1101:
1175:
128:
563:
105:
552:
5767:
1137:
1256:
1088:
896:
Until recently, relationships between these subfamilies were either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. Continuing disagreements focused primarily on the correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family
Bombacaceae. A study published in 2021 presented
968:, these trichomatous nectaries are located on the inner surface of the sepals, but flowers of the subfamily Tiliodeae also have present nectaries on the petals. Malvean flowers also share a unifying structure known as a bicolor unit, named for its initial discovery in the flowers of
955:
structure called a bicolor unit. Tile cells consist of vertically positioned cells interspersed between and dimensionally similar to procumbent ray cells. Evidence of
Malvean wood fossils has confirmed their evolutionary link in Malvaceae
980:
subtend axillary buds that become these lateral stalks. One bract within this whorl is a sterile bract. The bicolor unit is a variable structure in complexity, but the presence of fertile and sterile bracts is a salient characteristic.
608:, are not monophyletic groups. The Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera.
972:. The bicolor unit consists of an ordered inflorescence with determinate cymose structures. The inflorescence can branch off the main axis, creating separate orders of the flowers, with the main axis developing first.
942:
canals, and stratified wedge-shaped phloem. These affinities were problematic because they were not always shared within the core families. Later studies revealed more unambiguous synapomorphies within
Malvaceae
2260:
Judd, W. S.; Manchester, S. R. (1997). "Circumscription of
Malvaceae (Malvales) as Determined by a Preliminary Cladistic Analysis of Morphological, Anatomical, Palynological, and Chemical Characters".
938:
The relationships between the "core
Malvales" families used to be defined on the basis of shared "malvean affinities". These included the presence of malvoid teeth, stems with
2511:
1937:
Bayer, C. (1999). "Support for an expanded family concept of
Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences".
2201:
Bayer, C. (1999). "Support for an expanded family concept of
Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastidatpB andrbcL DNA sequences".
2407:
6026:
2314:
Perveen, A.; Grafström, E.; El-Ghazaly, G. (2004). "World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P.p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae".
6065:
2542:
1808:
Cvetković, Tijana; Areces-Berazain, Fabiola; Hinsinger, Damien D; Thomas, Daniel C; Wieringa, Jan J; Ganesan, Santhana K; Strijk, Joeri S (2021-04-23).
1100:
5974:
2590:
2203:
1998:
Erbar, Claudia (2014). "Nectar secretion and nectaries in basal angiosperms, magnoliids and non-core eudicots and a comparison with core eudicots".
1939:
1481:
6039:
5987:
1531:
1525:
5847:
2498:
1741:
2508:
2166:"Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences"
2535:
2133:
6199:
2416:
6013:
2149:
Baum, D. A.; W. S. Alverson; R. Nyffeler (1998). "A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core
Malvales".
2032:
6163:
6044:
2165:
6052:
2569:
2355:"Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data"
2000:
2030:
Bayer, C (1999). "The bicolor unit — homology and transformation of an inflorescence structure unique to core
Malvales".
5770:
2595:
2585:
2528:
2354:
1813:
617:
5860:
5834:
1477:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
6232:
6168:
6127:
2437:
2362:
2170:
1863:
1718:
1698:
1678:
1658:
1638:
1618:
1174:
216:
127:
964:. exhibit nectaries consisting of densely arranged multicellular hairs resembling trichomes. In most of Malvaceae
6070:
6132:
592:, has been more recently defined on the basis that genetics studies have shown the commonly recognised families
2580:
2151:
1105:
921:
231:
2164:
Baum, D. A.; Dewitt Smith, S.; Yen, A.; Alverson, W. S.; Nyffeler, R.; Whitlock, B. A.; Oldham, R. L. (2004).
5951:
469:
estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include
5925:
5787:
1763:
1405:
5865:
2079:
6101:
2401:
1859:
1554:
5956:
5930:
5852:
2353:
Tate, J. A., J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson (2005).
2102:
6119:
1711:
1691:
1671:
1651:
1631:
1611:
6204:
6080:
5992:
5886:
2325:
2316:
2271:
2041:
1903:
1894:
1520:
1425:
1337:
2493:
2427:
Alverson, William S.; Whitlock, Barbara A.; Nyffeler, Reto; Bayer, Clemens; Baum, David A. (1999).
2262:
1343:
482:
6227:
6186:
5938:
5610:
4828:
4720:
4344:
2831:
2575:
2456:
2341:
2295:
2287:
2057:
1956:
1919:
1790:
286:
122:
1451:
6106:
1227:
are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the
1162:
contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically
989:
The
English common name 'mallow' (also applied to other members of Malvaceae) comes from Latin
6088:
5873:
5567:
5366:
4918:
4778:
4707:
4630:
4511:
4397:
4314:
3679:
2670:
2606:
2464:
2389:
2189:
2129:
1842:
1782:
1737:
1399:
1178:
1003:
itself was ultimately derived from the word for the plant in ancient Mediterranean languages.
977:
6031:
1154:, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when
6093:
5451:
5441:
5401:
5381:
5157:
5087:
5062:
5009:
4783:
4773:
4536:
4473:
4417:
4392:
4138:
4043:
4010:
3800:
3714:
3709:
3684:
3585:
3547:
3455:
3119:
2982:
2957:
2952:
2745:
2662:
2446:
2381:
2371:
2333:
2279:
2246:
2212:
2179:
2049:
2009:
1948:
1911:
1832:
1822:
1772:
1568:
1500:
1490:
1259:
1113:
736:
408:
114:
5732:
5519:
5386:
5371:
4951:
4838:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4768:
4584:
4579:
4379:
4349:
4319:
4203:
4168:
4128:
4103:
4093:
4053:
3805:
3694:
3577:
3552:
3447:
3419:
3409:
3202:
3172:
3114:
3099:
2962:
2788:
2695:
2552:
2515:
2488:
2420:
2237:
1366:
1270:
1255:
1183:
1066:
1050:
781:
740:
628:
of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%).
