2416:
2499:
against their religion, the
Electoral Act provides that this answer must be taken as conclusive, and no further action is to be taken. In Argentina, those who were ill on voting day are excused by requesting a doctor to prove their condition; those over 500 km (310 mi) away from their voting place are also excused by asking for a certificate at a police station near where they are. Belgian voters can vote in an embassy if they are abroad or can empower another voter to cast the vote in their name; the voter must give a "permission to vote" and carry a copy of the ID card and their own on the actual elections.
2450:
2155:
2475:
2375:
2433:
1308:
2251:
1926:
2021:
1118:, considering the threat of a non-voting fine of up to A$ 20, there was a turnout of 92%, of whom 6% lodged either informal or blank ballot papers. Systems in democratic countries, which have a secret ballot, allow for blank ballots, but voting systems could also add a 'none of the above' option to each race so as to provide multiple clear ways for voters to refrain from speaking/voting if, for some reason, a voter does not want to submit a partially or fully blank ballot.
1374:
2324:
1696:
1021:– also relying on the Gini index – shows that income inequality is lowest in the Scandinavian countries, where compulsory voting has never existed, while Australia, and to a lesser extent Belgium, which strictly enforce their compulsory voting legislation, have a higher income inequality level than a number of other Western countries, such as Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, where compulsory voting does not exist.
936:
election, it does not pay to energize your base to the exclusion of all other voters. Since elections cannot be determined by turnout, they are decided by swing voters and won in the center... That is one reason
Australia's version of the far right lacks anything like the power of its European or American counterparts. Australia has had some bad governments, but it hasn't had any truly extreme ones and it isn't nearly as vulnerable to
1823:
1184:
composition) or electoral outcomes." A 2016 study finds that compulsory voting reduces the gender gap in electoral engagement in several ways. A 2016 study of the
Netherlands found that the abolition of compulsory voting increased the vote share of Dutch social democratic parties while reducing the vote share of "minor and extreme parties." Research suggests that higher rates of voter turnout lead to higher top tax rates.
1724:
1520:
692:
2273:
1988:
1275:
2396:
2205:
2052:
1862:
1665:
31:
2307:
2176:
2105:
1547:
1415:
2354:
2230:
2078:
1761:
1637:
1957:
1792:
1575:
1488:
1898:
1610:
1444:
2515:. In Brazil, people who fail to vote in an election are barred from obtaining a passport and subject to other restrictions until settling their situation before an electoral court or after they have voted in the two most recent elections. If a Bolivian voter fails to participate in an election, the person may be denied withdrawal of the salary from the bank for three months.
2290:
95:
2345:
polled voters on whether they thought the compulsory voting laws at the time were "right" or "wrong"; 70 percent of those asked answered "right", 28 percent answered "wrong", and 2 percent gave no opinion. In
January 1969, the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion polled again, and found 53 percent
2125:
Introduced in 1934, but not enforced until 1970. Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined. Fines are doubled if the nonvoter is a public servant or a graduate professional. In cases of non-payment the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies (whether
1058:
Other perceived advantages to compulsory voting are the stimulation of broader interest politics, as a sort of civil education and political stimulation, which creates a better informed population. For example, since far fewer campaign funds are needed to convince people to vote, they can be directed
1394:
Introduced in 1894. Every citizen and registered non-Belgian voter, from the age of 18 must cast a vote at federal, provincial, local and
European parliament elections. Before 2003, fines from 40 to €80, and up to €200 for reoffenders were levied, but If they fail to vote in at least four elections,
1365:
aged 21 and in 1984 for
Indigenous Australians. The compulsory voting age for federal elections was reduced to 18 in 1974. Australia has one of the highest electoral turnout rates in the world. For first-time offenders, a fine is issued for AU$ 20 with a maximum penalty of AU$ 180 which is regularly
1223:
In
Belgium, which has had compulsory voting since 1893, support for the abolition of compulsory voting is in progression. Results from a 2016 public opinion poll showed that 49% of respondents were in favor of abolition (46% in Wallonia, 49% in Brussels, 51% in Flanders) with 10% having no opinion.
1187:
A 2024 study found that compulsory voting can reduce political polarization and push political parties towards the preferences of the median voter by eliminating the ability of extremist partisans to threaten to abstain from voting (which pressures parties to adopt policies to appease those voters).
1162:
A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United States would likely
1033:
is designed to prevent interference with the votes actually cast, compelling voters to the polls for an election removes interference with accessing a polling place, reducing the impact that external factors such as the weather, transport, or restrictive employers might have. If everybody must vote,
1752:
for
European citizens only) may register to vote if resident in Luxembourg, with the previous five-year residency requirement lifted in 2023. Enrolment for foreign nationals on the electoral roll is a free choice, not a requirement; however, once an eligible foreign national has registered to vote,
1183:
by 7 to 10 percentage points and led to greater pension spending at the national level. While weakly enforced compulsory voting in
Austria increased overall turnout by roughly 10 percentage points, there is "no evidence that this change in turnout affected government spending patterns (in levels or
2008:
Failure to vote may result in the removal of one's name from the electoral roll. A non-voter can restore one's name to the register by submitting an application to the
Registration Officer with a valid excuse as to why they did not vote in the most recent election. Those who do not vote, without a
2502:
States that sanction nonvoters with fines generally impose small or nominal penalties. This can be seen as reflecting the practical rationale for compulsory voting – that compulsion is aimed at making it more irksome not to vote than to vote, and therefore mild penalties are all that is required.
744:, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election. As of January 2023, 21 countries have compulsory voting laws. Law enforcement in those countries varies considerably and the penalty for not casting a ballot without a proper justification ranges from severe to non-existent.
2498:
Although voting in a country may be compulsory, penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced. In Australia and Brazil, providing a legitimate reason for not voting (such as illness) is accepted. In Australia, if a citizen is asked why they did not vote and they reply that it is
1511:
eliminated the obligation to vote (and the up to $ 200 fines that discouraged many low-income citizens from registering) and established automatic registration for all citizens (Law 20,568). In 2022 mandatory voting was reintroduced while automatic registration into the voting registry was kept.
1145:
in particular debate to what extent voting is a civic duty and not just a civic right. Even in the case of the US where most Americans do see voting as a civic duty, most Americans in a 2020 poll did not like the idea of imposing a US$ 20 fine on those who did not cite an excuse for not voting
854:
Compulsory voting for national elections was introduced in Australia in 1924, with states and territories passing their own compulsory voting laws at various times. Voluntary voting in Australia before 1924 accounted between 47% and 78% turnout of eligible voters. Following the introduction of
935:
argues that whether compulsory voting favors the right or the left is beside the point, because the most beneficial aspect of compulsory voting is that it will improve the caliber of individuals who run for office and the quality of the decisions that they make. In his words, "In a compulsory
964:, which is that for a rational, self-interested voter, the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. The paradox disproportionately affects the socially disadvantaged, for whom the costs of voting tend to be greater. Australian academic and supporter of compulsory voting,
972:
situation arises under voluntary systems for marginalised citizens: it seems rational for them to abstain from voting, under the assumption that others in their situation are also doing so, to conserve their limited resources. However, since these are people who have a pronounced need for
858:
The Netherlands and Venezuela are among several countries that have moved from compulsory to voluntary voting, in 1967 and 1993 respectively. Turnout in the Netherlands decreased from 95% to around 80%. Venezuela saw turnout drop from 82% to 61% in 1993 once compulsion was removed.
1037:
This notion is especially reinforced when both men and women are required to vote and further sustained by diligent enforcement of laws requiring registration of all eligible voters (deemed adult and without exclusion of any significant community within the population).
828:, and not many citizens would have been able to afford the journey or take time off to vote. In addition, contrary to Greek custom, there was no economic compensation for voting. However, Cicero mentions an election that could not continue because of particularly low
1395:
they can lose the right to vote for 10 years and non-voters also might face difficulties getting a job in the public sector. In reality, since 2003, offenders are almost never prosecuted Penalties are immediate for absent appointed polling station staff. The key
4227:
By the late 19th century, only a minority of offenders were prosecuted. Since 2003, they are almost never prosecuted and no one has actually been condemned. At the 2007 election, out of 690,000 registered citizens who did not vote, only a dozen were prosecuted.
2507:. Singaporean voters who fail to vote in a general election or presidential election will be subjected to disenfranchisement until a valid reason is given or a fine is paid. Goods and services provided by public offices may be denied to those failing to vote in
1081:
Concerns about fines landing harder on the poorest citizens can lead to reforms to ensure penalties are mild for the poorest citizens and that voting is accessible and seamless for all to help assure concerned voters that mandatory voting will not become a
844:
From the 19th century onward a relatively small number of democracies have introduced compulsory voting at one time or another. From 1862 to 1998, compulsory voting was enacted in 20 democracies, most of which were in Western Europe or Latin America.
