1359:
1624:
1683:
35:
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2444:
1798:"For the lips of a priest should guard knowledge, and people should seek instruction from his mouth, for he is the messenger of the Lord of hosts. But you have turned aside from the way; you have caused many to stumble by your instruction; you have corrupted the covenant of Levi, says the Lord of hosts," (2:7–8)
1611:– Israel is figured as Yahweh's wife or bride. Malachi's discussion of divorce may also be understood to conform to this metaphor. Malachi could very well be urging his audience not to break faith with Yahweh (the God of Israel) by adopting new gods or idols. It is quite likely that, since the people of
1645:
In the sixth dispute, the people of Israel illustrate the extent of their disillusionment. Malachi has them say "'It is vain to serve God . . . Now we count the arrogant happy; evildoers not only prosper, but when they put God to the test they escape'" (3:14–15). Once again, Malachi has Yahweh assure
1392:
In 1:2, Malachi has the people of Israel question God's love for them. This introduction to the book illustrates the severity of the situation which
Malachi addresses. The graveness of the situation is also indicated by the dialectical style with which Malachi confronts his audience. Malachi proceeds
1400:
In 2:1, Malachi states Yahweh
Sabaoth is sending a curse on the priests who have not honored him with appropriate animal sacrifices: "Now, watch how I am going to paralyze your arm and throw dung in your face--the dung from your very solemnities--and sweep you away with it. Then you shall learn that
1641:
request the people to "Bring the full tithe . . . see if I will not open the windows of heaven for you and pour down on you an overflowing blessing" (3:10). This request offers the opportunity for the people to amend their ways. It also stresses that keeping the Lord's statutes will not only allow
1412:
Malachi also criticizes his audience for questioning God's justice. He reminds them that God is just, exhorting them to be faithful as they await that justice. Malachi quickly goes on to point out that the people have not been faithful. In fact, the people are not giving God all that God deserves.
1404:
In 2:10, Malachi addresses the issue of divorce. On this topic, Malachi deals with divorce both as a social problem ("Why then are we faithless to one another ... ?" 2:10) and as a religious problem ("Judah ... has married the daughter of a foreign god" 2:11). In contrast to the
1393:
to accuse his audience of failing to respect God as God deserves. One way in which this disrespect is made manifest is through the substandard sacrifices which
Malachi claims are being offered by the priests. While God demands animals that are "without blemish" (
2447:
1591:
In the third dispute (concerning divorce), the author of the Book of
Malachi likely intends his argument to be understood on two levels. Malachi appears to be attacking either the practice of divorcing Jewish wives in favour of foreign ones (a practice which
2001:"Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of Jehovah come. And he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers; lest I come and smite the earth with a curse." (4:5–6)
1173:
Little is known of the biography of the author of the Book of
Malachi, although it has been suggested that he may have been Levitical. Due to the similarities between Malachi and Ezra's emphasis on forbidding marriage to foreign pagan women, the
1615:
were questioning Yahweh's love and justice (1:2, 2:17), they might be tempted to adopt foreign gods. William LaSor suggests that, because the restoration to the land of Judah had not resulted in anything like the prophesied splendor of the
1234:. Thus, there is substantial debate regarding the identity of the book's author and many assume that "Malachi" is an anonymous pen-name. However, others disagree. However, other scholars, including the editors of the
1213:
The name "Malachi" occurs in the superscription at 1:1 and in 3:1, although most consider it unlikely that the word refers to the same character in both of these references. According to the editors of the 1897
1365:
with quotation from
Malachi 2:10: "Do we not have one father? Has not one God created us? Why does each of us act deceitfully, each man against his own brother, to profane the covenant of our ancestors?"
1397:
1:3, NRSV), the priests, who were "to determine whether the animal was acceptable" (Mason 143), were offering blind, lame and sick animals for sacrifice because they thought nobody would notice.
1565:
are condemned. Some scholars have suggested that the book, as a whole, is structured along the lines of a judicial trial, a suzerain treaty or a covenant—one of the major themes throughout the
3092:
2291:
and his followers believe that (according to his name) he was an angel. But we reject this view altogether, lest we be compelled to accept the doctrine of the fall of souls from heaven.
1642:
the people to avoid God's wrath, but will also lead to God's blessing. (It is this portion of
Malachi which is used as support for the view that tithing is required of Christians.)
1330:
had a king before the exile. Since, in the same verse, the temple has been rebuilt, the book must also be later than 515 BC. Malachi was apparently known to the author of the
1600:
wives (a practice which Ezra promoted). Malachi appears adamant that nationality is not a valid reason to terminate a marriage, "For I hate divorce, says the Lord . . ." (2:16).
1389:
worship that the people's commitment to their God began, once again, to wane. It was in this context that the prophet commonly referred to as
Malachi delivered his prophecy.
