huge reserves of manpower. The United States was on its way to the height of military power, and historians contend that Mao's participation in the war asserted China as a new power to not be taken lightly. Known as the

1116: 2750: 2288:, who doubted if they really were Marxist-Leninists and not simply a group of Chinese nationalists. He had also recognized Chiang Kai-Shek's government, and furthermore distrusted any communist movement that was not under his direct control. After a meeting with Mao, the Soviet leader remarked "What sort of a man is Mao? He seems to have some idea of revolution involving the peasants, but not the workers." Eventually, a frustrated Mao was ready to go home, but 2738: 2773:

poor and backwards compared to the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, or Western Europe. Fairly significant economic growth in 1962–1966 was wiped out by the Cultural Revolution. Other critics of Mao fault him for not encouraging birth control and for creating an unnecessary demographic bump by encouraging the masses, "The more people, the more power", which later Chinese leaders forcibly responded to with the controversial

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major coastal cities made it vulnerable to attack by foreign powers, Mao argued for the development of basic industry and national defense industry in protected locations in China's interior. This resulted in the building of the Third Front, which involved massive projects including railroad infrastructure, aerospace industry including satellite launch facilities, and steel production industry including

35: 3488: 2731:, mushroomed more than 700,000,000 as of Mao's death. Under Mao's regime, some argue that China ended its "Century of Humiliation" and resumed its status as a major power on the international stage. Mao also industrialized China to a considerable extent and ensured China's sovereignty during his rule. In addition, Mao tried to abolish Confucianist and feudal norms. 2303:, authorized by Stalin of social and economic progress in the Soviet Union, abandoned the liberal economic programs of "New Democracy" and instituted the "general line for socialist transition", a program to build socialism based on Soviet models. He was reportedly moved in part by personal and national rivalry with Stalin and the Soviet Union. 1337: 1324: 2231:'s government and considered simply recognizing the PRC. On June 27, the US 7th Fleet was sent to the Taiwan Straits both to prevent a Communist invasion of the island and to prevent an attempted reconquest of the mainland. China meanwhile warned that it would not accept a US-backed Korea on its border. After the UN forces liberated 2416:

a rightist and removed from office. Peng then lived retired in disgrace for the next several years until he was arrested and beaten by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. He survived the torture, but sustained permanent injuries and died in 1974. After Mao's death, Peng was posthumously rehabilitated with full honors.

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Mao's poor management of the food supply and overemphasis on village industry is often blamed for the millions of deaths by famine during the "Mao era". However, there were also positive changes as a result from his management. Before 1949, for instance, the illiteracy rate in Mainland China was 80%,

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The urban–rural divide was the most important division in Maoist China when it came to the distribution of food, clothing, housing and health care. Rural status carried no entitlement to a state ration card, wages or social security. As a result, Maoist China is sometimes described as a dual society.

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While taking a trip through the countryside, Peng was horrified at the wreckage of the Great Leap Forward. Everywhere fields were dotted with abandoned communes, ruined crops, and lumps of useless pig iron. Afterwards, he accused Mao of being responsible for this disaster and was in turn denounced as

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seeded a novel and radical drive to reform China's economic system in its entirety. This split developed after Stalin's death in 1953 when new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev denounced him. The "secret speech" in 1956 stunned the communist world. China rejected de-Stalinization and in fact displayed

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The Soviet Union provided considerable economic aid and training during the 1950s. Many Chinese students were sent to study in Moscow. Factories and other infrastructure projects were all based on Soviet designs, for China was an agrarian country with little established industry. In 1953, Mao Zedong

2609:(old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits), which often took the form of destroying historical artifacts, cultural and religious sites, and targeting others deemed to be representative of the Four Olds. Tens of millions were persecuted, including senior officials: most notably, president 2419:

The already strained Sino-Soviet relationship deteriorated sharply in 1959, when the Soviets started to restrict the flow of scientific and technological information to China. The dispute escalated, and the Soviets withdrew all of their personnel from China by August 1960, leaving many construction

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through the exploitation of the rural population. In order to minimize the cost of staple foods for the urban population, farmers were compelled to sell any agricultural surplus above a specified level to the state at artificially low prices. In some regions the state also ate into the rural grain

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and the resulting rapprochement between the United States and China. When Reform and Opening up began after Mao's death, China began to gradually wind down Third Front projects. The Third Front distributed physical and human capital around the country, ultimately decreased regional disparities and

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After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, China's leadership slowed the pace of industrialization. It invested more on in China's coastal regions and focused on the production of consumer goods. After an April 1964 General Staff report concluded that the concentration of China's industry in its

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Leading into the Great Leap Forward, China experienced a population boom that strained its food supply, despite rising agricultural yields. Increased yields could not keep pace a population that benefitted from a major decrease in mortality (due to successful public health campaigns and the end of

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Khrushchev's 1958 suggestion of a joint Sino-Soviet fleet to counter the US 7th Fleet was angrily rejected by Mao Zedong, who told the Soviet ambassador "If you want to talk about joint cooperation, fine. We can practice joint cooperation in government, military, cultural, and economic matters and

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was promoted by the CCP as a way of furthering socialist ideology through open debate, but many took it as an invitation to express open disdain for the Communist Party. Many began to voice their opposition to the Party-State's rule. Thoroughly shocked, Mao put an end to this and then launched the

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China's economy in 1976 was three times its 1949 size (but the size of the Chinese economy in 1949 was one-tenth of the size of the economy in 1936), and whilst Mao-era China acquired some of the attributes of a superpower such as: nuclear weapons and a space programme; the nation was still quite

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and many deaths. A significant number of the deaths were not from famine but were killed or overworked by the authorities. According to various sources, the resulting death toll was likely between 20 and 40 million. The steel produced in backyard furnaces at low temperatures proved to be useless.