1300:. Registered voters who abstain from voting without a verified justification, are liable to pay a fine. In case of non-payment, the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies for one year. Turnout peaked around 85% in the 1980s.
1435:
Since 1952. Voter are given a card after voting to prove participation. Otherwise they receive a fine and are unable to receive their salary from the bank if they cannot show proof of voting for the three months following the election.
2341:, reported that 66 percent of those asked favored repealing compulsory voting. In 1966, the public was polled again, this time by the Politics in the Netherlands survey, and responded 69 percent in favor of the policy. In 1967, the
4595:
2264:
which states: "Nobody can be obligated or coerced, under any pretext, in the exercise of their right of suffrage or to reveal their vote." In 2017, a proposal by an opposition party to establish compulsory voting was defeated.
1049:
can make participation easier, where the voter can fulfil their obligation more at their own convenience prior to polling day, rather than trying to arrange release from their responsibilities on the nominated date of polling.
3881:
3347:
1067:
introduced compulsory voting in Australia, believed compulsory voting was necessary to counteract "apathy and indolence" among voters and would bring "a wonderful improvement in the political knowledge of the people".
1468:, including Brazilians residing abroad. Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) are subject to a fine of
1715:
The Act on the Exercise of Political Rights in National Affairs (1973) states that "Participation in elections and votes is a compulsory civic duty" with fines issued for those who do not qualify for an exemption.
1284:
Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70. The judges and their assistants who must provide services on election day. Those who are more than 500 km away on election day. Those who are sick or disabled due to force majeure.
4867:
2043:
Compulsory voting has never existed at the national level in Switzerland. However, starting in the late 19th century, it was passed by several cantons, but by 1974 had been repealed everywhere but Schaffhausen.
2126:
acting in a personal interest or as a legal representative), collecting fees or salaries, registering for exams in universities, purchasing registered property, or buying tickets for travel to another country.
4035:
2299:
Between 1945 and 1993. (Possible arbitrary or social sanctions, called the "innocuous sanction", where it might, for example, be difficult to get a daycare place for the citizen's child or similar.)
4741:
1753:
then voting becomes compulsory for them. Penalties for not voting range from €100-250 for a first offence to up to €1000 for a repeat offence. However, no fines have been imposed since 1963
784:) with a red-stained rope. Those with red on their clothes were fined. This usually happens if fewer than 6,000 people were in attendance, and more were needed for the assembly to continue.
2164:
Compulsory voting, which existed throughout the Communist period and produced official turnouts of 100%, was repealed with the new election law of November 1990 and January 1991 during the
5700:
5192:
920:. This view asserts that, by introducing an obligation to vote, all citizens governed by a democracy partake in the responsibility for the government appointed by democratic election.
1212:
found 71 and 74 percent support respectively. Both polls also found there was roughly equal support for compulsory voting among supporters of Australia's major political groups, the
900:
Supporters argue the democratic election of governing representatives is a citizen's responsibility as opposed to a right. Equating in kind to similar civil responsibilities such as
1237:
2346:
of those asked were in favor of abolishing compulsory voting, while 29 percent wished to keep it. In 1999, support for compulsory voting in the Netherlands was just at 35 percent.
2484:
Removed in 1993. Had been largely unenforced before then. Turnout since 1998 has averaged 62% compared with almost 90% on average between 1970 and 1993 during compulsory voting.
1134:, for example, cite as for why they should not participate in political events. As a result, many countries allow religious beliefs as a valid excuse for not going to the polls.
2522:
may be available for those for whom it is difficult to attend a polling station. Pre-poll voting at nominated polling stations in Australia has been increasing in recent years.
1154:
One perceived downside to compulsory voting is that by coercing politically apathetic people to vote in elections, they are vulnerable to manipulation through vote buying.
4267:
4229:
4878:
4529:
1594:
Egyptian law provides for a fine and even a jail sentence for those who do not vote, but in practice the law is not applied, and turnouts are low, such as 47.5% at the
1179:, universal voting would change "very few election outcomes." Research on compulsory voting in Australia found that it increased the vote shares and seat shares of the
760:
held that it was every Athenian citizen's duty to participate in decision-making, but attendance at the assembly was voluntary. Sometimes there was some form of social
5903:
1204:, in Australia "polls taken over the years have consistently shown a community support of between 60 and 70 per cent" for compulsory voting. In 2005, polls taken by
1009:
working paper purported to show that there was a correlation between compulsory voting, when enforced strictly, and improved income distribution, as measured by the
3371:
1847:
3231:
3058:
2464:
4742:
https://web.archive.org/web/20140812070950/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/fiji-to-drop-compulsory-voting-lower-age-for-2014
3801:
Miller, Peter; Dassonneville, Ruth (2016-12-01). "High turnout in the Low Countries: Partisan effects of the abolition of compulsory voting in the Netherlands".
1476:
0.65 in August 2020). Proof of voting compliance (by having voted, justified the absence or paid the fine) is required for some transactions such as obtaining a
4514:
1240:, only Australia had forms of compulsory voting which were enforced in practice. Voting in Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Mexico and Turkey is compulsory, but is
2503:
However, penalties for failing to vote are not limited to fines and legal sanctions. Belgian voters who repeatedly fail to vote in elections may be subject to
4360:
4330:
1480:, admission to a public university, government employment, and loans from a government-owned bank. 56% of Brazilians were against the policy in a 2020 study.
1114:
urged Australians to lodge blank votes for the 2010 election. He stated the government should not force citizens to vote or threaten them with a fine. At the
2222:
annulled the law the following year, declaring that the right to vote was a subjective right and not a public function that entailed an obligation to vote.
412:
4306:
2097:
Introduced in 1983 for parliamentary election and in 1984 for local elections. Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined.
1854:). Dissenting votes are possible but are considered acts of treason that can have consequences for someone and their family since ballots are not secret.
5952:
5460:
4737:
1657:
There used to be punishments such as not being able to issue a passport, driving license and occupational license. These sanctions were lifted in 2000.
5442:
2405:
2154:
3660:
Fowler Electronic Journal, Anthony (2011-04-23). "Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia".
3303:, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 591, 601–603 (2007). Harvard is one of several law schools at which students may submit articles for publication in the school's
5983:
5849:
4157:
3202:. Cornell William Brooks, Allegra Chapman, Joshua A. Douglas, Amber Herrle, Cecily Hines, Janai Nelson, Brenda Wright, Heather C. McGhee. New York.
3029:. Cornell William Brooks, Allegra Chapman, Joshua A. Douglas, Amber Herrle, Cecily Hines, Janai Nelson, Brenda Wright, Heather C. McGhee. New York.
1168:
1164:
377:
5646:
5229:
4318:
3615:
Citrin, Jack; Schickler, Eric; Sides, John (2003-01-01). "What if Everyone Voted? Simulating the Impact of Increased Turnout in Senate Elections".
407:
246:
5157:
5825:
5176:
3317:
2442:
Widespread among the country's 26 cantons in the 19th century but progressively abandoned since then with only Schaffhausen still retaining it.
4546:
3130:
2261:
813:
349:
2337:
along with universal suffrage, repealed it in 1967. In 1946, a survey conducted by the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion (NIPO), in the
1945:
All permanent residents over 18 years of age are required to vote. Those who do not vote, without a valid excuse, are subject to a fine up to
997:
High levels of participation decreases the risk of political instability created by crises or charismatic but sectionally focused demagogues.
5930:
3284:
3207:
3034:
2584:
917:
884:" strengthens democracies and aligns the choices of its politicians with the preferences of its citizens. Since lower-turnout races are not
3758:
Córdova, Abby; Rangel, Gabriela (2016-06-20). "Addressing the Gender Gap The Effect of Compulsory Voting on Women's Electoral Engagement".
2970:
2460:
1749:
1599:
1201:
855:
compulsory federal voting in 1924 this figure increased to between 91% and 96%, with only 5% of eligible voters accounted as not enrolled.
5495:
4473:
4088:
2255:
1595:
552:
4179:
3071:
Hill, L 2002 'On the reasonableness of compelling citizens to 'vote': The Australian case', Political Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, pp.88–89
820:
ownership of their property, which they could administer as they wished. In practice, voting was conducted only in Rome, either in the
5984:
European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Sessions of Workshops 2007, Workshop No.7: Compulsory Voting: Principle and Practice
4230:
https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/departementales/desintox-belgique-les-abstentionnistes-doivent-ils-payer-une-amende_4687269.html
2622:
2454:
4361:
La fin du vote obligatoire d'ici 5 ans? Les partis de droite y sont plutôt favorables alors que la gauche est farouchement contre!