1198:, Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem." If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the name "Malachi" is correct, then he was probably buried in the
1553:
The majority of scholars consider the book to be made up of six distinct oracles. According to this scheme, the book of
Malachi consists of a series of disputes between
2724:
2004:"With the spirit and power of Elijah he will go before him, to turn the hearts of parents to their children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the righteous," (
1240:, argue that the grammatical evidence leads us to conclude that Malachi is in fact a name, asserting: "We are no doubt in presence of an abbreviation of the name
1637:
Following this, the prophet provides another example of wrongdoing in the fifth dispute – that is, failing to offer full tithes. In this discussion, Malachi has
2777:
1309:
There are very few historical details in the Book of
Malachi. The greatest clue as to its dating may lie in the fact that the Persian-era term for governor (
1110:
The original manuscript of this book is lost, as are many centuries worth of copies. The oldest surviving manuscripts containing some or all of this book in
3709:
3591:
1326:) is used in 1:8. This points to a post-exilic (that is, after 538 BC) date of composition both because of the use of the Persian period term and because
1634:
Indeed, the fourth dispute asserts that judgment is coming in the form of a messenger who "is like refiner's fire and like fullers' soap . . ." (3:2).
1424:, the differences between those who served God faithfully and those who did not will become clear. The book concludes by calling upon the teachings of
2609:
1293:, which can be read as either "by the hand of his messenger" or as "by the hand of his angel". The "angel" reading found an echo among the ancient
3668:
2714:
1584:), they have been and continue to be favoured by God as God's chosen people. In the second dispute, Malachi draws upon the Levitical Code (e.g.
1385:
to see their exile as punishment for failing to uphold their covenant with God, it was not long after they had been restored to the land and to
3576:
3571:
3586:
1679:. What follows is a brief comparison between the Book of Malachi and the New Testament texts which refer to it (as suggested in Hill 84–88).
1334:
early in the second century BC. Because of the development of themes in the book of Malachi, most scholars assign it to a position after the
3277:
34:
3383:
1773:
1004:
3704:
3378:
3239:
1649:
In the light of what Malachi understands to be an imminent judgment, he exhorts his audience to "Remember the teaching of my servant
3346:
2739:
2311:
2149:
2081:
1082:
used by the real writer so he would not face retribution for his prophecies. Jewish tradition states that the book was written by
1066:
Most scholars consider the Book of Malachi to be the work of a single author who may or may not have been identified by the title
3464:
3341:
3192:
2770:
1817:
1758:
1207:
1123:
961:
2719:
1561:
community. In the course of the book's three or four chapters, Yahweh is vindicated while those who do not adhere to the law of
1358:
1190:
as the author of Malachi. This is the traditional view held by most Jews and some Christians. The Catholic priest and historian
3778:
3724:
2257:
1194:
suggests that this may be because Ezra is seen as an intermediary between the prophets and the "great synagogue." According to
1886:"so that the genuineness of your faith . . . being more precious than gold that, though perishable, is tested by fire . . ." (
3798:
3757:
2744:
1078:
reads "his messenger") and would not have been a proper name at the time of its writing. "Malachi" is often assumed to be a
1801:"therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it; but do not do as they do, for they do not practice what they teach" (
3793:
3788:
3678:
2602:
2327:
1596:
vehemently condemns) or, alternatively, Malachi could be condemning the practice of divorcing foreign wives in favour of
3673:
2221:
1696:
1572:
The Book of Malachi draws upon various themes found in other books of the Bible. Malachi appeals to the rivalry between
1465:
1215:
1413:
Just as the priests have been offering unacceptable sacrifices, so the people have been neglecting to offer their full
3187:
2763:
2734:
951:
2729:
2050:
3361:
1417:
to God. The result of these shortcomings is that the people come to believe that no good comes out of serving God.
1268:
3393:
3372:
3366:
2507:
1362:
1310:
1623:
1401:
it is I who have given you this warning of my intention to abolish my covenant with Levi, says Yahweh Sabaoth."
3783:
3388:
3356:
3351:
3087:
2595:
2022:
1569:. Implicit in the prophet's condemnation of Israel's religious practices is a call to keep Yahweh's statutes.
2422:
1297:
and ecclesiastical writers, and even gave rise to the "strangest fancies", especially among the disciples of
3714:
3694:
3566:
3423:
3284:
3024:
2203:
1682:
997:
1456:. The fourth chapter in the Vulgate consists of the remainder of the third chapter starting at verse 3:19.
3550:
3433:
3418:
3408:
3000:
2432:
2427:
1917:
1887:
816:
2278:
3499:
3438:
3428:
3336:
1724:
1236:
1048:
734:
250:
2486:. The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible. New York, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
3699:
3619:
3331:
3244:
3154:
2920:
2807:
2678:
2302:
LaSor, William Sanford; Hubbard, David Allan; Bush, Frederic William; Allen, Leslie C. (3 Sep 1996).