515:
478:
466:
242:
165:
5943:
5825:
2013:
1203:
in the structure of a bicolor unit. They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally
5917:
2520:
2329:
2275:
2045:
1907:
5966:
5724:
5714:
5696:
5668:
5630:
5620:
5572:
5539:
5529:
5524:
5446:
5396:
5343:
5328:
5213:
5127:
5067:
5057:
4961:
4863:
4798:
4788:
4748:
4730:
4531:
4458:
4246:
4208:
4163:
4098:
4073:
4048:
3992:
3906:
3674:
3621:
3557:
3414:
3306:
3283:
3245:
3222:
3212:
3015:
2877:
2816:
2680:
2251:
2232:
1952:
1837:
1809:
1239:
is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have
1236:
804:
799:
713:
653:
272:
262:
247:
152:
104:
2413:
6221:
5706:
5635:
5605:
5582:
5577:
5562:
5514:
5481:
5476:
5411:
5205:
5190:
5137:
5117:
5077:
5072:
5052:
5014:
4966:
4913:
4903:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4823:
4738:
4715:
4697:
4665:
4650:
4612:
4516:
4496:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4334:
4329:
4309:
4294:
4256:
4251:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4133:
4113:
4088:
4078:
3979:
3901:
3881:
3820:
3815:
3795:
3729:
3699:
3659:
3567:
3562:
3509:
3379:
3341:
3316:
3288:
3273:
3217:
3197:
3192:
3109:
3076:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2967:
2937:
2869:
2836:
2826:
2793:
2783:
2773:
2642:
2624:
2556:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1495:
1476:
1294:
1204:
1192:
1008:
952:
658:
601:
578:
62:
2345:
2061:
1923:
1794:
1136:
6191:
5645:
5640:
5625:
5615:
5554:
5436:
5421:
5391:
5348:
5338:
5292:
5269:
5259:
5231:
5132:
5112:
5082:
5024:
4971:
4893:
4848:
4808:
4763:
4753:
4743:
4635:
4604:
4569:
4554:
4468:
4463:
4369:
4123:
4118:
4083:
4063:
4038:
4025:
4015:
3987:
3944:
3939:
3896:
3863:
3848:
3810:
3787:
3724:
3719:
3704:
3669:
3651:
3603:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3404:
3364:
3298:
3278:
3268:
3260:
3227:
3187:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3066:
3061:
3025:
2942:
2821:
2778:
2675:
2652:
2616:
2299:
2223:
Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225–311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.),
1035:
846:
756:
521:
252:
237:
1158:, a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The
6178:
5878:
5839:
1777:
1758:
1732:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2008).
576:
The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae
6057:
6000:
5819:
5600:
5496:
5456:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5284:
5274:
5264:
5246:
5195:
5147:
5142:
5122:
5102:
5029:
4956:
4898:
4853:
4793:
4758:
4655:
4645:
4589:
4501:
4440:
4435:
4387:
4359:
4339:
4299:
4281:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4148:
4143:
4108:
4002:
3959:
3934:
3858:
3830:
3825:
3664:
3641:
3626:
3595:
3514:
3389:
3369:
3331:
3182:
3177:
3154:
3139:
3081:
3071:
2977:
2972:
2924:
2841:
2765:
2750:
2727:
2722:
2647:
2634:
2483:
1827:
1411:
1332:
1278:
1267:
1151:
1092:
679:
674:
593:
562:
556:
551:
257:
37:
6155:
1573:
1087:
5683:
5673:
5650:
5534:
5471:
5406:
5333:
5310:
5236:
5182:
5092:
4946:
4933:
4908:
4888:
4640:
4622:
4594:
4564:
4559:
4491:
4450:
4427:
4364:
4354:
4304:
4289:
4218:
4173:
4158:
4068:
3969:
3949:
3911:
3891:
3613:
3519:
3399:
3384:
3374:
3104:
3053:
2992:
2947:
2798:
2755:
2714:
2705:
2337:
1307:
1274:
1196:
1159:
1060:
909:
828:
765:
761:
731:
588:
507:(lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include
277:
267:
82:
47:
5810:
1591:
5912:
5899:
5691:
5660:
5592:
5461:
5320:
5302:
5254:
5223:
5152:
5097:
5034:
5019:
5004:
4941:
4923:
4858:
4833:
4670:
4574:
4526:
4153:
4058:
4033:
3504:
3496:
3394:
3359:
3336:
3326:
3311:
3250:
3207:
3167:
3144:
2914:
2846:
2737:
1559:
1353:
1298:
1290:
1240:
1216:
1163:
625:
597:
583:
539:
87:
30:
6145:
2468:
2393:
2216:
2193:
2184:
1846:
1786:
2233:"A Critical Revision of Certain Taxonomic Groups of the Malvales Part Ii1"
1892:
Thorne, R (1992). "Classification and geography of the flowering plants".
6140:
5804:
5544:
5466:
5376:
5358:
5107:
5044:
4996:
4986:
4843:
4660:
4546:
4521:
4483:
4324:
4193:
4178:
3964:
3954:
3929:
3886:
3853:
3762:
3689:
3486:
3469:
3321:
3237:
3091:
2906:
2896:
2808:
2376:
1810:"Phylogenomics resolves deep subfamilial relationships in Malvaceae s.l."
1555:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1430:
1374:
1319:
1313:
1244:
1208:
939:
855:
616:
This article is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the
509:
201:
178:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2124:
Heywood, Vernon Hilton; Brummitt, R. K.; Culham, A.; Seberg, O. (2007).