3415:
1163:
be small in national elections, but that universal turnout could matter in close elections, such as the presidential elections of
764:
to those not participating, particularly if they were engaging in other public activity at the time of the assembly. For example,
3385:
3142:
2219:
1887:
1883:
1175:
would most likely fare better under universal voting (as nonvoters are generally more Democratic) but due to the rarity of close
1172:
1115:
720:
1232:
As of December 2021, 21 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting. Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one
952:, especially since the public and the courts usually insist on a seamless voting process for places with mandatory voting laws.
5978:
5776:
5671:
5082:
3419:
3389:
2240:
1006:
965:
4578:
1784:
mentions that voting is a citizen's obligation (Art. 36), but the Electoral Code does not establish penalties for not voting.
1399:
parties on the right wish to abolish compulsory voting, and did so in the case of Flemish local elections, starting with the
1330:
1176:
397:
4922:
5947:
4031:
1312:
973:
representation, this decision is irrational. Hill argues that the introduction of compulsory voting removes this dilemma.
3968:
4777:
3117:
2379:
2342:
2328:
2215:
2165:
1977:
1508:
1400:
674:
334:
5799:
5539:
1404:
325:
1407:, parties on the left adamantly support compulsory voting while those on the right increasingly favor its abolition.
5771:
2808:
1497:
Health incompatibility, being over 200 km away from voting poll and any justification accepted by local courthouse.
5611:
1843:
1700:
1014:
354:
291:
5004:
4343:
2945:
4062:
547:
306:
3918:
1453:
Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70, those far away from home on election day (must be pre-approved) or cannot read
3938:
2437:
1827:
1685:
1317:
Travel, illness, religious objection, seasonal workers, anyone without a fixed address, not registered to vote
1018:
873:
382:
2670:
Meguid, Bonnie M.; Helmke, Gretchen (2007). "Endogenous Institutions: The Origins of Compulsory Voting Laws".
1064:
2993:
5521:
1850:
appears on the ballot. Voting is designed to track who is and is not in the country (including who may have
1748:
aged between 18 and 75 who live in Luxembourg. Foreign nationals (in local elections for all foreigners and
1728:
1524:
851:
has the oldest extant compulsory voting system which was introduced in 1893 for men and in 1948 for women.
798:
which entrusted the powers of sovereignty to an elected aristocracy, was most evident in the Roman right to
368:
3522:
3624:
3579:
3496:
2479:
2277:
2218:
introduced compulsory voting in 2016 – the only European country to do so in more than 50 years – but the
2029:
1992:
1851:
1781:
1745:
1338:
1279:
1233:
1217:
1180:
1131:
982:
562:
463:
344:
4149:
3081:
3853:
3689:
3086:
2683:
2400:
2209:
2056:
1866:
1669:
1213:
417:
402:
301:
4795:
4425:
4376:
2869:
2833:
2531:
969:
889:
5154:
4868:"Act of 17 July 1973 on the Exercise of Political Rights in National Affairs (Democratic Rights, VRG)"
2646:
5173:
4648:
3325:
2449:
2334:
2311:
2180:
2159:
2109:
1551:
1539:
Absenteeism was consistently around 20 percent until the 1990s, when it jumped to nearly 30 percent.
1473:
1419:
1378:
1297:
949:
909:
713:
3629:
3584:
1086:. Ways to ensure the fine is not regressive, include making sure it does not compound over time, is
2606:
2574:
2358:
2234:
2082:
1765:
1641:
1448:
1205:
458:
4282:
5999:
5873:
5726:
4447:
3841:
3783:
3740:
3669:
3478:
3470:
3225:
3052:
2978:
2786:
2735:
2727:
2671:
2504:
2420:
2294:
2250:
1961:
1946:
1796:
1579:
1492:
1477:
1465:
1102:
Another concern expressed about compulsory voting is that it would compel speech, which violates
757:
669:
628:
218:
203:
157:
152:
125:
948:
Penalties only need to be modest to boost turnout and achieve the goal of attaining a much more
3246:
916:, voting in these democracies is regarded as one of the "duties to community" mentioned in the
5948:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance – Compulsory voting information
5926:
4754:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Greece (look at the last 2–3 parliamentary elections)"
3899:
3775:
3681:
3677:
3642:
3597:
3545:
3462:
3365:
3280:
3213:
3203:
3040:
3030:
3001:
2580:
1902:
1614:
1396:
1354:
1197:
1103:
1091:
961:
928:
881:
877:
809:
638:
618:
557:
506:
387:
339:
273:
198:
167:
162:
79:
4437:
3889:
3833:
3810:
3767:
3732:
3661:
3634:
3589:
3537:
3454:
2766:
2719:
2536:
2385:
2010:
1930:
1925:
1812:
1362:
1342:
1127:
1010:
913:
572:
501:
453:
296:
282:
6004:
5890:
5675:
5180:
5161:
3866:
3702:
2696:
1358:
1346:
706:
696:
623:
606:
542:
468:
422:
120:
5966:
3445:
Brusco, Valeria; Nazareno, Marcelo; Stokes, Susan C. (2004). "Vote Buying in Argentina".
1688:
says voting is compulsory, the Electoral Code does not mention penalties for not voting.
4426:"Compulsory for Whom? Mandatory Voting and Electoral Participation in Brazil, 1986–2006"
3950:
2560:
2185:
At the national level, introduced in 1924. Repealed in 1992. At the provincial level in
5382:"Mahalli İdareler ile Mahalle Muhtarlıkları ve İhtiyar Heyetleri Seçimi Hakkında Kanun"
5381:
5364:
3830:"Turning Out for Redistribution: The Effect of Voter Turnout on Top Marginal Tax Rates"
3423:
1469:
1241:
1142:
1083:
885:
821:
788:
567:
511:
316:
311:
256:
251:
47:
5565:
5193:
First country in the world to grant suffrage to women celebrates its 175th anniversary
3393:
2920:
2893:
1976:
Samoa adopted compulsory voting in 2018. It was implemented for the first time in the
1842:
Everyone over age 17 is required to vote. However, only one candidate from the ruling
1059:
towards discussing proposed policies with a wider range of voters. Australian senator
761:
691:
5993:
3787:
3744:
3593:
3563:
3482:
2739:
2463:. This provision was omitted from the revised Georgia constitution adopted after the
2364:
2190:
1695:
1060:
1046:
1030:
986:
829:
664:
582:
577:
237:
213:
208:
130:
5679:
5583:
5086:
4451:
3845:
3814:
2675:
5398:
3321:
3270:
1042:
833:
765:
659:
643:
591:
482:
473:
448:
228:
193:
5747:
5418:
5340:
5316:
5267:
5205:
5131:
5107:
5058:
4980:
4956:
4895:
4843:
3736:
3673:
2260:
Compulsory voting, which was not enforced in practice, was repealed with the 2010
4819:
4753:
4714:
4690:
4666:
4621:
4491:
4400:
4204:
4114:
3992:
3274:
5291:
5253:
Parliamentary Elections (COVID-19 Special Arrangements) Act 2020 2020 (
3567:
2519:
2432:
2374:
2338:
2323:
2025:
1822:
1111:
825:
793:
633:
516:
496:
223:
30:
17:
5033:
4442:
4240:
4039:
3100:
2723:
2114:
Health issues, absence on election day, force majeure, citizenship suspension.
880:
more difficult. This major step towards the universal democratic principle of "
4331:Élections 2019: risquez-vous vraiment des sanctions si vous n'allez pas voter?
4268:"Désintox. Belgique: Les abstentionnistes doivent-ils payer une amende ?"
3894:
3304:
3217:
3044:
2194:
1723:
1519:
1334:
932:
770:
491:
359:
183:
143:
3903:
3837:
3779:
3771:
3646:
3601:
3549:
3466:
3005:
27:
Practice of requiring all eligible citizens to register and vote in elections
5968:
Australian Electoral Commission – Electoral Backgrounder – Compulsory Voting
5923:
From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting
3939:
https://www.centreavec.be/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Obligation-de-voter.pdf
3718:"Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria"
3638:
3276:
From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting
3118:"On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross-Section of Countries"
2541:
2474:
2272:
1987:
1307:
1274:
937:
905:
774:
17–22, in the 5th century BC, shows public slaves herding citizens from the
139:
5727:"Compulsory voting around the world | Politics | guardian.co.uk"
3458:
2771:
2754:
1034:
restrictions on voting are identified and steps are taken to remove them.