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in September, Beijing countered by saying that ROK troops could cross into North Korea, but not American ones. MacArthur ignored this, believing that the South Korean army was too weak to attack on its own. After Pyongyang fell in October, the UN troops approached the strategically sensitive Yalu

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had forced the United Nations to retreat back to the 38th Parallel. However, the war was very costly to the Chinese side, as more than just "volunteers" were mobilised, and because of the lack of experience in modern warfare and the lack of modern military technology, China's casualties vastly

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The history of the People's Republic from 1949 to 1976 is accorded the name "Mao era"-China. A proper evaluation of the period is, in essence, an evaluation of Mao's legacy. Since Mao's death there has been generated a great deal of controversy about him amongst both historians and political

2393:, were formed. Within a year almost all Chinese villages had been reformed into working communes of several thousand people in size, where people would live and work together as envisioned by an ideal communist society. Rather than build steel mills, small "backyard furnaces" would be used. 2310:

By 1956, Mao was becoming bored with the day-to-day running of the state and also worried about growing red tape and bureaucracy. The 8th Party Congress that year declared that socialism had more-or-less been established and so the next few years would be devoted to rest and consolidation.

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Development of the Third Front slowed in 1966 during the Cultural Revolution, but accelerated again after the Sino-Soviet border conflict at Zhenbao Island, which increased the perceived risk of Soviet Invasion. Third Front construction again decreased after United States President

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told the Indonesian ambassador that they had little to export except agricultural products. Several jointly owned Sino-Soviet corporations were established, but Mao considered these to impinge on Chinese sovereignty and in 1954 they were quietly dissolved.

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war) and high fertility rate.The Chinese government recognized the country's dilemma of feeding its rapidly growing population without the means to make significant capital improvements in agriculture. Viewing human labor as an underutilized

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and life expectancy was a meager 35 years. At his death, illiteracy had declined to less than 7%, and average life expectancy had increased by 30 years. In addition, China's population which had remained constant at 400,000,000 from the

52: 2710:, passing the national university entrance examination or being recruited by an urban work unit as a permanent worker. Because of these restrictions, the rural proportion of the population was higher in 1978 than it had been in 1958. 2186:

China's role in the Korean war has been evaluated by each participant in sharply different ways. Soon after its founding, the newly born People's Republic of China was drawn into its first international conflict. On June 25, 1950,

3956: 2284:", meaning that the Soviet Union and the communist bloc would be its principal allies. Three months after the PRC was established in October 1949, Mao and his delegation traveled to Moscow. They were not received warmly by 371: 1992: 395: 5505: 6142: 2698:

in part because the state could seize as much grain as it needed, even under starvation conditions. The appropriated grain was largely used to feed the urban population, although some of it was exported.

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projects dormant. In the same year, the Soviets and the Chinese began to have disputes openly in international forums. The relationship between the two powers reached a low point in 1969 with the

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The Korean War had been enormously costly to China, especially coming on the heels of the civil war, and it delayed postwar reconstruction. In 1949, Mao Zedong declared that the nation would "

1911: 634: 2827: 1985: 2785:, was codified into China's Constitution as a guiding ideology. Internationally, it has influenced many communists around the world, including third world revolutionary movements such as 281: 3946: 5398: 2702:

The difference in treatment of urban and rural areas was a major push factor for internal migration, which lead to increased restrictions on mobility. The ways to acquire an urban

2385:", in 1958, aimed at rapidly raising industrial and agricultural production. Specific to industrial production, Mao announced the goal of surpassing the steel production output of 6497: 5742: 5437: 2084: 1978: 772: 727: 1893: 6431: 2598: 2602: 5545: 415: 99: 5470: 5356: 2116: 2366:(Tibet's spiritual leader) and failed to support them in a border dispute with India, saying that the territory in question was "just a frozen waste where nobody lives." 71: 5361: 2078: 2010: 1389: 1291: 801: 5420: 386: 78: 2761: 879: 220: 3428: 2219:

and China saw a UN (and consequently, American) victory as a major political victory to the United States, a prospect seen as dangerous in the beginnings of the

2135:. Both urban and rural communities, as well as both agriculture and industry, experienced significant growth between 1949 and 1959. Mao's government carried out 5966: 1668: 5624: 4585: 85: 4861: 2292:

refused to leave without a formal agreement. Thus, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Friendship was signed and the Chinese at last departed in February 1950.

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In February 1957, Mao gave one of his most famous addresses in which he said, "Let a hundred flowers bloom, let a hundred schools of thought contend." The

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from 1953 to 1957. The country went through a transformation whereby means of production were transferred from private to public entities, and through

1806: 1564: 5540: 5525: 5425: 5282: 5240: 2505:. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the Cultural Revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power in China after 2494: 2104: 1414: 592: 3308:"China in the period of transition from scarcity and extensive undernutrition to emerging nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, 1949–1992" 2809:

is defunct inside China aside from anecdotes about the CCP's legitimacy and China's revolutionary origins. Of those that remain, some regard the

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Sullivan, Walter (October 2, 1949). "Reds Proclaim a Republic In China; Chou Is Premier: Chinese Republic Launched by Reds Named as Premier".

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L. Lin, et al. "Whose history? An analysis of the Korean war in history textbooks from the United States, South Korea, Japan, and China."

2822: 3755: 3550:"Who's in Charge Here", Alexander, James Edwin, Jan/Feb 1997 Naval History Magazine, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, pp. 49–50. 5510: 4881: 4630: 2555: 2153: 1888: 1596: 1482: 6507: 5410: 5245: 4625: 4385: 4230: 4204: 4083: 4058: 3791: 3509: 3085: 3050: 1404: 4844: 2578:

became influential in 1972, and the Revolution continued until Mao's death in 1976, soon followed by the arrest of the Gang of Four.

1861: 1534: 1121: 206: 5255: 5232: 5196: 5052: 5047: 3737: 3701: 3567: 1706: 1601: 118: 1876: 840: 6223: 6218: 5993: 5530: 5186: 4592: 2642: 2506: 1636: 1517: 1462: 1327: 6213: 5961: 5705: 5634: 5191: 4919: 4886: 4759: 4567: 2563: 2223:. However, Stalin had no desire to go to war with the United States, and left China the responsibility of saving the regime in 1866: 1851: 1527: 4141: 2749: 6270: 5910: 3783: 1569: 531: 513: 56: 3669:"On the People's Democratic Dictatorship: In Commemoration of the Twenty-Eighth Anniversary of the Communist Party of China" 400:

Land controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green.

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Campaign in China, the first major offensive of the Chinese forces was pushed back in October, but by Christmas 1950, the "

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Zhang, Chunman. "Review Essay: How to Merge Western Theories and Chinese Indigenous Theories to Study Chinese Politics?."