2288:
2123:
1958:"Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of Jehovah come." (4:5)
1628:
1259:
and Malachi to be anonymous, which explains their placement at the end of the twelve minor prophets.
1199:
918:
715:
430:
3641:
3606:
3403:
3082:
2865:
2835:
2183:
1386:
1149:, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include
872:
612:
563:
493:
115:
3211:
3533:
3448:
3254:
3249:
3134:
3097:
3077:
3007:
2401:
1872:
1787:
1672:
Primarily because of its messianic promise, the Book of Malachi is frequently referred to in the
1162:
1158:
990:
898:
867:
2067:
483:
1094:
3734:
3543:
3538:
3479:
3311:
3221:
3164:
2985:
2975:
2825:
2578:
2534:
2502:
2307:
2145:
2077:
1976:
1962:
1850:
1802:
1776:
1339:
1260:
927:
793:
783:
553:
310:
300:
95:
1620:
which had been prophesied, the people were becoming quite disillusioned with their religion.
3719:
3614:
3596:
3528:
3516:
3474:
3413:
3398:
3289:
3177:
2970:
2915:
2895:
2875:
2490:
2391:
1932:
1902:
1761:
1612:
1514:
1378:
1327:
1154:
1135:
941:
778:
710:
661:
622:
578:
369:
295:
226:
3511:
3489:
3443:
2950:
2925:
2855:
2830:
2815:
2261:
2135:
1820:
1769:"For from the rising of the sun to its setting my name is great among the nations," (1:11)
1577:
1541:
1183:
1150:
1131:
1119:
1111:
1083:
1071:
1052:
1022:
758:
720:
686:
602:
558:
543:
275:
236:
181:
105:
75:
2216:
1901:"Listen! The wages of the laborers who mowed your fields, which you kept back by fraud" (
1369:
The Book of Malachi was written to correct the lax religious and social behavior of the
3747:
3729:
3663:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3272:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3048:
3043:
3019:
2980:
2930:
2910:
2880:
2860:
2845:
2840:
2820:
2786:
2698:
2108:
2005:
1990:
1947:
1883:"and he will purify the descendants of Levi and refine them like gold and silver" (3:3)
1857:
1836:
1739:
1666:
1638:
1573:
1554:
1433:
1335:
1331:
1294:
1280:
1264:
1115:
863:
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838:
833:
788:
725:
705:
627:
607:
592:
587:
548:
473:
450:
305:
216:
191:
171:
161:
85:
1686:
Quotation from Malachi 3:1 in an Austrian church: "The Lord shall come to his temple."
3772:
3494:
3303:
3172:
3038:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2935:
2905:
2803:
2571:
2562:
2523:
2437:
2104:
1965:
1853:
1849:"See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way before you" (
1790:
1692:
1676:
1658:
1608:
1453:
1276:
1060:
1056:
936:
828:
773:
768:
763:
743:
696:
671:
517:
410:
393:
290:
285:
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260:
2254:
1868:"But who can endure the day of his coming, and who can stand when he appears?" (3:2)
3752:
3652:
3581:
3483:
2945:
2940:
2900:
2870:
2850:
2798:
2558:
1920:
1875:
1673:
1604:
1566:
1445:
1406:
1256:
1127:
980:
753:
748:
666:
642:
617:
597:
440:
420:
270:
265:
42:
2165:
2139:
2071:
3635:
3231:
3149:
3144:
3058:
3053:
2885:
2632:
1829:
1727:
1717:
1713:
1654:
1537:
1489:
1421:
1272:
1252:
1219:
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1103:
913:
908:
848:
843:
651:
379:
1646:
the people that the wicked will be punished and the faithful will be rewarded.
3624:
1979:
1805:
1449:
1284:
1146:
1075:
534:
205:
150:
133:
2021:
prophecies of the Book of Malachi have been fulfilled in the life, ministry,
1946:"By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us," (
3139:
2637:
2477:
Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament
2304:
Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament
1890:
1669:
2:11) will return to earth in order that people might follow in God's ways.
1585:
1558:
1394:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1079:
903:
1943:"But for you who revere my name the sun of righteousness shall rise," (4:2)
17:
2354:
1835:"See, I am sending my messenger ahead of you, who will prepare your way" (
1070:. Its title has frequently been understood as a proper name, although its
3646:
3216:
3203:
3182:
3129:
3124:
2453:
1839:
1343:
1195:
956:
946:
893:
888:
2144:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 38.
