764:
creations are often forgotten owing to the absence of family members interested in ensuring their survival. The situation has been compounded by rules forbidding their support from outside the family environment. Concerned that the musical traditions of the country were vanishing, in 2006, Malouma urged the government to create a school to preserve the country's music heritage, even introducing a measure to
Parliament. In 2011, she created the Malouma Foundation in support of the preservation of the national musical heritage. The foundation aims to protect and preserve the Arab, African, and Berber roots of music in Mauritania and, to that end, is collecting and storing music from throughout the country to both preserve it and make it available for other uses, including education. Long concerned that the Moorish music traditions of her country were being replaced by the
376:, the capital, to help her launch her music career, but in the strongly traditional society, Malouma was forced to marry, abandoning singing until the late 1980s. She was later accused by her father of ruining his reputation. In addition to the criticisms stemming from her songs, she had disgraced her family by divorcing twice: her first husband had been forced upon her, while the second came from a noble family, who would not allow her to sing. Yet after hearing one of her songs, her father commented: "You have created something new and I find it touching. Unfortunately, I will not live long enough to be able to protect you."
409:
780:(Watch the music, listen to the painting?) In 2013 a month-long exhibit was presented to showcase the paintings and the music which inspired them at a gallery in Nouakchott. In 2015, after receiving a grant from the Arab Culture Fund, Malouma convinced musicians to collaborate with artists when recording their music. The project aimed at collecting music from six artists and producing an album of their works. Malouma has continued to press for the establishment of a music school, though it would require overcoming taboos on family restrictions in regard to musical legacy.
447:. After being censored for writing songs promoting women's rights, she was banned from appearing on public television and radio, holding concerts, and was even denied a permanent address. She did not perform anywhere for a lengthy period but in the late 1990s she began to sing in other African countries, in Europe, and in the United States. While she won audiences among the people, Malouma was persecuted by both the moral authorities and authoritarian governments, her music being completely banned until 2003 when a crowd of 10,000 people successfully called on President
545:. Produced by Marabi/Harmonia Mundi, it featured a broad mix of music from lullabies to dance music. Malouma's singing was supported by a group of fifteen studio musicians on a variety of electronic and traditional instruments. Reviews were mixed, but the CD ranked as number 14 on the World Music Charts Europe by September 2007, and her fusion of "ear-catching melodies native to the Maghreb" and Western genres was well received. After a hiatus from music to focus on politics, Malouma relaunched her musical career on October 5, 2014. Dressed in a blue
397:. Her early songs "Habibi habeytou", "Cyam ezzaman tijri" and "Awdhu billah", which openly addressed love, conjugal life and the inequalities between men and women, contrasted strongly with what was considered acceptable in her home country. Nevertheless, they had strong popular appeal, especially for young women. Malouma carefully developed her approach, blending traditional themes with the rich repertoire and instrumentation of modern popular music. Typically, her compositions are based on the traditions of classical Arab poets, such as
705:, allowed elections to proceed with only minor delays. He was elected president in July 2009 and the Senate elections in which one-third of the members faced re-election also were held. The parliamentary opposition group, called "Ech-Choura", of which Malouma was a member and served as the First Secretary, constituted 12 members of the 56-member Senate after the 2009 election. She also served on the Parliamentary Group for the Environment and as 2nd Secretary of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Armed Forces.
717:, in August 2014 she commented: "I use my presence and speaking time in the chamber to extend the effect of my texts and my songs. Whenever I run into ministers or important personalities, I tell them what the people expect of them." She has also continued to speak out about issues such as Palestine and the Iraqi War in her songs. At a press conference on December 16, 2014, Malouma announced she was leaving the opposition and joining the ruling party, the
933:
919:
585:, Spain, where she was selected by the jury as a featured performer. One of the highlights of Angoulême's Festival des Musiques Métisses was her nostalgic rendering of "Mreïmida". The song proved equally popular in Mauritania at the 2004 Nouakchott Festival of Nomadic Music. She was finally permitted to take part after her ban had been lifted. She appeared there with another female Mauritanian star,
789:
49:
443:, as she addressed social issues, such as poverty, inequality and disease which were not generally acceptable in Mauritania. Her participation in the Carthage event led to her subsequent appearance on Arab satellite channels, giving her greater exposure. Malouma became nationally known and was a sought after performer until a 1991 song about
847:, Larry André, at a lunch attended by notable leaders, especially women, from the country's civil society. Presenting Malouma with the Mauritanian Woman of Courage award, the ambassador noted her "exceptional courage and leadership in advocating human rights, women, gender equality and harmony amongst the cultural traditions of Mauritania".
435:. By singing in various languages, she sought to air her message to a broader audience. It was not long before she appeared on television together with her sister, Emienh, and her brother, Arafat, an instrumentalist. Their style was controversial, especially after the release of her song "Habibi Habeytou" and a 1988 appearance at the
553:, at a special event, appearing on stage for the first time since her election seven years earlier. She chose to call it "Knou", which is the name of a dance usually performed by women in western Mauritania. The album focused on traditional dancing melodies, but bridged generations by adding modern twists. Weaving jazz, rock and
302:
are allowed only to marry other members of society within the same caste and the entire society is divided by castes politically, economically, and culturally. Movement outside of a particular caste is forbidden. She learned to play the traditional stringed instruments only women play, especially the
779:
in 2007, Malouma collaborated with the painter, Sidi Yahia, hoping to create visual images to illustrate the songs in the album. Eleven paintings resulted from the joint venture and
Malouma and Yahia presented cultural discussions about their works titled "Regarder la musique, écouter la peinture?"
763:
As a result of the
Mauritanian caste system, the development of traditional music in Mauritania has been supported by just a few families, threatened by a closed culture in which there are limited opportunities for support. As families have no means of preserving their music, or recording it, their
742:
appointed
Malouma as Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa. The position required her to raise awareness of environmental problems with a view to introducing sustainable solutions. On her appointment she commented: "I am delighted at the confidence that IUCN just placed in me. I am deeply
656:
were a highlight of the festival presenting an up-front and personal encounter with the musician for the audience. Her second stage appearance at the event also brought praise for her rock-star performance embracing modern music. In 2014, Malouma participated in the
Meeting of the Arts of the Arab
182:
singer, songwriter and politician. Raised in the south-west of the country by parents versed in traditional
Mauritanian music, she first performed when she was twelve, soon featuring in solo concerts. Her first song "Habibi Habeytou" harshly criticized the way in which women were treated by their
371:
music, which appealed to her as it bore a resemblance to the traditional music she knew. Malouma wrote her first song, "Habibi
Habeytou" (My beloved, I loved him) when she was sixteen. It was a song protesting the tradition of men turning their wives out of their homes to marry younger women. It
534:(Life), which sought to reclaim her musical heritage. Produced by Marabi Records in 2003, the album contained twelve songs which blended harps, lutes and skin drums with electric guitar and bass, and traditional genres like serbat, which usually focuses on a single minor chord, with jazz.