3673: 2096: 1584: 777: 517: 2737: 6512: 6393: 6388: 5800: 5113: 5059: 5027: 4854: 2054: 1467: 1409: 1379: 1149: 1060: 883: 4789: 2119:, the government of the new nation, was officially declared during the proclamation speech at the founding ceremony. A 1726: 6300: 6178: 6163: 5770: 5727: 5663: 5646: 5042: 4552: 4408: 2421: 2250: 2169: 2120: 5520: 2707: 1781: 5815: 5695: 5451: 5405: 5388: 5371: 5118: 5082: 4929: 4504: 4042: 3827: 2892:

use left-hand traffic except several parts of metro lines. The majority of the country's trains drive on the left.

2241: 2181: 1075: 1070: 996: 4749: 2937: 1746: 45: 6418: 6010: 5834: 5715: 5668: 5612: 5077: 5022: 4635: 4562: 2521: 1856: 1681: 1673: 1163: 4275: 3242: 2605:. Estimates of the death toll vary widely, typically ranging from 1–2 million. Red Guards sought to destroy the 6376: 6005: 5951: 5876: 5487: 5329: 5312: 5290: 5123: 5098: 5037: 4939: 4692: 4607: 3986: 2529: 2528:

had infiltrated the government and society with the aim of restoring capitalism. Mao called on young people to

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Mao Zedong with Nikita Khrushchev, Ho Chi Minh and Soong Ching-ling during a state dinner in Beijing, 1959

352: 4247: 6502: 6371: 6366: 6321: 6257: 6168: 5871: 5820: 5758: 5480: 5317: 5305: 5295: 5064: 4697: 4497: 3886: 3268:. Vol. 2. Translated by Sun, Li; Bryant, Shelly. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins Publishing Group. 2626: 2371: 1871: 1651: 942: 2778: 6097: 6045: 5905: 5700: 5675: 5602: 5597: 5432: 5324: 5300: 5158: 4640: 2786: 2695: 2514: 2401: 2324: 2066: 2038: 1898: 1761: 1539: 1452: 1384: 6398: 6243: 6137: 6132: 6102: 6060: 5983: 5946: 5866: 5851: 5680: 5641: 5348: 4962: 4866: 4617: 4104: 3878: 3459: 2847: 2474: 2466: 2437: 2390: 2349:, were most popular in the early 1950s. However, China's strained relations with new Soviet leader 2281: 2196: 2136: 2062: 1921: 1631: 1551: 1546: 1477: 1472: 1303: 866: 3185: 2581:

The Cultural Revolution was characterized by violence and chaos across Chinese society, including

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Im, Hyug Baeg (2008). "Collectivization and Socialist Transition in Soviet Union and China".

2227:. Up to this time, the Truman Administration was thoroughly disgusted with the corruption of 6462: 6455: 6354: 6349: 6275: 6203: 6122: 6037: 6027: 5998: 5934: 5929: 5763: 5737: 5722: 5607: 5585: 5569: 5475: 4924: 4914: 4831: 4754: 4709: 4657: 4547: 4532: 4524: 4239: 4159:

The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present

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The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power 1850 to the Present

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The Penguin History of Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power 1850 to the Present

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The Chinese Communist Party's capacity to rule: ideology, legitimacy and party cohesion.

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supply, causing shortages for the locals. The rural population endured the worst of the

2633:, and many were persecuted. The country's schools and universities were closed, and the 6471: 6403: 6326: 6173: 6127: 6112: 6107: 6090: 6075: 5861: 5216: 5211: 5141: 4727: 4482: 4299: 4253: 3413: 3340: 3307: 3161: 3128: 2868: 2864: 2690: 2405:

Finally, the peasants hated the lack of privacy and the militarization of their lives.

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2215:, having forced a Communist retreat, proposed to end the war by Christmas 1950. The 6476: 6361: 6233: 6198: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4769: 4687: 4682: 4443:

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in their place. These committees often split into rival factions, precipitating

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History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolshevik): Short Course

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as the basic political program for the country following the success of the

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The People's Republic of China was founded on a land that was ravaged by a

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Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought

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Pleased, but not satisfied – My Journey through Life – The Navy Years

3378: 3234: 2782: 2634: 2477:, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a 2323:. Scores of intellectuals and common workers were purged, jailed, or 2145: 703: 572: 3645: 1336: 4417:

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A Social History of Maoist China: Conflict and Change, 1949–1976

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from local governments and party branches, establishing new

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outnumbered that of the United Nations. On 11 April 1951, a

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3266:

An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China

2424:, when Soviet and Chinese troops met in combat on the 2297:

Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948–1953

2977:"Totalitarian China: Outwardly Strong, Inwardly Weak" 2045:'s consolidation of power and policy reversal at the 1333:

History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)

3117:

6th ed. (Oxford University Press, 1999). pp 645–830.

2777:. The ideology surrounding Mao's interpretation of 2625:. Millions were persecuted for being members of the 2073:

1949: Proclamation of the People's Republic of China

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Giant cooperatives, otherwise known as 4272:The Chinese Communist Party In Power, 1949–1976 4014:Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos 2647:In December 1978, Deng Xiaoping became the new 3184:Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). 2345:Mao's social and cultural programs, including 2164:of industry in 1955, the state controlled the 2079:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 1354:History of the People's Republic of China 1292:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 4505: 4361:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 2998:Thompson, Elizabeth M. (September 23, 2023). 2260:Under Mao's direction, China built its first 1986: 1037: 1031: 1025: 927:9,596,961 km (3,705,407 sq mi) 377: 344: 337: 330: 324: 261: 254: 247: 241: 183: 167: 159: 143: 8: 4170:Lowell Dittmer, "The Legacy of Mao Zedong." 4076:China's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know 3979:"Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project" 3233:Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (October 10, 2013). 2524:, Mao launched the Revolution and said that 2049:on 22 December 1978. The Mao era focuses on 3038:Constitutions of Nations, 'Vol. I, 2nd ed.' 2381:and announced a new economic program, the " 2299:in 1953, Mao, misled by glowing reports in 2123:took place during the foundation ceremony. 1607:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 1400:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 6153: 5839: 5590: 5278: 5274: 4935: 4907: 4537: 4512: 4498: 4490: 4246:2nd ed. Harvard U. Press, (2006). 640 pp. 4223:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 4139:Asia Times Online: Part 1: Demon and deity 2813:reforms to be a betrayal of Mao's legacy. 2253:destroyer approached close to the port of 2133:century of foreign invasion and civil wars 1993: 1979: 1348: 1212: 132: 6498:History of the People's Republic of China 4412:(1999), 876 pp; survey from 1644 to 1990s 4225:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3732:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 266. 3339: 3160: 2493:in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve 2027:history of the People's Republic of China 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3446:after the system's establishment in 1949 2203:, and eventually advanced as far as the 4215:China: The People's Republic, 1949–1976 4078:. Oxford University Press. p. 28. 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3264:Zheng, Qian (2020). Zheng, Qian (ed.). 2905: 2839: 2733: 2706:were limited, including serving in the 2105:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 2047:Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress 1415:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 1351: 940: 930: 913: 456: 445: 5447:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3873: 3871: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3427:Funakoshi, Minami (February 6, 2013). 3129:"China's great famine: 40 years later" 2938:"China: Totalitarianism's Long Shadow" 2117:Central People's Government of the PRC 1198: 3959:from the original on January 14, 2024 3780:An Ecological History of Modern China 3695:Dreyer, June Teufel (February 2007). 2655:. Deng and his allies introduced the 2637:were cancelled. Over 10 million 2635:National College Entrance Examination 2558:. In 1967, emboldened radicals began 2268:, testing it on October 16, 1964, at 961: 951: 947: 920: 896: 875: 862: 849: 836: 823: 810: 802:Proclamation of the People's Republic 797: 793: 751: 739: 735: 725: 708: 696: 683: 670: 658: 646: 642: 632: 616: 604: 600: 590: 468: 7: 4462:Journal of Chinese Political Science 4319:: A history of the People's Republic 2107:, on October 1, 1949, at 3:00 pm in 1882:2020 Hong Kong national security law 1575:Campaign against spiritual pollution 57:adding citations to reliable sources 6143:Major Historical and Cultural Sites 3245:from the original on April 18, 2020 2589:, as well as massacres in Beijing, 2453:Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China 2295:According to Hua-yu Li, writing in 1597:1986 Chinese student demonstrations 3414:10.1111/j.1976-5118.1990.tb00133.x 3214:from the original on March 5, 2020 3127:Smil, Vaclav (December 18, 1999). 2801:and the revolutionary movement in 2520:In May 1966, with the help of the 1742:South–North Water Transfer Project 1669:US bombing of the Belgrade embassy 1565:Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign 1405:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 471:Recognised regional languages 453:(metropolitan area and urban area) 25: 5438:Political Consultative Conference 3702:Foreign Policy Research Institute 3502:A Short History of the Korean War 2675:) or "ten years of havoc" (十年浩劫; 2099:(PRC) was formally proclaimed by 2072: 2011:founding of the People's Republic 1707:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 1702:Forum on China–Africa Cooperation 1602:Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration 168: 144: 6224:Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty 6219:Four Masters of the Ming dynasty 4363:Columbia U. Press, 2000. 356 pp. 4221:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). 3066:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2004), 2760: 2748: 2736: 2643:Down to the Countryside Movement 2568:armed clashes among the radicals 2465:This section is an excerpt from 1962: 1518:1978 Truth Criterion Controversy 1463:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference 1361: 1335: 1328:History of the Republic of China 1322: 1181: 1164:Soviet occupation of Lüshun base 1156: 1142: 1128: 1114: 394: 385: 277: 219: 205: 33: 6214:Four Paragons of the Early Tang 5411:Political parties and movements 4775:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 4760:Northern and Southern dynasties 4260:(3rd ed. 2019) popular history. 4197:Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 3525:Baum, Richard (June 20, 2021). 3076:, New Delhi: Atlantic, p. 3041:, Dordrecht: Springer, p. 2823:Wage reform in China, 1949–1976 2767:Life expectancy by world region 1867:China International Import Expo 44:needs additional citations for 3784:University of Washington Press 3504:. New York: Harper Perennial. 2671: 2554:, which became revered within 2501:and traditional elements from 2377:Under Mao's leadership, China 2127:Early 1950s: Social revolution 1570:Sino-British Joint Declaration 884:assumption of the "China" seat 841:1st National People's Congress 532:List of ethnic groups in China 378: 331: 325: 248: 242: 1: 4191:(1976), new maps and diagrams 4189:A map history of modern China 3826:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 3674:Wilson Center Digital Archive 3667:Mao, Zedong (June 30, 1949). 