5506:
5172:
4271:
4226:
3921:
3873:
3840:
3754:
3478:
3424:
2932:
2460:
2385:
2291:
2053:
1915:
1505:
1004:
533:
92:
67:
996:
991:
960:, as well as explained their diverse structures. Flowers of Malvaceae
624:(hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative
489:. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as
6005:
3777:
3744:
3351:
3162:
1394:
1390:
1348:
1302:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1029:
1017:
851:
527:
486:
474:
191:
6018:
5979:
5781:
2451:
2428:
2283:
1534:
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland. 17 January 2017
951:
include the presence of tile cells, trichomatous nectaries, and an
6114:
5904:
1358:
1254:
1220:
1212:
1200:
1191:
The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary
1173:
1135:
1125:
1117:
1099:
1086:
973:
927:
760:: about 20 genera, about 380 species, palaeo-tropical, especially
567:
561:
550:
503:
497:
491:
139:
1382:
1155:
1147:
1121:
604:, which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae
470:
5785:
2524:
2227:, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
1199:, oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary
1195:, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be
453:
447:
5891:
1166:. Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles.
1023:
1011:
803:: eight to 12 genera, 10 to 90 species, tropical, especially
785:: eight genera, about 70 species, especially palaeo-tropical
1389:) are important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of
1976:"Tile cells and their occurrence in Malvalean fossil woods"
438:
432:
426:
414:
1207:, often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an
1096:, the hollyhock, is a common garden flower in Malvaceae
897:
a fully resolved phylogenetic framework for Malvaceae
450:
444:
435:
429:
1074:
1058:
423:
417:
5794:
5723:
5705:
5682:
5659:
5591:
5553:
5505:
5494:
5357:
5319:
5301:
5283:
5245:
5222:
5204:
5181:
5170:
5043:
4995:
4984:
4932:
4729:
4706:
4695:
4621:
4603:
4545:
4482:
4449:
4426:
4378:
4280:
4269:
4217:
4024:
4001:
3978:
3920:
3872:
3839:
3786:
3775:
3753:
3742:
3650:
3639:
3612:
3594:
3576:
3528:
3495:
3477:
3468:
3446:
3437:
3350:
3297:
3259:
3236:
3153:
3090:
3052:
3024:
3006:
2923:
2905:
2890:
2868:
2859:
2807:
2764:
2736:
2713:
2704:
2693:
2661:
2633:
2615:
2604:
1140:Stellate hairs on the underside of a dried leaf of
1044:
657:: 26 genera, 650 species, pan-tropical, especially
420:
411:
1231:. The pistils are composed of two to many connate
832:: 78 genera, 1,670 species, temperate to tropical
2128:. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books.
586:group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae
2429:"Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from
850:: 12 genera, 120 species, tropical, especially
1289:Self-pollination is often avoided by means of
582:comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically
2536:
2025:
2023:
1993:
1991:
1974:Manchester, Steven; Miller, Regis B. (1978).
1297:(pollinated by insects). Bees from the tribe
901:using genomic data for all nine subfamilies.
8:
2406:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1553:Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016).
2306:Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005.
1038:
947:Synapomorphies identified within Malvaceae
5782:
5502:
5178:
5167:
4992:
4981:
4703:
4277:
3783:
3772:
3750:
3739:
3647:
3636:
3474:
3443:
2902:
2865:
2710:
2701:
2612:
2543:
2529:
2521:
2225:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
1879:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
1734:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
103:
20:
2450:
2375:
2250:
2183:
1836:
1826:
1776:
1572:
1504:
1494:
1323:) are known to specialize on the plants.
912:approximately corresponds to that group.
2204:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1940:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1482:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1532:United States Department of Agriculture
1526:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1443:
1347:, and others that are garden escapees.
995:(also the source for the English word "
717:: 12 genera, 430 species, pan-tropical
2499:HEAR.org — Malvaceae: plants of Hawaii
2399:
2103:"Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish"
2073:
2071:
1243:made of many tightly packed glandular
2126:Flowering Plant Families of the World
1759:"Bombacaceae: A phytochemical review"
1586:
1584:
735:: three genera, 50 species, northern
7:
6169:1ac2afd7-fdd3-4901-86a6-b98423149382
6120:9DE6151A-DCF7-5757-8D17-F575B7441190
6081:fcad6282-e269-4780-ad0f-bfb5c5060ae5
1433:genus in the subfamily Sterculioidea
1247:, usually positioned on the sepals.
904:Regarding the traditional Malvaceae
1475:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009).
1393:are edible, as is the fruit of the
1211:. They generally have five valvate
1070:
1054:
820:
705:
645:
638:
631:
6133:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000208-2
2509:GREIF Flora: Malvaceae of Mongolia
2252:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1935.tb06834.x
1953:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1999.tb00505.x
14:
2484:Malvaceae.info: Malvaceae Gallery
1984:: 23–28 – via ResearchGate.
1397:. A number of species, including
1331:A number of species are pests in
5766:
5765:
2014:10.1127/1869-6155/2014/0131-0075
1496:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
407:
126:
2494:Tree of Life.org: Core Malvales
2033:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1736:(3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
1592:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website"
1:
2082:. Online Etymology Dictionary
2001:Plant Diversity and Evolution
1814:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
1778:10.3109/13880209.2012.698286
1030:
1018:
618:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1075:
1059:
1045:
678:: 25 genera, 770 species, "
6251:
2438:American Journal of Botany
2363:American Journal of Botany
2308:Neotropical Plant Families
2171:American Journal of Botany
1881:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
1864:Plants of the World Online
1719:Plants of the World Online
1699:Plants of the World Online
1679:Plants of the World Online
1659:Plants of the World Online
1639:Plants of the World Online
1619:Plants of the World Online
1574:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
1266:The fruits are most often
1215:, most frequently basally
1024:
1012:
919:
16:Family of flowering plants
5761:
3771:
2564:
2338:10.1080/00173130410000730
1867:. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
1828:10.1093/g3journal/jkab136
1722:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1702:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1682:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1662:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1642:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1622:. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
1039:
843:
825:
818:
796:
778:
753:
728:
710:
703:
671:
650:
643:
636:
547:Taxonomy and nomenclature
292:
285:
228:
223:
123:Scientific classification
121:
111:
102:
23:
2152:Harvard Papers in Botany
2105:. The Baheyeldin Dynasty
1106:Pterospermum acerifolium
930:are currently accepted.
