707:
153:
611:
1368:
1340:
2958:
1005:
2948:
944:
43:
1354:
874:
2968:
1274:
The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some upland areas of Europe
1227:
which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development
1247:
Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village, but rather consisted of parts of two or more villages, most of the latter containing also parts of at least one other manor. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their
921:
The lord is the direct or prominent owner of the land assets of his lordship. The notion of absolute ownership over a common good cannot be applied, because there are also others than the main user who have rights over these goods. We distinguish in the land lordship two sets the reserves which is
1085:
Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the
1081:
Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic
1243:
The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less
1251:
As with peasant plots, the demesne was not a single territorial unit, but consisted rather of a central house with neighbouring land and estate buildings, plus strips dispersed through the manor alongside free and villein ones: in addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to
1285:
stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.
1144: ... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organisation was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing."
1239:
holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly, with more or less reliance on wage labour for agricultural work on the demesne.
542:
who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord. These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the
1073:
in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein
1109:
period, illegal building was carried out on lord's waste land by squatters who would then plead their case to remain with local support. An example of a lord's waste settlement, where the main centres grew up in this way, is the village of
912:
The title of lord is also granted, especially in modern times, to individuals holding noble fiefdoms which are not for all that seigneuries. These "lords" are sometimes called sieurs, equivalent terms in medieval times.
772:, the strips of individually worked land in the open field system are immediately apparent. In this plan, the manor house is set slightly apart from the village, but equally often the village grew up around the
1059:) holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a part of its output (or cash in lieu thereof), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and
690:
kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the west in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by
Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation or displacement of populations.
636:. Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councillors were forbidden to resign, and
787:
In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors. There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One, the most common, was the system of holding land
581:
in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a
706:
780:. As concerns for privacy increased in the 18th century, manor houses were often located a farther distance from the village. For example, when a grand new house was required by the new owner of
1275:
showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern
England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.
2411:
2777:
1766:
tr. L.A. Masnyon, 1965, vol. II p. 442) emphasised the distinction between economic manorialism which preceded feudalism and survived it, and political and social feudalism, or
1105:
of the manor which being uncultivated was termed the Lord's Waste and served for public roads and for common pasture to the lord and his tenants. In many settlements during the
784:, Lincolnshire, in the 1830s, the site of the existing manor house at the edge of its village was abandoned for a new one, isolated in its park, with the village out of view.
2913:
1255:
Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service (or again, cash in lieu) to their superior: a substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in
2426:
2503:
586:
landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the
494:
2084:
1805:
Hartwin
Spenkuch, "Herrenhaus und Rittergut: Die Erste Kammer des Landtags und der preuĂźische Adel von 1854 bis 1918 aus sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht"
1082:
circumstances made flight a viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment.
562:
western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based
905:
or canonical chapter or a military order. The power of the lord was exercised through various intermediaries, the most important of which was the
624:
The term is most often used with reference to medieval
Western Europe. Antecedents of the system can be traced to the rural economy of the later
1594:
765:
is sometimes used in
England as a slang term for any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context.
642:, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to. The workers of the land were on their way to becoming serfs.
2381:
616:
152:
2971:
718:, built in the mid 14th century. A manor house hall was where the lord and his family ate, received guests, and conferred with dependents.
1786:.4 (December 1972:938–944) p. 938; a comment on D. North and R. Thomas, "The rise and fall of the manorial system: a theoretical model",
1065:, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.
2837:
2812:
2752:
2928:
2463:
1069:
Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to
2933:
2318:
2278:
2259:
2036:
1877:
1471:
991:
126:
1477:
1324:
926:, property whose exploitation is entrusted to a tenant against payment of a royalty, most often called cens and services such as
31:
2099:
2010:
2431:
882:
487:
2797:
2737:
2709:
2468:
2053:
969:
415:
64:
2714:
2883:
610:
340:
107:
965:
79:
60:
2893:
645:
Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such
2586:
2310:
954:
722:
The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as
1101:, etc. Common land where all members of the community had right of passage was known as "lord's waste". Part of the
2888:
2878:
2842:
2684:
839:
expedition of 778. He solved this problem by allotting "desert" tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal
480:
86:
973:
958:
53:
2997:
2611:
2374:
2292:
Life and work in medieval Europe : the evolution of medieval economy from the fifth to the fifteenth century
1982:
1248:
equivalents in kind of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living furthest from the lord's estate.