1871:"for the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to stand?" (
3658:
3523:
2688:
2405:
2187:
2018:
1935:
1905:
1617:
1067:
333:
2328:"Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi: Back in the Land | My Jewish Learning"
1134:(1008). Fragments containing parts of this book were also found among
3629:
3506:
2890:
2755:
2668:
2663:
2549:
2541:
2283:
2179:
2076:. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
2030:
2008:
1993:
1950:
1860:
1751:
1742:
1662:
1581:
1429:
1382:
1298:
1245:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1175:
1044:
1040:
656:
359:
1588:
1:3) in condemning the priest for offering unacceptable sacrifices.
1226:". This reading could be based on Malachi 3:1, "Behold, I will send
2396:
2379:
1738:"Why do you call me "Lord, Lord,' and do not do what I tell you?" (
1580:
25–28. Malachi reminds his audience that, as descendants of Jacob (
1409:, Malachi urges each to remain steadfast to the wife of his youth.
3469:
2790:
2693:
2673:
2587:
2026:
1898:"against those who oppress the hired workers in their wages" (3:5)
1681:
1650:
1562:
1469:
1425:
1414:
1357:
1099:
1093:
58:
2495:
2683:
2658:
2653:
2166:"Megillah 15a, the William Davidson Talmud (Koren - Steinsaltz)"
2110:
The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
1593:
1503:
1187:
2759:
2591:
1828:"See, I am sending my messenger to prepare the way before me" (
1772:"so that the name of our Lord Jesus may be glorified in you" (
1597:
1321:
1223:
1916:"Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever." (
1288:
1420:
Malachi assures the faithful among his audience that in the
2470:
Malachi: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary
1735:"And if I am a master, where is the respect due me?" (1:6)
1444:
The book of Malachi is divided into three chapters in the
1283:. Another interpretation of the authorship comes from the
1627:
Illustration of the coming of God's Messenger in 3:1, by
2472:. The Anchor Bible Volume 25D. Toronto: Doubleday, 1998.
2029:, most Jews continue to await the coming of the prophet
1653:, that statutes and ordinances that I commanded him at
1230:...", if "my messenger" is taken literally as the name
2141:
A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature
1665:(who "ascended in a whirlwind into heaven . . . " 2
1218:, some scholars believe the name "Malachi" is not a
1033:
3687:
3605:
3559:
3457:
3302:
3265:
3230:
3201:
3163:
3108:
3015:
2999:
2797:
2707:
2646:
2625:
2279:
Prefaces to the Commentaries on the Minor Prophets.
1051:. In most Christian orderings, the grouping of the
492:
482:
472:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
378:
368:
358:
235:
225:
215:
190:
180:
170:
160:
114:
104:
94:
84:
74:
1931:"Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you" (
1786:"Lord, who will not fear and glorify your name?" (
1576:and of Yahweh's preference for Jacob contained in
1723:"'I have loved Jacob, but I have hated Esau.'" (
1712:"Yet I have loved Jacob but I have hated Esau" (
2051:"Ezra the Scribe by Mendel Adelman, Chabad.org"
1928:"Return to me, and I will return to you," (3:7)
2249:
2247:
2771:
2603:
998:
8:
1657:for all Israel" (4:4; 3:22, MT). Before the
1377:. Although the prophets urged the people of
1373:– particularly the priests – in post-exilic
1222:but rather an abbreviation of "messenger of
1202:, the traditional resting place of Malachi,
1026:
2306:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 415.
2062:
2060:
1816:"yet for us there is one God, the Father" (
1472:supplies headings for the book as follows:
3012:
2778:
2764:
2756:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2514:
2484:The Books of Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi
2479:. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996.
2231:
2229:
2017:Although many Christians believe that the
1059:, making Malachi the last book before the
1005:
991:
822:
692:
527:
346:
146:
52:
29:
2395:
1138:4Q76 (150–125 BCE) and 4Q78 (75–50 BCE).
1689:
1622:
1474:
2511:. Transcribed by Thomas J. Bress. 2003.
2240:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 440.
2042:
2033:who will prepare the way for the Lord.
926:
880:
733:
695:
516:
463:
392:
349:
249:
204:
149:
41:
1074:meaning is simply "My Messenger" (the
469:
406:
355:
212:
157:
71:
2349:
2347:
2190:(Minor Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (
7:
1813:"Have we not all one father?" (2:10)
1314:
1124:the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets
3710:Other books referenced in the Bible
3669:New Testament manuscript categories
1913:"For I, Jehovah, change not;" (3:6)
1476:Verse/Chapter Headings in the NRSV
1027:
3240:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
2266:The Original Catholic Encyclopedia
2238:The Old Testament: An Introduction
1691:Use of the book of Malachi in the
1557:and the various groups within the
1342:, close to the time when Ezra and
25:
2206:, book XI, chapter 5, paragraph 5
1141:There is also a translation into
2442:
2380:"The Times of Nehemiah and Ezra"
1961:"he is Elijah who is to come." (
1275:is a late addition, pointing to
33:
3725:Biblical and Quranic narratives
2475:LaSor, William Sanford et al.