1013:
and the bottom income quintiles of the population. However, a more recent
5803:
5461:
The 1991 Elections in Albania: Report of the Election Observer Delegation
3829:
3665:
2395:
2204:
2051:
1861:
1664:
1350:
1087:
836:
to be implemented, though it is unclear if this was an exceptional case.
800:
392:
5195:, Seventh-day Adventist Church Inter-European Division, 1 December 2013.
4253:
3882:"Moving toward the Median: Compulsory Voting and Political Polarization"
3717:
3570:(2008-09-01). "If Everyone Had Voted, Would Bubba and Dubya Have Won?".
2367:
do not mention any sanctions and do not specify the obligation to vote.
3541:
3474:
2731:
2306:
2175:
2104:
1546:
1414:
1373:
848:
3521:
Bechtel, Michael M.; Hangartner, Dominik; Schmid, Lukas (2015-10-01).
2755:"The achievement of female suffrage in Europe: on women's citizenship"
2243:
in 1960. Repealed in 2017, after having been inactive for many years.
94:
5904:
Early Voting in Australian Federal Elections: Causes and Consequences
5850:"Of 31 countries with compulsory voting, a dozen actually enforce it"
5566:"IPU PARLINE database: ITALY (Camera dei Deputati), Electoral system"
5477:
4530:
Know what may happen to whoever fails to vote and does not justify it
3969:"¿Quienes están exentos de la obligación de votar? : Elecciones"
3832:. Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
2512:
2353:
2229:
2186:
2077:
1760:
1636:
1443:
960:
Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that voting addresses the
805:
111:
86:
5906:, Australian Political Studies Association 2014 Conference – Sydney.
4579:"The Origins and Consequences of Compulsory Voting in Latin America"
3716:
Hoffman, Mitchell; León, Gianmarco; Lombardi, María (January 2017).
5961:
5635:/Foreign Area Studies, The American University (1984), pp. 195–196
5466:(Report). National Republican Institute for International Affairs.
2712:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
2415:
2289:
1956:
1791:
1574:
1487:
1209:
775:
3307:
but only anonymously in the form of "Notes" (with a capital "N").
1236:) enforce it. As of January 2020, of the 36 member states of the
4778:"European Election Database – Parliamentary elections in Greece"
2508:
1897:
1609:
780:
4515:
TSE approves automatic recognition of payment of electoral fine
3928:. No. 6. Department of Parliamentary Services. p. 22.
5292:"ELD | What Should I Do If I Did Not Vote in a Past Election?"
3143:"Why more and more Australians are voting before election day"
981:
The idea that compulsory voting results in a higher degree of
901:
5496:"Bulgaria's Constitutional Court Abolishes Compulsory Voting"
3880:
Oprea, Alexandra; Martin, Lucy; Brennan, Geoffrey H. (2024).
3523:"Does Compulsory Voting Increase Support for Leftist Policy?"
2710:
Nerincx, A. (28 March 2018). "Compulsory Voting in Belgium".
2576:
The History of Compulsory Voting in Europe: Democracy's Duty?
1361:
in 1942. It was introduced for federal elections in 1924 for
5183:, Laws of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, 2019.
5164:, Laws of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, 2019.
4547:"Datafolha: Majority of Brazilians Oppose Compulsory Voting"
1029:
Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that just as the
872:
A system with higher turnout helps make the electorate more
5254:
5230:"Voting in Samoa Parliamentary elections to be compulsory"
5005:"The Economist explains: How North Korea's elections work"
4063:"Cuánto se paga de multa por no votar y cómo justificarlo"
3120:, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper, May 2005.
2623:"Elections in the late Roman Republic: how did they work?"
71:
Historical: the country had compulsory voting in the past.
5973:
5132:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Pitcairn Islands"
4089:"Voto obligatorio en la Argentina: ¿podría ser optativo?"
4254:"Le vote est-il obligatoire ? | IBZ Elections"
3348:"Revealed: The fine for failing to vote in the election"
892:), they distort the wishes and power of the electorate.
3101:"Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma"
4844:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Liechtenstein"
4476:[Voting in Brazil: democracy or obligation?].
1238:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3497:"Could compulsory voting save democracies in crisis?"
3346:
Eldridge, Stacey; 2022 – 12:05 pm (2022-05-20).
3107:
91(1): 8–11, (Subscription required for full access.)
1882:
Citizens between 18 and 75 years old. Turnout at the
3919:"Compulsory voting in Australian national elections"
3251:
The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate
2647:"This Is How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic"
989:
and the more representative electorate that brings.
918:
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights
791:, the legitimacy of the form of government known as
4896:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Luxembourg"
4622:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Costa Rica"
4180:"What can happen if you don't vote in an election?"
3301:
The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States
3129:Income Inequality, mid-1990s and late 2000s table.
2316:Repealed at least since the electoral law of 1996.
1556:Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 65 or who cannot read
5986:– academic conference papers on compulsory voting.
5748:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Venezuela"
5584:"IPU PARLINE database: LEBANON (Majlis Al-Nuwwab)"
5268:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Singapore"
4738:Fiji to drop compulsory voting, lower age for 2014
4115:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Australia"
3993:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Argentina"
5317:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Thailand"
5059:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Paraguay"
5034:"North Korea elections: What is decided and how?"
4820:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Honduras"
2809:"Who voted in previous referendums and elections"
5419:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Uruguay"
4667:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Ecuador"
4596:"Chile's congress reintroduces mandatory voting"
4474:"Voto no Brasil: democracia ou obrigatoriedade?"
4401:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Bolivia"
4205:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Belgium"
2137:Countries where voting is no longer compulsory:
1357:in 1936 (excluding Indigenous Australians), and
1094:if someone prefers to spend time but not money.
5447:Corte Electoral, República Oriental del Uruguay
5341:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Turkey"
4957:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Mexico"
4492:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Brazil"
2013:50 before they are restored on electoral roll.
1848:Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea
1424:Over 70, absent on Election Day, force majeure
1090:, and that there is an option to do an hour of
5647:"Le dernier canton où le vote est obligatoire"
5206:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Samoa"
4981:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Nauru"
4691:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Egypt"
2465:ratification of the United States Constitution
1110:to speak. Former Australian opposition leader
5701:"Georgia Constitution of 1789 – Founding.com"
5108:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Peru"
4715:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Fiji"
3200:100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting
3027:100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting
2834:"2016 federal election Key facts and figures"
2384:Compulsory and enforced during the regime of
714:
8:
4923:"Is voting in Luxembourg really compulsory?"
2561:The World Factbook – Field Listing: Suffrage
944:Mild penalties provide big boosts in turnout
5772:"Electoral Backgrounder: Compulsory Voting"
4946:Loi électorale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
3370:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3247:"PAYNE, Herbert James Mockford (1866–1944)"
3198:Dionne, E. J. Jr.; Rapoport, Miles (2022).
3025:Dionne, E. J. Jr.; Rapoport, Miles (2022).
2759:International Journal of Constitutional Law
423:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
64:Compulsory voting, not enforced (only men).
5672:"Constitution of Georgia, 5 February 1777"
5619:European Consortium for Political Research
3230:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2214:Due to the low turnouts at elections, the
1886:was 68.5%, then went down to 61.2% at the
1246:
1054:Stimulate political interest and education
721:
707:
612:
536:
442:
388:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
326:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
278:
107:
74:
5826:"Le vote par procuration | IBZ Elections"
4441:
3893:
3628:
3583:
2770:
2573:Malkopoulou, Anthoula (5 December 2014).
2406:1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum
1600:parliamentary election the following year
5645:Leybold-Johnson, Isobel (4 April 2014).
5522:"Government abolishes compulsory voting"
4796:"Compulsory Voting | International IDEA"
4377:"Compulsory Voting | International IDEA"
2870:"Compulsory Voting – International IDEA"
2139:
1811:Introduced in 1965 when it was still an
29:
5085:(in Spanish). Tc.gob.pe. Archived from
4649:"Costa Rica's elections 2018: a primer"
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4472:Madrigal, Alexis Gabriel (2017-07-05).
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
2553:
2009:valid excuse, are subject to a fine of
808:argues that the right to vote provided
651:
590:
481:
367:
324:
281:
236:
175:
138:
110:
85:
57:Compulsory voting, enforced (only men).
5800:"Elecciones 2015: toda la información"
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5540:"Should Dominicans be Forced to Vote?"
