Malcolm Fraser - Knowledge

1845: 2009: 2435: 2971: 2843: 2407:, who was almost six years his junior. They had met at a New Year's Eve party, and bonded over similar personal backgrounds and political views. The couple had four children together: Mark (b. 1958), Angela (b. 1960), Hugh (b. 1962), and Phoebe (b. 1964). Tamie frequently assisted her husband in campaigning, and her gregariousness was seen as complementing his more shy and reserved nature. She advised him on most of the important decisions in his career, and in retirement he observed that "if she had been prime minister in 1983, we would have won". 1515: 1757:, with only a very small decrease in their vote. The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right in both of these elections, something that Menzies and Holt had never achieved. Although Fraser thus had no need for the support of the (National) Country Party to govern, he retained the formal Coalition between the two parties. This is likely because the Liberals needed the Country Party's support to pass bills in the Senate, since they came up just short of majorities in their own right in both 1975 and 1977. 3034: 2994: 2940: 2859: 1643:– which featured only Liberals – Fraser was given responsibility for primary industry. This was widely seen as a snub, as the new portfolio kept him mostly out of the public eye and was likely to be given to a member of the Country Party when the Coalition returned to government. In an August 1973 reshuffle, Snedden instead made him the Liberals' spokesman for industrial relations. He had hoped to be given responsibility for foreign affairs (in place of the retiring Nigel Bowen), but that role was given to 901: 177: 2523: 2778: 3073: 2917: 3149: 3060: 3047: 3021: 3135: 2396: 3121: 5617: 1766: 2312: 3093: 2882: 45: 2088:, on the question of who voters would rather see as prime minister. Fraser was well aware of the infighting this caused between Hayden and Hawke and had planned to call a snap election in autumn 1982, preventing the Labor Party changing leaders. These plans were derailed when Fraser suffered a severe back injury. Shortly after recovering from his injury, the Liberal Party narrowly won a 2266:, encouraging members to support GetUp's campaign for a change in policy on Iraq including a clearly defined exit strategy. Fraser stated: "One of the things we should say to the Americans, quite simply, is that if the United States is not prepared to involve itself in high-level diplomacy concerning Iraq and other Middle East questions, our forces will be withdrawn before Christmas." 2426:, the co-author of Fraser's memoirs, thought that he was "not religious, and yet thinks religion is a necessary thing". In a 2010 interview with her, he said: "I would probably like to be less logical and, you know, really able to believe there is a God, whether it is Allah, or the Christian God, or some other – but I think I studied too much philosophy ... you can never know". 1737: 2898: 2069: 2170: 1663:, Fraser unsuccessfully challenged Snedden for the leadership in November. Despite surviving the challenge, Snedden's position in opinion polls continued to decline and he was unable to get the better of Whitlam in the Parliament. Fraser again challenged Snedden on 21 March 1975, this time succeeding and becoming Leader of the Liberal Party and 2122:. This meant that the considerably more popular Hawke was able to replace him at almost exactly the same time that the writs were issued for the election. Although Fraser reacted to the move by saying he looked forward to "knock two Labor Leaders off in one go" at the forthcoming election, Labor immediately surged in the opinion polls. 1471: 3107: 1116:, a unique occurrence in Australian history. The correctness of Fraser's actions in the crisis and the exact nature of his involvement in Kerr's decision have since been a topic of debate. Fraser remains the only Australian prime minister to ascend to the position upon the dismissal of his predecessor. 2345:

where he openly criticised the current state of human rights in Australia and the Western World. "It is a sobering thought that in recent times, freedoms hard won through centuries of struggle, in the United Kingdom and elsewhere have been whittled away. In Australia alone we have laws that allow the

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fondly described him as a "very significant figure in the history of Australian politics" who, in his post-Prime Ministerial years, "became an outstanding figure in the advancement of human rights issues in all respects", praised him for being "extraordinarily generous and welcoming to refugees from

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hotel, wearing only a pair of underpants and confused as to where his trousers were. The hotel was an establishment popular with prostitutes and drug dealers. Though it was rumoured at the time that the former prime minister had been with a prostitute, his wife stated that Fraser had no recollection

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as leader, Fraser having been a critic of the Liberals’ policy direction for a number of years. Evaluations of Fraser's prime ministership have been mixed. He is generally credited with restoring stability to the country after a series of short-term leaders and has been praised for his commitment to

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At the election on 5 March the Coalition was heavily defeated, suffering a 24-seat swing, the worst defeat of a non-Labor government since Federation. Fraser immediately announced his resignation as Liberal leader and formally resigned as prime minister on 11 March 1983; he retired from Parliament

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The six decades since the advent of the United Nations have been marked by significant progress towards the ideal of a world ruled by law. In Professor Fraser's view, the Bush Administration, in its pursuit of its self-declared 'global war on terror', has done much to retard this progress. In his

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Fraser attended Anglican schools, although his parents were Presbyterian. In university he was inclined towards atheism, once writing that "the idea that God exists is a nonsense". However, his beliefs became less definite over time and tended towards agnosticism. During his political career, he

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Fraser also surprised his critics over immigration policy; according to 1977 Cabinet documents, the Fraser government adopted a formal policy for "a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement". Fraser's aim was to expand immigration from Asian countries and allow more refugees to

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economics during his time as prime minister, in part demonstrated by running budget deficits throughout his term as prime minister. He was the Liberal Party's last Keynesian Prime Minister. Though he had long been identified with the Liberal Party's right wing, he did not carry out the radically

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later that year, Fraser began to instruct Coalition senators to delay the government's budget bills, with the objective of forcing an early election that he believed he would win. After several months of political deadlock, during which time the government secretly explored methods of obtaining

1435:. His program – consisting of a pre-recorded 15-minute monologue – covered a wide range of topics, and was often reprinted in newspapers. It continued more or less uninterrupted until his retirement from politics in 1983, and helped him build a substantial personal following in his electorate. 2143:

organisation in Australia and became the agency's international president in 1991, and worked with a number of other charitable organisations. In 2006, he was appointed Professorial Fellow at the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, and in October 2007 he presented his inaugural professorial

1647:. Fraser oversaw the development of the party's new industrial relations policy, which was released in April 1974. It was seen as more flexible and even-handed than the policy that the Coalition had pursued in government, and was received well by the media. According to Fraser's biographer 2330:

In December 2011, Fraser was highly critical of the Australian government's decision (also supported by the Liberal Party Opposition) to permit the export of uranium to India, relaxing the Fraser government's policy of banning sales of uranium to countries that are not signatories of the

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Mr Fraser stood up in Parliament on March 10, 1971, and announced his resignation as defence minister. Mr Fraser slammed prime minister John Gorton's interference in his ministerial responsibilities and accused him of disloyalty, saying he was 'not fit to hold the great office of Prime

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In retirement Fraser was Chairman of the UN Panel of Eminent Persons on the Role of Transnational Corporations in South Africa 1985, as Co-Chairman of the Commonwealth Group of Eminent Persons on South Africa in 1985–86 (appointed by Prime Minister Hawke), and as Chairman of the UN

1423:, who had recently lost his place in the Senate. Fraser had put his name forward as a way of building a profile for future candidacies, but mounted a strong campaign and in the end won a narrow victory. In January 1954, he made the first of a series of weekly radio broadcasts on 1590:

Fraser remained on the backbenches until he was reinstated to Cabinet in his old position of Minister for Education and Science by McMahon in August 1971, immediately following Gorton's sacking as deputy Liberal leader by McMahon. When the Liberals were defeated at the

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noted that there had been "greater appreciation of the constructive and positive nature of his post-prime ministerial contribution" as his retirement years progressed. Fraser's death came five months after that of his predecessor and political rival Gough Whitlam.