694:
The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the
2862:
1252:
neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce.
683:, who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries, remaining subject to their own traditional law.
2152:
1927:
1902:
93:
3002:
2566:
2536:
1602:
1086:
demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century.
2923:
2679:
2453:
2742:
2591:
1953:
1519:
1373:
355:
75:
2634:
2561:
2202:"An Economic Explanation of English Agricultural Organization in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries"
3007:
2961:
2903:
2699:
2606:
2576:
2367:
2157:
776:
of the manor, formerly walled, while the manor lands stretched away outside, as still may be seen at
633:
573:
Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the
294:
250:
144:
1271:
manors tended to be larger, with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors.
1259:) belonged directly to the king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by
1043:, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents;
2847:
2827:
2807:
2772:
2704:
2616:
2483:
1106:
240:
185:
2947:
2992:
2951:
2787:
2762:
2664:
2541:
2493:
2488:
2478:
2416:
2350: – the English version gives the overview of 438 best preserved historical manors in Estonia
2221:
1741:
1702:
1652:
1345:
1208:
667:
405:
245:
1822:
Donald J. Herreld, (2016) An
Economic History of the World Since 1400. The Great Courses. P. 20.
1118:. Lord's waste continues to be a source of rights and responsibilities issues in places such as
2180:"Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "manorialism". Encyclopedia Britannica, 3 Oct. 2022"
2689:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2556:
2546:
2531:
2398:
2314:
2274:
2255:
2078:
2032:
1862:
1694:
1644:
1523:
1295:
1157:
1153:
695:
587:
574:
555:
535:
280:
255:
2908:
2857:
2852:
2792:
2757:
2669:
2626:
2596:
2518:
2436:
2406:
2213:
1733:
1686:
1636:
1501:
1303:
906:
687:
638:
435:
159:
538:
and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers or
2918:
2832:
2802:
2526:
2443:
2014:
1447:
1339:
1322:. In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of the
1119:
923:
894:
781:
711:
235:
166:
1966:
930:. The distribution between reserve and tenure varies depending on the period and region.
740:), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to a higher lord (see
365:
100:
2822:
2767:
2721:
2674:
2654:
2498:
2421:
1466:
1386:
1268:
1200:
1183:
1070:
777:
750:, governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular;
746:
563:
395:
370:
285:
220:
195:
30:
This article is about the medieval system. For the 17th-century system in Canada, see
2986:
2581:
2290:
2179:
2110:
2007:
1546:
1391:
1359:
1307:
1256:
672:
658:
425:
410:
2303:
1004:
804:, in which land was held conditionally (the root of the English word "precarious").
2747:
2644:
2448:
1457:
1425:
1401:
1319:
1123:
909:. The sovereign can also be a lord; the seigneuries he owns form the royal domain.
854:
625:
599:
455:
360:
2060:
1831:
C.R. Whittaker, "Circe's pigs: from slavery to serfdom in the later Roman world",
2898:
2508:
2390:
1978:
1453:
1299:
1138:
1134:
1075:
943:
890:
820:
728:
567:
559:
551:
531:
527:
523:
350:
330:
290:
42:
2473:
2353:
1759:
1737:
1640:
1335:
1098:
824:
583:
450:
190:
27:
Economic, political, and judicial institution during the Middle Ages in Europe
1779:
Andrew Jones, "The Rise and Fall of the
Manorial System: A Critical Comment"
1698:
1648:
2782:
2551:
2334:
1568:
1264:
1224:
1212:
1141:
1111:
902:
885:". He can be an individual, in the vast majority of cases a national of the
873:
832:
812:
773:
741:
544:
470:
400:
385:
210:
927:
835:
refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his
2817:
2694:
2571:
1513:
1507:
1483:
1204:
1188:
1130:
1017:
886:
858:
836:
801:
791:
629:
390:
375:
310:
215:
200:
922:
the set of goods of which the lord reserves the direct exploitation and
17:
2458:
2359:
2339:
2225:
2201:
1990:
1745:
1722:"The Origins of the Manorial Economy: New Insights from Late Antiquity"
1721:
1706:
1674:
1656:
1624:
1489:
1462:
1441:
1435:
1282:
1260:
1236:
1232:
1199:
Tenants owned land on the manor under one of several legal agreements:
1168:
1163:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1055:
1039:
1012:
751:
578:
539:
460:
445:
380:
325:
320:
300:
225:
877:
Reconstruction of a medieval castle, Bachritterburg, Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1431:
1419:
1406:
1315:
1178:
1173:
828:
755:
595:
440:
260:
230:
205:
2217:
1690:
526:") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the
1906:
1244:
variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors.