922:List of Malvaceae genera
232:List of Malvaceae genera
6176:Watson & Dallwitz:
2489:Topwalks.net: Malvaceae
2217:10.1006/bojl.1998.0226
2185:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1863
1764:Pharmaceutical Biology
1406:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
1387:Abelmoschus esculentus
1263:
1219:, with five imbricate
1188:
1144:
1109:
1097:
573:
559:
6102:Paleobiology Database
2231:Edlin, H. L. (1935).
1877:Kubitzki, K. (2003).
1258:
1177:
1139:
1103:
1090:
565:
554:
357:Bercht. & J.Presl
2377:10.3732/ajb.92.4.584
1895:The Botanical Review
1338:Abutilon theophrasti
1007:of the word include
2330:2004Grana..43..129P
2276:1997Britt..49..384J
2046:1999PSyEv.214..187B
1908:1992BotRv..58..225T
1757:Refaat, J. (2012).
1521:"Family: Malvaceae"
1415:are garden plants.
1363:Hibiscus cannabinus
1344:Modiola caroliniana
1293:. Most species are
1179:Close-up photograph
537:(197 species), and
361:Philippodendraceae
5611:Pentaphragmataceae
4829:Stegnospermataceae
4721:Berberidopsidaceae
4345:Pentadiplandraceae
2832:Atherospermataceae
2514:2015-04-13 at the
2419:2010-06-26 at the
2054:10.1007/bf00985738
1916:10.1007/bf02858611
1264:
1189:
1145:
1110:
1098:
574:
571:(Malva sylvestris)
560:
6233:Malvales families
6215:
6214:
6089:Open Tree of Life
5788:Taxon identifiers
5779:
5778:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5568:Cardiopteridaceae
5490:
5489:
5367:Plocospermataceae
5166:
5165:
4980:
4979:
4919:Anacampserotaceae
4779:Ancistrocladaceae
4708:Berberidopsidales
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4631:Biebersteiniaceae
4512:Sphaerosepalaceae
4398:Strasburgeriaceae
4315:Setchellanthaceae
4265:
4264:
3738:
3737:
3680:Cercidiphyllaceae
3635:
3634:
3464:
3463:
3433:
3432:
2886:
2885:
2855:
2854:
2689:
2688:
2671:Austrobaileyaceae
2445:(10): 1474–1486.
2412:(abstract online
2178:(11): 1863–1871.
1400:Hibiscus syriacus
1351:(four species of
1114:herbaceous plants
1112:Most species are
970:Theobroma bicolor
893:
892:
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
737:temperate regions
691:
690:
465:, is a family of
400:
399:
219:
6240:
6208:
6207:
6195:
6194:
6182:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6110:
6109:
6097:
6096:
6084:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6058:NBNSYS0000160378
6048:
6047:
6035:
6034:
6022:
6021:
6009:
6008:
5996:
5995:
5983:
5982:
5970:
5969:
5960:
5959:
5947:
5946:
5934:
5933:
5921:
5920:
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5882:
5881:
5869:
5868:
5856:
5855:
5843:
5842:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5783:
5769:
5768:
5503:
5452:Thomandersiaceae
5442:Lentibulariaceae
5402:Scrophulariaceae
5382:Tetrachondraceae
5179:
5168:
5158:Mitrastemonaceae
5088:Pentaphylacaceae
5063:Tetrameristaceae
5010:Hydrostachyaceae
4993:
4982:
4784:Rhabdodendraceae
4774:Dioncophyllaceae
4704:
4537:Dipterocarpaceae
4474:Dipentodontaceae
4418:Crossosomataceae
4393:Geissolomataceae
4278:
4139:Chrysobalanaceae
4044:Ctenolophonaceae
4011:Lepidobotryaceae
3801:Anisophylleaceae
3784:
3773:
3751:
3740:
3715:Tetracarpaeaceae
3710:Aphanopetalaceae
3685:Daphniphyllaceae
3648:
3637:
3586:Trochodendraceae
3548:Circaeasteraceae
3475:
3456:Ceratophyllaceae
3444:
3120:Alstroemeriaceae
2983:Potamogetonaceae
2958:Scheuchzeriaceae
2953:Hydrocharitaceae
2903:
2866:
2746:Aristolochiaceae
2711:
2702:
2663:Austrobaileyales
2613:
2609:
2607:Basalangiosperms
2591:Acrogymnospermae
2553:flowering plants
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2472:
2454:
2433:F sequence data"
2411:
2405:
2397:
2379:
2359:
2349:
2303:
2256:
2254:
2220:
2197:
2187:
2160:
2140:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2078:Douglas Harper.
2075:
2066:
2065:
2040:(1–4): 187–198.