1191:, but the circumstances of his entry to office remains controversial and many have viewed his government as a lost opportunity for economic reform. His seven and a half-year tenure as prime minister is the fourth longest in Australian history, only surpassed by 2280:, and said: "We don't want too many of these people. We're doing this just for show, aren't we?" The claims were made by Fraser in an interview to mark the release of the 1977 cabinet papers. Howard, through a spokesman, denied having made the comment. 2287:

condemned in January 2008, claiming errors and "either intellectual sloppiness or deliberate dishonesty", and claimed that he tacitly supported Islamic fundamentalism, that he should have no influence on foreign policy, and claimed his stance on the

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never served in cabinet during Menzies' tenure. His long wait for ministerial preferment was probably due to a combination of his youth and the fact that Menzies' ministries already contained a disproportionately high number of Victorians.

1315:, but never practised law and preferred the life of a grazier. Fraser contracted a severe case of pneumonia when he was eight years old, which nearly proved fatal. He was home-schooled until the age of ten, when he was sent to board at 1752:

to a landslide victory. The Coalition won 91 seats of a possible 127 in the election to gain a 55-seat majority, which remains to date the largest in Australian history. Fraser subsequently led the Coalition to a second victory in

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In 2006, Fraser criticised Howard Liberal government policies on areas such as refugees, terrorism and civil liberties, and that "if Australia continues to follow United States policies, it runs the risk of being embroiled in the

2470:... I disagreed with him later on but during that period in the 1970s he was a very effective Prime Minister", and lamented that "despite all my arguments with him later on I am filled with admiration for his efforts on China". 6826: 1244:, New Zealand, and arrived in Australia as a child. He was of Jewish origin, a fact which his grandson did not learn until he was an adult. A chartered accountant by trade, he married Amy Booth, who was related to the wealthy 1494:, allowing them to spend two months in Washington, D.C., getting to know American political and military leaders. The Vietnam War was the main topic of conversation, and on his return trip to Australia he spent two days in 2106:

at the earliest opportunity, hoping to capitalise on Labor's disunity. He knew that if the writs were issued soon enough, Labor would essentially be frozen into going into the subsequent election with Hayden as leader.

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secret detention of the innocent. We have had a vast expansion of the power of intelligence agencies. In many cases the onus of proof has been reversed and the justice that once prevailed has been gravely diminished."

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On 19 November 1975, shortly after the election had been called, a letter bomb was sent to Fraser, but it was intercepted and defused before it reached him. Similar devices were sent to the governor-general and the

6831: 6595: 1989:. One result of the cuts was a plan to establish a national youth radio network, of which Double Jay was the first station. The network was delayed for many years and did not come to fruition until the 1990s. 1844: 6547: 5075: 2230:

continued his estrangement from the Liberal Party. Many Liberals criticised the Fraser years as "a decade of lost opportunity" on deregulation of the Australian economy and other issues. In early 2004, a

4726: 4571: 1872:. However, an earlier tour by the South African ski boat angling team was allowed to pass through Australia on the way to New Zealand in 1977 and the transit records were suppressed by Cabinet order. 3776: 618: 4753: 2118:, intending to ask for a surprise election. However, Fraser made his run too late. Without any knowledge of Fraser's plans, Hayden resigned as Labor leader just two hours before Fraser travelled to 2188:

In 1993, Fraser made a bid for the Liberal Party presidency but withdrew at the last minute following opposition to his bid, which was raised due to his having been critical of then Liberal leader

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Fraser spoke on a wide range of topics during his early years in parliament, but took a particular interest in foreign affairs. In 1964, he and Gough Whitlam were both awarded Leader Grants by the

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In March 1971 Fraser abruptly resigned from the Cabinet in protest at what he called Gorton's "interference in (his) ministerial responsibilities", and denounced Gorton on the floor of the

1788:. He initially maintained Whitlam's levels of tax and spending, but real per-person tax and spending soon began to increase. He did manage to rein in inflation, which had soared after the 1903:. Duncan Campbell, a former deputy secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has stated that Fraser was "the principal architect" in the ending of white minority rule. The 6588: 4329: 2008: 1575:

as "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister". This precipitated a series of events which eventually led to the downfall of Gorton and his replacement as prime minister by

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Fraser took his seat in parliament at the age of 25 – the youngest sitting MP by four years, and the first who had been too young to serve in World War II. He was re-elected at the

4646: 3810: 4391: 4274: 6876: 6861: 6781: 5651: 1139:. Fraser took a keen interest in foreign affairs as prime minister, and was more active in the international sphere than many of his predecessors. He was a strong supporter of 6562: 6532: 6512: 6492: 6477: 6462: 6457: 2606: 1624: 1069: 1050: 1034: 1021:. He was 25 at the time, making him one of the youngest people ever elected to parliament. He is the latest Prime Minister to date who represented a rural constituency. When 2060:

of the same thing a decade earlier. Peacock subsequently challenged Fraser for the leadership; although Fraser defeated Peacock, these events left him politically weakened.

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Fraser quickly dismantled some of the programs of the Whitlam government, such as the Ministry of the Media, and made major changes to the universal health insurance system

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conservative program that his political enemies had predicted, and that some of his followers wanted. Fraser's relatively moderate policies particularly disappointed the

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inaugural Professorial Lecture, he will address this regression and the Howard government's complicity in it, with his own suggestions for restoring the rule of law.

3832: 2374:(Melbourne University Press, 2014), which warns of "strategic dependence" on the United States. In the book and in talks promoting it, he criticised the concept of 2049: 2032:, Fraser saw his majority more than halved, from 48 seats to 21. The Coalition also lost control of the Senate. Despite this, Fraser remained ahead of Labor leader 4597: 6906: 6791: 6776: 6771: 6756: 4410: 2978: 944: 166: 5072: 5051: 5025: 4938:

Mitcham, Chad J. (2022), 'Griffith, Allan Thomas (1922–1998)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,

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despite being restricted in his campaigning by a bout of hepatitis. Fraser was soon being touted as a future member of cabinet, but despite good relations with

6221: 4715: 4563: 6896: 6846: 3491: 3324: 5038: 3762: 3456: 1587:. Gorton never forgave Fraser for the role he played in his downfall; to the day Gorton died in 2002, he could not bear to be in the same room with Fraser. 6761: 6373: 5884: 3712: 1651:, by "putting a new policy in place, he managed to modify his public image and emerge as an excellent communicator across a traditionally hostile divide". 5392: 1363:. Although Fraser did not excel academically, he regarded his time at Oxford as his intellectual awakening, where he learned "how to think". His college 6312: 4155:"Inaugural Professorial Lecture – 'Finding Security in Terrorism's Shadow: the Importance of the Rule of Law' presented by Rt Hon Malcolm Fraser AC CH" 6363: 4297: 3681: 3644: 6604: 5644: 4177: 4104: 2466:

Fraser for the Liberal leadership and later succeeded him, said that he had "a deep respect and pleasurable memories of the first five years of the

983: 283: 4428: 3863: 6881: 4942: 4466: 1224:; his older sister Lorraine had been born in 1928. Both he and his father were known exclusively by their middle names. His paternal grandfather, 4154: 3932: 3415:, Sir John Kerr recounted having to reject (on the ground that it was unsigned) government advice to that end proffered by the attorney-general, 1049:(1969–1971). In 1971, Fraser resigned from cabinet and denounced Gorton as "unfit to hold the great office of prime minister"; this precipitated 6766: 6358: 1900: 1879:. During the 1979 Commonwealth Conference, Fraser, together with his Nigerian counterpart, convinced the newly elected British prime minister, 1865: 940: 162: 6871: 6811: 5385: 4861: 3162: 2626: 2056:, resigned from the Cabinet, accusing Fraser of "constant interference in his portfolio". Fraser, however, had accused former prime minister 1676: 1272: 1101: 6276: 5412: 5256: 4326: 3594: 2795: 2434: 2096:

in December 1982. The failure of the Labor Party to win the seat convinced Fraser that he would be able to win an election against Hayden.