2743:Birth and death rate in China 2017:in 1976 is commonly known as 1862:China–United States trade war 1535:China–United States relations 1318: 5516:Ministry of National Defense 4855:Chinese Communist Revolution 4335:Facts on File, 1999. 662 pp. 3822:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 3579:"An Anecdotal History – USS 3500:Stokesbury, James L (1990). 3133:BMJ: British Medical Journal 2663:reforms and opening of China 2651:, replacing Mao's successor 2244:" under the command of Gen. 2168:in a similar fashion to the 1877:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 1468:Socialist Education Movement 1150:Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region 6179:Flowers of the Four Seasons 6164:Four Treasures of the Study 5783:Water supply and sanitation 5511:Central Military Commission 5506:Outline of military history 5256:Province-level subdivisions 4409:The Search for Modern China 4321:(Simon and Schuster, 1999). 4074:Kroeber, Arthur R. (2016). 2975:Garside, Roger (May 2021). 2846:Lyrics outlawed during the 2422:Sino-Soviet border conflict 2396:The results, however, were 2379:broke with the Soviet model 2170:economy of the Soviet Union 2115:. The establishment of the 2083:On September 29, 1949, the 345: 338: 262: 255: 184: 160: 6529: 5452:Primary stage of socialism 5394:National People's Congress 4862:People's Republic of China 4280:Hsü, Immanuel Chung-yueh. 4043:Cambridge University Press 3828:Cambridge University Press 3527:"China and the Korean War" 3460:"The First Five Year Plan" 3193:Review of Economic Studies 3104:(3rd ed. 2019) pp 353–530. 3010:10.4135/cqresrre1953042800 2509:, in the aftermath of the 2485:(PRC). It was launched by 2483:People's Republic of China 2464: 2435: 2338: 2179: 2097:People's Republic of China 2076: 778:National People's Congress 137:People's Republic of China 6508:Cold War history of China 6449: 5842: 5593: 5277: 5202:UNESCO Biosphere Reserves 4910: 4282:The Rise of Modern China, 4217:(1977) by French scholars 4118:10.1017/S0305741000034068 3611:10.1017/s0305741000048463 3145:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619 3115:The Rise of Modern China, 3031:Peaslee, Amos J. (1956), 2981:Journal of Political Risk 2755:China's population growth 2666: 2649:paramount leader of China 2641:were relocated under the 2522:Cultural Revolution Group 2489:in 1966 and lasted until 2238:Resist America, Aid Korea 1857:Xinjiang internment camps 1832:Meeting with Ma Ying-Jeou 1682:China Western Development 1674:Persecution of Falun Gong 1331: 1321: 1313: 1211: 1206: 1093: 1038: 1032: 1026: 972: 948: 910: 815:Conquest of Hainan Island 794: 764: 736: 722: 643: 629: 601: 393: 369: 233: 201: 196: 185:Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó 161:Chunghwa Jenmin Kunghokuo 6377:Catholic Church in China 5521:People's Liberation Army 5488:One country, two systems 4213:Chesneaux, Jean et al. 4037:Wemheuer, Felix (2019). 3987:University of Pittsburgh 3881:; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). 3778:Harrell, Stevan (2023). 3697:"Chinese Foreign Policy" 2708:People's Liberation Army 2564:revolutionary committees 2530:bombard the headquarters 2507:his political sidelining 2445:Panzhihua Iron and Steel 2316:Hundred Flowers Campaign 2264:in its nuclear program, 2087:unanimously adopted the 1837:2016 G20 Hangzhou summit 1812:Belt and Road Initiative 1807:Anti-corruption campaign 1647:One country, two systems 1580:Bourgeois liberalization 1458:Two Bombs, One Satellite 1430:Hundred Flowers Campaign 6209:Four Pillars of Destiny 5994:Regional discrimination 5416:Chinese Communist Party 4447:39.3 (2014): 245–268. 4445:Twentieth-Century China 4352:Salisbury, Harrison E. 4304:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 3487:100.5 (2009): 222–232. 3073:History of Modern China 2556:his cult of personality 2497:by purging remnants of 2479:sociopolitical movement 2242:People's Volunteer Army 2182:People's Volunteer Army 1757:Three Links with Taiwan 1752:2008 Sichuan earthquake 1727:2002–2004 SARS outbreak 1627:Shanghai Stock Exchange 458:Official languages 270:March of the Volunteers 256:Iyungchün Chinhsingch'ü 5962:Science and technology 5635:Special economic zones 4887:persecution of Uyghurs 4815:Century of humiliation 4464:22.2 (2017): 283–294. 4419:Garland, 1998. 442 pp. 4294:Leung, Edwin Pak-wah. 4195:Cheng, Linsun (2009). 4144:April 2, 2007, at the 2713: 2661:program and initiated 2639:youth from urban areas 2585:that included acts of 2321:Anti-Rightist Campaign 2095:. The founding of the 1894:2020–2021 reform spree 1852:Persecution of Uyghurs 1782:West–East Gas Pipeline 1687:Hainan Island incident 1528:Special economic zones 1523:Reforms and Opening Up 1435:Anti-Rightist Campaign 880:Widespread recognition 6169:Four Great Inventions 5553:People's Armed Police 4457:46.2 (1994): 235–261. 4440:36.2 (1984): 284–307. 4402:online free to borrow 4317:Mao's China and After 4300:online free to borrow 4270:Guillermaz, Jacques. 4244:China: A New History. 4174:20.5 (1980): 552–573. 4051:10.1017/9781316421826 3887:Yale University Press 3836:10.1017/9781108784788 3205:10.1093/restud/rdv016 2954:10.1353/jod.2021.0015 2627:Five Black Categories 2583:a massacre in Guangxi 2207:in south-east Korea. 2041:on 1 October 1949 to 1747:Qinghai–Tibet railway 1652:Handover of Hong Kong 933:• Water (%) 6148:World Heritage Sites 5676:Foreign aid received 5384:Environmental policy 5182:Environmental policy 5177:Environmental issues 4406:Spence, Jonathan D. 4242:and Goldman, Merle. 3895:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k 3879:Marquis, Christopher 3113:Immanuel C.Y. Hsü, 2942:Journal of Democracy 2936:Pei, Minxin (2021). 2515:Great Chinese Famine 2372:factor of production 2143:and implemented the 2067:Great Chinese Famine 1899:2022 Winter Olympics 1800:2012–present: Xi era 1762:2008 Summer Olympics 1697:Accession to the WTO 1637:Deng's southern tour 1620:1989–2002: Jiang era 1453:Great Chinese Famine 1410:First five-year plan 1385:Land Reform Movement 53:improve this article 6513:Totalitarian states 6394:History of religion 6389:Freedom of religion 6244:Four Pests campaign 6189:Four Classic Novels 5801:Automotive industry 5681:Foreign aid program 5372:Pro-democratisation 4867:Cultural Revolution 4395:Spence, Jonathan D. 4359:Schoppa, R. Keith. 4345:Rummel, Rudolph J. 4240:Fairbank, John King 4105:The China Quarterly 3945:(August 25, 2011). 3599:The China Quarterly 3139:(7225): 1619–1621. 