2027:
2018:
2017:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1780:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1669:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1498:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1132:Leaves and stems
1078:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1014:
908:, the subfamily
821:
706:
646:
639:
632:
620:. The Malvaceae
467:flowering plants
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
394:
388:
385:Theobromataceae
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
343:Lasiopetalaceae
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
215:
131:
130:
115:Malva parviflora
107:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
6250:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6203:
6198:
6190:
6185:
6177:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6126:
6118:
6113:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6087:
6079:
6077:
6069:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6030:
6025:
6017:
6012:
6004:
5999:
5991:
5986:
5978:
5973:
5965:
5963:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5937:
5929:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5885:
5877:
5872:
5864:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5838:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5790:
5780:
5775:
5737:
5733:Paracryphiaceae
5719:
5701:
5678:
5655:
5587:
5549:
5520:Torricelliaceae
5499:
5486:
5387:Calceolariaceae
5372:Carlemanniaceae
5353:
5315:
5297:
5279:
5241:
5218:
5200:
5175:
5162:
5039:
4989:
4976:
4952:Balanophoraceae
4928:
4839:Lophiocarpaceae
4819:Achatocarpaceae
4814:Caryophyllaceae
4804:Macarthuriaceae
4769:Drosophyllaceae
4725:
4700:
4675:
4617:
4599:
4585:Crypteroniaceae
4580:Melastomataceae
4541:
4478:
4445:
4422:
4380:Crossosomatales
4374:
4350:Gyrostemonaceae
4320:Koeberliniaceae
4274:
4261:
4213:
4204:Picrodendraceae
4169:Lacistemataceae
4129:Dichapetalaceae
4104:Centroplacaceae
4094:Lophopyxidaceae
4054:Erythroxylaceae
4020:
3997:
3974:
3916:
3868:
3835:
3806:Corynocarpaceae
3780:
3767:
3747:
3734:
3695:Grossulariaceae
3644:
3631:
3608:
3590:
3578:Trochodendrales
3572:
3553:Lardizabalaceae
3524:
3491:
3460:
3448:Ceratophyllales
3439:Ceratophyllidae
3429:
3420:Ecdeiocoleaceae
3410:Flagellariaceae
3346:
3293:
3255:
3232:
3203:Tecophilaeaceae
3173:Blandfordiaceae
3149:
3115:Petermanniaceae
3100:Campynemataceae
3086:
3048:
3020:
3002:
2963:Aponogetonaceae
2919:
2894:
2882:
2851:
2803:
2789:Himantandraceae
2760:
2732:
2698:
2696:Mesangiospermae
2685:
2657:
2629:
2605:
2600:
2581:Marchantiophyta
2560:
2549:
2516:Wayback Machine
2480:
2475:
2452:10.2307/2656928
2426:
2421:Wayback Machine
2398:
2357:
2352:
2313:
2284:10.2307/2807839
2259:
2238:New Phytologist
2230:
2200:
2163:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2029:
2028:
2021:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1860:Malvaceae Juss.
1858:
1854:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1421:
1371:Theobroma cacao
1329:
1287:
1253:
1184:Theobroma cacao
1172:
1134:
1120:, but some are
1085:
987:
936:
924:
918:
894:
885:
876:
867:
782:Brownlowioideae
741:Central America
692:
614:
549:
543:(181 species).
531:(216 species),
525:(275 species),
519:(291 species),
513:(434 species),
443:
410:
406:
392:
386:
380:
374:
373:Sparmanniaceae
368:
367:Plagianthaceae
362:
356:
350:
344:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
302:
301:Brownlowiaceae
296:
243:Brownlowioideae
214:
125:
98:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6196:
6192:wfo-7000000360
6183:
6173:
6160:
6150:
6137:
6124:
6111:
6098:
6085:
6075:
6062:
6049:
6036:
6023:
6010:
5997:
5984:
5971:
5961:
5948:
5935:
5922:
5909:
5896:
5883:
5870:
5857:
5844:
5831:
5816:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5725:Paracryphiales
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5715:Escalloniaceae
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5697:Caprifoliaceae
5694:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5669:Columelliaceae
5665:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Argophyllaceae
5628:
5623:
5621:Alseuosmiaceae
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Phyllonomaceae
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5540:Myodocarpaceae
5537:
5532:
5530:Pittosporaceae
5527:
5525:Griseliniaceae
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5500:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5447:Schlegeliaceae
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5397:Plantaginaceae
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5344:Sphenocleaceae
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Convolvulaceae
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5214:Metteniusaceae
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5185:
5176:
5171:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5128:Sarraceniaceae
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Fouquieriaceae
5065:
5060:
5058:Marcgraviaceae
5055:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4962:Misodendraceae
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Phytolaccaceae
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Asteropeiaceae
4796:
4791:
4789:Simmondsiaceae
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4749:Plumbaginaceae
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4731:Caryophyllales
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:Sarcolaenaceae
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Gerrardinaceae
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4247:Elaeocarpaceae
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4209:Phyllanthaceae
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Passifloraceae
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Putranjivaceae
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Calophyllaceae
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Rhizophoraceae
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3993:Zygophyllaceae
3990:
3984:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3907:Ticodendraceae
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:Hamamelidaceae
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:Myrothamnaceae
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Menispermaceae
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
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3489:
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3472:
3466:
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3459:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Joinvilleaceae
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Strelitziaceae
3303:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:Pontederiaceae
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3246:Dasypogonaceae
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:Amaryllidaceae
3220:
3215:
3213:Xeronemataceae
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
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3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3016:Petrosaviaceae
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
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2918:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2878:Chloranthaceae
2874:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Calycanthaceae
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
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2719:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2681:Schisandraceae
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
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2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Polypodiophyta
2583:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2506:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2478:External links
2476:
2474:
2473:
2424:
2370:(4): 584–602.
2350:
2311:
2310:(3rd edition).
2304:
2270:(3): 384–405.
2257:
2245:(2): 122–143.
2228:
2221:
2211:(4): 267–303.
2198:
2161:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2116:
2093:
2067:
2019:
1987:
1966:
1947:(4): 267–303.
1929:
1902:(3): 225–348.
1884:
1869:
1852:
1800:
1771:(1): 100–130.
1749:
1743:978-0878934072
1742:
1724:
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1567:(3): 201–217.
1545:
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1489:(2): 105–121.