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of Victoria. He was devastated by the sale of his childhood home, and regarded the day he found out about it as the worst of his life.

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made Wannon notionally Liberal. McLeod concluded the reconfigured Wannon was unwinnable and retired. These factors, combined with the

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In October 2007 Fraser gave a speech to Melbourne Law School on terrorism and "the importance of the rule of law," which Liberal MP

1491: 1026: 128: 3905: 3513: 1800:. His so-called "Razor Gang" implemented stringent budget cuts across many areas of the Commonwealth Public Sector, including the 1327:

from 1944 to 1948 where he was a member of Rusden House. While at Melbourne Grammar, he lived in a flat that his parents owned on

6796: 6296: 6186: 5202: 5148: 3051: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2332: 2270: 2227: 2103: 2029: 1754: 1745: 1660: 1620: 1592: 1561: 1538: 1479: 1451: 1439: 1167: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1077: 1065: 1046: 1014: 1006: 552: 502: 4659: 6801: 6411: 6368: 6241: 5854: 2788: 2654: 2649: 62: 28: 6201: 4772: 1170:, Fraser retired from politics. In his post-political career, he held advisory positions with the United Nations (UN) and the 6901: 6281: 6236: 6211: 3966: 3640: 2951: 109: 66: 2135:

Secretary-General's Expert Group on African Commodity Issues in 1989–90. He was a distinguished international fellow at the

5620: 2040:, and a protracted scandal over tax-avoidance schemes run by some high-profile Liberals also began to hurt the government. 1407:, and became acquainted with many of the local party officials. In November 1953, aged 23, Fraser unexpectedly won Liberal 81: 6806: 6421: 6266: 3064: 2704: 2503: 2136: 2111: 1687: 1140: 1109: 5063: 3840: 2303:, Fraser ended his Liberal Party membership, stating the party was "no longer a liberal party but a conservative party". 2247:

in the Australian community will take years to eradicate". Fraser claimed that the way the Howard government handled the

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and attacked what he perceived as a lack of integrity in Australian politics, together with former Labor prime minister

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of the events and that she believes it more likely that he was the victim of a practical joke by his fellow delegates.

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the official custodian of his personal papers and library to create the Malcolm Fraser Collection at the university.

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that followed Gorton's resignation, Fraser unsuccessfully contested the deputy Liberal leadership against Gorton and

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As leadership tensions began to grow in the Labor Party throughout January, Fraser subsequently resolved to call a

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in Moscow. However, although he persuaded some sporting bodies not to compete, Fraser did not try to prevent the

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Despite Fraser's support for SBS, his government imposed stringent budget cuts on the national broadcaster, the

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administration, which Fraser saw as damaging Australian relationships in Asia. He opposed Howard's policy on

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for re-election in a television advertisement, stating she had been a "reasonable and fair-minded voice".

1993: 1813: 1596: 1443: 1268: 1148: 1144: 1143:, and during his term in office Australia admitted significant numbers of non-white immigrants (including 4112: 6317: 6271: 6140: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6095: 3177: 3167: 2737: 2727: 2273:, Fraser claimed Howard approached him in a corridor, following a cabinet meeting in May 1977 regarding 2037: 1904: 1749: 1710: 1372: 1061: 786: 4939: 4795: 4458: 1966:(SBS), building on their first radio stations which had been established under the Whitlam government. 4158: 3936: 1387:

later became a prominent poet. After graduating, Fraser considered taking a law degree or joining the

1287:. He polled only 400 votes across the whole state, and was never again a candidate for public office. 6751: 6746: 6416: 6251: 6090: 2140: 2093: 1942: 1553: 1175: 1156: 1002: 913: 145: 1419:, had been defeated in 1951 and moved to a different electorate. He was expected to be succeeded by 6401: 6085: 6034: 6029: 3772: 3654: 3140: 2418: 1935: 1912: 1825: 1821: 1714: 1534: 1368: 1360: 1160: 2084:, who had entered Parliament in 1980, was polling well ahead of both Fraser and the Labor Leader, 1564:, a particularly challenging post at the time, given the height of Australia's involvement in the 1391:, but eventually decided to return to Australia and take over the running of the family property. 6322: 6009: 5943: 5116: 4624: 4128: 3077: 2601: 2566: 2356: 2182: 2157: 2100: 1997: 1702: 1648: 1412: 1404: 1316: 1178:

from 1990 to 1995. He resigned his membership of the Liberal Party in 2009 after the election of

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Indochina" and concluded that Fraser had "moved so far to the left he was almost out of sight".

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How to revive a party that seems to be stuck in opposition: Malcolm Fraser– The Age 11/02/2008

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Malcolm Fraser: Guide to Archives of Australia's Prime Ministers > Chapter 5: Tamie Fraser

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by just 17 votes (out of over 37,000 cast). However, he reprised his candidacy at the early

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in Melbourne on 27 March 2015. His ashes are interred within the Prime Ministers Garden of

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convention in Hobart called for Fraser's life membership of the Liberal Party to be ended.

1323:. He attended Tudor House from 1940 to 1943, and then completed his secondary education at 1155:(SBS). Particularly in his final years in office, Fraser came into conflict with the "dry" 6639: 6150: 5999: 5894: 5869: 5809: 5702: 5544: 5332: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5042: 5029: 4946: 4828: 4776: 4757: 4494: 4414: 4395: 4333: 4140: 3749: 3126: 3059: 3046: 2924: 2576: 2423: 2395: 2367: 1833: 1789: 1627:

for the Liberal leadership that had been vacated by McMahon. He outpolled John Gorton and

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Fraser was also a strong supporter of the United States and supported the boycott of the

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prime minister on the condition that he end the political deadlock and call an immediate

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two months later. To date, he is the last non-interim prime minister from a rural seat.

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Fraser had a political background on both sides of his family. His father served on the

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lecture, "Finding Security in Terrorism's Shadow: The importance of the rule of law".

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Fraser was particularly active in foreign policy as prime minister. He supported the

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In God They Trust?: The Religious Beliefs of Australia's Prime Ministers, 1901–2013

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On 20 July 2007, Fraser sent an open letter to members of the large activist group

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and established a government-funded multilingual radio and television network, the

1849: 1774: 1698: 1628: 1408: 1388: 1304: 1260: 1256: 1237: 1188: 1120: 978:; 21 May 1930 – 20 March 2015) was an Australian politician who served as the 22nd 798: 703: 653: 251: 231: 213: 4178:"Ms Mirabella boycotted the historic national apology to the 'Stolen Generations'" 3958: 3569:"Federal government deficit and debt since federation: The Australian 10 May 2014" 2068: 1415:, which covered most of Victoria's Western District. The previous Liberal member, 6700: 6683: 6672: 6662: 6632: 6625: 6384: 5953: 5948: 5933: 5923: 5849: 5844: 5829: 5814: 5804: 5763: 5746: 5735: 5725: 5695: 5688: 5589: 5569: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5464: 5439: 5212: 5185: 5168: 3416: 2296: 2248: 2200: 2189: 2085: 2057: 2033: 2021: 1829: 1817: 1778: 1770: 1636: 1565: 1549: 1530: 1380: 1229: 1196: 1179: 1163:

faction of his party. His government made few major changes to economic policy.