5443:"Ley N° 16.017 de 13 de enero de 1989"
4917:
4915:
4877:(50). 23 November 1973. Archived from
4740:radioaustralia.net. 8 September 2010.
4577:Maldonado, Arturo (24 November 2015).
4061:Cannataro, Micaela (26 October 2019).
3862:
3851:
3698:
3687:
3363:
3223:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3116:Chong, Alberto and Olivera, Mauricio,
3050:
2692:
2681:
2262:Constitution of the Dominican Republic
1345:introduced compulsory voting in 1926,
4643:
4641:
4371:
4369:
3617:American Journal of Political Science
3530:American Journal of Political Science
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3141:Reader, Nathaniel (5 February 2015).
3105:The American Political Science Review
2915:
2913:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
1146:including a conscientious objection.
1126:Religious objection is one that many
7:
5874:"Compulsory voting around the world"
4430:Journal of Politics in Latin America
4283:"Compulsory voting around the world"
2617:
2615:
2241:independence from the British Empire
4461:– via hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de.
4424:Power, Timothy J. (22 April 2009).
1041:A growing voter preference towards
4344:"Geen sanctie voor wie niet stemt"
3917:Bennett, Scott (31 October 2005).
2894:"Netherlands | International IDEA"
2753:Rubio-Marin, R. (1 January 2014).
283:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
5729:. London: Politics.guardian.co.uk
4307:Niet-stemmers riskeren geen straf
3886:American Political Science Review
2951:. Australian Electoral Commission
2789:. Australian Electoral Commission
1733:Under 18 or over 75, live abroad
1228:Current and past use by countries
778:into the assembly meeting place (
393:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
5612:"May we have the votes, please?"
5083:"Political Constitution of Peru"
4517:, Agência Brasil, 2 April 2020.
4319:Vers la fin du vote obligatoire?
4038:. 21 August 2014. Archived from
3594:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02659.x
3324:. 12 August 2010. Archived from
3279:. Text Publishing. p. 136.
2971:"Compulsory voting in Australia"
2946:"Compulsory Voting in Australia"
2921:"Venezuela | International IDEA"
2787:"Compulsory voting in Australia"
2473:
2448:
2431:
2414:
2394:
2373:
2352:
2322:
2305:
2288:
2271:
2249:
2228:
2220:Constitutional Court of Bulgaria
2203:
2174:
2153:
2103:
2076:
2050:
2019:
1986:
1955:
1924:
1896:
1860:
1821:
1790:
1759:
1722:
1694:
1663:
1635:
1608:
1573:
1545:
1518:
1486:
1442:
1413:
1372:
1306:
1273:
690:
93:
5979:Australian Electoral Commission
5975:Australian Electoral Commission
5777:Australian Electoral Commission
5399:"Article 6 of the Election Law"
4875:Liechtenstein State Law Gazette
4309:(in Dutch) De Morgen 06/06/2009
4281:Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005).
4160:from the original on 2020-11-04
4138:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1924
3951:"Suffrage – The World Factbook"
3815:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.07.009
3420:Australian Electoral Commission
3390:Australian Electoral Commission
2975:Australian Electoral Commission
2838:Australian Electoral Commission
2813:Australian Electoral Commission
1629:Not enforced starting in 2014.
1464:Since 1932. Compulsory for all
1007:Inter-American Development Bank
66:
59:
52:
41:
34:
3572:Presidential Studies Quarterly
3447:Latin American Research Review
3082:The Case for Compulsory Voting
2944:Evans, Tim (16 January 2006).
1177:elections in the United States
398:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
5725:Elliot Frankal (2005-07-04).
4095:(in Spanish). 27 October 2019
3760:Comparative Political Studies
3737:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.10.002
2425:1907–1923, but not enforced.
2216:National Assembly of Bulgaria
1507:In 2012, an amendment of the
1196:According to a 1997 paper by
816:, thereby guaranteeing their
5891:"How to vote while overseas"
5633:Philippines, a country study
5365:"Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu"
4545:Mann, Richard (2020-12-28).
4363:SudInfo.be, 30 October 2019.
2994:"Voting Should Be Mandatory"
2494:Measures to encourage voting
2343:Free University of Amsterdam
2166:fall of Communism in Albania
1978:2021 Samoan general election
1598:, then down to 28.3% at the
1509:Chilean Constitution of 1980
1296:Introduced in 1912 with the
675:End-to-end verifiable voting
335:Single non-transferable vote
39:Compulsory voting, enforced.
5631:Bunge, Frederica M. (ed.),
3725:Journal of Public Economics
2459:By Article XII of the 1777
1405:French Community of Belgium
1106:which includes the freedom
888:of an electorate (unlike a
738:universal civic duty voting
533:Voting patterns and effects
6021:
5174:Summary Offences Ordinance
5155:Local Government Ordinance
4443:10.1177/1866802X0900100105
4333:, Le Soir.be, 24 May 2019.
4241: Belgian constitution
2992:Aly, Waleed (2017-01-19).
2724:10.1177/000271620101800204
1997:Travel, illness, under 21
1596:2014 presidential election
1214:Liberal–National Coalition
1025:Remove voting restrictions
1015:Conference Board of Canada
993:Protect against demagogues
355:Single transferable voting
292:First-past-the-post voting
4653:The Tico Times Costa Rica
4532:, G1, 16 September 2016.
4350:(in Dutch). May 14, 2019.
3895:10.1017/S0003055423001399
3416:"Informal Votes by State"
2596:– via Google Books.
950:representative electorate
924:Improve candidate choices
868:Capture voter preferences
812:with a certain degree of
548:Voting advice application
378:Mixed-member proportional
307:Plurality-at-large voting
5674:. The Avalon Project at
3772:10.1177/0010414016655537
1686:Constitution of Honduras
1171:. In the United States,
1088:weighted based on income
1001:Reduce income inequality
832:, requiring a temporary
413:Rural–urban proportional
408:Dual-member proportional
383:Additional member system
5022:(subscription required)
3639:10.1111/1540-5907.00006
3099:Lijphart, Arend (1997)
2461:Constitution of Georgia
1846:or its partners in the
1844:Workers' Party of Korea
1383:Not registered to vote
1019:World income inequality
814:political participation
5962:Compulsory Voting, Not
5957:The CIA World Factbook
5925:. Text Publishing Co.
5921:Brett, Judith (2019).
5478:"Elections in Austria"
3861:Cite journal requires
3838:10.5282/ubm/epub.29636
3697:Cite journal requires
2691:Cite journal requires
1884:2013 general elections
1782:Constitution of Mexico
1339:Indigenous Australians
1218:Australian Labor Party
1181:Australian Labor Party
563:Passive electioneering
464:Straight-ticket voting
72:
5752:www.electionguide.org
5423:www.electionguide.org
5345:www.electionguide.org
5321:www.electionguide.org
5272:www.electionguide.org
5210:www.electionguide.org
5136:www.electionguide.org
5112:www.electionguide.org
5063:www.electionguide.org
4985:www.electionguide.org
4961:www.electionguide.org
4900:www.electionguide.org
4848:www.electionguide.org
4824:www.electionguide.org
4758:www.electionguide.org
4719:www.electionguide.org
4695:www.electionguide.org
4671:www.electionguide.org
4626:www.electionguide.org
4496:www.electionguide.org
4405:www.electionguide.org
4321:7sur7.be. 15/02/2010.
4209:www.electionguide.org
4119:www.electionguide.org
3997:www.electionguide.org
3828:Sabet, Navid (2016).
3459:10.1353/lar.2004.0022
3245:Roe, Michael (2004).
3087:The National Interest
2981:on February 17, 2011.
2333:Introduced under the
1813:Australian possession
1116:2013 federal election
1065:private member's bill
418:Majority bonus system
403:Alternative Vote Plus
302:Instant-runoff voting
33:
3666:10.2139/ssrn.1816649
3426:on 14 September 2016
2335:Pacification of 1917
2197:, repealed in 1992.
1918:Introduced in 1933.
1567:Introduced in 1936.
1122:Religious objections
983:political legitimacy
977:Political legitimacy
968:, has argued that a
931:political scientist
910:compulsory education
896:Civil responsibility
882:one person, one vote
369:Mixed-member systems
5682:on 13 December 2007
5255:No. 21 of 2020
4655:. 19 December 2017.