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1193:inflorescences
1171:
1168:
1150:are generally
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986:
983:
935:
934:Synapomorphies
932:
920:Main article:
917:
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805:Southeast Asia
800:Helicteroideae
795:
792:
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787:
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774:
773:
770:
769:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
727:
724:
723:
720:
719:
714:Sterculioideae
709:
704:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
684:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
654:Byttnerioideae
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
613:
610:
548:
545:
501:(mallow), and
398:
397:
396:
395:
389:
383:
379:Sterculiaceae
377:
371:
365:
359:
355:Pentapetaceae
353:
347:
341:
335:
331:Hermanniaceae
329:
325:Helicteraceae
323:
317:
311:
307:Byttneriaceae
305:
299:
290:
289:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
273:Sterculioideae
270:
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263:Helicteroideae
260:
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248:Byttnerioideae
245:
240:
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176:
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112:Least mallow,
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6067:
6063:
6059:
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6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5875:
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5841:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5772:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5707:Escalloniales
5704:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:Menyanthaceae
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Campanulaceae
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5583:Aquifoliaceae
5581:
5579:
5578:Helwingiaceae
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5563:Stemonuraceae
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Pennantiaceae
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5493:
5483:
5482:Orobanchaceae
5480:
5478:
5477:Paulowniaceae
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Linderniaceae
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
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5261:
5258:
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5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5206:Metteniusales
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Oncothecaceae
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Actinidiaceae
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Diapensiaceae
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Lecythidaceae
5076:
5074:
5073:Polemoniaceae
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Balsaminaceae
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Hydrangeaceae
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4983:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Schoepfiaceae
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4914:Portulacaceae
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Halophytaceae
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:Molluginaceae
4882:
4880:
4879:Nyctaginaceae
4877:
4875:
4874:Sarcobataceae
4872:
4870:
4869:Petiveriaceae
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Amaranthaceae
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Frankeniaceae
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4716:Aextoxicaceae
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4698:Superasterids
4694:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:Simaroubaceae
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Anacardiaceae
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4613:Picramniaceae
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Thymelaeaceae
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Muntingiaceae
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Stachyuraceae
4411:
4409:
4408:Guamatelaceae
4406:
4404:
4403:Staphyleaceae
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Emblingiaceae
4333:
4331:
4330:Salvadoraceae
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Limnanthaceae
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:Tropaeolaceae
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4258:
4257:Brunelliaceae
4255:
4253:
4252:Cephalotaceae
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Ixonanthaceae
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Euphorbiaceae
4187:
4185:
4184:Rafflesiaceae
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Euphroniaceae
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Malpighiaceae
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Caryocaraceae
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Podostemaceae
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3980:Zygophyllales
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Casuarinaceae
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Nothofagaceae
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Tetramelaceae
3819:
3817:
3816:Cucurbitaceae
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Apodanthaceae
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3730:Cynomoriaceae
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Saxifragaceae
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Peridiscaceae
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3625:
3623:
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3566:
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3508:
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3380:Eriocaulaceae
3378:
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3340:
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3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Heliconiaceae
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
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3302:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3289:Haemodoraceae
3287:
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3274:Commelinaceae
3272:
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3258:
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3209:
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3201:
3199:
3198:Ixioliriaceae
3196:
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3193:Doryanthaceae
3191:
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3110:Melanthiaceae
3108:
3106:
3103:
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3098:
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3089:
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3077:Cyclanthaceae
3075:
3073:
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3044:Dioscoreaceae
3042:
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3039:Burmanniaceae
3037:
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3034:Nartheciaceae
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3008:Petrosaviales
3005:
2999:
2998:Cymodoceaceae
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Posidoniaceae
2986:
2984:
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2976:
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2968:Juncaginaceae
2966:
2964:
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2959:
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2938:Tofieldiaceae
2936:
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2870:Chloranthales
2867:
2864:
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2861:Chloranthidae
2858:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Hernandiaceae
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Gomortegaceae
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Eupomatiaceae
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Degeneriaceae
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Myristicaceae