3001:Status of Red China 2848:Cultural Revolution 2714:Mao Zedong's legacy 2475:Cultural Revolution 2467:Cultural Revolution 2460:Cultural Revolution 2438:Third Front (China) 2331:" until the 1970s. 2195:forces crossed the 2156:with its own first 2063:Cultural Revolution 2005:The time period in 1632:Pudong New District 1552:Sino-Vietnamese War 1547:Four Modernizations 1501:1976–1989: Deng era 1488:Richard Nixon visit 1478:Cultural Revolution 1304:Cultural Revolution 1005:China Standard Time 901:Death of Mao Zedong 867:Cultural Revolution 514:Traditional Chinese 427: / 263:Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ 6301:Population history 6281:Internal migration 5896:Harmonious Society 5771:Telecommunications 5728:Standard of living 5647:Online advertising 5399:Standing Committee 4415:Wang, Ke-wen, ed. 4349:(Routledge, 2017). 4342:(Routledge, 2020). 4338:Price, Rohan B.E. 4331:Perkins, Dorothy. 4324:Meisner, Maurice. 4287:Kissinger, Henry. 4187:Catchpole, Brian. 4161:(2019) pp 353–530. 3758:2012-04-25 at the 3723:Hua-yu Li (2006). 3292:The New York Times 2807:Mao Zedong Thought 2727:to the end of the 2684:Urban–rural divide 2631:Stinking Old Ninth 2526:bourgeois elements 2511:Great Leap Forward 2383:Great Leap Forward 2341:Great Leap Forward 2335:Great Leap Forward 2251:U.S. Seventh Fleet 2093:Chinese revolution 2059:Great Leap Forward 1737:Visit of Lien Chan 1448:Great Leap Forward 1420:Bandung Conference 1373:1949–1976: Mao era 1300:Great Leap Forward 854:Great Leap Forward 579:socialist republic 525:Ethnic groups 518:Simplified Chinese 431:39.917°N 116.383°E 6485: 6484: 6445: 6444: 6252: 6251: 5829: 5828: 5816:Shipping industry 5580: 5579: 5546:Strategic Support 5421:General Secretary 5406:National security 5389:Foreign relations 5343: 5342: 5264: 5263: 5227: 5226: 4930:Natural disasters 4897: 4896: 4850:Chinese Civil War 4845:Republic of China 4820:Taiping Rebellion 4693:Spring and Autumn 4598:Foreign relations 4480:by Dongping Han, 4426:(Springer, 2015). 4100:Schram, Stuart R. 4008:Lu, Xing (2004). 3904:978-0-300-26883-6 3845:978-1-108-78478-8 3324:10.1111/obr.12122 3295:. pp. 1, 17. 3275:978-1-4878-0391-9 3239:Our World in Data 2696:Great Leap Famine 2672:shí nián dòngluàn 2495:Chinese socialism 2402:widespread famine 2391:people's communes 2351:Nikita Khrushchev 2327:. Many were not " 2213:Douglas MacArthur 2039:People's republic 2003: 2002: 1889:COVID-19 pandemic 1720:2002–2012: Hu era 1657:Handover of Macau 1540:Three Communiqués 1483:UN representation 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1278:Prime Minister(s) 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1169: 1168: 1122:Republic of China 742:• 1949–1976 699:• 1975–1976 686:• 1968–1975 673:• 1968–1972 661:• 1959–1968 649:• 1949–1959 607:• 1949–1976 545:Religion in China 316: 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 6520: 6465: 6458: 6355:Tibetan Buddhism 6350:Chinese Buddhism 6204:Four Holy Beasts 6154: 6006:Social relations 5935:Standard Chinese 5930:Chinese language 5840: 5625:Economic history 5591: 5570:Maritime Militia 5279: 5275: 5246:Border crossings 5241:Baseline islands 4936: 4908: 4872:Tiananmen Square 4755:Sixteen Kingdoms 4563:Military history 4538: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4391: 4312:Meisner, Maurice 4263:Garver, John W. 4236: 4210: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4034: 4017: 4016: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3819: 3798: 3797: 3775: 3762: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3731: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3594: 3588: 3577: 3571: 3557: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3497: 3491: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3379:10.2307/20030861 3360: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3199:(4): 1568–1611. 3190: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3100:Jonathan Fenby, 3098: 3092: 3090: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3028: 3022: 3021: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2918:, chinatoday.com 2910: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2871:was used in the 2861:Mongolian script 2857: 2851: 2844: 2781:, also known as 2779:Marxism–Leninism 2775:one-child policy 2764: 2752: 2740: 2673: 2668: 2572:fall of Lin Biao 2347:collectivization 2282:lean to one side 2255:Swatow (Shantou) 2141:collectivisation 2109:Tiananmen Square 1995: 1988: 1981: 1969:China portal 1967: 1966: 1965: 1847:9th BRICS summit 1777:Three Gorges Dam 1365: 1356: 1349: 1339: 1326: 1319: 1266:Soong Ching-ling 1216: 1199: 1185: 1184: 1173: 1172: 1160: 1159: 1146: 1145: 1132: 1131: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1110: 1095: 1094: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1002: 906:9 September 1976 716:Soong Ching-ling 678:Soong Ching-ling 472: 465: 463:Standard Chinese 442: 441: 439: 438: 437: 432: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 398: 389: 381: 380: 348: 341: 334: 333: 328: 327: 318: 317: 265: 258: 251: 250: 245: 244: 223: 209: 188: 187: 179: 171: 170: 164: 163: 155: 147: 146: 133: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6441: 6413: 6331: 6291:Life expectancy 6248: 6152: 6032: 5952:Public holidays 5940:Written Chinese 5925:Intellectualism 5877:Sex trafficking 5825: 5787: 5747: 5576: 5492: 5339: 5330:Nationality law 5313:Law enforcement 5291:Judicial system 5260: 5223: 5197:Nature reserves 5187:Protected areas 5153: 5124:Water resources 5087: 4996: 4934: 4893: 4877:Economic reform 4840:1911 Revolution 4826: 4790:Jin (1115–1234) 4704: 4652: 4612: 4527: 4518: 4486:, November 2009 4474: 4433: 4422:Zeng, Jinghan. 4388: 4366: 4328:(Polity, 2006). 