4032:"Compulsory Voting"
3566:; Schickler, Eric;
2772:10.1093/icon/mot067
2141:
1746:Luxembourg citizens
1337:in 1915, excluding
1248:
1206:Roy Morgan Research
1132:Jehovah's Witnesses
1077:Regressive taxation
985:is based on higher
697:Politics portal
459:Split-ticket voting
46:Compulsory voting,
5854:www.thenews.com.pk
5502:. 23 February 2017
5179:2021-04-20 at the
5160:2021-04-22 at the
4602:. 20 December 2022
4150:"Turnout by state"
3973:www.mendoza.gov.ar
3542:10.1111/ajps.12224
3396:on 18 October 2015
3386:"Turnout by State"
2998:The New York Times
2532:Citizens' assembly
2505:disenfranchisement
2282:Repealed in 1990.
2256:Dominican Republic
2140:
1750:European elections
1478:Brazilian passport
1466:Brazilian citizens
1247:
970:prisoner's dilemma
890:citizens' assembly
886:randomized samples
758:Athenian democracy
670:Voter registration
629:Voter intimidation
153:Write-in candidate
126:Provisional ballot
73:
5932:978-1-925603-84-2
5830:elections.fgov.be
3803:Electoral Studies
3318:"Latham at Large"
3286:978-1-925603-84-2
3209:978-1-62097-677-7
3080:Levine, Jonathan
3036:978-1-62097-677-7
2586:978-1-317-69333-8
2488:
2487:
2239:Introduced after
2130:
2129:
1397:Flemish Community
1355:Western Australia
1198:Malcolm Mackerras
1104:freedom of speech
1092:community service
1072:Arguments against
962:paradox of voting
956:Paradox of voting
929:Monash University
878:voter suppression
734:Compulsory voting
731:
730:
682:
681:
639:Voter suppression
619:Ballot harvesting
597:
596:
558:Paradox of voting
524:
523:
507:None of the above
439:Voting strategies
430:
429:
340:Cumulative voting
274:Electoral systems
264:
263:
199:Electronic voting
189:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
6012:
5936:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5881:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5780:. September 2014
5768:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5678:. Archived from
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5636:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5607:
5592:
5591:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5171:
5165:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4927:Luxembourg Times
4919:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4480:(in Portuguese).
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4373:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4028:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3722:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3527:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3422:. Archived from
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3392:. Archived from
3382:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3195:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3048:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2977:. Archived from
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2866:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2537:Get out the vote
2478:
2477:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2435:
2419:
2418:
2408:, not enforced.
2399:
2398:
2386:Ferdinand Marcos
2378:
2377:
2357:
2356:
2327:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2293:
2292:
2276:
2275:
2254:
2253:
2233:
2232:
2208:
2207:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2157:
2142:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2080:
2055:
2054:
2024:
2023:
2022:
1991:
1990:
1960:
1959:
1931:Pitcairn Islands
1929:
1928:
1901:
1900:
1865:
1864:
1826:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1764:
1763:
1727:
1726:
1699:
1698:
1668:
1667:
1640:
1639:
1613:
1612:
1578:
1577:
1550:
1549:
1523:
1522:
1491:
1490:
1447:
1446:
1418:
1417:
1377:
1376:
1363:British subjects
1311:
1310:
1278:
1277:
1249:
1128:Christadelphians
1098:Compelled speech
1011:Gini coefficient
914:military service
742:mandatory voting
723:
716:
709:
695:
694:
613:
573:Political apathy
537:
502:Election boycott
443:
297:Two-round system
279:
108:
97:
75:
70:
69:
63:
62:
56:
55:
45:
44:
38:
37:
21:
18:Mandatory voting
6020:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:
5990:
5989:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5920:
5916:
5914:Further reading
5911:
5910:
5902:
5898:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5807:
5806:. 11 March 2015
5798:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5756:
5754:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5685:
5683:
5676:Yale Law School
5670:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5630:
5626:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5595:
5588:archive.ipu.org
5582:
5581:
5577:
5570:archive.ipu.org
5564:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5544:Dominican Today
5538:
5537:
5533:
5528:. May 31, 2017.
5520:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5276:
5274:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5252:
5248:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5181:Wayback Machine
5172:
5168:
5162:Wayback Machine
5153:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4932:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4913:
4904:
4902:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4802:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4736:
4732:
4723:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4699:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4675:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4564:
4555:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4534:(in Portuguese)
4533:
4528:
4524:
4519:(in Portuguese)
4518:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4123:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4042:on 12 June 2009
4030:
4029:
4010:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3860:
3850:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3696:
3686:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3630:10.1.1.591.3016
3614:
3613:
3609:
3585:10.1.1.489.5858
3562:
3561:
3557:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3328:on 6 March 2012
3316:
3315:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3222:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3098:
3094:
3090:2 November 2012
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3049:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2690:
2680:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2528:
2496:
2490:
2472:
2447:
2430:
2413:
2393:
2372:
2351:
2321:
2304:
2287:
2270:
2248:
2227:
2202:
2173:
2152:
2135:
2102:
2075:
2049:
2020:
2018:
1985:
1954:
1923:
1895:
1859:
1820:
1789:
1758:
1744:Compulsory for
1721:
1693:
1662:
1634:
1607:
1572:
1544:
1517:
1485:
1441:
1412:
1371:
1359:South Australia
1347:New South Wales
1331:state elections
1329:Introduced for
1305:
1272:
1230:
1194:
1160:
1152:
1140:
1138:Civil liberties
1124:
1100:
1079:
1074:
1056:
1027:
1003:
995:
979:
958:
946:
926:
898:
870:
865:
842:
755:
750:
727:
689:
684:
683:
624:Ballot stuffing
610:
607:Electoral fraud
599:
598:
543:Coattail effect
534:
526:
525:
469:Tactical voting
440:
432:
431:
345:Binomial system
276:
266:
265:
144:Ballot measures
121:Absentee ballot
105:
80:Politics series
67:
65:
60:
58:
53:
51:
42:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5981:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5950:
5943:
5942:External links
5940:
5938:
5937:
5931:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5896:
5882:
5866:
5841:
5817:
5802:(in Spanish).
5791:
5763:
5739:
5717:
5692:
5663:
5637:
5624:
5610:Irwin, Galen.
5593:
5575:
5557:
5531:
5513:
5487:
5469:
5452:
5434:
5410:
5390:
5373:
5356:
5332:
5308:
5296:www.eld.gov.sg
5283:
5259:
5246:
5221:
5197:
5185:
5166:
5147:
5123:
5099:
5074:
5050:
5025:
4996:
4972:
4948:
4939:
4911:
4887:
4884:on 2021-10-29.
4859:
4835:
4811:
4787:
4769:
4745:
4730:
4706:
4682:
4658:
4637:
4613:
4587:
4562:
4537:
4522:
4507:
4483:
4464:
4416:
4392:
4365:
4353:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4273:
4270:. 2 July 2021.
4259:
4245:
4233:
4220:
4196:
4171:
4154:AEC Tally Room
4141:
4130:
4106:
4080:
4053:
4008:
3984:
3960:
3942:
3931:
3926:Research Brief
3909:
3872:
3863:|journal=
3820:
3793:
3766:(2): 264–290.
3750:
3708:
3699:|journal=
3652:
3607:
3578:(3): 521–539.
3555:
3536:(3): 752–767.
3513:
3488:
3437:
3407:
3377:
3338:
3309:
3292:
3285:
3262:
3237:
3208:
3155:
3133:
3122:
3109:
3092:
3073:
3064:
3035:
3017:
2984:
2962:
2936:
2909:
2885:
2850:
2825:
2800:
2778:
2745:
2702:
2693:|journal=
2662:
2638:
2611:
2599:
2585:
2565:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2365:laws of Panama
2361:
2348:
2347:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1401:2024 elections
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1367:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1298:Sáenz Peña Law
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1229:
1226:
1202:Ian McAllister
1193:
1192:Public opinion
1190:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1120:
1099:
1096:
1084:regressive tax
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1055:
1052:
1026:
1023:
1002:
999:
994:
991:
978:
975:
957:
954:
945:
942:
925:
922:
897:
894:
874:representative
869:
866:
864:
861:
841:
838:
822:Campus Martius
810:Roman citizens
789:Roman Republic
754:
751:
749:
746:
736:, also called
729:
728:
726:
725:
718:
711:
703:
700:
699:
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
654:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
611:
609:and prevention
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
594:
588:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Vote splitting
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
521:
520:
519:
514:
512:Refused ballot
509:
504:
499:
494:
486:
485:
479:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
317:Usual judgment
314:
312:General ticket
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
277:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
261:
260:
259:
257:Voting machine
254:
249:
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
147:
146:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
115:
114:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
90:
89:
83:
82:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6017:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5880:, 4 July 2005
5879:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5842:
5831:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5728:
5721:
5718:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5483:
5482:www.bmi.gv.at
5479:
5473:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5333:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5151:
5148:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5089:on 2007-03-24
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5010:
5009:The Economist
5006:
5000:
4997:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4601:
4600:latercera.com
4597:
4591:
4588:
4580:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4552:
4551:The Rio Times
4548:
4541:
4538:
4531:
4526:
4523:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4436:(1): 97–122.