737:
Malouma Mediah was involved in a project in 2009, to relocate 9,000 slum-dwelling families from the outskirts of the city into inner city neighborhoods. She insisted that for health reasons, improvements would first have to be made to the infrastructure. In August 2011, the
712:
lyrics included allusions to her favorite political causes: equality and rights for all, women's place in society, and education for the young, all under threat, as well as environmental protection. Referring to her political role as a senator for the opposition party
458:
The traditional griots are songs of praise, but
Malouma used her voice to speak out against child marriages, racial and ethnic discrimination, slavery and other divisive issues facing a country at the crossroads of the Arab world and Africa. She also sang about
346:
Malouma began singing as a child, first performed on the stage when she was twelve and began appearing in solo concerts with a traditional repertoire by age fifteen. In addition to her father's guidance, she was inspired by other traditional artists including
877:(Light), 12-track album, recorded on the Marabi label during her stay in Angloulême in 2003 with the support of festival organizer Christian Mousset; a collection of dance beats featuring electric guitars but without the traditional instruments of the Moors
183:
husbands. Though an immediate success, it caused an outcry from the traditional ruling classes. After being forced into marriage while still a teenager, Malouma had to give up singing until 1986. She developed her own style combining traditional music with
3084:
207:
Alongside her singing, Malouma has also fought to safeguard her country's music, urging the government to create a music school, forming her own foundation in support of musical heritage, and in 2014 creating her own music festival. She was
199:
in the early 1990s but began to perform abroad by the end of the decade. After the ban was finally lifted, she relaunched her singing and recording career, gaining popularity, particularly among the younger generation. Her fourth album,
3367:
2204:
280:"Here, artists traditionally praise the ruling tribes and emirs. When I wanted to devise a new kind of music suitable for a modern Mauritania, I thought about changing the lyrics. In my texts, I am committed to educating people".
529:
frame drum. Led by
Hadradmy Ould Meidah, the group supported her desire to modernize traditional music, making it more accessible to the wider world. They toured with her in 2004 and 2005 and worked with her on her second album,
2643:
644:, she was chosen as one of the three artists to perform in the grand finale, receiving acclaim for the balance of instrumentals and vocals, the composition, and her two back-up vocalists. Her 2013 performance at the
405:, whose verses cover political criticism, personal sacrifice and support for the weak and oppressed. She has also drawn on traditional Mauritanian themes, modernizing both the lyrics and musical presentation.
680:
Malouma, officially
Malouma Meidah, first became politically active as a member of the opposition party in 1992, speaking out in favor of democratization. In 2007, in what was widely considered the first
2768:
298:. According to the traditions of her country, those of the Meidah family are required to carry on the art of their ancestors. As a result, she had to give up her aspirations to teach. Members of each
3074:
708:
Malouma announced in April 2014 that she no longer felt she could keep up her political fight for democracy, although she would continue to support cultural and environmental causes. Even so, her
2901:
2108:
2561:
517:), demonstrating her desire to overcome racial differences. In so doing, she was also able to extend music based on the traditional string instruments of the Moors to include the beat of the
3363:
3506:
2194:
577:. She was not only selected as "artiste de l'année" (artist of the year) but was nicknamed "Diva des Sables" (Diva of the Sands). Her success continued in October of the same year at the
2420:
487:
in 1998. When it was produced, she felt that the traditional elements were taken out during production, resulting in "bland electronic pop", though it received good reviews from
3018:
2536:
3700:
307:
harp, and was taught traditional Mauritanian music by her father, who enjoyed an eclectic mix of music. As a result, she grew up listening to classical western works such as
2632:
1689:
867:(Life), 12-track album, recorded on the Marabi label in Nouakchott; a mix of blues, rock, and traditional melodies from southern Mauritanian and Indo-Pakistani, all sung in
701:. Because she had written songs criticizing the coup, Malouma was arrested and over a thousand cassettes and CDs of her recordings were seized. After the coup, the leader,
3526:
821:
220:, she became a senator for the opposition Ech-Choura party where she was given special responsibilities for the environment. This led in 2011 to her appointment as the
389:
Malouma's first major appearance was in 1986, when she revealed her fusion style, combining traditional interpretations with more modern developments including blues,
372:
brought her instant recognition, but created a backlash, causing physical attacks from the established Muslim community. Soon after she wrote it, her family moved to
2177:
2091:
3244:
2586:
739:
221:
3705:
3546:
3038:
2760:
2743:
729:
In addition to her work in her music career and political activism, Malouma is involved in both environmental protection and cultural preservation projects.
256:
family, she grew up in the small desert village of Charatt, just south of Mederdra in West Africa. Her father, Mokhtar Ould Meidah, was a celebrated singer,
3670:
228:, where she felt she could be more effective in contributing to the country's progress. Her work has been recognized by the French, who decorated her as a
3623:
569:
in 1988; her performance proved to be highly successful. Malouma returned to the stage in August 2003, appearing at the Festival des Musiques Métisses in
2383:
633:
2453:
493:. In the early 2000s, she began working with a group called the Sahel Hawl Blues made up of ten young Mauritian musicians of different ethnic origins (
2891:
2119:
2054:
2553:
224:'s Goodwill Ambassador for Central and West Africa. In December 2014, she announced she was moving from the opposition to join the ruling party, the
3690:
3680:
3204:
3572:
3695:
3502:
3407:
2718:
2615:
2335:
2231:
721:, on the grounds that she could participate more effectively in building Mauritania by standing behind the policies of the current leader Aziz.
3427:
3383:
2258:
844:
217:
195:. Appearing on television with songs addressing highly controversial topics such as conjugal life, poverty and inequality, she was censored in
2959:
3270:
2838:
2480:
3180:
743:
honored. I will do my best to fulfill this great responsibility." In September 2012, she performed in a concert given during the 2012 IUCN
565:
Music festival appearances have been a large part of Malouma's career. The first time she participated in an international festival was in
2934:
2139:
249:
3715:
3710:
3124:
3104:
2664:
2410:
718:
225:
3307:
3144:
2691:
3675:
3665:
829:
698:
436:
694:
213:
2999:
2525:
2447:
1681:
294:
Malouma commenced her education at elementary school in 1965 in Mederdra. She qualified as an elementary school teacher in 1974 in
3228:
3685:
2497:
2285:
682:
209:
813:
3720:
408:
3522:
3458:
3058:
3323:
3164:
645:
2302:
452:
448:
3208:
2874:
2166:
978:
832:. The griot-artist community of Mauritania has also acclaimed her by calling her the "first true composer in Mauritania".