4254:Fenby, Jonathan 4233: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4184: 4182:Further reading 4179: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4148:By Henry C. Liu 4146:Wayback Machine 4137: 4133: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4036: 4035: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3905: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3846: 3821: 3820: 3801: 3794: 3777: 3776: 3765: 3760:Wayback Machine 3751: 3747: 3740: 3729: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3646:10.2307/2643520 3631: 3630: 3626: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3578: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3439: 3437: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3366:Foreign Affairs 3362: 3361: 3357: 3312:Obesity Reviews 3305: 3304: 3300: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3030: 3029: 3025: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2883: 2879: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2819: 2805:. In practice, 2768: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2744: 2741: 2716: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2677:shí nián hàojié 2658:Boluan Fanzheng 2551:Little Red Book 2503:Chinese society 2470: 2462: 2440: 2434: 2343: 2337: 2278: 2229:Chiang Kai-shek 2205:Pusan Perimeter 2184: 2178: 2162:nationalization 2154:five-year plans 2129: 2121:military parade 2081: 2075: 1999: 1963: 1961: 1904: 1903: 1827:APEC China 2014 1802: 1792: 1791: 1787:High-speed rail 1722: 1712: 1711: 1692:APEC China 2001 1678: 1622: 1612: 1611: 1561: 1513:Boluan Fanzheng 1503: 1493: 1492: 1444: 1375: 1352: 1317: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1219: 1182: 1157: 1143: 1129: 1115: 1055: 995: 965: 955: 934: 924: 903: 893:25 October 1971 890: 869: 856: 843: 830: 817: 804: 776: 755: 743: 712: 700: 687: 674: 662: 650: 620: 608: 516: 509:Official script 503: 470: 461: 436:39.917; 116.383 435: 433: 429: 426: 421: 418: 416: 414: 413: 412: 401: 384: 382: 379:中華人民共和國中央人民政府之印 376: 365: 353:The East Is Red 320: 319: 278: 275: 229: 228: 227: 226:National emblem 224: 216: 215: 210: 192: 191: 182: 173: 158: 149: 138: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6490: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6467: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6174:Four Gentlemen 6171: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6157:Fours of China 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5976: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5806:Civil aviation 5803: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5755: 5753: 5752:Infrastructure 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5706:Semiconductors 5703: 5698: 5688: 5686:Historical GDP 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5464:Vice President 5456: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5408: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5192:National parks 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5172:Climate policy 5169: 5167:Climate change 5163: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5073:Central Plains 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Extreme points 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4728:Three Kingdoms 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4698:Warring States 4695: 4690: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4668: 4662: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4558:Historiography 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4483:Monthly Review 4473: 4472:External links 4470: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4455:World Politics 4451: 4441: 4438:World Politics 4432: 4431:Historiography 4429: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4400:(1999) 214 pp 4392: 4387:978-0805066388 4386: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4309: 4302: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4268: 4267:(2nd ed. 2018) 4261: 4251: 4237: 4232:978-0521196208 4231: 4218: 4211: 4206:978-1933782683 4205: 4192: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4163: 4150: 4131: 4091: 4085:978-0190946470 4084: 4066: 4060:978-1316421826 4059: 4018: 4000: 3970: 3934: 3903: 3867: 3844: 3799: 3793:978-0295751719 3792: 3763: 3745: 3738: 3715: 3687: 3659: 3640:(6): 571–579. 3624: 3589: 3572: 3552: 3543: 3531:Wondrium Daily 3517: 3511:978-0688095130 3510: 3492: 3485:Social Studies 3476: 3450: 3419: 3392: 3373:(4): 550–563. 3355: 3298: 3281: 3274: 3256: 3225: 3176: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3087:978-8126903153 3086: 3068:"Introduction" 3058: 3052:978-9401771252 3051: 3023: 2990: 2967: 2928: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2877: 2869:Tibetan script 2865:Inner Mongolia 2852: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2735: 2715: 2712: 2691:heavy industry 2685: 2682: 2591:Inner Mongolia 2471: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2436:Main article: 2433: 2430: 2339:Main article: 2336: 2333: 2277: 2274: 2209:United Nations 2180:Main article: 2177: 2174: 2158:five-year plan 2128: 2125: 2089:Common Program 2074: 2071: 2013:in 1949 until 2001: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1822:Supercomputing 1819: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1644: 1642:1992 consensus 1639: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1557:Beijing Spring 1554: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425:Sufan movement 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1358: 1357: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1311: 1310: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1177:Post-Mao China 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1136:Liberated Zone 1133: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1042: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008: 993: 989: 988: 978: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 960: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 918: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 888:United Nations 877: 874: 873: 870: 864: 861: 860: 857: 851: 848: 847: 844: 838: 835: 834: 831: 825: 822: 821: 818: 812: 809: 808: 807:1 October 1949 805: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 785:Historical era 782: 781: 770: 766: 765: 762: 761: 756: 753: 750: 749: 744: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 724: 723: 720: 719: 713: 710: 707: 706: 701: 698: 695: 694: 688: 685: 682: 681: 675: 672: 669: 668: 663: 660: 657: 656: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 631: 630: 627: 626: 621: 618: 615: 614: 609: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 589: 588: 567: 561: 560: 555: 549: 548: 540: 536: 535: 527: 521: 520: 511: 505: 504: 502: 501: 499:various others 496: 491: 486: 481: 475: 473: 467: 466: 459: 455: 454: 448: 444: 443: 407: 403: 402: 399: 391: 390: 367: 366: 364: 363: 356: 349: 342: 335: 321: 276: 274: 273: 266: 259: 252: 238: 231: 230: 225: 218: 217: 211: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 189: 180: 165: 156: 140: 139: 136: 127: 126: 109:September 2019 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6525: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6382:Protestantism 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Folk religion 6365: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6271:Ethnic groups 6269: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Four Beauties 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Urban society 6021: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5979:Social issues 5977: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5957:Rural society 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5857:Chinese Dream 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5821:Space program 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471:State Council 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Civil service 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4963:South Central 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:Jin (266–420) 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Ethnic groups 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368:Short, Philip 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012:. p. 2. 