865:, dating from Late Antiquity, was inherited by the medieval world.
1495:
1396:
1279:
1094:
1022:
1003:
898:
862:
807:
To these two systems, the
Carolingian monarchs added a third, the
705:
609:
305:
2342:
The
Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
2271:
Feudal
Society: Vol 2: Social Classes and Political Organisation
1231:
Not all manors contained all three classes of land. Typically,
841:
715:
614:
Ploughing on a French ducal manor in March from the manuscript,
315:
180:
2363:
2347:
1625:"The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model"
1093:
lands was known as "manorial waste"; typically, this included
937:
530:. Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified
36:
861:(see Lewis, links). In former Roman settlements, a system of
1956:. Perry–Castañeda Map Collection – UT Library Online.
661:
around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the
2296:. Harper torchbook, 1141. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
1089:
Land which was neither let to tenants nor formed part of
2252:
Feudal Society: Vol 1: The Growth and Ties of Dependence
2288:
Boissonnade, Prosper; Eileen Power; Lynn White (1964).
1413:
Similar land tenure systems in other parts of the world
1235:
accounted for roughly a third of the arable area, and
1034:
Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land:
1294:
The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the
1849:
The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395–600
1758:"Feudal Society", in its modern sense was coined in
897:
most often an ecclesiastical institution such as an
849:
entailed specific conditions. The earliest specific
845:
under direct control of the emperor. These holdings
2871:
2730:
2625:
2517:
2397:
796:in full outright ownership. The other was a use of
758:also held lands that entailed similar obligations.
665:and limited their rights to sue in the courts; the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2302:
2289:
2031:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 420.
2008:http://www.henleynews.co.uk/history/LordsWaste.pdf
881:The possessor of a seigneurie bears the title of "
679:, "bound to the soil", contrasted with barbarian
675:extended these restrictions. The legal status of
2134:Horn, "On the Origins of the Medieval Cloister"
1623:North, Douglass C.; Thomas, Robert Paul (1971).
1928:"Plan of Medieval Manor by William R. Shepherd"
1675:"The Manorial System and the French Revolution"
2305:Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe
1878:"Terror raids on homes of uranium ex-employee"
2375:
1498:, manor equivalent in the Indian Subcontinent
768:In the generic plan of a medieval manor from
488:
8:
2029:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 6
1010:The mustard-coloured areas are part of the
972:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2382:
2368:
2360:
1762:'s 1939–40 books of the same name. Bloch (
495:
481:
140:
2200:Reed, Clyde G; Anderson, Terry L (1973).
1813:.3 (July – September 1999):375–403).
1129:In examining the origins of the monastic
992:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2335:World History Encyclopedia – Manorialism
2027:Jeffrey Lehman; Shirelle Phelps (2005).
872:
606:Historical and geographical distribution
522:, was the method of land ownership (or "
1537:
424:
339:
269:
143:
2151:Angus Winchester; Eleanor Straughton.
2083:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2076:
853:grant that has been identified was at
617:Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
160:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
2051:See Bredfield Parish Plan 2006, p.9:
1567:Cartwright, Mark (29 November 2018).
1137:found that "as a manorial entity the
831:, when Charlemagne had to settle the
649:: it was possible to be described as
7:
1801:
1799:
1668:
1666:
1593:Ian John Ernest Keil (11 May 2018).
970:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2967:
2412:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1310:. In parts of eastern Germany, the
1228:with changing economic conditions.
590:. In parts of eastern Germany, the
2504:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
25:
2934:Historiography in the Middle Ages
2354:Medieval manors and their records
1472:Property Law in Colonial New York
2966:
2957:
2956:
2946:
1478:Seigneurial system of New France
1366:
1352:
1338:
1306:in the 1840s as a result of the
1008:Generic map of a medieval manor.