2772:
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2641:
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2015:
2011:
2008:(2): 63–143.
2007:
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1981:IAWA Bulletin
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1230:
1226:
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1218:
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1206:
1205:actinomorphic
1202:
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1077:
1068:
1065:) and modern
1063:
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1020:
1010:
1009:Ancient Greek
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
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982:
979:
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967:
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959:
954:
953:inflorescence
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664:
661:
660:
659:South America
656:
655:
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647:
641:
640:
634:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
602:Sterculiaceae
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
580:
579:sensu stricto
572:
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495:(hollyhock),
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484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
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404:
390:
384:
378:
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366:
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349:Melochiaceae
348:
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153:Tracheophytes
151:
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69:
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49:
44:
39:
32:
22:
19:
5795:
5646:Calyceraceae
5641:Goodeniaceae
5626:Phellinaceae
5616:Stylidiaceae
5555:Aquifoliales
5437:Bignoniaceae
5422:Martyniaceae
5392:Gesneriaceae
5349:Hydroleaceae
5339:Montiniaceae
5293:Boraginaceae
5270:Gelsemiaceae
5260:Gentianaceae
5232:Eucommiaceae
5133:Roridulaceae
5113:Symplocaceae
5083:Sladeniaceae
5025:Curtisiaceae
4972:Loranthaceae
4894:Didiereaceae
4849:Barbeuiaceae
4809:Microteaceae
4764:Nepenthaceae
4754:Polygonaceae
4744:Tamaricaceae
4636:Nitrariaceae
4605:Picramniales
4570:Vochysiaceae
4555:Combretaceae
4506:
4469:Tapisciaceae
4464:Petenaeaceae
4370:Brassicaceae
4124:Trigoniaceae
4119:Balanopaceae
4084:Hypericaceae
4064:Bonnetiaceae
4039:Irvingiaceae
4026:Malpighiales
4016:Celastraceae
3988:Krameriaceae
3945:Elaeagnaceae
3940:Dirachmaceae
3897:Juglandaceae
3864:Polygalaceae
3849:Quillajaceae
3811:Coriariaceae
3788:Cucurbitales
3725:Haloragaceae
3720:Penthoraceae
3705:Crassulaceae
3670:Altingiaceae
3652:Saxifragales
3604:Dilleniaceae
3543:Papaveraceae
3538:Eupteleaceae
3530:Ranunculales
3438:
3405:Restionaceae
3365:Bromeliaceae
3299:Zingiberales
3279:Philydraceae
3269:Hanguanaceae
3261:Commelinales
3228:Asparagaceae
3188:Hypoxidaceae
3135:Ripogonaceae
3130:Philesiaceae
3125:Colchicaceae
3067:Velloziaceae
3062:Triuridaceae
3026:Dioscoreales
2943:Alismataceae
2891:
2860:
2822:Siparunaceae
2779:Magnoliaceae
2676:Trimeniaceae
2653:Nymphaeaceae
2617:Amborellales
2596:Angiospermae
2551:Families of
2502:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2402:cite journal
2367:
2361:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2267:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2150:
2125:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2037:
2031:
2005:
1999:
1979:
1969:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1855:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1733:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1564:
1558:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1426:Florissantia
1424:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1335:, including
1330:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1288:
1265:
1197:cauliflorous
1190:
1182:
1146:
1141:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1036:Modern Greek
1000:
990:
988:
969:
965:
961:
957:
948:
944:
937:
925:
905:
903:
898:
895:
847:Bombacoideae
845:
844:
827:
826:
798:
797:
780:
779:
757:Dombeyoideae
755:
754:
730:
729:
712:
711:
673:
672:
652:
651:
621:
615:
605:
587:
584:monophyletic
577:
575:
570:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
462:
402:
401:
337:Hibiscaceae
319:Durionaceae
313:Dombeyaceae
295:Bombacaceae
253:Dombeyoideae
238:Bombacoideae
229:
224:Subfamilies
211:
185:
172:
159:
146:
113:
18:
6001:iNaturalist
5820:Wikispecies
5601:Rousseaceae
5497:Campanulids
5457:Verbenaceae
5432:Acanthaceae
5427:Pedaliaceae
5417:Byblidaceae
5285:Boraginales
5275:Apocynaceae
5265:Loganiaceae
5247:Gentianales
5196:Icacinaceae
5148:Cyrillaceae
5143:Clethraceae
5123:Styracaceae
5103:Primulaceae
5030:Grubbiaceae
4957:Santalaceae
4899:Basellaceae
4854:Gisekiaceae
4794:Physenaceae
4759:Droseraceae
4656:Sapindaceae
4646:Burseraceae
4590:Alzateaceae
4502:Neuradaceae
4441:Francoaceae
4436:Geraniaceae
4388:Aphloiaceae
4360:Capparaceae
4340:Tovariaceae
4300:Moringaceae
4282:Brassicales
4242:Cunoniaceae
4237:Oxalidaceae
4232:Connaraceae
4149:Achariaceae
4144:Humiriaceae
4109:Elatinaceae
4003:Celastrales
3960:Cannabaceae
3935:Barbeyaceae
3859:Surianaceae
3831:Begoniaceae
3826:Datiscaceae
3665:Paeoniaceae
3642:Superrosids
3627:Gunneraceae
3596:Dilleniales
3515:Platanaceae
3390:Thurniaceae
3370:Rapateaceae
3332:Marantaceae
3183:Lanariaceae
3178:Asteliaceae
3163:Orchidaceae
3155:Asparagales
3140:Smilacaceae
3082:Pandanaceae
3072:Stemonaceae
2978:Zosteraceae
2973:Maundiaceae
2925:Alismatales
2842:Monimiaceae
2766:Magnoliales
2751:Saururaceae
2728:Winteraceae
2723:Canellaceae
2706:Magnoliidae
2648:Cabombaceae
2635:Nymphaeales
2568:Supergroup
2386:10261/24879
2086:February 3,
1821:(jkab136).
1506:10654/18083
1412:Alcea rosea
1333:agriculture
1305:(including
1285:Pollination
1275:schizocarps
1268:loculicidal
1142:Malva alcea
1093:Alcea rosea
1083:Description
680:pantropical
675:Grewioideae
612:Subfamilies
594:Bombacaceae
557:rose mallow
258:Grewioideae
166:Angiosperms
6222:Categories
6019:30000208-2
5684:Dipsacales
5674:Bruniaceae
5651:Asteraceae
5535:Araliaceae
5472:Phrymaceae
5407:Stilbaceae
5334:Solanaceae
5311:Vahliaceae
5237:Garryaceae
5183:Icacinales
5093:Sapotaceae
4947:Opiliaceae
4934:Santalales
4909:Talinaceae
4889:Montiaceae
4641:Kirkiaceae
4623:Sapindales
4595:Penaeaceae
4565:Onagraceae
4560:Lythraceae
4492:Cytinaceae
4451:Huerteales
4428:Geraniales
4365:Cleomaceae
4355:Resedaceae
4305:Caricaceae
4290:Akaniaceae
4219:Oxalidales
4174:Salicaceae
4159:Goupiaceae
4069:Clusiaceae
3970:Urticaceae
3950:Rhamnaceae
3912:Betulaceae
3892:Myricaceae
3614:Gunnerales
3520:Proteaceae
3400:Cyperaceae
3385:Mayacaceae
3375:Xyridaceae
3105:Corsiaceae
3054:Pandanales
2993:Ruppiaceae
2948:Butomaceae
2799:Annonaceae
2756:Piperaceae
2715:Canellales
2324:(3): 129.
2159:: 315–330.
1461:2023-07-20
1452:"Malvales"
1438:References
1327:Importance
1308:Ptilothrix
1061:mulukhiyah
1049:), modern
910:Malvoideae
829:Malvoideae
766:Mascarenes
762:Madagascar
732:Tilioideae
589:sensu lato
461:), or the
391:Tiliaceae
278:Tilioideae
268:Malvoideae
6228:Malvaceae
5967:malvaceae
5944:Malvaceae
5913:FloraBase
5853:Malvaceae
5826:Malvaceae
5796:Malvaceae
5692:Adoxaceae
5661:Bruniales
5593:Asterales
5462:Lamiaceae
5321:Solanales
5303:Vahliales
5255:Rubiaceae
5224:Garryales
5153:Ericaceae
5098:Ebenaceae
5035:Cornaceae
5020:Loasaceae
5005:Nyssaceae
4942:Olacaceae
4924:Cactaceae
4859:Aizoaceae
4834:Limeaceae
4671:Meliaceae
4575:Myrtaceae
4527:Cistaceae
4507:Malvaceae
4154:Violaceae
4059:Ochnaceae
4034:Pandaceae
3505:Sabiaceae
3497:Proteales
3395:Juncaceae
3360:Typhaceae
3337:Costaceae
3327:Cannaceae
3312:Lowiaceae
3251:Arecaceae
3208:Iridaceae
3168:Boryaceae
3145:Liliaceae
2915:Acoraceae
2847:Lauraceae
2738:Piperales
2576:Bryophyta
2263:Brittonia
1961:196597042
1713:Sterculia
1560:Phytotaxa
1379:Cola spp.