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After Whitlam's dismissal, Fraser was sworn in as prime minister on an initial

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government; Thatcher had earlier promised to recognise it. Subsequently, the

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rugby team to refuel on Australian territory en route to their controversial

1399:

Fraser returned to Australia in mid-1952. He began attending meetings of the

17: 6337: 5559: 5285: 3933:"Malcolm Fraser, Gough Whitlam attack political integrity | Herald Sun" 2939: 2858: 2454: 2220: 2081: 2000:, but resisted imposing land rights laws on conservative state governments. 1923: 1808: 1192: 1184: 735: 275: 3833:"Finding Security in Terrorism's Shadow: The importance of the rule of law" 2416:

occasionally self-described as Christian, such as in a 1975 interview with

1694:, controversially dismissed Whitlam as prime minister on 11 November 1975. 1275:

of the 1890s. He eventually become one of the inaugural members of the new

4685: 2502:

In June 2018, he was honoured with the naming of the Australian Electoral

2338:

In 2012, Fraser criticised the basing of US military forces in Australia.

2315:

Bust of Malcolm Fraser by political cartoonist, caricaturist and sculptor

5085:

Balanced policy the only way to peace: Malcolm Fraser– The Age 10/05/2008

2446: 2445:

Fraser died on 20 March 2015 at the age of 84, after a brief illness. An

1986: 1896: 1876: 1785: 2169: 1911:, said that he considered Fraser's role "crucial in many parts" and the 5670: 4076: 2496: 2277: 1499: 1470: 1371:, who was a strong influence. His circle of friends at Oxford included 1241: 1057:. He subsequently returned to his old education and science portfolio. 4017:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2005. Archived from 5049:

The Malcolm Fraser Collection at the University of Melbourne Archives

2881: 2292:

had left him open to caricature as a "frothing-at-the-mouth leftie".

2263: 1864:

in South Africa and refused permission for the aircraft carrying the

1525:

In 1966, after Fraser had spent more than a decade on the backbench,

1495: 1259:

Council, including as president for two years, and was an admirer of

4940:

https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/griffith-allan-thomas-444/text39690

2219:, finding much common ground with his predecessor and his successor 2139:

from 1984 to 1986. Fraser helped to establish the foreign aid group

1796:

nations refused to sell oil to nations that supported Israel in the

1383:. In his second year, he had a relationship with Anne Reid, who as 3906:"7.30 Report – 10/11/2005: Fraser speaks out on Whitlam dismissal" 2897: 2492: 2433: 2394: 2310: 2244: 2168: 2067: 2007: 1843: 1764: 1735: 1513: 1469: 6827:

Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia

2998:

Professorial Fellow, Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law at the

4926:

The Origins of Multiculturalism in Australian Politics 1945–1975

2453:

Upon his death, Fraser's 1983 nemesis and often bitter opponent

1793: 997:, returned to Australia to take over the family property in the 6577: 5633: 5381: 4429:"Malcolm Fraser calls for an end to the Australian-US alliance" 4267:"Former PM Malcolm Fraser quits Liberals: Herald Sun 26/5/2010" 5032:– Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia 4716:"Proposed redistribution of Victoria into electoral divisions" 4594:"Malcolm Fraser: Australia's 22nd prime minister dies aged 84" 3839:. The University of Melbourne. 25 October 2007. Archived from 1428: 1424: 970: 38: 6852:

Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

6837:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wannon

4856:. Melbourne University Publishing Limited (Miegunyah Press). 4790: 4298:"Why Gillard's uranium-to-India policy is dangerously wrong" 6832:

Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

1541:. In that position, Fraser presided over the controversial 1518:

Fraser as Minister for Education and Science in 1969, with

1498:. Early in 1965, he also made a private seven-day visit to 1240:". Fraser's maternal grandfather, Louis Woolf, was born in 964: 1820:, as well as other ministers who were strong adherents of 4649:, The Australian, 12 March 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 4497:, National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 3 March 2018. 4103:

Mike Steketee, National Affairs editor (1 January 2008).

1681:

Following a series of ministerial scandals engulfing the

1474:

Fraser in 1956, shortly after his election to Parliament

1080:, he began to move against Snedden, eventually mounting 4928:, Melbourne University Press, Carlton South, Victoria. 4647:

Sentiments on Australia’s influential political figures

4240:"Malcolm Fraser Quits Liberal Party: The Age 26/5/2010" 4157:. Melbourne Law School. 25 October 2007. Archived from 2072:

Fraser in 1982, towards the end of his tenure in office

5001:

Snedden, Billy Mackie and Schedvin, M. Bernie (1990),

2341:

In late 2012, Fraser wrote a foreword for the journal

2156:, was found in the foyer of the Admiral Benbow Inn, a 2036:

in opinion polls. However, the economy was hit by the

1506:

secured meetings with various high-ranking officials.

5061:

Malcolm Fraser at the National Film and Sound Archive

3908:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 3621:"Australia let apartheid-era team pass through to NZ" 3516:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 2399:

Malcolm and Tamie Fraser at a political event in 1958

2152:

On 14 October 1986, Fraser, then the Chairman of the

1883:, to withhold recognition of the internal settlement 1267:. Simon Fraser served in both houses of the colonial 967: 958: 3803:"A towering figure who crossed the political divide" 3537: 3535: 2438:

Fraser's grave within the Prime Ministers Garden of

1985:, and on the ABC's new youth-oriented radio station 1934:, although many East Timorese refugees were granted 1875:

Fraser also strongly opposed white minority rule in

1025:

became prime minister in 1966, Fraser was appointed

961: 6450: 6394: 6351: 6305: 6250: 6179: 6043: 5987: 5883: 5792: 5669: 5005:, Macmillan, South Melbourne, esp. Ch. XV and XVI. 4389:

Malcolm Fraser endorses Sarah Hanson-Young in TV ad

3796: 3794: 955: 895: 885: 873: 852: 829: 821: 792: 780: 770: 760: 746: 718: 713: 697: 685: 659: 647: 635: 617: 607: 595: 569: 551: 541: 529: 519: 501: 489: 479: 467: 446: 434: 422: 404: 394: 384: 376: 366: 348: 336: 324: 303: 281: 269: 257: 245: 219: 209: 190: 143: 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6842:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 4327:"A flap grows Down Under over new USMC rotations." 3457:"Letter bomb spells an explosive end to innocence" 4970:, Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney, New South Wales 4564:"Former prime minister Malcolm Fraser dead at 84" 4176:Schubert, Misha; Cooke, Dewi (14 February 2008). 2506:in the inner north-western suburbs of Melbourne. 2269:After the defeat of the Howard government at the 2110:On 3 February 1983, Fraser arranged to visit the 1639:by a single vote on the fifth ballot. In the new 4991:, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, New South Wales. 4209:"Liberal MP attacks 'frothing' Fraser– National" 1832:", caused in part by the ongoing effects of the 1773:state dinner in 1976, being introduced to actor 4408:Book review: Dangerous Allies by Malcolm Fraser 3892: 2851:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 1335:– which had been prone to drought – and bought 2825:(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2014). 1355:, which his father had also attended. He read 6589: 5645: 5393: 3482:"Timeline: Malcolm Fraser's political career" 3351:"Hughes's wintry blast for the undertaker PM" 2796: 2680:Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978 1462:, allowed Fraser to win a landslide victory. 1351:In 1949, Fraser moved to England to study at 1271:, and represented Victoria at several of the 1147:) for the first time, effectively ending the 1088:, Fraser used the Coalition's control of the 34:Prime Minister of Australia from 1975 to 1983 8: 6877:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 2602:Minister for Education and Science (1971–72) 2587:Minister for Education and Science (1968–69) 2203:'s alignment with the foreign policy of the 1958:enter Australia. He was a firm supporter of 463:28 February 1968 – 12 November 1969 6862:People educated at Melbourne Grammar School 6782:Australian people of English-Jewish descent 3763:"Wrong call ushered in era of great reform" 2979:Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council 2906:Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun 2616: 2611: 2192:for losing the election earlier that year. 1686:supply funding outside the Parliament, the 565:26 January 1966 – 28 February 1968 27:For other people named Malcolm Fraser, see 6596: 6582: 6574: 6272:Northern Territory (Country Liberal Party) 5652: 5638: 5630: 5400: 5386: 5378: 5096: 4989:War Without Blood. Malcolm Fraser in Power 4850:Simons, Margaret; Fraser, Malcolm (2010). 4398:. The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 July 2013. 4041:"A Message From Malcolm Fraser, Former PM" 2803: 2789: 2513: 1996:control of their traditional lands in the 1631:, but was eliminated on the third ballot. 175: 140: 6892:Fellows of the Royal Commonwealth Society 6887:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia 6857:People educated at Geelong Grammar School 6606:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia 4954:Factions, Feuds and Fancies. The Liberals 3595:"When talk of racism is just not cricket" 3317:"Life and spaghetti on the Frasers' farm" 2199:over foreign policy issues, particularly 1529:retired as prime minister. His successor 1303:of 15,000 hectares (37,000 acres) on the 1108:being dismissed as prime minister by the 1017:, as a member of parliament (MP) for the 982:from 1975 to 1983. He held office as the 681:10 December 1955 – 31 March 1983 418:20 August 1971 – 5 December 1972 362:21 March 1975 – 11 November 1975 205:14 December 1975 – 11 March 1983 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 6787:Australian people of New Zealand descent 4977:, Hill of Content, Melbourne, Victoria. 4914:, Macmillan, South Melbourne, Victoria. 4900:, New Holland, Sydney, New South Wales. 3571:. resources1.news.com.au. Archived from 3389: 3387: 3209:Margaret Simons; Malcolm Fraser (2010). 2617:Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations 984:leader of the Liberal Party of Australia 515:12 November 1969 – 8 March 1971 6822:Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu 6313:Australian Liberal Students' Federation 5045:An extensive 1994 interview with Fraser 3194: 2819:(Melbourne: The Miegunyah Press, 2010). 2516: 2195:After 1996, Fraser was critical of the 1295:Fraser spent most of his early life at 811: 631:5 January 1982 – 31 March 1983 5340:Father of the House of Representatives 4912:Matters for Judgment. An Autobiography 4469:from the original on 28 September 2018 4439:from the original on 28 September 2018 4136: 4126: 3682:"You got him in, so help kick him out" 3645:"You got him in, so help kick him out" 3363:from the original on 24 September 2015 2925:Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu 2607:1972 Liberal Party leadership election 1502:, and with assistance from Ambassador 1174:, and was president of the aid agency 1151:. His government also established the 1072:for the Liberal leadership, losing to 6907:Burials at Melbourne General Cemetery 6792:Australian people of Scottish descent 6777:Australian people of Canadian descent 6772:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia) 6757:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 4853:Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs 4779:– Companion of the Order of Australia 4696:from the original on 18 December 2007 4627:from the original on 11 December 2021 4084:from the original on 23 November 2015 3969:from the original on 12 February 2013 3680:Colebatch, Hal G.P. (16 April 2008). 3211:Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs 3163:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 2817:Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs 2695:National Museum of Australia Act 1980 2627:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 2364:Malcolm Fraser: The Political Memoirs 2064:Labor Party and 1983 federal election 1895:was elected leader of an independent 1677:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 1603:, McMahon resigned and Fraser became 1102:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 7: 6817:Companions of the Order of Australia 5036:Australian Biography– Malcolm Fraser 4308:from the original on 15 January 2012 4296:Fraser, Malcolm (12 December 2011). 4188:from the original on 20 January 2010 4105:"Howard in war refugee snub: Fraser" 4072:"Fraser call to pressure US on Iraq" 3713:"Howard in war refugee snub: Fraser" 3455:O'Malley, Brendan (8 October 2009). 2612:Shadow Minister for Primary Industry 2597:Resignation from the Gorton Ministry 2473:Fraser was given a state funeral at 1949:sending a team to the Moscow Games. 1510:Cabinet Minister and Gorton downfall 1248:of Sydney and was a first cousin of 1236:holdings, becoming a member of the " 67:adding citations to reliable sources 6897:20th-century Australian politicians 6847:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 6277:Queensland (Liberal National Party) 4822:"Former Aust PM awarded top honour" 3874:from the original on 11 August 2011 3801:Farquharson, John (20 March 2015). 3545:. guides.naa.gov.au. Archived from 3487:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3242:Fraser & Simons (2011), pp. 76. 3041:, Honorary Doctor of the University 2867:Companion of the Order of Australia 2715:1982 Liberal Party leadership spill 2622:1975 Liberal Party leadership spill 2403:On 9 December 1956, Fraser married 2301:2009 Liberal Party leadership spill 2165:Estrangement from the Liberal Party 1922:Under Fraser, Australia recognised 1919:, called his contribution "vital". 1802:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1697:Fraser was immediately sworn in as 1311:. His father had a law degree from 1183:multiculturalism and opposition to 1011:Australian House of Representatives 6762:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford 5230:Minister for Education and Science 5176:Minister for Education and Science 5003:Billy Snedden. An Unlikely Liberal 4803:from the original on 11 April 2019 4666:from the original on 27 March 2015 4600:from the original on 20 March 2015 4574:from the original on 20 March 2015 4070:Grattan, Michelle (20 July 2007). 