1603:In many places throughout the
1118:tradition, which includes the
1047:, canonically the last of the
1:
2268:, retrieved 12 February 2011.
2073:The Text of the Old Testament
1269:Wilhelm Gustav Hermann Nowack
1098:The whole Book of Malachi in
2178:Introduction to the Aramaic
2025:, death and resurrection of
1975:"Elijah has already come," (
1466:New Revised Standard Version
1322:
1251:Some scholars consider both
1090:Oldest surviving manuscripts
2452:public domain audiobook at
1106:, made around 13th century.
1055:is the last section of the
1034:
3815:
3705:English Bible translations
3093:Song of the Three Children
2124:Dead sea scrolls - Malachi
2113:. Brill. pp. 623–624.
1547:The Great Day of the Lord
1289:
1039:) is the last book of the
3743:
2740:American Standard Version
2567:
2556:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2517:
2222:Easton's Bible Dictionary
1757:"the table of the Lord" (
1513:The Covenant Profaned by
1452:and four chapters in the
1432:will return prior to the
1363:Israeli West Bank barrier
1216:Easton's Bible Dictionary
2236:Eissfeldt, Otto (1965).
1661:, Malachi declares that
3567:Intertestamental period
2505:"Malachias (Malachi)."
2204:Antiquities of the Jews
1244:, that is Messenger of
3779:Texts assigned to Ezra
3551:Apocalyptic literature
3188:Paralipomena of Baruch
2496:JewishEncyclopedia.com
2489:Singer, Isidore &
2378:Cheyne, T. K. (1899).
1687:
1631:
1428:and by promising that
1366:
1290:ὲν χειρὶ ἀγγήλου αὐτοῦ
1107:
952:Paralipomena of Baruch
3799:Twelve Minor Prophets
3715:Additional Scriptures
3679:New Testament uncials
2745:World English Version
2508:Catholic Encyclopedia
2493:. "Book of Malachi."
2438:Malachi at Chabad.org
2260:July 8, 2011, at the
1685:
1626:
1524:The Coming Messenger
1361:
1237:Catholic Encyclopedia
1097:
1049:Twelve Minor Prophets
3794:5th-century BC books
3789:6th-century BC books
3700:Bible version debate
3674:New Testament papyri
3620:Samaritan Pentateuch
3245:Testament of Abraham
3183:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1989:"Elijah has come," (
1502:Israel Preferred to
1200:Tomb of the Prophets
1132:Codex Leningradensis
1130:(10th century), and
947:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
3642:Muratorian fragment
3577:New Testament canon
3572:Old Testament canon
3465:Chapters and verses
3083:Additions to Daniel
3049:Additions to Esther
2184:Yonathan ben Uzziel
2136:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
1700:
1607:– particularly the
1477:
873:Additions to Daniel
839:Additions to Esther
3255:Testament of Jacob
3250:Testament of Isaac
3135:Prayer of Manasseh
3098:Bel and the Dragon
3078:Letter of Jeremiah
2735:King James Version
2423:New American Bible
2384:The Biblical World
2332:My Jewish Learning
2253:A. VAN HOONACKER,
1690:
1688:
1632:
1475:
1367:
1163:Codex Marchalianus
1161:(5th century) and
1159:Codex Alexandrinus
1108:
899:Prayer of Manasseh
868:Letter of Jeremiah
3766:
3765:
3735:Textual criticism
3298:
3297:
3222:Psalms of Solomon
3165:Orthodox Tewahedo
2753:
2752:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2568:Succeeded by
2547:Succeeded by
2503:Van Hoonacker, A.
2027:Jesus of Nazareth
2015:
2014:
1629:Franciszek Żmurko
1605:Hebrew Scriptures
1567:Hebrew Scriptures
1551:
1550:
1494:(Superscription)
1340:Book of Zechariah
1320:
1261:Julius Wellhausen
1043:contained in the
1015:
1014:
975:
974:
969:
968:
928:Orthodox Tewahedo
854:Wisdom of Solomon
806:
805:
512:
511:
506:
505:
502:
501:
459:
458:
388:
387:
324:
323:
245:
244:
200:
199:
124:
123:
27:Book of the Bible
16:(Redirected from
3806:
3615:Dead Sea Scrolls
3597:Dating the Bible
3475:Historical books
3112:Eastern Orthodox
3025:Eastern Orthodox
3013:
3006:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2730:Wycliffe Version
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2570:
2532:Preceded by
2519:Book of Malachi
2515:
2491:Adolf Guttmacher
2468:Hill, Andrew E.