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4224:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3271:Brett, Judith
3266:
3263:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2579:. Routledge.
2578:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1888:2018 election
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1701:Liechtenstein
1697:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:, whose 1924
1062:
1061:Herbert Payne
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:secret ballot
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1000:
998:
992:
990:
988:
987:voter turnout
984:
976:
974:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
943:
941:
939:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:Arguments for
862:
860:
856:
852:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
830:voter turnout
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
795:
790:
785:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
752:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
704:
702:
701:
698:
693:
688:
687:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Secret ballot
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
615:
614:
608:
603:
602:
593:
592:Protest votes
589:
584:
583:Voter turnout
581:
579:
578:Voter fatigue
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
530:
529:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
484:
483:Protest votes
480:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Fusion voting
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
436:
435:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
331:
330:
327:
323:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
275:
270:
269:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
242:
239:
235:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Postal voting
212:
210:
209:Polling place
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
145:
141:
137:
132:
131:Sample ballot
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
113:
109:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
76:
49:
32:
19:
5974:
5967:
5956:
5922:
5899:
5885:
5878:The Guardian
5877:
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:
5844:
5833:. Retrieved
5829:
5820:
5808:. Retrieved
5794:
5782:. Retrieved
5775:
5766:
5755:. Retrieved
5751:
5742:
5731:. Retrieved
5720:
5708:. Retrieved
5705:founding.com
5704:
5695:
5684:. Retrieved
5680:the original
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5651:swissinfo.ch
5650:
5640:
5632:
5627:
5618:
5587:
5578:
5569:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5546:. 4 May 2017
5543:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5504:. Retrieved
5500:novinite.com
5499:
5490:
5481:
5472:
5455:
5446:
5437:
5426:. Retrieved
5422:
5413:
5402:. Retrieved
5393:
5376:
5359:
5348:. Retrieved
5344:
5335:
5324:. Retrieved
5320:
5311:
5299:. Retrieved
5295:
5286:
5275:. Retrieved
5271:
5262:
5257:), section 3
5249:
5238:. Retrieved
5236:. 2018-03-28
5233:
5224:
5213:. Retrieved
5209:
5200:
5188:
5169:
5150:
5139:. Retrieved
5135:
5126:
5115:. Retrieved
5111:
5102:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:the original
5077:
5066:. Retrieved
5062:
5053:
5042:. Retrieved
5040:. 2015-07-19
5037:
5028:
5013:. Retrieved
5011:. 5 May 2014
5008:
4999:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:
4975:
4964:. Retrieved
4960:
4951:
4942:
4931:. Retrieved
4929:. 2024-05-23
4926:
4903:. Retrieved
4899:
4890:
4879:the original
4874:
4862:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:
4838:
4827:. Retrieved
4823:
4814:
4803:. Retrieved
4800:www.idea.int
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4761:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:
4733:
4722:. Retrieved
4718:
4709:
4698:. Retrieved
4694:
4685:
4674:. Retrieved
4670:
4661:
4652:
4629:. Retrieved
4625:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4599:
4590:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:
4540:
4525:
4510:
4499:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4477:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4433:
4429:
4419:
4408:. Retrieved
4404:
4395:
4384:. Retrieved
4381:www.idea.int
4380:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4287:the Guardian
4286:
4276:
4262:
4248:
4236:
4223:
4212:. Retrieved
4208:
4199:
4188:. Retrieved
4186:. 2017-08-08
4183:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4153:
4144:
4137:
4133:
4122:. Retrieved
4118:
4109:
4097:. Retrieved
4092:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4069:(in Spanish)
4066:
4056:
4046:19 September
4044:. Retrieved
4040:the original
4000:. Retrieved
3996:
3987:
3976:. Retrieved
3972:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3934:
3925:
3912:
3885:
3875:
3854:cite journal
3823:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3690:cite journal
3655:
3623:(1): 75–90.
3620:
3616:
3610:
3575:
3571:
3568:Citrin, Jack
3558:
3533:
3529:
3516:
3505:. Retrieved
3503:. 2020-10-22
3500:
3491:
3453:(2): 66–88.
3450:
3446:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3424:the original
3410:
3398:. Retrieved
3394:the original
3380:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:
3341:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:the original
3322:Channel Nine
3312:
3300:
3295:
3275:
3265:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3240:
3199:
3146:. Retrieved
3136:
3125:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3026:
3020:
3009:. Retrieved
2997:
2987:
2979:the original
2974:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2928:. Retrieved
2925:www.idea.int
2924:
2901:. Retrieved
2898:www.idea.int
2897:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2874:www.idea.int
2873:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2781:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2718:(2): 87–90.
2715:
2711:
2705:
2684:cite journal
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2630:. Retrieved
2627:HistoryExtra
2626:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2575:
2568:
2556:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2363:The current
2136:
2030:Schaffhausen
2026:Swiss canton
1472:3.51 (about
1242:not enforced
1234:Swiss canton
1231:
1222:
1210:Ipsos-Mackay
1195:
1186:
1161:
1153:
1143:Libertarians
1141:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1080:
1057:
1047:vote by mail
1040:
1036:
1028:
1004:
996:
980:
959:
947:
927:
899:
871:
857:
853:
847:
843:
817:
799:
792:
786:
779:
769:
766:Aristophanes
756:
741:
737:
733:
732:
660:Election ink
644:Voter caging
553:Likely voter
474:Vote pairing
449:Issue voting
247:Popular vote
229:Voting booth
194:Early voting
188:
78:Part of the
48:not enforced
5526:Cyprus Mail
4606:20 December
3955:www.cia.gov
3809:: 132–143.
3731:: 103–115.
3564:Sides, John
2793:23 December
2765:(1): 4–34.
2520:postal vote
2438:Switzerland
2380:Philippines
2339:Netherlands
2329:Netherlands
1828:North Korea
1150:Vote buying
1112:Mark Latham
1043:pre-polling
794:res publica
634:Vote buying
517:Spoilt vote
497:Donkey vote
224:Vote center
204:Open ballot
5994:Categories
5835:2021-08-19
5784:2 November
5757:2023-01-14
5733:2011-10-04
5686:2007-12-07
5428:2023-01-13
5404:2024-01-30
5350:2023-06-06
5326:2023-01-13
5277:2023-01-13
5240:2022-02-11
5215:2023-01-13
5141:2023-01-13
5117:2023-01-13
5093:2011-10-04
5068:2023-01-13
5044:2023-01-14
4990:2023-01-13
4966:2023-01-13
4933:2024-07-22
4905:2023-01-13
4853:2023-01-14
4829:2023-01-13
4805:2022-06-11
4763:2023-01-13
4724:2023-01-13
4700:2023-01-13
4676:2023-01-13
4631:2023-01-13
4556:2023-01-14
4501:2023-01-13
4410:2023-01-13
4386:2023-01-14
4348:HLN Nieuws
4243:(in Dutch)
4214:2023-01-13
4190:2021-10-28
4164:28 October
4124:2023-01-13
4002:2023-01-13
3978:2023-12-23
3507:2023-08-27
3357:2023-01-14
3332:2011-10-04
3305:law review
3256:2023-01-10
3218:1252962012
3045:1252962012
3011:2017-01-20
2930:2023-01-14
2903:2023-01-14
2879:2019-05-05
2656:2022-10-06
2632:2022-10-06
2548:References
2195:Vorarlberg
1729:Luxembourg
1684:While the
1525:Costa Rica
1366:enforced.
1335:Queensland
1264:Penalized
1261:Enforced?
938:demagogues
933:Waleed Aly
840:Modern era
824:or in the
801:suffragium
771:Acharnians
768:'s comedy
762:opprobrium
652:Prevention
492:Abstention
360:Spare vote
350:Party-list
184:Ballot box
176:Collection
158:Electorate
140:Candidates
6000:Elections
4478:Jusbrasil
4067:Tikitakas
3904:0003-0554
3788:156881765
3780:0010-4140
3745:145033670
3647:1540-5907
3625:CiteSeerX
3602:1741-5705
3580:CiteSeerX
3550:1540-5907
3483:154003297
3467:0023-8791
3226:cite book
3053:cite book
3006:0362-4331
2740:144588223
2651:ThoughtCo
2542:Jury duty
2480:Venezuela
2467:in 1789.