4015:"Howard rejects Fraser's concerns" 3989:"Fraser urges Iraq policy rethink" 3813:from the original on 20 March 2015 3494:from the original on 21 March 2019 2948:Australian Human Rights Commission 2370:– The Miegunyah Press, 2010) and 2154:Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group 2076:By early 1982, the popular former 1558:Minister for Education and Science 1357:Philosophy, Politics and Economics 1043:Minister for Education and Science 989:Fraser was raised on his father's 406:Minister for Education and Science 25: 4882:, Heinemann, Richmond, Victoria. 4789:vestnesis.lv (10 November 1999). 4732:from the original on 6 April 2018 4219:from the original on 8 April 2009 3779:from the original on 25 June 2014 3711:Steketee, Mike (1 January 2008). 3327:from the original on 2 April 2015 3004:Vice-President and Fellow of the 2499:, is named after Malcolm Fraser. 2050:Minister for Industrial Relations 2044:Disputes within the Liberal Party 1492:United States Department of State 916:: 11 November – 14 December 1975 6442:Citizens' Municipal Organisation 5616: 5615: 4363:. September 2012. Archived from 4277:from the original on 11 May 2011 3931:Mayoh, Lisa (12 November 2007). 3862:Madden, James (25 August 2007). 3661:from the original on 31 May 2014 3147: 3133: 3119: 3105: 3091: 3071: 3058: 3052:University of Technology, Sydney 3045: 3032: 3019: 2992: 2969: 2938: 2915: 2896: 2880: 2857: 2841: 2776: 2700:Human Rights Commission Act 1981 2665:Welcoming of Vietnamese refugees 2582:Vietnam War conscription program 2521: 2333:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1543:Vietnam War conscription program 1331:. In 1943, Fraser's father sold 1216:John Malcolm Fraser was born in 951: 899: 43: 5117:Member of Parliament for Wannon 4723:Australian Electoral Commission 4686:"The Malcolm Fraser Collection" 4265:Gillham, Alexis (26 May 2010). 4207:Sexton, Reid (6 January 2008). 3436:. 20 November 1975. p. A14 3315:Mary Alexander (15 July 2011). 2655:Administrative Appeals Tribunal 2650:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 2555: 2484:In 2004, Fraser designated the 1992:Fraser also legislated to give 1750:Liberal-Country Party Coalition 1732:1975 and 1977 federal elections 1359:(PPE), graduating in 1952 with 807: 54:needs additional citations for 29:Malcolm Fraser (disambiguation) 6882:Defence ministers of Australia 4956:, Viking, Ringwood, Victoria. 3864:"Mal's trousers and me: Tamie" 3761:Bramston, Troy (9 June 2014). 2643:Term of government (1975–1983) 2349:In July 2013, Fraser endorsed 2211:, campaigned in support of an 1548:Under the new prime minister, 756:Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 1: 6767:American Enterprise Institute 4896:, in Michelle Grattan (ed.), 4621:"Bob Hawke on Malcolm Fraser" 4427:Westcott, Ben (12 May 2014). 4350:"Summer Term 2012 – Foreword" 3935:. News.com.au. Archived from 3837:The Malcolm Fraser Collection 3065:University of New South Wales 2705:Australian Institute of Sport 2137:American Enterprise Institute 2112:Governor-General of Australia 1619:After the Coalition lost the 1568:and the protests against it. 1560:. In 1969 he was promoted to 1442:, Fraser lost to the sitting 6872:Prime ministers of Australia 6812:Australian former Christians 6262:Australian Capital Territory 5409:Prime ministers of Australia 4619:Hawke, Robert (March 2015). 4238:Austin, Paul (26 May 2010). 3965:. ABC TV. 20 December 2018. 3026:University of South Carolina 1964:Special Broadcasting Service 1947:Australian Olympic Committee 1659:After the Liberals lost the 1153:Special Broadcasting Service 6306:Party-related organisations 5308:Leader of the Liberal Party 5276:Prime Minister of Australia 4987:Schneider, Russell (1980), 4880:Malcolm Fraser, a Biography 4662:. ABC News. 27 March 2015. 4596:. ABC News. 20 March 2015. 3959:"Panellist: Malcolm Fraser" 3155:University of Oxford portal 2635:Prime Minister of Australia 2243:for decades, and a fear of 2197:Howard Coalition government 2181:'s national apology to the 1218:Toorak, Melbourne, Victoria 1212:Birth and family background 1123:basis. The Coalition won a 980:prime minister of Australia 284:Leader of the Liberal Party 193:Prime Minister of Australia 6923: 6867:Politicians from Melbourne 5662:Liberal Party of Australia 4898:Australian Prime Ministers 3991:. ABC News. Archived from 3402:Ayres (1987), pp. 214–220. 3305:Ayres (1987), pp. 100–102. 3006:Royal Commonwealth Society 2479:Melbourne General Cemetery 2440:Melbourne General Cemetery 2325:Ballarat Botanical Gardens 1860:in campaigning to abolish 1724: 1721:Prime Minister (1975–1983) 1674: 1605:Shadow Minister for Labour 1309:Moulamein, New South Wales 1273:constitutional conventions 1076:. When the party lost the 1062:Liberal-National Coalition 1005:. After an initial defeat 765:Melbourne General Cemetery 26: 6613: 5613: 5420: 5361: 5337: 5329: 5324: 5314: 5305: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5273: 5265: 5254: 5246: 5236: 5227: 5219: 5209: 5200: 5192: 5182: 5173: 5165: 5155: 5146: 5138: 5133: 5123: 5114: 5106: 5099: 4952:O'Brien, Patrick (1985), 4945:20 September 2022 at the 4568:The Sydney Morning Herald 4433:The Sydney Morning Herald 4357:The Journal Jurisprudence 4302:The Sydney Morning Herald 3807:The Sydney Morning Herald 3599:The Sydney Morning Herald 3430:"Letter Bomb Injures Two" 3356:The Sydney Morning Herald 3080:, Honorary Doctor of Laws 3067:, Honorary Doctor of Laws 3054:, Honorary Doctor of Laws 3028:, Honorary Doctor of Laws 2675:Lancaster House Agreement 1889:Lancaster House Agreement 921: 907: 709: 674: 624: 558: 508: 456: 411: 355: 299: – 11 March 1983 289: 198: 186: 174: 5344:Father of the Parliament 5293:Party political offices 5257:Leader of the Opposition 5066:14 February 2022 at the 5054:14 February 2022 at the 5041:14 February 2022 at the 5028:14 February 2022 at the 4553:Williams (2013), p. 181. 4544:Williams (2013), p. 175. 4535:Williams (2013), p. 174. 4459:"The American influence" 3296:Ayres (1987), pp. 96–99. 3287:Ayres (1987), pp. 90–91. 3278:Ayres (1987), pp. 80–81. 3233:Ayres (1987), pp. 51–56. 2890:Order of the Three Stars 2690:Establishment of the SBS 2530:This article is part of 2307:Later political activity 2259:cases was questionable. 2092:in the marginal seat of 1870:1981 tour of New Zealand 1848:Fraser and US president 1665:Leader of the Opposition 1655:Leader of the Opposition 1573:House of Representatives 1533:appointed Fraser to the 1377:Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson 1353:Magdalen College, Oxford 1325:Melbourne Grammar School 1313:Magdalen College, Oxford 1086:Leader of the Opposition 1009:, he was elected to the 995:Magdalen College, Oxford 993:, and after studying at 880:Magdalen College, Oxford 865:Melbourne Grammar School 350:Leader of the Opposition 220:Governors‑General 6797:Australian pastoralists 6343:Menzies Research Centre 5101:Parliament of Australia 4949:, published online 2022 4827:19 January 2012 at the 4775:29 January 2019 at the 4690:University of Melbourne 4513:Bible Society Australia 3213:. The Miegunyah Press. 3000:University of Melbourne 2892:, 3rd Class (Commander) 2685:Norfolk Island Act 1979 2670:Opposition to Apartheid 2486:University of Melbourne 2376:American exceptionalism 2362:Fraser's books include 2321:Prime Minister's Avenue 2148:Memphis trousers affair 1172:Commonwealth of Nations 1104:. This culminated with 181:Official portrait, 1977 6802:Australian republicans 6437:United Australia Party 4878:Ayres, Philip (1987), 4507:Williams, Roy (2013). 3742:A brief history of SBS 3719:. News. Archived from 3688:. News. Archived from 3626:The New Zealand Herald 3183:Fourth Fraser Ministry 3173:Second Fraser Ministry 2442: 2400: 2327: 2223:, another republican. 2185: 2073: 2025: 1994:Indigenous Australians 1853: 1781: 1741: 1625:one of five candidates 1615:Opposition (1972–1975) 1522: 1475: 1460:1955 Labor Party split 1395:Early political career 1269:Parliament of Victoria 1149:White Australia policy 1145:Vietnamese boat people 1082:a successful challenge 6902:Australian memoirists 5149:Minister for the Army 4968:The Gorton Experiment 4760:– Companion of Honour 4756:14 April 2009 at the 4332:29 April 2012 at the 3393:Ayres (1987), p. 213. 3381:Ayres (1987), p. 203. 