2456:Various versions
2446:
2445:
2428:21st Century KJV
2410:
2409:
2399:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2359:www.hatanakh.com
2355:"Malachi | התנך"
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2293:
2275:
2269:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2068:Würthwein, Ernst
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
1701:
1478:
1450:Greek Septuagint
1350:in 445 BC.
1325:
1319:romanized:
1318:
1316:
1311:Imperial Aramaic
1292:
1291:
1287:superscription,
1155:Codex Sinaiticus
1136:Dead Sea Scrolls
1037:
1030:
1029:
1007:
1000:
993:
823:
819:
817:Deuterocanonical
693:
689:
645:
581:
537:
528:
522:
470:
407:
400:
356:
347:
342:
338:
213:
158:
147:
142:
138:
72:
67:
63:
53:
47:
37:
30:
21:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3784:Book of Malachi
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3739:
3683:
3601:
3592:Christian canon
3555:
3490:Prophetic books
3453:
3384:2 Thessalonians
3379:1 Thessalonians
3294:
3261:
3226:
3197:
3159:
3118:
3104:
3032:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2754:
2749:
2703:
2642:
2621:
2619:Book of Malachi
2616:
2582:
2577:
2561:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2520:
2465:
2443:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2276:
2272:
2262:Wayback Machine
2252:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2186:on the Prophet
2177:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2118:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2023:transfiguration
1774:2 Thessalonians
1659:Day of the Lord
1578:Book of Genesis
1540:–5 (3:19–24 in
1532:Do Not Rob God
1481:Verse Reference
1462:
1442:
1440:Interpretations
1356:
1307:
1184:Targum Jonathan
1171:
1165:(6th century).
1157:(4th century),
1153:(4th century),
1151:Codex Vaticanus
1120:Codex Cairensis
1092:
1084:Ezra the scribe
1053:prophetic books
1019:Book of Malachi
1011:
971:
970:
820:
815:
808:
807:
690:
685:
678:
677:
676:
646:
641:
634:
633:
632:
582:
577:
570:
569:
568:
538:
533:
520:
508:
507:
398:
344:
340:
334:
326:
325:
320:
144:
140:
134:
126:
125:
69:
65:
59:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3730:Synod of Hippo
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3664:Masoretic Text
3661:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3500:Minor prophets
3497:
3495:Major prophets
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3273:Pseudepigrapha
3269:
3267:
3266:Classification
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3212:Psalms 152–155
3208:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:1–2 Chronicles
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2569:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:Minor prophets
2521:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2417:External links
2415:
2412:
2411:
2397:10.1086/472543
2390:(4): 238–250.
2370:
2343:
2319:
2312:
2294:
2270:
2243:
2225:
2208:
2196:
2171:
2157:
2150:
2127:
2116:
2107:, ed. (2010).
2105:Ulrich, Eugene
2096:
2082:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1750:"the table of
1747:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1707:New Testament
1705:
1574:Jacob and Esau
1549:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1461:
1458:
1441:
1438:
1355:
1352:
1336:Book of Haggai
1332:Book of Sirach
1306:
1303:
1295:Church Fathers
1265:Abraham Kuenen
1170:
1167:
1116:Masoretic Text
1091:
1088:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
984:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
967:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
931:
930:
924:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
883:
882:
878:
877:
876:
875:
870:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
821:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
738:
737:
735:Minor prophets
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
700:
699:
697:Major prophets
691:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
613:1–2 Chronicles
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
583:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
540:
539:
532:
531:
524:
523:
521:(Christianity)
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
498:Divre Hayyamim
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
466:
465:
461:
460:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
413:
403:
402:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
352:
351:
345:
332:
331:
328:
327:
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
209:
208:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
154:
153:
145:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
121:
118:
112:
111:
108:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
78:
70:
57:
56:
49:
48:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3811:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:2 Corinthians
3345:
3343:
3342:1 Corinthians
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3304:New Testament
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:New Testament
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3193:Broader canon
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Song of Songs
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:Old Testament
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Latin Vulgate
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
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1434:Day of Yahweh
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1193:
1189:
1185:
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1177:
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1166:
1164:
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1148:
1145:known as the
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1102:as a part of
1101:
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1001:
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962:Broader canon
960:
958:
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694:
688:
682:
681:
673:
672:Song of Songs
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518:Old Testament
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491:
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484:Ezra–Nehemiah
481:
477:
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468:
467:
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454:
452:
448:
444:
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438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
415:Shir Hashirim
414:
412:
411:Song of Songs
408:
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383:
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66:(Instruction)
62:
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40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3653:Vetus Latina
3651:
3634:
3587:Jewish canon
3582:Antilegomena
3484:Poetic Books
3480:Wisdom books
3458:Subdivisions
3371:
3076: /
3001:Deuterocanon
2990:
2921:Lamentations
2901:Ecclesiastes
2808:(protocanon)
2799:Hebrew Bible
2715:Hebrew Bible
2618:
2576:
2557:
2542:Hebrew Bible
2540:
2522:
2506:
2494:
2483:
2482:Mason, Rex.