714:
3486:
2366:
2081:
542:
3251:
2578:
2144:
2849:
744:
3163:(in French). Nouakchott, Mauritania: Carrefour de la République Islamique de Mauritanie Communication. May 20, 2014.
2785:
887:
2009, Malouma was a featured composer and vocalist on two songs, "Missy Nouakchott" and "Sable Émouvant" on the 2009
652:
included a "Taste The World" event where performers not only sang, but prepared a dish from their country. Malouma's
3542:
266:
virtuoso. Her mother also came from a family of well-known traditional singers. She taught her daughter to play the
3034:
2796:
2735:
664:
In June 2022, Malouma performed in Nouakchott in the first the international musical gala in the country after the
3343:
2393:
3453:. Vol. I: Africa, East Asia and the Pacific. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. GGKEY:EXCA0EGBR49.
3620:
3462:
2415:
613:
413:
2930:
689:, as one of the six women senators in a legislature of 56 members. She was the first person from the musician
2638:
843:
of France. On January 20, 2015, Malouma, Mauritania's "singer of the people and Senator", was honored by the
2433:
702:
2064:
3660:
3610:
2800:
262:
player and poet while her grandfather, Mohamed Yahya Ould Boubane, is remembered as a talented writer and
131:
2896:
2713:
640:
under the theme of "freedom and oppression". At the 2012 Festival International des Arts de l’Ahaggar in
3637:
3562:
2362:
808:
CD. That same year, N'Diaye Cheikh, a Mauritanian filmmaker, produced a documentary about her, entitled
3387:
3567:
2603:
3655:
3411:
2708:
2502:
2357:
2331:
2221:
617:
590:
3431:
3391:
2248:
3295:
2951:
686:
601:
402:
3274:
3273:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Landssamanslutninga av nynorskkommunar. July 5, 2010. Archived from
2470:
212:
a senator in 2007, the first politician in her caste, but was arrested the following year after a
2388:
649:
3184:
2918:
2149:
3448:
3299:
3079:
3010:
2986:
2834:
2443:
2059:
1474:
946:
924:
665:
629:
625:
605:
502:
484:
444:
352:
232:, and the Americans, whose ambassador to Mauritania named her a Mauritanian Woman of Courage.
3140:
3120:
3100:
2976:
2660:
632:, which focused on musicians from North Africa. She also appeared in the 2010 edition of the
3005:
2955:
2824:
2681:
2280:
938:
868:
836:
825:
769:
669:
573:, combining traditional Moorish music with a more modern approach in numbers from her album
424:
340:
336:
152:
2761:"Mauritania's Malouma Presents Free African Rhythms & Arabic Lyrics Workshop in Boston"
2633:"Malouma Mint Meidah, la "Chanteuse du Peuple" Médaillée de L'ordre de la Légion d'honneur"
204:(2014), includes lyrics expressing her views on human rights and women's place in society.
3627:
3614:
840:
801:
451:
to cancel her censorship. Some restrictions remained until the overthrow of the President
428:
394:
229:
192:
122:
2498:"أول مغنية عربية تصل إلى البرلمان.. معلومة بنت الميداح نقلت الفن الموريتاني إلى العالمية"
3224:
2424:
2275:
2199:
2086:
932:
817:
586:
506:
432:
364:
360:
332:
324:
3327:
2507:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1301:
1299:
1297:
772:
music preferred by younger people, in 2014, she created a Mauritanian Music Festival.
3649:
1044:
1042:
1040:
765:
621:
245:
83:
3466:
3160:
3054:
2784:
Rush, Omari; Lin, Michelle; Nelson, Erika; Baker, Rowyn; Johnson, Ben (2004–2005).
2686:
2307:
2253:
974:
510:
398:
348:
328:
267:
812:(Malouma, Diva of the Sands) with Mosaic Films, which won Best Documentary at the
570:
419:
From the beginning, Malouma sang in a variety of languages, including traditional
2313:
1860:
1858:
3200:
2870:
2226:
752:
748:
658:
594:
498:
468:
48:
2919:"Les chansons de Malouma, entre tradition, world music et engagement politique"
970:
3601:
3595:
3482:
3227:(in French). Le Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2011.
2981:
2352:
914:
788:
412:
Mike Del Ferro and Malouma performing at the US embassy for students from the
373:
196:
179:
87:
3303:
3014:
2990:
860:(album), a mix of West-African and Arabic-Berber sounds, released in the West
248:
of south-western Mauritania, on October 1, 1960, the year the country gained
3430:(in French). Nouakchott, Mauritania: Sénat Mauritanien. 2009. Archived from
3410:(in French). Nouakchott, Mauritania: Sénat Mauritanien. 2009. Archived from
2475:
800:) showcase artists and two years later she was selected by BBC musicologist
489:
308:
21:
This article is about the Mauritanian singer. For the Colombian singer, see
2853:
2804:
2303:"No Matter How Hard the Censors Try, You Just Can't Keep a Good Song Down"
2195:"Le festival Rhizomes + rencontre avec la chanteuse mauritanienne Malouma"
839:
by the French ambassador, Hervé Besancenot, acting on behalf of President
2531:
2439:
2171:
880:
2008, Malouma received accolades for her blues song "Yarab" on the album
796:
Malouma was selected in 2003 by the jury as one of the World Music Expo (
653:
641:
637:
566:
522:
464:
460:
241:
79:
3428:"Commission des Affaires étrangères, de la défense et des Forces Armées"
1797:
1745:
1743:
898:(album), a collection of ethno-pop tunes woven through with traditional
343:
artists. She often accompanied her parents who sang traditional griots.
3347:
2892:"IUCN appoints Maalouma Mint Moktar Ould Meidah as Goodwill Ambassador"
828:. She was a runner-up for the Middle East and North Africa in the 2008
690:
582:
514:
356:
320:
258:
3503:"Charlie Gillett Introduces His Favorite Sounds of the World on 2 CDs"
3083:(in Arabic). Doha, Qatar: Al Jazeera Encyclopedia. February 12, 2014.
1607:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
609:
554:
526:
518:
420:
316:
312:
275:
a ten-stringed harp traditionally played by women, when she was six.