3178:Third Fraser Ministry 3168:First Fraser Ministry 2710:Early 1980s recession 2577:Minister for the Army 2437: 2398: 2391:Marriage and children 2314: 2271:2007 federal election 2172: 2071: 2038:early 1980s recession 2011: 2004:1980 federal election 1905:President of Tanzania 1847: 1768: 1739: 1711:Premier of Queensland 1671:Role in the Dismissal 1552:, he was elevated to 1539:Minister for the Army 1517: 1473: 1373:Raymond Bonham Carter 1131:, and was re-elected 1045:(1968–1969) and then 1027:Minister for the Army 1015:1955 federal election 663:Australian Parliament 553:Minister for the Army 6807:Australian agnostics 6417:National Labor Party 6412:Fusion Liberal Party 5203:Minister for Defence 5090:29 July 2013 at the 5078:29 July 2013 at the 4892:Kelly, Paul (2000), 4623:. SkyNewsAustralia. 4493:4 March 2018 at the 4413:2 April 2015 at the 4394:29 July 2014 at the 3641:Colebatch, Hal G. P. 3413:Matters for Judgment 3269:Ayres (1987), p. 64. 3260:Ayres (1987), p. 62. 3251:Ayres (1987), p. 61. 2592:Minister for Defence 2405:Tamara "Tamie" Beggs 1943:1980 Summer Olympics 1635:eventually defeated 1562:Minister for Defence 1431:Warrnambool, titled 1157:economic rationalist 1100:, precipitating the 1070:unsuccessfully stood 1064:was defeated at the 1047:Minister for Defence 503:Minister for Defence 146:The Right Honourable 63:improve this article 6451:Leadership contests 6402:Protectionist Party 6369:Independent Liberal 4975:The Whitlam Venture 4973:Reid, Alan (1976), 4966:Reid, Alan (1971), 4924:Lopez, Mark (2000), 4910:Kerr, John (1978), 3939:on 19 December 2007 3893:Simons & Fraser 3773:News Corp Australia 3655:News Corp Australia 3434:The Palm Beach Post 3141:Conservatism portal 2419:The Catholic Weekly 2213:Australian Republic 2048:In April 1981, the 1936:asylum in Australia 1913:President of Zambia 1826:economic liberalism 1822:fiscal conservatism 1715:Joh Bjelke-Petersen 1361:third-class honours 1222:John Neville Fraser 1161:fiscal conservative 928:John Malcolm Fraser 723:John Malcolm Fraser 642:Sir William McMahon 619:Father of the House 6323:Cormack Foundation 5944:Ashley Goldsworthy 5855:Michael Wooldridge 5134:Political offices 4835:, 31 December 2009 4796:Latvijas Vēstnesis 4139:has generic name ( 3995:on 23 October 2007 3748:7 May 2010 at the 3601:. 16 December 2005 3575:on 3 February 2021 3078:Murdoch University 2952:Human Rights Medal 2504:Division of Fraser 2443: 2401: 2357:Sarah Hanson-Young 2328: 2186: 2183:Stolen Generations 2116:Sir Ninian Stephen 2101:double dissolution 2074: 2026: 1998:Northern Territory 1854: 1782: 1742: 1703:double dissolution 1683:Whitlam government 1581:leadership contest 1527:Sir Robert Menzies 1523: 1476: 1413:Division of Wannon 1321:Southern Highlands 1317:Tudor House School 1250:Sir Samuel Hordern 1098:Whitlam government 1084:in March 1975. As 1019:division of Wannon 860:Tudor House School 237:Sir Ninian Stephen 6729: 6728: 6571: 6570: 6422:Nationalist Party 6297:Western Australia 5627: 5626: 5376: 5375: 5370:Sir Billy Snedden 5362:Succeeded by 5354:Sir Billy Snedden 5315:Succeeded by 5283:Succeeded by 5237:Succeeded by 5210:Succeeded by 5183:Succeeded by 5156:Succeeded by 5124:Succeeded by 4863:978-0-522-85579-1 4570:. 20 March 2015. 4161:on 2 April 2015. 3843:on 2 January 2008 3723:on 2 January 2008 3643:(16 April 2008). 3629:. 2 January 2008. 3514:"The 7:30 Report" 3490:. 20 March 2015. 3039:Deakin University 2813: 2812: 2571: 2548: 2547: 2468:Fraser government 2411:Views on religion 2380:US foreign policy 2351:Australian Greens 2012:The Frasers with 1899:at the inaugural 1885:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1881:Margaret Thatcher 1807:Fraser practised 1748:, Fraser led the 1727:Fraser government 1285:Western Australia 1166:After losing the 1125:landslide victory 1090:Australian Senate 925: 924: 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 6914: 6607: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6575: 6432:Australian Party 6407:Free Trade Party 6328:Norfolk Liberals 6254: 5887: 5771:Malcolm Turnbull 5758:Malcolm Turnbull 5741:Alexander Downer 5673: 5663: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5619: 5618: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5379: 5365:Sir James Killen 5356: 5350:Sir James Killen 5330:Preceded by 5325:Honorary titles 5298:Preceded by 5266:Preceded by 5247:Preceded by 5220:Preceded by 5193:Preceded by 5166:Preceded by 5139:Preceded by 5107:Preceded by 5097: 4867: 4836: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4786: 4780: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4720: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4645:Andrew Peacock, 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4504: 4498: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4369: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4339:. 23 April 2012. 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4115:on 14 April 2009 4111:. Archived from 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4051:on 9 August 2007 4047:. 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Killen 650: 638: 629: 610: 598: 572: 563: 544: 532: 522: 513: 492: 482: 470: 461: 449: 437: 425: 416: 397: 387: 369: 360: 339: 327: 294: 272: 260: 232:Sir Zelman Cowen 203: 179: 169: 141: 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 78:"Malcolm Fraser" 71: 47: 39: 21: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6572: 6567: 6446: 6390: 6347: 6301: 6282:South Australia 6267:New South Wales 6253:State divisions 6252: 6246: 6180:Shadow cabinets 6175: 6039: 5983: 5895:Malcolm Ritchie 5885: 5879: 5870:Josh Frydenberg 5810:William McMahon 5788: 5703:William McMahon 5671: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5628: 5623: 5609: 5416: 5406: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5335: 5333:William McMahon 5320: 5311: 5303: 5288: 5279: 5271: 5260: 5252: 5242: 5233: 5225: 5223:David Fairbairn 5215: 5206: 5198: 5188: 5179: 5171: 5161: 5152: 5144: 5129: 5120: 5112: 5092:Wayback Machine 5080:Wayback Machine 5068:Wayback Machine 5056:Wayback Machine 5043:Wayback Machine 5030:Wayback Machine 5019: 4947:Wayback Machine 4875: 4873:Further reading 4870: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4829:Wayback Machine 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4777:Wayback Machine 4768: 4764: 4758:Wayback Machine 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515:. p. 172. 4506: 4505: 4501: 4495:Wayback Machine 4486: 4482: 4472: 4470: 4465:. 30 May 2014. 4457: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4415:Wayback Machine 4406: 4402: 4396:Wayback Machine 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4370:on 8 April 2013 4367: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4334:Wayback Machine 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4135: 4125: 4118: 4116: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4069: 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After Holt's 954: 950: 931: 930: 909: 890:Pastoral farmer 869: 848: 817: 805: 801: 782: 781:Other political 771:Political party 755: 751: 734: 728: 726: 725: 724: 698: 686: 680: 675: 666: 661: 648: 636: 630: 625: 608: 596: 591: 570: 564: 559: 542: 530: 520: 514: 509: 490: 480: 468: 462: 457: 447: 441:David Fairbairn 435: 429:William McMahon 423: 417: 412: 395: 385: 367: 361: 356: 337: 325: 320: 295: 290: 270: 258: 241: 204: 199: 182: 170: 153: 151: 148: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6742:Malcolm Fraser 6734: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6374:National Right 6371: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333:Young Liberals 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5969:Richard Alston 5966: 5964:Alan Stockdale 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5919:Robert Southey 5916: 5913: 5911:Philip McBride 5908: 5905: 5904:W. 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Anderson 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5860:Peter Costello 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:Andrew Peacock 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5793:Deputy Leaders 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5778:Scott Morrison 5774: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5753:Brendan Nelson 5750: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:Andrew Peacock 5728: 5723: 5721:Andrew Peacock 5718: 5715:Malcolm Fraser 5711: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5682:Robert Menzies 5677: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5360: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5318:Andrew Peacock 5316: 5313: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5281: 5272: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5235: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5199: 5196:Allen Fairhall 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5058: 5046: 5033: 5023:Malcolm Fraser 5018: 5017:External links 5015: 5014: 5013: 4999: 4985: 4971: 4964: 4950: 4936: 4922: 4908: 4894:Malcolm Fraser 4890: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4814: 4799:(in Latvian). 