25:
440:, and the average annual precipitation exceeds 2,800 mm. The northeast monsoon from October to November supplements the June to September southwest monsoon. The South Western Ghats are the wettest portion of peninsular India, and are surrounded by drier ecoregions to the east and north.
460:
species. The cool and moist climate, high rainfall, and variety of microclimates brought about by differences in elevation and exposure supports lush and diverse forests; 35% of the plant species are endemic to the ecoregion. Moist evergreen
424:
The ecoregion covers an area of 22,600 square kilometres (8,700 sq mi). It is estimated that two-thirds of the original forests have been cleared, and only 3,200 square kilometres, or 13% of the intact area, is protected.
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1868:
1328:
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are the predominant habitat type. The montane evergreen forests support a great diversity of species. The trees generally form a canopy at 15 to 20 m, and the forests are multistoried and rich in
1321:
1906:
1619:
285:
194:
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518:, of which India was formerly part, and a number of other plants in the ecoregion have Gondwana origins. Other evergreen tree species of the montane forest include
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The ecoregion has an area of 23,800 square kilometres (9,200 sq mi). It includes the southern ranges of the
Western Ghats, including the
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1901:
1805:
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range, which runs parallel to the coast. It has an area of 35,500 square kilometres (13,700 sq mi), and extends from northern
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2004:
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50:
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The ecoregion extends from sea level to the 250 metre contour of the
Western Ghats. It is bounded on the east by the
83:
35:
1972:
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39:
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formerly occupied the coastal zone to the 250 metre elevation (but 95% of these forests no longer exist)
550:
538:
796:). Almost 50% of India's 206 amphibian species are endemic to the ecoregion, with six endemic genera (
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2014:
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487:
237:
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632:
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90:
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Very little of the natural vegetation of the ecoregion remains; it has largely been cleared for
828:
653:
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As of 1997, 13 protected areas had been designated, covering an area of over 3,200 km².
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994:
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90 of India's 484 reptile species are endemic to the ecoregion, with eight endemic genera (
428:
The southern portion of the
Western Ghats contains the highest peaks in the range, notably
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1004:
963:
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398:
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332:
300:
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217:
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Brachyophidium, Dravidogecko, Melanophidium, Plectrurus, Ristella, Salea, Teretrurus
1410:
1404:
1230:
1215:
1210:
1095:
1085:
1080:
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781:(Macaca silenus) and Nilgiri macaque (Semnopithecus johnii) are endangered endemic
759:
481:
324:
138:
1982:
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1225:
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The ecoregion also supports a rich fauna, which is also high in endemism: of 78
619:
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24:
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in Kerala, at 2695 meters elevation. The Ghats intercept the moisture-laden
429:
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134:
648:. Below the upper story is a low understory and a dense shrub layer. These
355:
ecoregion lies in the coastal strip between the 250 meter contour and the
1996:
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328:
1295:
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1185:
1150:
1135:
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1120:
932:
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Indotyphlus, Melanobatrachus, Nannobatrachus, Nyctibatrachus, Ranixalus
782:
778:
731:
705:
612:
511:
449:
433:
340:
1569:
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834:
697:
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344:
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is a stunted forest, with an upper story of small trees, generally
1255:
988:
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724:
657:
571:
453:
292:
201:
917:
745:
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Velliyamkallu: Associated with the valiant
Kunhali Marakkar at
1310:
936:
921:
1660:
Maldives–Lakshadweep–Chagos
Archipelago tropical moist forests
225:
18:
575:-grassland complex, found at elevations of 1,900 to 2,220 m.
1355:
Sand Banks: Where the
Kotakal river reaches the sea at
1361:
Silent Beach: South of Sand Banks is Silent Beach at
569:
The other major habitat type in the ecoregion is the
1995:
1963:
1945:
1915:
1894:
1885:
1867:
1854:
1827:
1804:
1795:
1768:
1718:
1618:
1607:
1023:
970:
371:ecoregion, which lies above 1000 metres elevation.
723:population, along with populations of threatened
359:. To the east, the ecoregion transitions to the
700:species, 10 are endemic, along with 42% of the
514:with origins in the ancient supercontinent of
1710:Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1650:Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
1585:
1462:The thuruths (small islands in the river) of
1322:
948:
656:, characterized by frost- and fire-resistant
8:
1730:Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1695:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1680:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
416:, which surround the montane rain forests.
414:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
349:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
282:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
276:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
270:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
253:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
249:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
163:cover the areas above 1000 metres elevation
154:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1891:
1864:
1801:
1760:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1615:
1592:
1578:
1570:
1329:
1315:
1307:
955:
941:
933:
918:
361:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1640:Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests
1635:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests
303:between 250 and 1000 metres elevation in
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1700:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
1685:North Western Ghats montane rain forests
387:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
381:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
375:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
369:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
295:. It covers the southern portion of the
161:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
2010:Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves
1645:Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests
719:The ecoregion supports India's largest
397:, covering the southern portion of the
367:of the Western Ghats. It surrounds the
251:in Maharashtra and Karnataka, and the
7:
1783:Northeast India–Myanmar pine forests
1750:Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests
765:is limited to a 400 km band of
51:adding citations to reliable sources
1705:Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests
1670:Mizoram–Manipur–Kachin rain forests
894:Kalakad-Mundanthurai (290 km²)
1916:Himalayan Alpine shrub and Meadows
1778:Himalayan subtropical pine forests
1745:Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests
1735:Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests
1421:Muzhappilangadu Drive-in Beach on
473:. Characteristic canopy trees are
14:
1955:Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
1877:Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands
1740:East Deccan dry evergreen forests
1978:Northwestern thorn scrub forests
331:, and the eastward spurs of the
212:, in a narrow strip between the
23:
351:to the north. To the west, the
286:tropical moist broadleaf forest
195:tropical moist broadleaf forest
156:grow at intermediate elevations
133:refers to one or more distinct
1755:Northern dry deciduous forests
1510:Vismaya, the water theme park
777:in the south. The lion-tailed
652:forests are interspersed with
1:
1895:Tibetan Plateau Alpine Steppe
1690:Odisha semi-evergreen forests
1665:Meghalaya subtropical forests
1675:Nicobar Islands rain forests
1630:Andaman Islands rain forests
769:-grassland mosaic, from the
557:Goniothalamus rhynchantherus
1829:Himalayan Subalpine conifer
1655:Malabar Coast moist forests
1546:Kanwatheertha Beach Resort
1403:Pakshi Pathalam Thirunelli
853:Silent Valley National Park
353:Malabar Coast moist forests
347:mark the transition to the
191:Malabar Coast moist forests
185:Malabar Coast moist forests
179:Malabar Coast moist forests
147:Malabar Coast moist forests
2061:
2005:Godavari–Krishna mangroves
1973:Deccan thorn scrub forests
1474:Azheekkal ferry and beach
1409:Pookkottu Thadakam (Lake)
849:, Tamil Nadu (60 km²)
456:, and is home to numerous
448:The ecoregion is the most
378:
273:
182:
2023:
1345:
930:
908:Malabar (Northern Kerala)
891:Shenduruny (300 km²)
716:species, 13 are endemic.
639:Actinodaphne bourdellonii
521:Calophyllum austroindicum
1869:Tropical and subtropical
877:Eravikulam National Park
204:. It lies along India's
867:, Kerala (540 km²)
855:, Kerala (110 km²)
758:. The rare and endemic
678:Arundinella tuberculata
607:Rhododendron nilgiricum
363:ecoregion in the drier
1337:Places of interest in
879:, Kerala (97 km²)
847:Mukurthi National Park
763:(Hemitragus hylocrius)
674:Arundinella mesophylla
662:Chrysopogon zeylanicus
594:Chionanthus ramiflorus
588:Heptapleurum racemosum
527:Garcinia rubroechinata
1553:Anchampeedika, Kannur
1516:Valiyaparamba island
1024:Main Towns and Cities
897:Peppara (40 km²)
865:Periyar National Park
533:Garcinia travancorica
175:comes from the area.
