194:
eggs typically hatch several days or up to three weeks from the time they are laid. The nymphs that hatch from the eggs resemble the adults except for their smaller size and lighter color. These nymphs go through three nymphal instars during a 2–3-week period. After these three instars, they are considered adults. Most adult species are light tan to brown in color and are usually 1–4 mm in length, although some livestock species can grow to be 5–7 mm, and some wild bird species can even get to 10 mm.
53:
33:
184:
Mallophaga have mandibulate mouthparts which are located on the ventral side of their heads. They use these mouthparts to feed on feathers, hair, and epidermal skin scales. Some species also use these mouthparts to feed on blood, which they obtain by piercing the pulp of young feathers or by gnawing
193:
Mallophaga develop by gradual metamorphosis. Females typically lay 150–300 eggs over an interval of 2–3 weeks. The eggs, commonly known as nits, are oblong and around 1 mm long. The eggs are glued to the hairs or feathers of the host with a secretion from the female accessory glands. The
180:
About 3000 species of
Mallophaga are in the world. They are easily identifiable by their heads, which are wider than their prothoraces. Species that feed on birds usually have two claws at the tip of each tarsus, while those that feed on mammals usually have only one claw.
168:, containing more than 3000 species. These lice are external parasites that feed mainly on birds, although some species also feed on mammals. They infest both domestic and wild mammals and birds, and cause considerable irritation to their hosts. They have
197:
Mallophaga are often adapted to live on a specific part of their host and typically spend their entire lives on a single host. They can only survive for about three days after their host has died, and they typically use
202:, which is hitching a ride from a fly, as an attempt to reach a new host. Mallophaga may also use the phoresis to spread to a new host even if the present one is still alive.
1277:
324:
291:
258:
367:
316:
1290:
1282:
1323:
339:
Ramel, Gordan. "The Biting Lice (Mallophaga)". Gordon's
Mallophaga (Biting Lice) Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2013.
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131:
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360:
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32:
1264:
1156:
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810:
1269:
402:
390:
94:
74:
1200:
251:
Introduction to
Veterinary Entomology (A Guide to Livestock Insects)
1256:
1190:
622:
153:
114:
1204:
953:
528:
433:
349:
220:
1213:
1142:
1114:
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1028:
985:
967:
889:
827:
712:
636:
621:
585:
542:
498:
475:
447:
361:
8:
1185:Order Psocodea is comprised of paraphyletic
1201:
964:
950:
633:
618:
591:
539:
525:
444:
430:
368:
354:
346:
274:Frank N. Young & Gene Kritsky (2002).
223:. International Society of Phthirapterists
31:
20:
244:
242:
240:
238:
1193:, both previously classified as orders.
211:
7:
1187:Psocoptera (book lice or bark lice)
313:Iranian Entomology: an Introduction
249:D.E. Bay & R.L. Harris (1988).
14:
309:"Destructive and useful insects"
51:
932:comprise paraphyletic suborder
1:
172:or incomplete metamorphosis.
1340:
1183:
963:
949:
934:Mallophaga (chewing lice)
919:
814:(crab lice or pubic lice)
617:
594:
538:
524:
443:
429:
385:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
307:Cyrus Abivardi (2001).
798:(body lice, head lice)
280:A Survey of Entomology
41:Felicola subrostratus
319:. pp. 563–902.
286:. pp. 178–191.
1191:Phthiraptera (lice)
881:Trichophilopteridae
679:(chicken body lice)
276:"The Hemipteroidea"
221:"Phthiraptera.info"
1324:Parasites of birds
858:Heptapsogasteridae
185:through the skin.
1306:
1305:
1207:Taxon identifiers
1198:
1197:
1189:and monophyletic
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1129:Pseudocaeciliidae
1043:Dolabellopsocidae
945:
944:
941:
940:
915:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
728:Echinophthiriidae
684:Pseudomenoponidae
572:Protroctopsocidae
520:
519:
516:
515:
326:978-3-540-67592-1
293:978-0-595-22143-1
260:978-0-9624083-0-4
139:
138:
135:
1331:
1299:
1298:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1260:
1259:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1202:
1058:Spurostigmatidae
965:
951:
872:
836:
835:
815:
807:
806:(spiny rat lice)
799:
780:Neolinognathidae
775:Microthoraciidae
771:
758:
745:
736:Enderleinellidae
732:
721:
720:
680:
634:
630:
629:
619:
592:
540:
526:
491:
490:
485:Prionoglarididae
477:Prionoglaridetae
445:
431:
370:
363:
356:
347:
340:
337:
331:
330:
304:
298:
297:
271:
265:
264:
246:
233:
232:
230:
228:
216:
130:
56:
55:
35:
21:
16:Suborder of lice
1339:
1338:
1334:
1333:
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1309:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
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1242:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1209:
1199:
1194:
1171:
1138:
1110:
1062:
1024:
1015:Paracaeciliidae
981:
959:
937:
926:Rhyncophthirina
903:
891:Rhyncophthirina
885:
870:
833:
832:
831:
823:
813:
805:
797:
769:
757:(armoured lice)
756:
749:Hamophthiriidae
744:(ungulate lice)
743:
730:
718:
717:
716:
708:
678:
671:Laemobothriidae
656:Colpocephalidae
627:
626:
625:
613:
609:Sphaeropsocidae
581:
534:
512:
494:
488:
487:
471:
439:
425:
381:
374:
344:
343:
338:
334:
327:
306:
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273:
272:
268:
261:
248:
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236:
226:
224:
218:
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208:
191:
178:
176:Characteristics
145:are a possibly
129:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1337:
1335:
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1326:
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1300:
1287:
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1261:
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1211:
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1205:
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1195:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1134:Trichopsocidae
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1106:Sabulopsocidae
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:Homilopsocidea
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Cladiopsocidae
1034:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Dasydemellidae
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
973:
971:
961:
960:
954:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
920:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
902:
901:
899:Haematomyzidae
895:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
876:Trichodectidae
873:
871:(paraphyletic)
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
839:
837:
834:(paraphyletic)
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
808:
800:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
764:
759:
754:Hoplopleuridae
751:
746:
741:Haematopinidae
738:
733:
724:
722:
719:(sucking lice)
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
699:Trimenoponidae
696:
691:
686:
681:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
640:
631:
615:
614:
612:
611:
606:
604:Pachytroctidae
601:
599:Liposcelididae
595:
589:
583:
582:
580:
579:
577:Troctopsocidae
574:
569:
564:
562:Manicapsocidae
559:
554:
552:Amphientomidae
548:
546:
544:Amphientometae
536:
535:
529:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
511:
510:
508:Psyllipsocidae
504:
502:
500:Psyllipsocetae
496:
495:
493:
492:
489:(paraphyletic)
481:
479:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
459:
457:Lepidopsocidae
453:
451:
441:
440:
434:
427:
426:
424:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
386:
383:
382:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
342:
341:
332:
325:
299:
292:
266:
259:
234:
210:
209:
207:
204:
190:
187:
177:
174:
170:paurometabolis
137:
136:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1336:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Psilopsocidae
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Philotarsidae
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1116:Philotarsetae
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Lachesillidae
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Ptiloneuridae
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1020:Stenopsocidae
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Caeciliusidae
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Amphipsocidae
993:
992:
990:
988:
987:Caeciliusetae
984:
978:
977:Archipsocidae
975:
974:
972:
970:
969:Archipsocetae
966:
962:
958:
952:
948:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
900:
897:
896:
894:
892:
888:
882:
879:
877:
874:
869:
868:Philopteridae
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
830:
826:
820:
817:
812:
809:
804:
801:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
768:
767:Linognathidae
765:
763:
760:
755:
752:
750:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
729:
726:
725:
723:
715:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
694:Somaphantidae
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Ancistronidae
644:
643:
641:
639:
635:
632:
624:
620:
616:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
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588:
584:
578:
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573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
523:
509:
506:
505:
503:
501:
497:
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483:
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480:
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468:
465:
463:
460:
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371:
366:
364:
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328:
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310:
303:
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60:
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49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1214:
1152:Hemipsocidae
1101:Peripsocidae
1096:Mesopsocidae
1076:Ectopsocidae
1000:Asiopsocidae
933:
848:Dasyonygidae
803:Polyplacidae
785:Pecaroecidae
762:Hybothiridae
704:Trinotonidae
661:Gliricolidae
623:Phthiraptera
587:Nanopsocetae
567:Musapsocidae
532:Troctomorpha
462:Psoquillidae
437:Trogiomorpha
421:Paraneoptera
419:Superorder:
413:Infraclass:
335:
312:
302:
279:
269:
250:
225:. Retrieved
214:
196:
192:
183:
179:
165:
161:
158:chewing lice
157:
147:paraphyletic
142:
140:
125:
124:
115:Phthiraptera
40:
24:
18:
1265:iNaturalist
1157:Myopsocidae
1081:Elipsocidae
1048:Epipsocidae
1030:Epipsocetae
957:Psocomorpha
843:Bovicolidae
795:Pediculidae
790:Pedicinidae
770:(pale lice)
731:(seal lice)
676:Menoponidae
557:Compsocidae
162:biting lice
156:, known as
111:Parvorder:
1313:Categories
1244:Mallophaga
1215:Mallophaga
1091:Lesneiidae
922:Ischnocera
863:Lipeuridae
853:Goniodidae
829:Ischnocera
819:Ratemiidae
407:Subclass:
397:Arthropoda
227:25 October
206:References
143:Mallophaga
126:Mallophaga
85:Arthropoda
25:Mallophaga
955:Suborder
930:Amblycera
811:Pthiridae
689:Ricinidae
666:Gyropidae
638:Amblycera
530:Suborder
467:Trogiidae
449:Atropetae
435:Suborder
409:Pterygota
389:Kingdom:
284:iUniverse
219:Smith V.
189:Lifecycle
166:bird lice
121:Section:
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1224:Wikidata
1167:Psocidae
1144:Psocetae
714:Anoplura
651:Boopidae
415:Neoptera
395:Phylum:
391:Animalia
380:families
378:Psocodea
317:Springer
200:phoresis
105:Psocodea
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1230:Q919938
403:Insecta
401:Class:
376:Extant
150:section
132:Nitzsch
101:Order:
95:Insecta
91:Class:
1296:384782
1283:103337
1270:480288
1257:1MALLO
628:(lice)
323:
290:
257:
253:. ].
134:, 1818
1291:WoRMS
164:, or
1319:Lice
1278:ITIS
1252:EPPO
928:and
321:ISBN
288:ISBN
255:ISBN
229:2015
154:lice
141:The
1239:ADW
152:of
1315::
1293::
1280::
1267::
1254::
1241::
1226::
924:,
315:.
311:.
282:.
278:.
237:^
160:,
936:.
369:e
362:t
355:v
329:.
296:.
263:.
231:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