22:
792:
Malouma Meidah receiving the 2015 Mauritanian Woman of Courage award
3366:(in French). Algiers, Algieria: Presse-Algerie. February 20, 2012.
620:(for the Festival International de Louisiane), before finishing in
541:(Light), was released in France on March 8, 2007 in celebration of
3525:. Durham, North Carolina: World Music Central. September 7, 2007.
3291:
797:
787:
578:
494:
440:
407:
368:
299:
295:
253:
184:
3505:. Durham, North Carolina: World Music Central. October 17, 2005.
2830:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
600:
Malouma toured in the United States in 2005 with appearances in
546:
390:
188:
3638:
Paintings created by Sidi Yahya to illustrate Malouma's album
3607:
3459:"Press Release on the 2015 Mauritanian Woman of Courage Award"
3346:. Nyon, Switzerland: Paléo Festival Nyon. 2007. Archived from
2611:
1682:"Rafael Serrallet lleva su guitarra por el desierto mauritano"
3545:. Durham, North Carolina: World Music Central. July 7, 2010.
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
693:
caste to serve in politics. Shortly after she was elected, a
170:
158:
3326:. Seville, Spain: Mondomix. October 24, 2003. Archived from
2852:(in French). Aubervilliers, France: Afrisson. Archived from
2118:(Report). Beirut, Lebanon: Arab Culture Fund. Archived from
697:
and deposed the first democratically elected head of state,
3161:"Festival Arabesques: Malouma, la grande dame d'Arabesques"
2952:"Mauritanian Singer Tackles Social Problems in Legislature"
557:
rhythms, into the traditional songs, it was well received.
164:
3483:"Malouma Mint Meidah présente "Knou", son troisième album"
3364:"Malouma, Bambino et Tinariwen pour un final en apothéose"
2786:"Malouma and the Sahel Hawl Blues: Teacher Resource Guide"
2435:
Pop Culture in the Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1749:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
2384:"Desert storm: Malouma brings the blues from Mauritania"
1964:
1734:
367:. As she matured, she increasingly became interested in
3183:. Washington, D.C.: Freedom House. 2009. Archived from
2411:"First She Took Azm Palace, Then She'll Take the Golan"
2332:"Musiques métisses 2003 Angoulême, fidèle à sa légende"
1526:
1524:
1522:
1169:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1509:
1507:
3523:"WOMEX Announces Top 15 World Music CDs of the Year"
3245:"Highlights: World Conservation Congress, Jeju 2012"
1655:
835:
Malouma was decorated in 2013 as a Chevalier of the
624:. Two years later, Malouma participated in the 32nd
161:
136:
1904:
1595:
1460:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1367:
167:
155:
108:
94:
58:
30:
3075:"المعلومة بنت الميداح.. ألحان الفن وأحلام السياسة"
2998:
2524:
2423:from the original on October 25, 2023 – via
2312:
1928:
1785:
1773:
1761:
2579:"Malouma, chanter ses combats Nouvel album, Knou"
2554:"Malouma tisse sons pop et musique mauritanienne"
1354:
1338:
1305:
1272:
1256:
1240:
1048:
822:Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels
3485:(in French). WikiTV (YouTube). October 6, 2014.
2929:. Florence, Italy: Dipartimento de Linguistica,
1031:
661:, as well as at the Parisian Festival Rhizomes.
2663:. Durham, North Carolina: World Music Central.
2024:
1686:eldiadigital.es Periódico de Castilla-La Mancha
1088:
278:
3450:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009
2276:"Musique maestro: Malouma, une diva citoyenne"
2082:"Malouma, la diva contestataire de Nouakchott"
2055:"Malouma: le retour d'une chanteuse sénatrice"
1619:
1583:
1065:
1063:
1061:
740:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1864:
1845:
1798:Integrated Regional Information Networks 2009
1710:
8:
3621:Malouma, Mauritania's Biggest Musical Export
2506:(in Arabic). Damascus, Syria. Archived from
2222:"Malouma La griotte mauritanienne sort Nour"
2000:
1809:
1125:
695:coup d'état took place in Mauritania in 2008
683:freely held and fair election in the country
589:, and was accompanied by the French pianist
240:Malouma Mint Moktar Ould Meidah was born in
38:
3571:(in French). Nouakchott, Mauritania. 2009.
3408:"Groupe parlementaire pour l'environnement"
2985:. Silver Spring, Maryland: JazzTimes, Inc.
1608:Landssamanslutninga av nynorskkommunar 2010
3701:21st-century Mauritanian women politicians
3543:"Interview with Mauritanian Griot Malouma"
3225:"Mauritania: Majlis Al-Chouyoukh (Senate)"
2063:(in French). Paris, France. Archived from
2012:
1190:
814:Festival international du film de quartier
47:
27:
16:Mauritanian singer, politician (born 1960)
2736:"WOMEX 2003 Showcase Selection Announced"
2526:"Les femmes dopent les musiques du monde"
2334:(in French). Paris, France: RFI Musique.
1880:
1667:
3205:Integrated Regional Information Networks
2890:Smith-Asante, Edmund (August 11, 2011).
2107:Bucher, Nathalie Rosa (March 23, 2015).
1916:
1821:
1559:
1530:
1436:
1288:
1142:
1010:
2577:Lemancel, Anne-Laure (April 11, 2014).
2409:Folkeson, Annika (September 15, 2008).
2392:. Boston, Massachusetts. Archived from
2036:
1976:
1892:
1643:
1631:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1321:
1228:
1207:
962:
820:) and a 2007 Prize of Distinction from
634:Førde International Folk Music Festival
467:awareness and in support of children's
3549:from the original on February 15, 2016
3509:from the original on February 15, 2016
3370:from the original on February 16, 2016
3250:. IUCN. September 2012. Archived from
3181:"Mauritania:Freedom in the World 2009"
2877:from the original on December 25, 2015
2667:from the original on February 15, 2016
2338:from the original on February 13, 2016
2261:from the original on February 24, 2017
2193:Degeorges, Françoise (June 25, 2014).
2165:Châtelot, Christophe (July 14, 2009).
2053:Bensignor, François (April 24, 2014).