2278:Guatemala
1993:Singapore
1403:. In the
1353:in 1928,
1313:Australia
1280:Argentina
1173:Democrats
1017:study on
966:Lisa Hill
906:jury duty
753:Antiquity
104:Balloting
5953:Suffrage
5859:28 March
5710:28 March
5656:28 March
5177:Archived
5158:Archived
5038:BBC News
4457:28 March
4452:55741272
4292:28 March
4184:ABC News
4158:Archived
3888:: 1–15.
3846:15974685
3430:28 March
3400:28 March
3366:cite web
3273:(2019).
3148:28 March
2843:28 March
2818:28 March
2676:10665132
2609:pp.49–52
2592:28 March
2526:See also
2401:Portugal
2210:Bulgaria
2145:Country
2133:Repealed
2057:Thailand
1907:Over 70
1871:Over 75
1867:Paraguay
1852:defected
1670:Honduras
1646:Over 70
1351:Tasmania
1343:Victoria
1267:History
1258:Turnout
1216:and the
1045:such as
902:taxation
818:de facto
238:Counting
219:Precinct
5550:22 July
5506:22 July
5301:13 June
4099:22 July
4073:22 July
3682:1816649
3475:1555401
3352:skynews
2955:22 July
2732:1010372
2455:Georgia
2312:Lebanon
2181:Austria
2160:Albania
2110:Uruguay
2089:83.45%
1552:Ecuador
1420:Bolivia
1379:Belgium
1255:Exempt
1005:A 2005
849:Belgium
787:In the
748:History
112:Ballots
68:
61:
54:
43:
36:
6005:Voting
5929:
5810:23 May
4782:nsd.no
4450:
4093:Clarín
3902:
3844:
3786:
3778:
3743:
3680:
3674:967975
3672:
3645:
3627:
3600:
3582:
3548:
3501:Quartz
3481:
3473:
3465:
3299:Note,
3283:
3216:
3206:
3043:
3033:
3004:
2738:
2730:
2674:
2583:
2513:Greece
2359:Panama
2235:Cyprus
2187:Styria
2083:Turkey
1766:Mexico
1642:Greece
1449:Brazil
1252:Place
1158:Impact
806:Cicero
168:Ticket
87:Voting
5804:Télam
5615:(PDF)
5464:(PDF)
5385:(PDF)
5368:(PDF)
5015:6 May
4882:(PDF)
4871:(PDF)
4582:(PDF)
4448:S2CID
3922:(PDF)
3842:S2CID
3784:S2CID
3741:S2CID
3721:(PDF)
3670:S2CID
3526:(PDF)
3479:S2CID
3471:JSTOR
2949:(PDF)
2736:S2CID
2728:JSTOR
2672:S2CID
2607:Ibid.
2421:Spain
2295:Italy
2191:Tyrol
1962:Samoa
1937:100%
1797:Nauru
1649:~60%
1621:~70%
1580:Egypt
1493:Chile
834:draft
826:Forum
776:agora
252:Tally
163:Slate
5927:ISBN
5861:2018
5812:2015
5786:2020
5712:2018
5658:2018
5552:2022
5508:2022
5303:2024
5017:2015
4608:2022
4459:2018
4294:2018
4228:>
4166:2021
4101:2022
4075:2022
4048:2014
4036:IDEA
3900:ISSN
3867:help
3776:ISSN
3703:help
3678:SSRN
3643:ISSN
3598:ISSN
3546:ISSN
3463:ISSN
3432:2018
3402:2018
3372:link
3281:ISBN
3232:link
3214:OCLC
3204:ISBN
3150:2018
3059:link
3041:OCLC
3031:ISBN
3002:ISSN
2957:2022
2845:2018
2820:2018
2795:2019
2697:help
2594:2018
2581:ISBN
2511:and
2509:Peru
2193:and
2120:Yes
2117:90%
2063:67%
2038:Yes
2011:SG$
2003:Yes
2000:95%
1971:Yes
1968:93%
1949:25.
1947:NZ$
1940:Yes
1913:Yes
1910:81%
1903:Peru
1874:65%
1837:Yes
1834:99%
1806:Yes
1803:90%
1780:The
1772:54%
1736:90%
1710:Yes
1707:78%
1676:58%
1615:Fiji
1586:33%
1562:Yes
1559:82%
1531:63%
1500:tbd
1474:US$
1459:Yes
1456:80%
1430:Yes
1427:92%
1389:No
1386:90%
1349:and
1323:Yes
1320:92%
1291:Yes
1288:75%
1208:and
1200:and
1169:2004
1167:and
1165:2000
1130:and
876:and
781:Pnyx
142:and
5234:RNZ
4438:doi
3890:doi
3834:doi
3811:doi
3768:doi
3733:doi
3729:145
3662:doi
3635:doi
3590:doi
3538:doi
3455:doi
2767:doi
2720:doi
2092:No
2066:No
2028:of
1877:No
1775:No
1739:No
1679:No
1652:No
1624:No
1589:No
1534:No
1470:R$
1333:in
1326:1%
1108:not
940:."
912:or
740:or
5996::
5955:,
5876:,
5852:.
5828:.
5774:.
5750:.
5703:.
5649:.
5617:.
5596:^
5586:.
5568:.
5542:.
5524:.
5498:.
5480:.
5445:.
5421:.
5343:.
5319:.
5294:.
5270:.
5232:.
5208:.
5134:.
5110:.
5061:.
5036:.
5007:.
4983:.
4959:.
4925:.
4914:^
4898:.
4873:.
4846:.
4822:.
4798:.
4780:.
4756:.
4717:.
4693:.
4669:.
4651:.
4640:^
4624:.
4598:.
4565:^
4549:.
4494:.
4446:.
4432:.
4428:.
4403:.
4379:.
4368:^
4346:.
4285:.
4207:.
4182:.
4156:.
4152:.
4117:.
4091:.
4065:.
4034:.
4011:^
3995:.
3971:.
3953:.
3924:.
3898:.
3884:.
3858::
3856:}}
3852:{{
3840:.
3807:44
3805:.
3782:.
3774:.
3764:50
3762:.
3739:.
3727:.
3723:.
3694::
3692:}}
3688:{{
3676:.
3668:.
3641:.
3633:.
3621:47
3619:.
3596:.
3588:.
3576:38
3574:.
3544:.
3534:60
3532:.
3528:.
3499:.
3477:.
3469:.
3461:.
3451:39
3449:.
3418:.
3388:.
3368:}}
3364:{{
3350:.
3320:.
3249:.
3228:}}
3224:{{
3212:.
3158:^
3103:,
3084:,
3055:}}
3051:{{
3039:.
3000:.
2996:.
2973:.
2923:.
2912:^
2896:.
2872:.
2853:^
2836:.
2811:.
2763:12
2761:.
2757:.
2734:.
2726:.
2716:18
2714:.
2688::
2686:}}
2682:{{
2649:.
2625:.
2614:^
2518:A
2388:.
2189:,
2168:.
1980:.
1890:.
1815:.
1602:.
1341:.
1244:.
1220:.
908:,
904:,
804:.
5935:.
5893:.
5863:.
5838:.
5814:.
5788:.
5760:.
5736:.
5714:.
5689:.
5660:.
5621:.
5590:.
5572:.
5554:.
5510:.
5484:.
5449:.
5431:.
5407:.
5387:.
5370:.
5353:.
5329:.
5305:.
5280:.
5243:.
5218:.
5144:.
5120:.
5096:.
5071:.
5047:.
5019:.
4993:.
4969:.
4936:.
4908:.
4856:.
4832:.
4808:.
4784:.
4766:.
4727:.
4703:.
4679:.
4634:.
4610:.
4584:.
4559:.
4504:.
4440::
4434:1
4413:.
4389:.
4296:.
4256:.
4217:.
4193:.
4168:.
4127:.
4103:.
4077:.
4050:.
4005:.
3981:.
3957:.
3906:.
3892::
3869:)
3865:(
3848:.
3836::
3817:.
3813::
3790:.
3770::
3747:.
3735::
3705:)
3701:(
3684:.
3664::
3649:.
3637::
3604:.
3592::
3552:.
3540::
3510:.
3485:.
3457::
3434:.
3404:.
3374:)
3360:.
3335:.
3289:.
3259:.
3234:)
3220:.
3152:.
3061:)
3047:.
3014:.
2959:.
2933:.
2906:.
2882:.
2847:.
2822:.
2797:.
2775:.
2769::
2742:.
2722::
2699:)
2695:(
2678:.
2659:.
2635:.
2563:.
796:,
722:e
715:t
708:v
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.