942:
811:, which linked manorialism with
732:; each manor being subject to a
151:
41:
32:Seigneurial system of New France
2432:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2427:Decline of Hellenistic religion
2141:.1/2 (1973:13–52), quote p. 41.
1788:The Journal of Economic History
1781:The Journal of Economic History
1629:The Journal of Economic History
52:needs additional citations for
2710:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
2356:Specific to the British Isles.
1987:House of Lords Official Record
1325:Seigniorial Dues Abolition Act
558:, and was widely practised in
550:Manorialism originated in the
416:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
2884:Disability in the Middle Ages
2557:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2489:Rise of the Venetian Republic
1932:University of Texas Libraries
1726:The English Historical Review
819:made its first appearance in
341:Feudal land tenure in England
2311:Harcourt Brace & Company
1876:Stewart Payne (2007-08-03).
1866:XI. 48.21.1; 50,2.3; 52.1.1.
1545:Students of History (2023).
1474:, 17th–18th century New York
1444:, system in Poland/Lithuania
2206:The Economic History Review
2006:, 6th ed., 1990, quoted at
1807:Geschichte und Gesellschaft
1720:Peter Sarris (April 2004).
1679:Political Science Quarterly
770:Shepherd's Historical Atlas
3024:
2685:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
2269:Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16).
2250:Bloch, Marc (1989-11-16).
1860:Cameron 1993:86 instances
1573:World History Encyclopedia
1450:, system in Estonia/Latvia
29:
2942:
2612:Mongol invasion of Europe
2273:(2 ed.). Routledge.
2254:(2 ed.). Routledge.
1641:10.1017/S0022050700074623
1278:Similarly, the spread of
2212:(1): 134–137 (4 pages).
1793:(December 1971:777–803).
1569:"Manorialism Definition"
2567:Investiture Controversy
2537:Second Bulgarian Empire
2301:Pirenne, Henri (1937).
1738:10.1093/ehr/119.481.279
1603:Oxford University Press
1026:. William R. Shepherd,
761:By extension, the word
2924:Post-classical history
2680:Fall of Constantinople
2587:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2454:First Bulgarian Empire
2348:Estonian Manors Portal
2004:Black’s Law Dictionary
1492:, the Brazilian system
1219:Variation among manors
1031:
878:
719:
632:). Labour was the key
621:
1952:William R. Shepherd.
1833:Slavery and Abolition
1520:Particuliere landerij
1480:, 17th century Canada
1374:United Kingdom portal
1007:
876:
709:
613:
356:English feudal barony
2904:Medieval reenactment
2700:Renaissance Humanism
2607:Medieval Warm Period
2577:Republic of Florence
2391:European Middle Ages
2340:Archibald R. Lewis,
2158:Lancaster University
2116:on 26 September 2021
1673:Sait, E. M. (1908).
1486:, the Spanish system
1148:Residents of a manor
966:improve this section
634:factor of production
251:Feudal fragmentation
61:improve this article
2617:Kingdom of Portugal
2484:Old Church Slavonic
2469:Anglo-Saxon England
1882:The Daily Telegraph
1516:the Japanese system
1510:, Chinese feudalism
1428:, Dutch manorialism
744:). The lord held a
186:Ecclesiastical fief
2798:In popular culture
2763:Crusading movement
2635:Hundred Years' War
2494:Civitas Schinesghe
2479:Carolingian Empire
2464:Kingdom of Croatia
2417:Barbarian kingdoms
2153:"What is a Manor?"
2013:2021-09-26 at the
1954:"Historical Atlas"
1903:"London Slang - M"
1547:"The Manor System"
1504:, Indian feudalism
1422:, the Welsh system
1346:Middle Ages portal
1209:customary freehold
1032:
1020:areas part of the
879:
720:
710:The great hall at
671:promulgated under
668:Codex Theodosianus
653:, "both slave and
622:
406:Customary freehold
246:Feudal maintenance
2980:
2979:
2889:Basic topics list
2690:Swiss mercenaries
2640:Wars of the Roses
2547:Kingdom of Poland
2532:Holy Roman Empire
2399:Early Middle Ages
1983:"Manorial Wastes"
1863:Codex Justinianus
1595:"Manorial System"
1524:Dutch East Indies
1302:was abolished in
1296:French Revolution
1156:(who could be an
1154:Lord of the manor
1063:Free peasant land
1002:
1001:
994:
917:The land lordship
696:Mediterranean Sea
651:servus et colonus
588:French Revolution
575:open field system
566:and new forms of
556:Late Roman Empire
536:lord of the manor
505:
504:
281:Lord of the manor
256:Bastard feudalism
145:English feudalism
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3015:
2998:Economic systems
2970:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2909:Medieval studies
2753:Church and State
2627:Late Middle Ages
2519:High Middle Ages
2437:Christianization
2407:Migration Period
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2324:
2308:
2297:
2295:
2284:
2265:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2148:
2142:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2109:. Archived from
2104:
2098:Jonathan Dovey.