1988:
1952:
1571:
1547:
1513:
1498:
327:, as well as the music of traditional
3575:from the original on January 28, 2016
3529:from the original on January 27, 2016
3386:(in French). Nouakchott, Mauritania:
3310:from the original on October 25, 2023
3231:from the original on January 25, 2016
3211:from the original on January 27, 2016
3167:from the original on January 20, 2016
3141:"BBC Radio 3: Awards World Music '08"
3127:from the original on February 6, 2016
3107:from the original on February 6, 2016
3087:from the original on October 10, 2018
3061:from the original on January 20, 2016
3021:from the original on October 25, 2023
2962:from the original on January 29, 2016
2937:from the original on January 19, 2016
2904:from the original on January 30, 2016
2771:from the original on January 31, 2016
2746:from the original on January 27, 2016
2721:from the original on January 27, 2016
2694:from the original on February 1, 2016
2646:from the original on February 2, 2016
2589:from the original on January 26, 2016
2564:from the original on January 27, 2016
2539:from the original on October 25, 2023
2483:from the original on January 16, 2016
2456:from the original on October 25, 2023
2369:from the original on January 20, 2016
2288:from the original on January 27, 2016
2234:from the original on January 30, 2016
2207:from the original on January 20, 2016
2180:from the original on February 1, 2016
2094:from the original on January 30, 2016
882:Desert Blues 3—Entre Dunes Et Savanes
7:
3706:21st-century Mauritanian politicians
2871:"Mauritania's fiery singing senator"
2301:Didcock, Barry (November 27, 1998).
2220:De la Haye, Fleur (March 16, 2007).
2109:Saving Mauritania's Musical Heritage
1833:
1722:
1388:
1373:
1100:
804:, for his 2005 selected compilation
3563:"Malouma mint Meidah et Sidi Yahya"
2523:Labesse, Patrick (March 13, 2007).
2496:الخليل, أحمد (September 24, 2008).
1940:
1448:
126:
39:
3671:Members of the Senate (Mauritania)
3489:from the original on July 21, 2020
3465:. January 20, 2015. Archived from
3147:from the original on July 31, 2013
3041:from the original on July 21, 2020
2618:from the original on March 4, 2016
2469:Johnson, Steven (August 2, 2013).
830:BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music
699:Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi
14:
3447:U.S. Department of State (2012).
3271:"Fridom og undertrykking i Førde"
2552:Labesse, Patrick (May 20, 2014).
2330:Elbadawi, Soeuf (June 10, 2003).
2145:Conseil francophone de la chanson
1692:from the original on July 4, 2022
981:from the original on July 2, 2021
218:elections were again held in 2009
112:Singer, songwriter and politician
98:Malouma Mint Mokhtar Ould Meïddah
2917:Taine-Cheikh, Catherine (2012).
2869:Skelton, Rose (April 30, 2007).
2759:Romero, Angel (March 25, 2005).
2734:Romero, Angel (August 5, 2003).
2659:Nelson, TJ (November 28, 2008).
2382:Eyre, Banning (April 14, 2005).
2351:Elobeid, Fadil (July 31, 2013).
2080:Berthod, Anne (April 28, 2014).
1680:ELDIAdigital.es (July 3, 2022).
1069:
931:
917:
151:
3691:21st-century Mauritanian people
3681:Knights of the Legion of Honour
2950:Tran, Phuong (August 7, 2007).
2631:Mamady, Camara (May 25, 2013).
2274:Diallo, Bios (August 8, 2014).
2247:Denselow, Robin (May 4, 2007).
549:, she presented her new album,
3696:21st-century Mauritanian women
3602:Malouma, profile and interview
3201:"Mauritania: City versus slum"
3009:. No. 291. October 2003.
2325:– via HighBeam Research.
1750:Inter-Parliamentary Union 2011
1473:Wiser, Danny (July 17, 2021).
668:next to the Spanish guitarist
646:World of Music, Arts and Dance
178:; born October 1, 1960), is a
1:
2471:"Festival Review: WOMAD 2013"
1965:U.S. Department of State 2015
1735:U.S. Department of State 2012
715:Assembly of Democratic Forces
230:Knight of the Legion of Honor
3037:. Africa Doc Network. 2007.
2608:BBC – Awards for World Music
2585:(in French). Paris, France.
2560:(in French). Paris, France.
2230:(in French). Paris, France.
2203:(in French). Paris, France.
2176:(in French). Paris, France.
2090:(in French). Paris, France.
1475:"MAURITANIA: Nour - Malouma"
1170:Al Jazeera Encyclopedia 2014
806:Favorite Sounds of the World
3292:"DuOud (Musical group) prf"
2975:Woodard, Josef (May 1998).
2954:. New York City, New York:
2709:"Not Just Maur of the Same"
2148:(in French). Archived from
2138:Mousset, Christian (2008).
745:World Conservation Congress
137:
3737:
3716:21st-century women singers
3711:20th-century women singers
3626:February 15, 2016, at the
3344:"2007 Paléo Festival Nyon"
3035:"Malouma, diva des sables"
2848:Seck, Nago (May 7, 2007).
2797:University Musical Society
2767:. Durham, North Carolina.
2742:. Durham, North Carolina.
2717:. Durham, North Carolina.
884:released by Network Medien
648:Festival (WOMAD), held in
20:
3676:Mauritanian women singers
3666:People from Trarza Region
2707:Orr, Tom (July 8, 2007).
1656:CRIDEM Communication 2014
685:, she was elected to the
543:International Women's Day
138:al-Maʿlūma Mint al-Maydāḥ
46:
37:
3630:(2010 audio produced by
3463:U.S. Department of State
2873:. London, England: BBC.
2850:"Malouma Mint El Meidah"
2432:Hammond, Andrew (2004).
1905:World Music Central 2005
1596:World Music Central 2010
1461:World Music Central 2007
810:Malouma, diva des sables
614:Cambridge, Massachusetts
414:University of Nouakchott
250:independence from France
53:Malouma in concert, 2004
3686:Mauritanian songwriters
3613:August 1, 2015, at the
2826:2014 IUCN annual report
2823:Schulman, Mark (2015).
2795:. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
2639:Le Rénovateur Quotidien
2167:"Malouma, diva rebelle"
1929:Africa Doc Network 2007
1786:Sénat Mauritanien 2009c
1774:Sénat Mauritanien 2009b
1762:Sénat Mauritanien 2009a
725:Environment and culture
703:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
479:Malouma's first album,
3721:Rotana Records artists
3390:. 2009. Archived from
3000:"Singer of the People"
2801:University of Michigan
2604:"Malouma (Mauritania)"
793:
784:Awards and recognition
733:Environmental activism
719:Union for the Republic
427:(Mauritanian Arabic),
416:
282:
226:Union for the Republic
119:Malouma Mint El Meidah
104:Malouma Bint al-Meedah
63:Malouma Mint El Meidah
3290:Library of Congress.
2931:Università di Firenze
2923:Quaderni di Semistica
2856:on September 23, 2017
2363:Royal African Society
1247:, pp. 31, 33–34.
