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destruction and difficulties caused by the invasion of the Oirats. Jakyp reaches maturity in this time as the owner of many herds without a single heir. His prayers are eventually answered, and on the day of his son's birth, he dedicates a colt, Toruchaar, born the same day to his son's service. The son is unique among his peers for his strength, mischief, and generosity. The Oirat learn of this young warrior and warn their leader. A plan is hatched to capture the young Manas. They fail in this task, and Manas is able to rally his people and is eventually elected and proclaimed as
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women, Kenizek-Khatun, the daughter of the emir Abuka". Legend has it that
Kanikey, Manas' widow, ordered this inscription in an effort to confuse her husband's enemies and prevent a defiling of his grave. The name of the building is "Manastin Khumbuzu" or "The Dome of Manas", and the date of its erection is unknown. There is a museum dedicated to Manas and his legend nearby the tomb.
390:
375:. An English translation of the version of Sagımbay Orozbakov by Walter May was published in 1995 as part of the commemoration of the presumed 1000th anniversary of Manas' birth (and re-issued in two volumes in 2004), and a substantial episode of this variant translated by Daniel Prior was published in 2022.
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some 40 km east of the town of Talas is believed to house his remains and is a popular destination for Kyrgyz travellers. Traditional Kyrgyz horsemanship games are held there every summer since 1995. An inscription on the mausoleum states, however, that it is dedicated to "...the most famous of
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The epic tells the story of Manas, his descendants, and their exploits against various foes. The Epic of Manas is divided into three books. The first is entitled "Manas", the second episode describes the deeds of his son
Semetei, and the third of his grandson Seitek. The epic begins with the
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Scholars have long debated the exact age of the epic, as it was transmitted orally without being recorded. However, historians have doubted the age claimed for it since the turn of the 20th century. The primary reason is that the events portrayed occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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people, while in versions dating after 1920, Manas is a Kyrgyz and a leader of the Kyrgyz. Use of the Manas for nation-building purposes, and the availability of printed historical variants, has similarly had an impact on the performance, content, and appreciation on the epic.
433:, Stalin's "propagandist in chief", prevented this, calling the poem an example of "bourgeois cosmopolitanism". The struggle continued inside Kyrgyzstan, with different newspapers and authors taking different sides; one of its supporters was
238:. One of the defeated Uyghur rulers gives his daughter to Manas in marriage. At this point, the Kyrgyz people chose, with Manas' help, to return from the Altai mountains to their "ancestral lands" in the mountains of modern-day
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Kyrgyzstan has many Manasçıs. Narrators who know all three episodes of the epic (the tales of Manas, of his son
Semetey and of his grandson Seytek) can acquire the status of Great Manasçı. Great Manasçıs of the 20th century are
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of
Central Asia. Versions of the poem which date to the 19th century and contain historical events of the 18th century, though Kyrgyz tradition holds it to be much older. Manas is said to be based on
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The government of
Kyrgyzstan celebrated the 1,000th anniversary from the moment it was documented in 1995. The mythic poem has evolved over many centuries, being kept alive by bards called
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Changes were made in the delivery and textual representation particularly the replacement of the tribal background of Manas. In the 19th century versions, Manas is the leader of the
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687:Урстанбеков Б.У., Чороев Т.К. Кыргыз тарыхы: Кыскача энциклопедиялык сөздүк: Мектеп окуучулары үчүн. – Ф.:Кыргы. Совет Энциклопедиясыныны Башкы Ред., 1990. 113 б.
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enemy Joloy is to be found in a
Persian manuscript dated to 1792–93. In one of its dozens of iterations, the epic poem consists of approximately 500,000 lines.
640:
Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and
Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 104
356:, noted for lengthy performances (including a 111 hour recitation over five days). Adil Jumaturdu has provided "A comparative study of performers of the
164:. The plot of Manas revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other
617:
Akiner, Shirin & Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Languages and
Scripts of Central Asia. 1997, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 99
270:"compiled to glorify the Sufi sheikhs of Shirkent and Kasan ... circumstances make it highly probable that... is a late eighteenth-century interpolation."
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Manas is the classic centerpiece of Kyrgyz literature, and parts of it are often recited at Kyrgyz festivities by specialists in the epic, called
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to the south in battle, where after defeat the
Afghans enter into an alliance with Manas. Manas then comes into a relationship with the people of
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242:. Manas begins his successful campaigns against his neighbors accompanied by his forty companions. Manas turns eventually to face the
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during his extended research in 19th-century
Kyrgyzstan (then part of the expanding Russian empire) nor has any been found since.
425:. The first extract of the poem to be published in the USSR appeared in Moscow in 1946, and efforts to nominate the poem for the
650:
Plumtree, James (2021). "A Telling Tradition: Preliminary Comments on the Epic of Manas, 1856–2018". In Thomson, S. C. (ed.).
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Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian. Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity, London: Penguin Books, 2005.