1354:Gossypium
1299:Emphorini
1291:protandry
1241:nectaries
1152:alternate
626:cladogram
598:Tiliaceae
540:Sterculia
403:Malvaceae
212:Malvaceae
136:Kingdom:
31:Campanian
24:Malvaceae
6179:malvacea
6164:VicFlora
6153:VASCAN:
6146:42000104
6141:Tropicos
5805:Wikidata
5771:Category
5545:Apiaceae
5467:Mazaceae
5377:Oleaceae
5359:Lamiales
5108:Theaceae
5045:Ericales
4997:Cornales
4987:Asterids
4844:Kewaceae
4661:Rutaceae
4547:Myrtales
4522:Bixaceae
4484:Malvales
4325:Bataceae
4194:Linaceae
4179:Peraceae
3965:Moraceae
3955:Ulmaceae
3930:Rosaceae
3887:Fagaceae
3854:Fabaceae
3763:Vitaceae
3690:Iteaceae
3487:Buxaceae
3470:Eudicots
3322:Musaceae
3238:Arecales
3092:Liliales
2907:Acorales
2897:Monocots
2809:Laurales
2512:Archived
2469:10523287
2417:Archived
2394:21652437
2346:84980357
2194:21652333
2101:Khalid.
2080:"mallow"
2062:20889917
1924:40348158
1847:33892500
1795:41041851
1787:22974340
1613:Hibiscus
1431:Cenozoic
1419:See also
1375:kola nut
1320:Melitoma
1314:Diadasia
1271:capsules
1209:epicalyx
1187:flowers.
1164:stellate
1076:molokhia
1005:Cognates
978:peduncle
940:mucilage
510:Hibiscus
387:J.Agardh
375:J.Agardh
369:J.Agardh
351:J.Agardh
339:J.Agardh
327:J.Agardh
287:Synonyms
208:Family:
202:Malvales
179:Eudicots
33:- recent
5811:Q156551
5507:Apiales
5173:Lamiids
4272:Malvids
4227:Huaceae
3922:Rosales
3874:Fagales
3841:Fabales
3755:Vitales
3479:Buxales
3425:Poaceae
2933:Araceae
2892:Lilidae
2461:2656928
2326:Bibcode
2300:2887745
2292:2807839
2272:Bibcode
2042:Bibcode
1904:Bibcode
1838:8496235
1693:Dombeya
1633:Pavonia
1597:15 July
1528:(GRIN)
1391:baobabs
1381:), and
1301:of the
1233:carpels
1229:pistils
1225:stamens
1217:connate
1170:Flowers
1156:dentate
1046:molókha
1031:molókhē
1019:malákhē
976:on the
856:America
566:Common
534:Dombeya
516:Pavonia
483:roselle
463:mallows
363:A.Juss.
333:Marquis
198:Order:
140:Plantae
6205:413963
6094:279960
6078:NZOR:
6032:114704
5964:FoIO:
5866:121481
3778:Fabids
3745:Rosids
3352:Poales
2557:APG IV
2467:
2459:
2392:
2344:
2298:
2290:
2192:
2132:
2060:
1959:
1922:
1845:
1835:
1793:
1785:
1740:
1673:Ayenia
1538:7 June
1395:durian
1349:Cotton
1317:, and
1303:Apidae
1262:fruits
1260:Durian
1251:Fruits
1235:. The
1223:. The
1221:petals
1213:sepals
1201:bracts
1148:Leaves
1126:lianas
1118:shrubs
1071:מלוחיה
1067:Hebrew
1055:ملوخية
1051:Arabic
1040:μολόχα
1025:μολόχη
1013:μαλάχη
974:Bracts
928:genera
916:Genera
852:Africa
600:, and
568:mallow
555:Swamp
528:Ayenia
487:durian
475:cotton
192:Rosids
6200:WoRMS
6115:Plazi
6107:53879
6045:21608
6027:IRMNG
6006:48797
5957:10534
5939:FoAO2
5931:10534
5918:22862
5905:1MAVF
5840:54428
2570:Plant
2457:JSTOR
2358:(PDF)
2342:S2CID
2317:Grana
2296:S2CID
2288:JSTOR
2058:S2CID
1957:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1367:cacao
1359:kenaf
1245:hairs
1237:ovary
1160:stems
1122:trees
1022:) or
1001:Malva
997:mauve
992:malva
985:Names
945:s.l..
504:Tilia
498:Malva
492:Alcea
479:cacao
393:Juss.
381:Vent.
345:Rchb.
321:Cheek
315:Kunth
309:R.Br.
303:Cheek
297:Kunth
217:Juss.
186:Clade
173:Clade
160:Clade
147:Clade
6128:POWO
6071:3629
6066:NCBI
6040:ITIS
6014:IPNI
5988:GRIN
5980:6685
5975:GBIF
5900:EPPO
5892:4321
5861:BOLD
5848:ATRF
5835:APNI
2465:PMID
2414:here
2408:link
2390:PMID
2190:PMID
2130:ISBN
2111:2011
2088:2012
1843:PMID
1783:PMID
1738:ISBN
1695:Cav.
1653:Sida
1635:Cav.
1599:2014
1540:2017
1409:and
1383:okra
1341:and
1279:nuts
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966:s.l.
958:s.l.
949:s.l.
926:245
906:s.s.
899:s.l.
854:and
764:and
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622:s.l.
606:s.s.
522:Sida
485:and
471:okra
230:See
38:PreꞒ
6187:WFO
6156:163
6053:NBN
5993:688
5952:FoC
5926:FNA
5887:EoL
5879:CDB
5874:CoL
2447:doi
2431:ndh
2382:hdl
2372:doi
2334:doi
2280:doi
2247:doi
2213:doi
2209:129
2180:doi
2050:doi
2038:214
2010:doi
2006:131
1949:doi
1945:129
1912:doi
1833:PMC
1823:doi
1773:doi
1569:doi
1565:261
1501:hdl
1491:doi
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