1032:African Business 2003
971:"Malouma: Biographie"
791:
759:Cultural preservation
657:World, a festival in
411:
3350:on February 15, 2016
3330:on February 25, 2009
2353:"Review: Womad 2013"
2317:on February 20, 2016
1089:الخليل (Khalil) 2008
687:Senate of Mauritania
654:lamb-filled pancakes
618:Lafayette, Louisiana
591:Jean-Philippe Rykiel
285:—Malouma, quoted in
127:المعلومة منت الميداح
100:Malouma Mint Elmeida
40:المعلومة منت الميداح
3469:on January 24, 2016
3434:on January 27, 2016
3414:on January 27, 2016
3394:on January 26, 2016
3384:"Groupe Ech-choura"
3296:Library of Congress
3277:on January 26, 2016
3257:on January 28, 2016
3187:on January 25, 2016
2897:Ghana Business News
2810:on January 30, 2016
2793:UMS Youth Education
2765:World Music Central
2740:World Music Central
2714:World Music Central
2661:"Bending the Blues"
2510:on January 16, 2016
2396:on October 10, 2015
2361:. London, England:
2257:. London, England.
2125:on January 30, 2016
2067:on January 26, 2016
2025:Library of Congress
1620:Presse-Algerie 2012
1584:Paléo Festival 2007
845:American ambassador
659:Montpellier, France
602:Ann Arbor, Michigan
455:'s regime in 2005.
403:Antarah ibn Shaddad
3596:Malouma in concert
3294:. Washington, DC:
3207:. March 31, 2009.
3101:"Missy Nouakchott"
3057:. AfriCine. 2013.
3029:– via EBSCO.
2637:Acturim Overblog,
2602:Lusk, Jon (2008).
2547:– via EBSCO.
2389:The Boston Phoenix
2249:"CD Malouma, Nour"
1711:Freedom House 2009
1479:200worldalbums.com
794:
775:When she produced
650:Wiltshire, England
417:
3608:Fondation Malouma
3388:Sénat Mauritanien
2840:978-2-8317-1725-8
1810:Smith-Asante 2011
1126:Taine-Cheikh 2012
947:Mauritanian music
925:Mauritania portal
666:Covid-19 pandemic
642:Abalessa, Algeria
630:Nyon, Switzerland
606:Chicago, Illinois
571:Angoulême, France
567:Carthage, Tunisia
537:Malouma's album,
485:Shanachie Records
445:freedom of speech
437:Carthage Festival
353:Abdel Halim Hafez
135:
116:
115:
3728:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3568:ZeinArt Concepts
3558:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3454:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3121:"Sable Émouvant"
3116:
3114:
3112:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3055:"N'diaye Cheikh"
3050:
3048:
3046:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3006:African Business
3002:
2994:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2956:Voice of America
2946:
2944:
2942:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2844:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2803:. Archived from
2790:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2428:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2311:. Archived from
2297:
2295:
2293:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2001:Missy Nouakchott
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1146:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1008:
991:
990:
988:
986:
967:
941:
939:Pop music portal
936:
935:
927:
922:
921:
920:
906:harp instruments
869:Hassaniya Arabic
826:Biarritz, France
824:(FIPA), held in
670:Rafael Serrallet
579:World Music Expo
483:was released by
475:Albums and bands
290:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
140:
130:
128:
95:Other names
76:
72:
70:
51:
42:
41:
28:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3646:
3645:
3628:Wayback Machine
3615:Wayback Machine
3592:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3457:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3022:
2997:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2847:
2841:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2706:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2431:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2358:Whats on Africa
2350:
2341:
2339:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2152:on May 17, 2008
2137:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1863:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1214:
1206:
1197:
1191:De la Haye 2007
1189:
1176:
1168:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1030:
1017:
1009:
994:
984:
982:
969:
968:
964:
960:
955:
937:
930:
923:
918:
916:
913:
853:
841:Nicolas Sarkozy
837:Legion of Honor
802:Charlie Gillett
786:
761:
735:
727:
678:
563:
561:Music festivals
477:
387:
382:
292:
284:
238:
154:
150:
141:), also simply
103:
101:
99:
90:
77:
74:
73:October 1, 1960
68:
66:
65:
64:
54:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3635:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3590:External links
3588:
3586:
3585:
3559:
3539:
3519:
3499:
3479:
3455:
3444:
3424:
3404:
3380:
3360:
3340:
3320:
3287:
3267:
3241:
3221:
3197:
3177:
3157:
3137:
3117:
3097:
3071:
3051:
3031:
2995:
2972:
2947:
2914:
2887:
2866:
2845:
2839:
2820:
2781:
2756:
2731:
2704:
2677:
2656:
2628:
2599:
2574:
2549:
2520:
2493:
2466:
2448:
2429:
2425:TheFreeLibrary
2416:The Daily Star
2406:
2379:
2348:
2327:
2298:
2271:
2244:
2217:
2200:France Musique
2190:
2162:
2135:
2104:
2077:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2013:Sable Émouvant
2005:
1993:
1981:
1979:, p. 159.
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1881:Bensignor 2014
1873:
1854:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1739:
1737:, p. 427.
1727:
1715:
1703:
1688:(in Spanish).
1672:
1668:Degeorges 2014
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1535:
1518:
1503:
1491:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1347:
1326:
1314:
1293:
1281:
1265:
1249:
1233:
1212:
1195:
1174:
1147:
1130:
1105:
1093:
1074:
1057:
1036:
1015:
992:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
943:
942:
928:
912:
909:
908:
907:
892:
891:album by DuOud
885:
878:
871:
861:
858:Desert of Eden
852:
851:Selected works
849:
818:Dakar, Senegal
785:
782:
760:
757:
734:
731:
726:
723:
677:
674:
626:Paléo Festival
587:Dimi Mint Abba
562:
559:
481:Desert of Eden
476:
473:
386:
383:
381:
378:
277:
252:. Born into a
237:
234:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:Mint El Meydah
96:
92:
91:
78:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3733:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Living people
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3143:. BBC. 2008.
3142:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2925:(in French).
2924:
2920:
2915:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2693:
2690:(in French).
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2642:(in French).
2641:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2538:
2535:(in French).
2534:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2503:Tishreen News
2499:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2455:
2451:
2449:9781851094493
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2287:
2284:(in French).
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:AfriCine 2013
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:Bucher &
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:Bucher &
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:Schulman 2015
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1560:Mondomix 2003
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Lemancel 2014
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1437:Denselow 2007
1433:
1430:
1427:, p. 30.
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:, p. 93.
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 11.
1344:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:, p. 12.