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The epic continues in various forms, depending on the publication and whim of the manaschi, or reciter of the epic.
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Manas 1000. Theses of the international scientific symposium devoted to the 'Manas' epos Millenial Anniversary
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Kyrgyzstan beyond "Democracy Island" and "Failing State": Social and Political Changes in a Post-Soviet Society
445:, in the 1980s, picked up the cause for the poem again, and in 1985 finally a statue for the hero was erected.
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made scholarly editions with facing English translations of the Manas tales recorded in the 19th century by
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The interactions of a Kyrgyz warrior and his progeny with neighboring Turkic, Mongolic, and Chinese people
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are both longer. The distinction is in number of verses. Manas has more verses, though they are shorter.
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1032:. Section "The Spirit of Manas", pp. 188–198. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006
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tried to get the poem published in 1925, but this was prevented by the growing influence of
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The reception of the poem in the USSR was problematic. Politician and government official
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In 2023, the manuscript version of the epic was included by international organization
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The memorial feast for Kokötöy Khan : a Kirghiz epic poem in the Manas tradition
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The Genealogical Construction of the Kyrgyz Republic: Kinship, State and 'Tribalism'
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332:). Manasçıs tell the tale in a melodic chant unaccompanied by musical instruments.
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Where the Rivers and Mountains Sing: sound, music, and nomadism in Tuva and beyond
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While Kyrgyz historians consider it to be the longest epic poem in history, the
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The memorial feast for Kökötöy-khan (Kökötöydün ašı) : a Kirghiz epic poem
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Text of epic poems "Manas", "Semetey" and "Seytek", others kyrgyz epic poems.
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Medieval Stories and Storytelling: Multimedia and Multi-temporal Perspectives
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775:"Манасчы Доолот Сыдыков установил рекорд — он читал эпос «Манас» пять суток"
437:. By 1952 the poem was called anti-Soviet and anti-Chinese and condemned as
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188:
908:"Kyrgyzstan's Nationhood: From a Monopoly of Production to a Plural Market"
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Tagirdzhanov, A. T. 1960. "Sobranie istorij". Majmu at-tavarikh, Leningrad.
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University of Manas - the name of university in the city of Bishkek.
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963:(3 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 439.
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Jumaturdu, Adil (2016). "A Comparative Study of Performers of the
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472:(2003) writes a modern day account of Manas as a nemesis of the
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Spirited Performance. The Manas Epic and Society in Kyrgyzstan.
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There are more than 65 written versions of parts of the epic.
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In-depth site on Manas with translated sections of the epic
1055:, The Modern Humanities Research Association, London, 1980.
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Notes on the Cultural History of the Kirghiz Epic Tradition
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Attempts have been made to connect modern Kyrgyz with the
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through marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bukhara.
760:Доклады Национальной академии наук Кыргызской Республики
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1980. 'Kirghiz. Mid-nineteenth century' in , edited by
578:"The Sart Kalmaks in Kyrgyzstan: people in transition"
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The highest award in Kyrgyzstan is the Order of Manas.
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The alleged burial site of the eponymous hero of Manas
654:. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 239-301 (pp. 273-278).
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Orozbak uulu, Sagymbaĭ (2022). Prior, Daniel (ed.).
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1129:"Manas: The Kyrgyz Odysseys, Moses, and Washington"
352:, who combines recitation with critical study, and
211:performing part of the epic poem at a yurt camp in
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910:. In Laruelle, Marlene; Engvall, Johan (eds.).
226:Manas expands his reach to include that of the
1112:Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
630:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2000.
485:The main international airport of Kyrgyzstan,
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1051:(2 vols.), under the general editorship of
536:has been translated into 20 languages. The
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397:Manas is said to have been buried in the
1675:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
752:: Formulas in Three Performances of the
773:Калыков, Мундузбек (6 September 2021).
721:. Folkestone: Global Oriental. p.
568:
429:in 1946 were unsuccessful. Ideologist
187:. The first written reference to the
7:
1049:Traditions of Heroic and Epic Poetry
1014:. Translated by Walter May. Rarity,
914:. Lexington Books. pp. 165–84.
576:Terbish, Baanjarav (February 2021).
1059:The Memorial Feast for Kokotoy-Khan
835:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1081:N. van der Heide, Amsterdam, 2008.
25:
1097:, Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University
144:) is a very long and traditional
960:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
798:The Journal of American Folklore
42:
1141:Video of Manas Epic recitations
1065:, 1977, Oxford University Press
290:was unable to find evidence of
1685:National symbols of Kyrgyzstan
1665:Epic poems in Turkic languages
860:. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz.
856:Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1990).
831:Hatto, Arthur T., ed. (1977).
810:10.5406/jamerfolk.129.513.0288
288:Shokan Shinghisuly Walikhanuli
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595:10.1080/02634937.2021.1884045
454:Memory of the World Programme
1695:Fictional Kyrgyzstani people
1069:The Manas of Wilhelm Radloff
858:The manas of Wilhelm Radloff
510:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
27:Kyrgyz traditional epic poem
1596:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
493:, was named after the epic.