2476:
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2463:Bibliography
2448:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2362:. Retrieved
2358:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
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2297:
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2265:
2237:
2215:
2211:
2199:
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2109:
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2087:. Retrieved
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2045:
2016:
1671:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1602:
1590:
1571:
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1463:
1460:Christianity
1446:Hebrew Bible
1443:
1419:
1411:
1407:book of Ezra
1403:
1399:
1391:
1368:
1308:
1250:
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1235:
1231:
1228:my messenger
1227:
1212:
1178:and certain
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1140:
1128:Aleppo Codex
1109:
1065:
1032:
1018:
1016:
981:Bible portal
866: /
798:
716:Lamentations
667:Ecclesiastes
441:Ecclesiastes
431:Lamentations
395:
335:
315:
135:
60:
43:Hebrew Bible
3758:WikiProject
3636:Diatessaron
3607:Manuscripts
3560:Development
3362:Philippians
3232:Beta Israel
3150:4 Maccabees
3145:3 Maccabees
3059:2 Maccabees
3054:1 Maccabees
2836:Deuteronomy
2255:"Malachias"
2089:January 26,
1273:Malachi 1:1
1271:argue that
1253:Zechariah 9
1242:Mál'akhîyah
1220:proper noun
1186:, identify
1143:Koine Greek
1114:are in the
1104:Codex Gigas
914:4 Maccabees
909:3 Maccabees
849:2 Maccabees
844:1 Maccabees
564:Deuteronomy
116:Deuteronomy
18:Malachi 1:3
3773:Categories
3695:Authorship
3625:Septuagint
3470:Pentateuch
3449:Revelation
3373:Laodiceans
3367:Colossians
2856:1–2 Samuel
2720:Septuagint
2364:2018-05-10
2337:2018-05-10
2037:References
1873:Revelation
1788:Revelation
1754:" (1:7,12)
1371:Israelites
1285:Septuagint
1182:, such as
1169:Authorship
1147:Septuagint
1076:Septuagint
1028:מַלְאָכִ֔י
603:1–2 Samuel
579:Historical
535:Pentateuch
494:Chronicles
464:Historical
341:(Writings)
141:(Prophets)
3534:Johannine
3394:2 Timothy
3389:1 Timothy
3357:Ephesians
3352:Galatians
3140:Psalm 151
3008:apocrypha
2986:Zechariah
2976:Zephaniah
2861:1–2 Kings
2826:Leviticus
2638:Jerusalem
2559:Christian
2535:Zechariah
2019:messianic
1674:Christian
1586:Leviticus
1559:Israelite
1395:Leviticus
1375:Jerusalem
1348:Jerusalem
1208:Zechariah
1080:pseudonym
904:Psalm 151
794:Zechariah
784:Zephaniah
687:Prophetic
608:1–2 Kings
554:Leviticus
399:(Scrolls)
311:Zechariah
301:Zephaniah
241:Yekhezqel
231:Yirmeyahu
221:Yeshayahu
96:Leviticus
46:(Judaism)
3748:Category
3647:Peshitta
3544:Catholic
3539:Pastoral
3524:Epistles
3517:Synoptic
3404:Philemon
3217:2 Baruch
3204:Peshitta
3178:Jubilees
3130:2 Esdras
3125:1 Esdras
3020:Catholic
2971:Habakkuk
2916:Jeremiah
2896:Proverbs
2876:Nehemiah
2454:LibriVox
2258:Archived
2192:Megillah
2138:(2008).
2070:(1995).
1484:Heading
1448:and the
1422:eschaton
1346:came to
1344:Nehemiah
1338:and the
1196:Josephus
957:Josippon
942:Jubilees
894:2 Esdras
889:1 Esdras
779:Habakkuk
711:Jeremiah
662:Proverbs
623:Nehemiah
478:Daniyyel
396:Megillot
370:Proverbs
364:Tehillim
296:Habakkuk
227:Jeremiah
196:Melakhim
176:Shofetim
166:Yehoshua
110:Bemidbar
80:Bereshit
3720:Studies
3688:Related
3659:Vulgate
3529:Pauline
3507:Gospels
3424:2 Peter
3419:1 Peter
3409:Hebrews
3312:Matthew
3202:Syriac
3088:Susanna
2991:Malachi
2951:Obadiah
2926:Ezekiel
2831:Numbers
2816:Genesis
2789:of the
2708:Sources
2689:Malachi
2579:Matthew
2499:. 2002.