1311:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:Folkeson 2008
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1263:, p. 31.
1262:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Elbadawi 2003
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:, p. 10.
1054:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:, p. 66.
1033:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Châtelot 2009
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
985:September 30,
980:
976:
973:(in French).
972:
966:
963:
957:
952:
948:
945:
944:
940:
934:
929:
926:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
854:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
790:
783:
781:
778:
773:
771:
767:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
732:
730:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:Førde, Norway
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:New York City
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
384:
379:
377:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
291:
288:
281:
276:
274:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
255:
251:
247:
246:Trarza Region
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
175:
148:
144:
139:
133:
124:
120:
111:
109:Occupation(s)
107:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Trarza Region
81:
75:(age 63)
61:
57:
50:
45:
36:
29:
24:
19:
3639:
3632:Global Notes
3631:
3577:. Retrieved
3566:
3551:. Retrieved
3531:. Retrieved
3511:. Retrieved
3491:. Retrieved
3471:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3449:
3436:. Retrieved
3432:the original
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3396:. Retrieved
3392:the original
3372:. Retrieved
3352:. Retrieved
3348:the original
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3324:"Atmosphere"
3312:. Retrieved
3279:. Retrieved
3275:the original
3259:. Retrieved
3252:the original
3233:. Retrieved
3213:. Retrieved
3189:. Retrieved
3185:the original
3169:. Retrieved
3149:. Retrieved
3129:. Retrieved
3123:. AllMusic.
3109:. Retrieved
3103:. AllMusic.
3089:. Retrieved
3078:
3063:. Retrieved
3043:. Retrieved
3023:. Retrieved
3004:
2980:
2964:. Retrieved
2939:. Retrieved
2926:
2922:
2906:. Retrieved
2895:
2879:. Retrieved
2858:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2825:
2812:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2792:
2773:. Retrieved
2764:
2748:. Retrieved
2739:
2723:. Retrieved
2712:
2696:. Retrieved
2687:Africultures
2685:
2680:Omer, Ould.
2669:. Retrieved
2648:. Retrieved
2636:
2620:. Retrieved
2607:
2591:. Retrieved
2582:
2566:. Retrieved
2557:
2541:. Retrieved
2530:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:the original
2501:
2485:. Retrieved
2474:
2458:. Retrieved
2434:
2414:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2387:
2371:. Retrieved
2356:
2340:. Retrieved
2319:. Retrieved
2314:the original
2308:The Scotsman
2306:
2290:. Retrieved
2279:
2263:. Retrieved
2254:The Guardian
2252:
2236:. Retrieved
2225:
2209:. Retrieved
2198:
2182:. Retrieved
2170:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2143:
2127:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2115:
2096:. Retrieved
2085:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2058:
2037:Labesse 2014
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1977:Hammond 2004
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1893:ZeinArt 2013
1888:
1876:
1871:, p. 2.
1866:
1852:, p. 1.
1847:
1841:
1829:
1824:, p. 6.
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1644:Elobeid 2013
1639:
1632:Johnson 2013
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1425:Labesse 2007
1420:
1413:Mousset 2008
1408:
1401:Woodard 1998
1396:
1361:, p. 7.
1356:
1350:
1340:
1322:Didcock 1998
1317:
1307:
1284:
1279:, p. 8.
1274:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1242:
1236:
1229:Berthod 2014
1208:Skelton 2007
1096:
1050:
983:. Retrieved
975:France Inter
965:
903:
899:
895:
888:
881:
874:
864:
857:
834:
809:
805:
795:
776:
774:
762:
736:
728:
709:
707:
679:
663:
599:
574:
564:
550:
538:
536:
531:
488:
480:
478:
469:vaccinations
457:
418:
399:Al-Mutanabbi
388:
380:Music career
349:Oum Kalthoum
345:
304:
293:
286:
283:
279:
272:
268:
263:
257:
239:
206:
201:
146:
142:
118:
117:
18:
3656:1960 births
3617:(in French)
3579:January 23,
3553:January 20,
3533:January 19,
3513:January 18,
3493:January 17,
3473:January 16,
3438:January 17,
3418:January 17,
3398:January 17,
3374:January 20,
3354:January 20,
3334:January 20,
3314:January 19,
3281:January 20,
3261:January 16,
3235:January 17,
3215:January 18,
3191:January 17,
3171:January 20,
3151:January 20,
3131:January 19,
3111:January 19,
3091:January 16,
3065:January 20,
3045:January 20,
3025:January 16,
2966:January 17,
2941:January 20,
2933:: 337–362.
2908:January 16,
2881:January 16,
2860:January 22,
2814:January 16,
2775:January 20,
2750:January 18,
2725:January 19,
2698:January 17,
2671:January 19,
2650:January 16,
2622:January 17,
2593:January 16,
2583:RFI Musique
2568:January 16,
2543:January 16,
2514:January 16,
2487:January 20,
2400:January 17,
2373:January 20,
2342:January 16,
2321:January 16,
2292:January 18,
2265:January 17,
2238:January 16,
2227:RFI Musique
2211:January 20,
2184:January 16,
2156:January 21,
2129:January 18,
2116:The Outpost
2098:January 16,
2071:January 17,
1989:Nelson 2008
1953:Mamady 2013
1572:Romero 2005
1548:Romero 2003
1514:Diallo 2014
1499:WikiTV 2014
753:South Korea
749:Jeju Island
595:synthesizer
287:RFI Musique
214:coup d'état
180:Mauritanian
3650:Categories
3080:Al Jazeera
2982:Jazz Times
953:References
636:, held in
525:, and the
503:Toucouleur
461:illiteracy
385:Background
374:Nouakchott
341:Senegalese
236:Early life
197:Mauritania
88:Mauritania
69:1960-10-01
3304:341769643
3015:0141-3929
2991:0272-572X
2977:"Spheres"
2682:"Malouma"
2476:Music OMH
2140:"Malouma"
1834:IUCN 2012
1723:Tran 2007
1389:Eyre 2005
1374:Seck 2007
1359:2004–2005
1343:2004–2005
1310:2004–2005
1277:2004–2005
1261:2004–2005
1245:2004–2005
1101:Lusk 2008
1053:2004–2005
958:Citations
902:lute and
889:Ping Kong
490:JazzTimes
453:Ould Taya
449:Ould Taya
309:Beethoven
132:romanized
3624:Archived
3611:Archived
3573:Archived
3547:Archived
3527:Archived
3507:Archived
3487:Archived
3368:Archived
3308:Archived
3229:Archived
3209:Archived
3165:Archived
3145:Archived
3125:Archived
3105:Archived
3085:Archived
3059:Archived
3039:Archived
3019:Archived
2960:Archived
2935:Archived
2902:Archived
2875:Archived
2769:Archived
2744:Archived
2719:Archived
2692:Archived
2665:Archived
2644:Archived
2616:Archived
2587:Archived
2562:Archived
2558:Le Monde
2537:Archived
2532:Le Monde
2481:Archived
2460:June 15,
2454:Archived
2440:ABC-CLIO
2421:Archived
2367:Archived
2336:Archived
2286:Archived
2259:Archived
2232:Archived
2205:Archived
2178:Archived
2172:Le Monde
2092:Archived
2087:Télérama
2060:Mondomix
1941:BBC 2008
1690:Archived
1484:June 24,
1449:Orr 2007
979:Archived
911:See also
770:Moroccan
747:held on
676:Politics
523:darbouka
465:HIV/AIDS
425:Hassania
337:Lebanese
333:Egyptian
289:in 2003.