487:Manas International Airport
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957:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2013).
906:Laruelle, Marlene (2015).
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234:on the southern border of
1075:, 1990, Otto Harrassowitz
544:translated the poem into
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41:
746:Plumtree, James (2019).
713:Gullette, David (2010).
1114:, Texas Tech University
756:by Talantaaly Bakchiev"
266:remarks that Manas was
938:. UNESCO. June 8, 2023
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521:- opera, composed by
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108:Approximately 553,500
1481:La Chanson de Roland
582:Central Asian Survey
1524:The Siege of Sziget
1267:Book of Dede Korkut
1177:National epic poems
1006:External literature
885:. London: Penguin.
558:Music of Kyrgyzstan
435:Tugelbay Sydykbekov
365:Arthur Thomas Hatto
350:Talantaaly Bakchiev
48:Statue of Manas in
1670:Kyrgyzstani poetry
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470:Nine Layers of Sky
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1353:Hikayat Hang Tuah
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1028:Levin, Theodore.
678:, London, 300-27.
661:978-2-503-59050-9
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126:Манас дастаны
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117:Epic of Manas
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65:Манас дастаны
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36:Epic of Manas
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1135:Epos "Manas"
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498:minor planet
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156:, the first
142:ماناس دستانی
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74:18th century
29:
1572:Os Lusíadas
1560:Pan Tadeusz
1410:Manimekalai
1310:Mahabharata
1255:Sasna Dzrer
1209:La Araucana
1073:A. T. Hatto
1063:A. T. Hatto
1053:A. T. Hatto
994:18 February
676:A. T. Hatto
508:astronomer
439:pan-Islamic
303:Mahabharata
292:folk-memory
1659:Categories
1457:Kalevipoeg
1397:Tamil Nadu
1261:Azerbaijan
762:: 125–133.
748:"A Kyrgyz
564:References
502:3349 Manas
407:Kyrgyzstan
385:Manas Ordo
316:Recitation
240:Kyrgyzstan
89:Subject(s)
54:Kyrgyzstan
18:Manas epic
1548:Lāčplēsis
1379:Shahnameh
1279:Trai Bhet
1225:O Uraguai
1191:Argentina
818:163241388
460:Influence
423:Stalinism
411:mausoleum
232:Raviganjn
199:Narrative
189:eponymous
176:peoples.
146:epic poem
131:romanized
100:Epic poem
1643:Sundiata
1625:Ethiopia
1566:Portugal
1469:Kalevala
1422:Ramakien
1416:Thailand
1347:Malaysia
1317:Ramayana
1273:Cambodia
1232:Caramuru
1184:Americas
1104:Archived
1018:, 2004.
942:June 28,
779:kloop.kg
552:See also
542:Mirtemir
512:in 1979.
360:epic."
305:and the
299:Sanskrit
236:Jungaria
209:manaschi
185:manaschi
181:manaschy
170:Mongolic
154:Bars Bek
97:Genre(s)
79:Language
1518:Hungary
1512:Odyssey
1487:Germany
1463:Finland
1451:Estonia
1445:Beowulf
1439:England
1292:Georgia
1286:Reamker
1249:Armenia
1110:at the
1093:at the
1016:Bishkek
796:Epic".
491:Bishkek
474:Bogatyr
452:in the
330:Манасчы
322:Manasçı
307:Tibetan
257:History
228:Uyghurs
213:Karakol
174:Chinese
160:of the
148:of the
133::
71:Written
50:Bishkek
1618:Africa
1590:Russia
1584:Aeneid
1554:Poland
1542:Latvia
1499:Greece
1475:France
1432:Europe
1323:Kyrgyz
1219:Brazil
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989:Ziyouz
967:
918:
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691:
658:
506:Soviet
450:UNESCO
379:Legacy
326:Kyrgyz
166:Turkic
158:khagan
122:Kyrgyz
83:Kyrgyz
1602:Spain
1530:Italy
1505:Iliad
1385:Sumer
1304:India
1203:Chile
1123:Manas
1101:Manas
1012:Manas
814:S2CID
794:Manas
546:Uzbek
540:poet
538:Uzbek
534:Manas
519:Manas
358:Manas
301:epic
276:Nogay
264:Hatto
193:Oirat
105:Lines
1637:Mali
1578:Rome
1373:Iran
1335:Laos
1242:Asia
1020:ISBN
996:2012
965:ISBN
944:2023
916:ISBN
887:ISBN
862:ISBN
837:ISBN
727:ISBN
689:ISBN
656:ISBN
409:. A
371:and
221:khan
172:and
114:The
806:doi
802:129
723:153
590:doi
489:in
401:in
230:of
183:or
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496:A
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324:(
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