2449:Malachi
2406:3137145
2286:, 406:
2220:at the
2217:Malachi
2188:Malachi
1977:Matthew
1963:Matthew
1918:Hebrews
1888:1 Peter
1851:Matthew
1803:Matthew
1704:Malachi
1510:2:10–17
1499:1:2–2:9
1468:of the
1232:Malachi
1180:Targums
1126:(916),
1122:(895),
1068:Malachi
1035:Malʾāḵī
799:Malachi
759:Obadiah
721:Ezekiel
559:Numbers
544:Genesis
445:Qohelet
374:Mishlei
336:Ketuvim
316:Malachi
276:Obadiah
237:Ezekiel
186:Shemuel
136:Nevi'im
120:Devarim
106:Numbers
100:Wayiqra
76:Genesis
3753:Portal
3630:Targum
3439:3 John
3434:2 John
3429:1 John
3337:Romans
3290:Jewish
3115:Others
3074:Baruch
3069:Sirach
3064:Wisdom
3044:Judith
3029:Others
2981:Haggai
2931:Daniel
2911:Isaiah
2891:Psalms
2881:Esther
2846:Judges
2841:Joshua
2821:Exodus
2669:Israel
2664:Elijah
2647:People
2550:Psalms
2404:
2310:
2289:Origen
2284:Jerome
2194:15a) .
2180:Targum
2148:
2080:
2031:Elijah
1725:Romans
1663:Elijah
1639:Yahweh
1598:Jewish
1582:Israel
1555:Yahweh
1542:Hebrew
1529:3:8–18
1430:Elijah
1387:Temple
1383:Israel
1305:Period
1299:Origen
1267:, and
1246:Elohim
1206:, and
1204:Haggai
1192:Jerome
1176:Talmud
1112:Hebrew
1072:Hebrew
1045:Tanakh
1041:Neviim
1023:Hebrew
864:Baruch
859:Sirach
834:Judith
789:Haggai
726:Daniel
706:Isaiah
657:Psalms
643:Wisdom
628:Esther
593:Judges
588:Joshua
549:Exodus
474:Daniel
451:Esther
435:Eikhah
360:Psalms
350:Poetic
339:
306:Haggai
251:Minor
217:Isaiah
206:Latter
182:Samuel
172:Judges
162:Joshua
151:Former
139:
90:Shemot
86:Exodus
64:
3414:James
3399:Titus
3173:Enoch
3039:Tobit
2966:Nahum
2961:Micah
2956:Jonah
2936:Hosea
2791:Bible
2787:Books
2694:Moses
2679:Judah
2674:Jacob
2633:Horeb
2626:Place
2402:JSTOR
2011::17)
1996::13)
1982::12)
1966:11:14
1953::78)
1933:James
1903:James
1878::17)
1863::27)
1854:11:10
1779::12)
1764::21)
1745::46)
1667:Kings
1655:Horeb
1651:Moses
1613:Judah
1563:Moses
1521:3:1–7
1515:Judah
1470:Bible
1426:Moses
1415:tithe
1379:Judah
1328:Judah
1100:Latin
937:Enoch
829:Tobit
774:Nahum
769:Micah
764:Jonah
744:Hosea
455:Ester
394:Five
291:Nahum
286:Micah
281:Jonah
261:Hosea
192:Kings
61:Torah
3512:List
3444:Jude
3332:Acts
3327:John
3322:Luke
3317:Mark
3278:list
3155:Odes
2946:Amos
2941:Joel
2871:Ezra
2851:Ruth
2699:YHWH
2684:Levi
2659:Esau
2654:Ahaz
2433:NIRV
2308:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2091:2019
2078:ISBN
2006:Luke
1991:Mark
1948:Luke
1938::8)
1921:13:8
1908::4)
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1858:Luke
1837:Mark
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1752:YHWH
1740:Luke
1728:9:13
1697:NRSV
1594:Ezra
1504:Edom
1464:The
1381:and
1281:12:1
1279:and
1188:Ezra
1017:The
919:Odes
754:Amos
749:Joel
618:Ezra
598:Ruth
488:Ezra
421:Ruth
384:Iyov
271:Amos
266:Joel
3005:and
2886:Job
2392:doi
2182:of
1856:†,
1840:1:2
1830:3:1
1714:1:2
1538:4:1
1490:1:1
1354:Aim
1323:peḥ
1248:."
1224:Yah
652:Job
425:Rut
380:Job
3775::
2400:.
2388:14
2386:.
2382:.
2357:.
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2282:,
2264:,
2246:^
2228:^
2059:^
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1762:10
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1315:פח
1313::
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1086:.
1063:.
1031:,
1025::
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2367:.
2340:.
2316:.
2168:.
2154:.
2093:.
2053:.
2009:1
1994:9
1951:1
1936:4
1906:5
1891:1
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1821:8
1777:1
1743:6
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1718:3
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