242:Mederdra
143:Maalouma
80:Mederdra
3604:(video)
3598:(video)
2174:Afrique
2046:Sources
1867:Outpost
1848:Outpost
1696:July 3,
900:tidinit
816:(FIFQ;
691:iggawen
583:Seville
515:Haratin
395:electro
357:Fairouz
321:Vivaldi
264:tidinet
259:tidinet
244:in the
216:. When
210:elected
193:electro
147:Malouma
134::
32:Malouma
3302:
3013:
2989:
2837:
2446:
2281:Cridem
1357:et al.
1355:Rush,
1341:et al.
1339:Rush,
1308:et al.
1306:Rush,
1275:et al.
1273:Rush,
1259:et al.
1257:Rush,
1243:et al.
1241:Rush,
1051:et al.
1049:Rush,
894:2014,
873:2007,
863:2003,
856:1998,
766:Malian
610:Boston
555:reggae
527:bendir
521:, the
519:djembe
507:Sonike
429:French
421:Arabic
393:, and
329:Berber
325:Wagner
317:Mozart
313:Chopin
191:, and
123:Arabic
23:Maluma
3255:(PDF)
3248:(PDF)
2808:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
2112:(PDF)
904:ardin
865:Dunya
798:WOMEX
593:on a
575:Dunya
532:Dunya
511:Wolof
441:Tunis
433:Wolof
369:blues
365:Sabah
305:ardin
300:caste
296:Rosso
269:ardin
254:griot
185:blues
3640:Knou
3581:2016
3555:2016
3535:2016
3515:2016
3495:2016
3475:2016
3440:2016
3420:2016
3400:2016
3376:2016
3356:2016
3336:2016
3316:2016
3300:OCLC
3283:2016
3263:2016
3237:2016
3217:2016
3193:2016
3173:2016
3153:2016
3133:2016
3113:2016
3093:2016
3067:2016
3047:2016
3027:2016
3011:ISSN
2987:ISSN
2968:2016
2943:2016
2910:2016
2883:2016
2862:2016
2835:ISBN
2831:IUCN
2816:2016
2777:2016
2752:2016
2727:2016
2700:2016
2673:2016
2652:2016
2624:2016
2595:2016
2570:2016
2545:2016
2516:2016
2489:2016
2462:2021
2444:ISBN
2402:2016
2375:2016
2344:2016
2323:2016
2294:2016
2267:2016
2240:2016
2213:2016
2186:2016
2158:2016
2131:2016
2100:2016
2073:2016
1869:2015
1850:2015
1698:2022
1486:2024
1070:Omer
987:2020
896:Knou
875:Nour
777:Nour
768:and
710:Knou
612:and
551:Knou
547:toga
539:Nour
513:and
499:Fula
495:Moor
431:and
401:and
391:jazz
363:and
361:Dimi
339:and
323:and
222:IUCN
202:Knou
189:jazz
59:Born
2612:BBC
628:in
581:in
439:in
145:or
3652::
3565:.
3461:.
3306:.
3298:.
3203:.
3077:.
3017:.
3003:.
2979:.
2958:.
2927:28
2921:.
2900:.
2894:.
2833:.
2829:.
2799:,
2791:.
2763:.
2738:.
2711:.
2684:.
2635:.
2614:.
2610:.
2606:.
2581:.
2556:.
2529:.
2500:.
2479:.
2473:.
2452:.
2442:.
2438:.
2419:.
2413:.
2386:.
2365:.
2355:.
2305:.
2278:.
2251:.
2224:.
2197:.
2169:.
2142:.
2114:.
2084:.
2057:.
1857:^
1742:^
1684:.
1538:^
1521:^
1506:^
1477:.
1381:^
1366:^
1329:^
1296:^
1215:^
1198:^
1177:^
1150:^
1133:^
1108:^
1077:^
1060:^
1039:^
1018:^
995:^
977:.
755:.
751:,
672:.
616:,
608:,
604:,
597:.
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
471:.
463:,
423:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
335:,
331:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
187:,
171:ɑː
165:oʊ
159:ɑː
129:,
125::
86:,
82:,
71:)
3634:)
3583:.
3557:.
3537:.
3517:.
3497:.
3477:.
3442:.
3422:.
3402:.
3378:.
3358:.
3338:.
3318:.
3285:.
3265:.
3239:.
3219:.
3195:.
3175:.
3155:.
3135:.
3115:.
3095:.
3069:.
3049:.
2993:.
2970:.
2945:.
2912:.
2885:.
2864:.
2843:.
2818:.
2779:.
2754:.
2729:.
2702:.
2675:.
2654:.
2626:.
2597:.
2572:.
2518:.
2491:.
2464:.
2427:.
2404:.
2377:.
2346:.
2296:.
2269:.
2242:.
2215:.
2188:.
2160:.
2133:.
2102:.
2075:.
2039:.
2027:.
2015:.
2003:.
1991:.
1967:.
1955:.
1943:.
1931:.
1919:.
1907:.
1895:.
1883:.
1836:.
1812:.
1800:.
1788:.
1776:.
1764:.
1752:.
1725:.
1713:.
1700:.
1670:.
1658:.
1646:.
1634:.
1622:.
1610:.
1598:.
1586:.
1574:.
1562:.
1550:.
1533:.
1516:.
1501:.
1488:.
1463:.
1451:.
1439:.
1415:.
1391:.
1376:.
1324:.
1291:.
1231:.
1210:.
1193:.
1172:.
1145:.
1128:.
1103:.
1091:.
1072:.
1013:.
989:.
273:,
174:/
168:m
162:l
156:m
153:/
149:(
121:(
67:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