4011: 4004: 4001: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3885:. New Haven: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3739:0-7425-4053-7 3735: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3716: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568:0-939965-33-X 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3465: 3464:Alpha History 3461: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:Pacific Focus 3396: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2917: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2811:Deng Xiaoping 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2692: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:Deng Xiaoping 2613:, as well as 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2574:in 1971, the 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:seizing power 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 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Seattle: 3730:(hardcover) 2948:(2): 5–21. 2850:(1966–1976) 2791:Khmer Rouge 2653:Hua Guofeng 2619:Peng Dehuai 2587:cannibalism 2432:Third Front 2410:Peng Dehuai 2325:disappeared 2266:Project 596 2262:atomic bomb 2246:Peng Dehuai 2201:South Korea 2189:Kim Il Sung 2137:land reform 2055:land reform 2015:Mao's death 1664:1998 floods 1592:863 Program 1473:Third Front 1440:Canton Fair 1308:Vietnam War 1099:Preceded by 1012:Date format 983:(yuan; ¥) ( 968:926,240,885 958:554,419,273 780:(from 1954) 769:Legislature 759:Hua Guofeng 624:Hua Guofeng 434: / 383:(1949–1959) 6492:Categories 6399:Irreligion 6296:Statistics 6266:Emigration 6229:Four Wangs 6118:Philosophy 6103:Mass media 6086:Literature 5984:Patriarchy 5947:Propaganda 5867:Corruption 5852:Censorship 5642:E-commerce 5349:Government 5142:East China 5114:Waterfalls 5060:Peninsulas 5028:Grasslands 4398:Mao Zedong 3921:1348572572 3854:1145096137 2900:References 2719:analysts. 2611:Liu Shaoqi 2546:Red Guards 2538:Red August 2499:capitalist 2487:Mao Zedong 2426:Manchurian 2398:disastrous 2364:Dalai Lama 2290:Zhou Enlai 2199:, invaded 2176:Korean War 2101:Mao Zedong 2077:See also: 2051:Mao Zedong 1732:Shenzhou 5 1585:Opposition 1395:Korean War 1380:Revolution 1315:Chronology 1296:Korean War 1288:Key events 1282:Zhou Enlai 1262:Liu Shaoqi 1258:Mao Zedong 1248:Mao Zedong 1018:yyyy-mm-dd 943:Population 828:Korean War 820:1 May 1950 747:Zhou Enlai 666:Liu Shaoqi 654:Mao Zedong 612:Mao Zedong 565:Government 553:Demonym(s) 79:newspapers 6286:Languages 6239:Four Olds 6194:Four arts 6081:Libraries 6011:Structure 5974:Sexuality 5911:incidents 5884:Education 5793:Transport 5669:Renewable 5664:Petroleum 5459:President 5426:Politburo 5379:Elections 5367:Democracy 5335:Terrorism 5083:Volcanoes 5065:Northeast 5043:Mountains 4953:Northeast 4903:Geography 4810:High Qing 4631:Neolithic 4603:Dynasties 4581:1912–1949 4572:Economic 4541:Overviews 4378:Owl Books 4126:0305-7410 3929:253067190 3862:218936313 3619:247326035 3605:: 74–86. 3332:1467-789X 3249:April 22, 3235:"Famines" 3218:April 22, 3153:0959-8138 3018:264578188 2962:234930289 2922:April 17, 2886:Hong Kong 2729:Civil War 2725:Opium War 2607:Four Olds 2595:Guangdong 2491:his death 2355:communism 2276:1953–1957 2225:Pyongyang 2023:Red China 2009:from the 1948:Geography 1943:Education 1817:Chang'e 3 1767:Expo 2010 1271:Dong Biwu 1244:Leader(s) 1234:Including 1207:1949–1976 1061:Drives on 992:Time zone 872:1966–1976 859:1958–1962 846:1954–1959 833:1950–1953 691:Dong Biwu 576:one-party 539:Religion 479:Mongolian 197:1949–1976 6472:Category 6345:Buddhism 6337:Religion 6314:Post-90s 6307:Post-80s 6051:Archives 5918:HIV/AIDS 5889:Literacy 5847:Abortion 5776:Internet 5733:Taxation 5716:Textiles 5696:Chemical 5691:Industry 5620:Currency 5498:Military 5306:in Tibet 5270:Politics 5207:Wildlife 5119:Wetlands 4882:COVID-19 4710:Imperial 4608:Monarchs 4568:Language 4553:Timeline 4525:articles 4370:(2001). 4289:On China 4142:Archived 3957:Archived 3756:Archived 3536:June 13, 3469:June 19, 3440:June 19, 3387:20030861 3350:24341754 3243:Archived 3209:Archived 3171:10600969 2867:and the 2817:See also 2787:Cambodia 2645:policy. 2513:and the 2428:border. 2221:Cold War 2061:and the 2033:and the 1953:Politics 1922:Shanghai 1842:Xiong'an 1273:(acting) 1268:(acting) 1238:Cold War 1224:Location 981:Renminbi 977:Currency 789:Cold War 718:(acting) 693:(acting) 680:(acting) 635:Chairman 581:under a 451:Shanghai 422:116°23′E 360:de facto 6456:Outline 6419:Symbols 6276:Eunuchs 6123:Smoking 6071:Cuisine 6038:Culture 6028:Welfare 5999:Suicide 5967:history 5835:Society 5764:Housing 5738:Tourism 5723:Poverty 5608:Banking 5586:Economy 5565:Militia 5476:Premier 5078:Valleys 5038:Islands 5023:Deserts 5013:Canyons 5001:Terrain 4980:Western 4968:Central 4940:Regions 4925:Geology 4915:Borders 4658:Ancient 4641:Yangtze 4548:History 4533:History 4298:(1992) 4276:excerpt 4274:(1977) 4248:excerpt 4157:Fenby, 3708:June 7, 3680:June 7, 3654:2643520 3341:3869002 3162:1127087 2873:Tibetan 2623:He Long 2534:Beijing 2481:in the 2270:Lop Nor 2166:economy 2113:Beijing 2031:Mao era 1938:Economy 1933:Culture 1917:Beijing 1050:CE-1949 899:• 886:at the 878:• 865:• 852:• 839:• 826:• 813:• 800:• 728:Premier 570:Unitary 558:Chinese 489:Tibetan 419:39°55′N 410:Beijing 406:Capital 235:Anthem: 176:Chinese 169:中华人民共和国 152:Chinese 145:中華人民共和國 93:scholar 6477:Portal 6432:Emblem 6427:Anthem 6409:Taoism 6091:Poetry 6066:Cinema 5989:Racism 5901:Health 5654:Energy 5630:Reform 5541:Rocket 5526:Ground 5251:Cities 5137:Yellow 5109:Rivers 5099:Canals 5053:passes 5048:ranges 4832:Modern 4523: 4466:online 4449:online 4384: 4356:(1993) 4308:(2002) 4291:(2011) 4229: 4203: 4124: 4082: 4057: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3901: 3860: 3852: 3842: 3790: 3736: 3652: 3617: 3566: 3508: 3489:online 3385: 3348: 3338: 3330: 3272: 3169: 3159: 3151: 3084: 3049: 3016: 2960: 2783:Maoism 2621:, and 2601:, and 2599:Yunnan 2542:cadres 2286:Stalin 2146:laogai 2103:, the 2065:. 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