66:"Malabar rainforests"
2015:Sundarbans mangroves
1397:Mayyazhi Puzhayoram
964:North Malabar Region
888:Idukki (80 km²)
773:in the north to the
666:Cymbopogon flexuosus
563:Monosis travancorica
545:Memecylon subramanii
488:Palaquium ellipticum
452:-rich in peninsular
47:improve this article
2045:Ecoregions of India
2026:Ecoregions of India
1806:Himalayan Broadleaf
1601:Ecoregions of India
1468:The small hills of
670:Arundinella ciliata
633:Magnolia nilagirica
476:Cullenia exarillata
131:Malabar rainforests
16:Ecoregions in India
1540:Ananthapuram Lake
1432:Payyambalam Beach
999:Mananthavady Taluk
742:(Melursus ursinus)
654:montane grasslands
500:Nageia wallichiana
494:Gluta travancorica
2032:
2031:
1991:
1990:
1965:Deserts and Xeric
1941:
1940:
1850:
1849:
1791:
1790:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1534:Chandragiri Fort
1304:
1303:
735:(Panthera pardus)
728:(Panthera tigris)
708:, and 75% of the
551:Memecylon gracile
539:Diospyros barberi
339:. The forests of
169:Monsooned Malabar
127:
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119:
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1892:
1865:
1802:
1616:
1594:
1587:
1580:
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1512:Parassinikkadavu
1506:Parassinikkadavu
1444:Meenkunnu Beach
1438:St. Angelo Fort
1415:Tellichery Fort
1331:
1324:
1317:
1308:
957:
950:
943:
934:
919:
645:Litsea wightiana
627:Ilex denticulata
582:Prunus ceylanica
240:in southernmost
200:of southwestern
122:
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108:
102:
100:
59:
27:
19:
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2059:
2055:
2054:
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2035:
2034:
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2028:
2019:
1987:
1959:
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1911:
1881:
1860:
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1856:
1846:
1823:
1797:
1787:
1764:
1721:
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1603:
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1568:
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1480:Ezhimala beach
1341:
1335:
1305:
1300:
1019:
966:
961:
926:
904:
810:
808:Protected areas
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686:Sehima nervosum
682:Themeda tremula
463:montane forests
446:
422:
383:
377:
321:
278:
272:
262:, grazing, and
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60:
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28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
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1993:
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1989:
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1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
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1910:
1909:
1907:Karakoram-West
1904:
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1883:
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1873:
1871:
1862:
1852:
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1831:
1825:
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1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1799:
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1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
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1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
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1716:
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1707:
1702:
1697:
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1687:
1682:
1677:
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1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Muzhappilangad
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Sreekandapuram
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Vellikulangara
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
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1012:
1007:
1002:
992:
974:
972:
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967:
962:
960:
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952:
945:
937:
931:
928:
927:
922:
916:
915:
910:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:(260 km²)
880:
874:
873:(600 km²)
868:
862:
861:(120 km²)
856:
850:
844:
843:(230 km²)
838:
832:
831:(190 km²)
826:
825:(250 km²)
820:
809:
806:
756:(Cuon alpinus)
693:
690:
445:
442:
436:winds off the
421:
418:
395:southern India
379:Main article:
376:
373:
320:
317:
299:range and the
274:Main article:
271:
268:
210:Malabar coasts
183:Main article:
180:
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139:biogeographers
137:recognized by
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13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2046:
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2016:
2013:
2011:
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1608:Tropical and
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1501:
1498:Paithal Mala
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1473:
1471:
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1456:Pazhassi Dam
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1450:Valapattanam
1449:
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1366:
1364:
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1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:North Malabar
1332:
1327:
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1320:
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1313:
1312:
1309:
1297:
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1292:
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1234:
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1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
983:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
965:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
939:
938:
935:
929:
925:
924:North Malabar
920:
914:
913:North Malabar
911:
909:
906:
905:
901:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
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851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:(50 km²)
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
819:(60 km²)
818:
815:
814:
813:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
775:Ashambu Hills
772:
771:Nilgiri Hills
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:, 48% of the
703:
699:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:species like
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
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608:
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589:
584:
583:
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547:
546:
541:
540:
535:
534:
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528:
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522:
517:
513:
510:
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501:
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495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
469:, especially
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:Western Ghats
396:
392:
388:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:Malabar Coast
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:Nilgiri Hills
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Nilgiri Hills
298:
297:Western Ghats
294:
290:
287:
283:
277:
269:
267:
266:plantations.
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
238:Kanniyakumari
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Western Ghats
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
162:
158:
155:
151:
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144:
143:
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140:
136:
132:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2009
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1928:Northwestern
1857:Shrublands,
1855:Grasslands,
1610:subtropical
1500:Thaliparamba
1411:Mananthavady
1405:Mananthavady
1385:Poozhithala
1231:Pappinisseri
1216:Pazhayangadi
1211:Anjarakkandy
1096:Mananthavady
1086:Kuthuparamba
1081:Thaliparamba
883:Parambikulam
811:
802:Uraeotyphlus
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
766:
762:
760:Nilgiri tahr
755:
749:(Bos gaurus)
748:
741:
734:
727:
718:
695:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
618:
611:
605:
598:
592:
586:
580:
576:
570:
568:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
504:
498:
492:
486:
482:Mesua ferrea
480:
474:
447:
427:
423:
384:
343:in northern
325:Agastyamalai
322:
291:of southern
279:
257:
246:
188:
166:
130:
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
45:Please help
33:
1983:Thar desert
1528:Bekal Fort
1504:Snake Park
1492:Ayyankunnu
1391:Mahe Beach
1379:Panthakkal
1291:Cheruvathur
1236:Kalliasseri
1226:Manjeswaram
1076:Nileshwaram
620:Elaeocarpus
438:Arabian Sea
365:rain shadow
337:Palni Hills
260:agriculture
255:in Kerala.