4781: 4770:It's an Honour 4762: 4751:It's an Honour 4743: 4707: 4677: 4651: 4638: 4611: 4585: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4521: 4499: 4480: 4450: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4341: 4319: 4288: 4257: 4230: 4199: 4168: 4146: 4109:The Australian 4095: 4062: 4032: 4006: 3980: 3950: 3923: 3897: 3895:, p. 721. 3885: 3868:The Australian 3854: 3824: 3790: 3768:The Australian 3753: 3734: 3703: 3672: 3650:The Australian 3632: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3531: 3520:on 11 May 2011 3505: 3473: 3447: 3421: 3404: 3395: 3383: 3374: 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605: 604: 599: 593: 592: 590: 589: 586: 581: 575: 573: 571:Prime Minister 567: 566: 556: 555: 549: 548: 545: 539: 538: 536:Allen Fairhall 533: 527: 526: 523: 521:Prime Minister 517: 516: 506: 505: 499: 498: 493: 487: 486: 483: 477: 476: 471: 469:Prime Minister 465: 464: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 438: 432: 431: 426: 424:Prime Minister 420: 419: 409: 408: 402: 401: 398: 392: 391: 388: 382: 381: 378: 374: 373: 370: 368:Prime Minister 364: 363: 353: 352: 346: 345: 343:Andrew Peacock 340: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 307: 305: 301: 300: 287: 286: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 261: 255: 254: 249: 243: 242: 240: 239: 234: 229: 223: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 196: 195: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 172: 171: 152: 150:Malcolm Fraser 149: 144: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6919: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 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Melbourne. 4183: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4137:|author= 4130: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 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2180: 2177:in 2008, for 2176: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:1980 election 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:1980 election 1898: 1894: 1893:Robert Mugabe 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1777:by President 1776: 1772: 1767: 1761:Fiscal policy 1760: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1746:1975 election 1738: 1731: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1692:Sir John Kerr 1689: 1684: 1678: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1661:1974 election 1654: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:Billy Snedden 1630: 1626: 1623:, Fraser was 1622: 1621:1972 election 1614: 1612: 1610: 1609:Billy Snedden 1606: 1602: 1601:Gough Whitlam 1598: 1594: 1593:1972 election 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480:1958 election 1472: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452:1955 election 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:1954 election 1436: 1434: 1433:One Australia 1430: 1427:Hamilton and 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Dan Mackinnon 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Balpool-Nyang 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:sheep station 1298: 1297:Balpool-Nyang 1290: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:Richard Casey 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:1983 election 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:1975 election 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1114:Sir John Kerr 1111: 1107: 1106:Gough Whitlam 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078:1974 election 1075: 1074:Billy Snedden 1071: 1067: 1066:1972 election 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:disappearance 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 975: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 920: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 891: 888: 884: 881: 878: 876: 872: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 855: 851: 844: 841: 839:(grandfather) 838: 835: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 800: 795: 791: 788: 785: 779: 776: 773: 769: 766: 763: 761:Resting place 759: 750:20 March 2015 749: 745: 741: 737: 721: 717: 712: 708: 705: 702: 696: 693: 690: 684: 678: 673: 670: 664: 658: 655: 652: 646: 643: 640: 634: 628: 623: 620: 616: 613:Phillip Lynch 612: 606: 603: 600: 594: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 576: 574: 568: 562: 557: 554: 550: 546: 540: 537: 534: 528: 524: 518: 512: 507: 504: 500: 497: 494: 488: 484: 478: 475: 472: 466: 460: 455: 452:Gough Whitlam 451: 445: 442: 439: 433: 430: 427: 421: 415: 410: 407: 403: 400:Gough Whitlam 399: 393: 390:Billy Snedden 389: 383: 380:Phillip Lynch 379: 375: 372:Gough Whitlam 371: 365: 359: 354: 351: 347: 344: 341: 335: 332: 331:Billy Snedden 329: 323: 317: 314: 312: 311:Phillip Lynch 309: 308: 306: 302: 298: 297:21 March 1975 293: 288: 285: 280: 277: 274: 268: 265: 264:Gough Whitlam 262: 256: 253: 250: 248: 244: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 227:Sir John Kerr 225: 224: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 202: 197: 194: 189: 185: 178: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 147: 142: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 30: 19: 18:Malcom Fraser 6713: 6706: 6699: 6682: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6379:Ginger Group 6364:Centre Right 5974:Nick Greiner 5939:John Elliott 5929:A. J. Forbes 5865:Julie Bishop 5784:Peter Dutton 5776: 5769: 5762: 5745: 5714: 5713: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5554: 5338: 5306: 5274: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5174: 5147: 5127:David Hawker 5115: 5002: 4988: 4974: 4967: 4953: 4925: 4911: 4897: 4893: 4879: 4852: 4843:Bibliography 4833:The National 4832: 4817: 4805:. Retrieved 4794: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4734:. Retrieved 4722: 4710: 4698:. Retrieved 4680: 4668:. Retrieved 4654: 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4614: 4602:. Retrieved 4588: 4576:. Retrieved 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4508: 4502: 4483: 4473:27 September 4471:. Retrieved 4462: 4453: 4443:27 September 4441:. Retrieved 4432: 4422: 4403: 4384: 4372:. Retrieved 4365:the original 4360: 4356: 4344: 4337:Marine Times 4336: 4322: 4310:. Retrieved 4301: 4291: 4279:. Retrieved 4270: 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4243: 4233: 4221:. Retrieved 4212: 4202: 4190:. Retrieved 4181: 4171: 4162: 4159:the original 4149: 4117:. Retrieved 4113:the original 4108: 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4075: 4065: 4053:. 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Retrieved 3320: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3210: 3012: 3011: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2958:Appointments 2944: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2902: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2863: 2847: 2834: 2833: 2822: 2816: 2749: 2748: 2721: 2720: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2632: 2564: 2538: 2501: 2491:A street in 2490: 2483: 2472: 2452: 2444: 2417: 2414: 2402: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2329: 2294: 2282: 2268: 2261: 2257:Vivian Solon 2253:Cornelia Rau 2237: 2225: 2194: 2187: 2151: 2133: 2124: 2109: 2098: 2075: 2047: 2027: 2018:Nancy Reagan 1991: 1982:Four Corners 1980: 1974: 1968: 1956: 1953:Other policy 1940: 1921: 1874: 1858:Commonwealth 1855: 1852:in June 1977 1850:Jimmy Carter 1806: 1783: 1775:Gregory Peck 1769:Fraser at a 1743: 1707: 1696: 1680: 1658: 1649:Philip Ayres 1629:James Killen 1618: 1589: 1570: 1547: 1524: 1520:John England 1489: 1477: 1437: 1432: 1409:preselection 1398: 1389:British Army 1369:Harry Weldon 1350: 1336: 1332: 1305:Edward River 1296: 1294: 1261:Billy Hughes 1257:Wakool Shire 1254: 1238:squattocracy 1215: 1189:South Africa 1165: 1118: 1059: 988: 927: 926: 910: 799:Tamara Beggs 783:affiliations 752:(2015-03-20) 704:David Hawker 699:Succeeded by 676: 649:Succeeded by 626: 609:Succeeded by 560: 543:Succeeded by 510: 491:Succeeded by 458: 448:Succeeded by 413: 396:Succeeded by 357: 338:Succeeded by 291: 271:Succeeded by 252:Doug Anthony 214:Elizabeth II 200: 125: 119:October 2021 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 6752:2015 deaths 6747:1930 births 6385:Lyons Forum 5988:Governments 5954:Shane Stone 5949:Tony Staley 5934:John Valder 5924:John Atwill 5915:J. 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