2095:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:. Archived from
2058:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2024:
2018:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1981:(12 July 1966).
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1905:. Archived from
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1847:Averil Cameron,
1845:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1732:(119): 279–311.
1717:
1711:
1710:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1502:Indian feudalism
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1028:Historical Atlas
997:
990:
986:
983:
977:
946:
938:
827:in the south of
510:, also known as
497:
490:
483:
436:Avera and inward
170:
155:
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2938:
2919:Neo-medievalism
2867:
2803:Itinerant court
2726:
2621:
2542:Georgian Empire
2527:Norman Conquest
2513:
2459:Frankish Empire
2393:
2388:
2331:
2321:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2246:
2244:Further reading
2241:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2218:10.2307/2594763
2199:
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2117:
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2102:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:"Archived copy"
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2015:Wayback Machine
2002:
1998:
1977:
1976:
1972:
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1961:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
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1859:
1855:
1846:
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1691:10.2307/2140868
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1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1526:(now Indonesia)
1522:, 17th-century
1465:, 17th century
1448:Baltic nobility
1415:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1318:remained until
1292:
1257:England in 1086
1221:
1197:
1150:
1120:Henley-in-Arden
1009:
998:
987:
981:
978:
963:
947:
936:
934:Common features
924:tenant-in-chief
919:
895:judicial person
871:
823:'s province of
782:Harlaxton Manor
712:Penshurst Place
704:
698:was disrupted.
657:". The Laws of
608:
598:remained until
577:. It outlasted
520:manorial system
501:
465:
420:
335:
265:
172:
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167:Bayeux Tapestry
164:
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133:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
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5:
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3003:Social classes
3000:
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2422:Late antiquity
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2100:"Lord's Waste"
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2019:
1996:
1970:
1959:
1944:
1919:
1894:
1868:
1853:
1840:
1838:(1987) 87–122.
1824:
1815:
1795:
1772:
1768:seigneurialism
1764:Feudal Society
1751:
1712:
1685:(4): 690–711.
1662:
1635:(4): 777–803.
1615:
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1467:New Netherland
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1387:Allodial title
1382:
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1269:Ecclesiastical
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2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
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2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Scholasticism
2580:
2578:
2575:
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2470:
2467:
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2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Rise of Islam
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
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2423:
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2415:
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2322:
2320:0-15-627533-3
2316:
2312:
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2299:
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2282:
2280:0-415-03918-5
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2261:0-415-03916-9
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2108:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2066:on 2008-12-09
2062:
2055:
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2038:9780787663742
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
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1909:on 2009-02-08
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1392:Domesday Book
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1360:France portal
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1308:Anti-Rent War
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1071:let pigs feed
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961:
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956:
951:This section
949:
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904:
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893:, but also a
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731:
730:
725:
717:
713:
708:
701:
699:
697:
692:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:Theodosius II
670:
669:
664:
660:
659:Constantine I
656:
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641:
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635:
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597:
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585:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:feudal system
541:
537:
534:in which the
533:
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521:
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509:
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431:
430:
427:
426:Feudal duties
423:
417:
414:
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411:Landed gentry
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117:December 2017
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81:
78: –
77:
76:"Manorialism"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2743:Architecture
2715:Great Famine
2705:Universities
2645:Hussite Wars
2601:
2562:Great Schism
2449:Papal States
2341:
2304:
2291:
2270:
2251:
2229:. Retrieved
2209:
2205:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2111:the original
2106:
2093:
2068:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2047:
2028:
2022:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1979:John Cordle
1973:
1962:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1754:
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