222:Maharashtra
214:Arabian Sea
173:coffee bean
1796:Temperate
1770:Coniferous
1522:Ranipuram
1518:Trikaripur
1470:Cherukunnu
1464:Cherukunnu
1423:Thalassery
1417:Thalassery
1276:Cherupuzha
1246:Kannapuram
1241:Cherukunnu
1181:Thirunelli
1176:Vellamunda
1036:Thalassery
859:Meghamalai
841:Karimpuzha
829:Brahmagiri
823:Talakaveri
817:Pushpagiri
739:sloth bear
710:amphibians
622:recurvatus
615:nepalensis
410:Tamil Nadu
313:Tamil Nadu
242:Tamil Nadu
135:ecoregions
77:newspapers
1722:broadleaf
1622:broadleaf
1548:Kasaragod
1542:Kasaragod
1536:Kasaragod
1530:Kasaragod
1524:Kanhangad
1488:Payyannur
1482:Payyannur
1367:Azhiyoor
1221:Trikarpur
1196:Panamaram
1191:Thavinjal
1136:Orkkateri
1116:Nadapuram
1111:Peringome
1106:Kuttiyadi
1091:Mattannur
1071:Kanhangad
1066:Payyannur
1061:Koyilandy
1051:Kasaragod
1041:Kozhikode
1015:Kasaragod
986:Koyilandy
978:Kozhikode
971:Districts
785:species.
712:. Of 309
467:epiphytes
430:Anai Mudi
420:Geography
403:Karnataka
401:range in
391:ecoregion
319:Geography
309:Karnataka
289:ecoregion
230:Karnataka
198:ecoregion
171:blend of
129:The term
34:does not
2039:Category
1997:Mangrove
1861:Savannas
1476:Azhikode
1373:Palloor
1369:Vatakara
1363:Vatakara
1357:Vatakara
1351:Vatakara
1286:Azhikode
1261:Pattuvam
1206:Kottayam
1166:Mambaram
1161:Pinarayi
1156:New Mahe
1141:Meppayur
1101:Perambra
1046:Vatakara
982:Vatakara
902:See also
871:Anamalai
794:Xylophis
753:wild dog
721:elephant
706:reptiles
600:Syzygium
516:Gondwana
509:podocarp
329:Anamalai
315:states.
224:through
216:and the
1947:Flooded
1933:Western
1923:Eastern
1902:Central
1887:Montane
1842:Western
1837:Eastern
1819:Western
1814:Eastern
1798:Forests
1612:Forests
1296:Mattool
1271:Alakode
1251:Morazha
1201:Irikkur
1186:Edavaka
1151:Edakkad
1131:Azhiyur
1121:Payyoli
995:Wayanad
783:primate
779:macaque
732:leopard
613:Mahonia
512:conifer
471:orchids
458:endemic
450:species
434:monsoon
389:are an
341:Wayanad
91:scholar
55:removed
40:sources
1620:Moist
1494:Iritty
1486:Kotti
1458:Kannur
1452:Kannur
1446:Kannur
1440:Kannur
1434:Kannur
1427:Kannur
1171:Panoor
1126:Iritty
1031:Kannur
1010:Kannur
989:Taluks
835:Aralam
800:, and
792:, and
751:, and
702:fishes
698:mammal
684:, and
642:, and
560:, and
505:Nageia
497:, and
406:Kerala
345:Kerala
305:Kerala
234:Kerala
206:Konkan
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1256:Aroli
767:shola
725:tiger
692:Fauna
658:grass
650:shola
577:Shola
572:shola
507:is a
454:India
444:Flora
293:India
284:is a
202:India
193:is a
98:JSTOR
84:books
1859:and
1720:Dry
1429:Road
1399:Mahé
1393:Mahé
1387:Mahé
1381:Mahé
1375:Mahé
1056:Mahe
1005:Mahe
984:and
746:gaur
714:bird
602:spp.
408:and
385:The
335:and
327:and
311:and
280:The
264:teak
232:and
208:and
189:The
167:The
159:the
152:the
145:the
70:news
38:any
36:cite
804:).
393:of
236:to
226:Goa
141::
49:by
2041::
1425:-
744:,
737:,
730:,
688:.
680:,
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:,
636:,
630:,
624:,
617:,
610:,
604:,
597:,
591:,
585:,
566:.
554:,
548:,
542:,
536:,
530:,
524:,
503:.
491:,
485:,
479:,
307:,
244:.
228:,
1593:e
1586:t
1579:v
1330:e
1323:t
1316:v
1001:)
997:(
991:)
980:(
956:e
949:t
942:v
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
57:.
43:.
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