651:
1566:
1422:
813:
1408:
866:
1941:
1927:
828:
1759:
2034:
Treaty of
Lausanne required the newly created states that acquired the territory detached from the Ottoman Empire to pay annuities on the Ottoman public debt and to assume responsibility for the administration of concessions that had been granted by the Ottomans. The treaty also let the States acquire, without payment, all the property and possessions of the Ottoman Empire situated within their territory. The treaty provided that the League of Nations was responsible for establishing an arbitral court to resolve disputes that might arise and stipulated that its decisions were final.
1816:
1266:
1027:
1773:
1656:
1198:
1598:
856:
1828:
1552:
1100:
1618:
1459:
1632:
1037:
1251:
1855:
2006:
1174:
1804:
1744:
1719:
1488:
1343:
1280:
934:
1644:
1678:
1329:
1705:
1474:
920:
1586:
1869:
707:, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory."
2042:
entirely separate organisation. We are, therefore, in the presence of three States sufficiently separate to be considered as distinct
Parties. France has received a single mandate from the Council of the League of Nations, but in the countries subject to that mandate, one can distinguish two distinct States: Syria and the Lebanon, each State possessing its own constitution and a nationality clearly different from the other.
1953:
1881:
1498:
1353:
1186:
799:
1140:
1015:
1447:
1369:
1302:
1980:
1381:
1239:
1160:
844:
1227:
1080:
1003:
2018:
mandatory for such a certain defined territory; and (3) the council of the League of
Nations takes official cognisance of the appointment of the mandatory power and informs the latter that it considers it as invested with the mandate, and at the same time notifies it of the terms of the mandate, after ascertaining whether they are in conformance with the provisions of the covenant."
182:
1900:
1792:
1732:
1525:
898:
1128:
733:(protectorates or territories), which were deemed to require a greater level of control by the mandatory power: "...the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion." The mandatory power was forbidden to construct military or naval bases within the mandates.
2017:
Three steps were required to establish a
Mandate under international law: (1) The Principal Allied and Associated Powers confer a mandate on one of their number or on a third power; (2) the principal powers officially notify the council of the League of Nations that a certain power has been appointed
1287:
From 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946. It became a United
Nations trust territory on 11 December 1946, and was granted internal self-rule on 1 May 1961. On 9 December 1961, it became independent while retaining the British monarch as nominal head of state, transforming into a republic on the same day
2041:
The difficulty arises here how one is to regard the
Asiatic countries under the British and French mandates. Iraq is a Kingdom in regard to which Great Britain has undertaken responsibilities equivalent to those of a Mandatory Power. Under the British mandate, Palestine and Transjordan have each an
2013:
According to the
Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: "draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League... the legal title held by the mandatory Power must be a double one: one conferred
2367:
Matz, 2005, pp 70-71, "Primarily, two elements formed the core of the
Mandate System, the principle of non-annexation of the territory on the one hand and its administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' on the other... The principle of administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation'
687:
The League of
Nations decided the exact level of control by the mandatory power over each mandate on an individual basis. However, in every case the mandatory power was forbidden to construct fortifications or raise an army within the territory of the mandate, and was required to present an annual
2033:
to the "A" Mandates. The Treaty of
Versailles provisionally recognised the former Ottoman communities as independent nations. It also required Germany to recognise the disposition of the former Ottoman territories and to recognise the new states laid down within their boundaries. The terms of the
1666:
Included German New Guinea and "the group of islands in the Pacific Ocean lying south of the equator other than German Samoa and Nauru". From 17 December 1920 under an (at first Military) Administrator; after (wartime) Japanese/U.S. military commands from 8 December 1946 under UN mandate as North
552:
The mandate system was established by Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, drafted by the victors of World War I. The article referred to territories which after the war were no longer ruled by their previous sovereign, but their peoples were not considered "able to stand by
553:
themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world". The article called for such people's tutelage to be "entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility".
2556:
2113:
by 1990, including all of the former UN trust territories with the exception of a few successor entities of the gradually dismembered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (formerly Japan's South Pacific Trust Mandate). These exceptions include the
1208:
From 20 July 1922 to 13 December 1946. Formerly two separate German protectorates, they were joined as a single mandate on 20 July 1922. From 1 March 1926 to 30 June 1960, Ruanda-Urundi was in administrative union with the neighbouring colony of the
566:
played influential roles in pushing for the establishment of a mandates system. The mandates system reflected a compromise between Smuts (who wanted colonial powers to annex the territories) and Wilson (who wanted trusteeship over the territories).
2368:
was designed to prevent a practice of imperial exploitation of the mandated territory in contrast to former colonial habits. Instead, the Mandatory's administration should assist in developing the territory for the well-being of its native people."
2603:"Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Volume XIII, Annotations to the treaty of peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, signed at Versailles, June 28, 1919"
2655:
70. Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the First World War, a class "A" Mandate for Palestine was entrusted to Great Britain by the League of Nations, pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 22 of the
2165:, the heirs of the last territories of the Trust, attained final independence on 22 December 1990. (The UN Security Council ratified termination of trusteeship, effectively dissolving trusteeship status, on 10 July 1987.) The
528:
Two governing principles formed the core of the Mandate System, being non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a "sacred trust of civilisation" to develop the territory for the benefit of its native people.
2194:
Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513
1515:) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson). Transformed on 13 December 1946 into a United Nations trust territory; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana.
3277:
2957:
See also: Temperley, History of the Paris Peace Conference, Vol VI, pp. 505–506; League of Nations, The Mandates System (official publication of 1945); Hill, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, pp.
478:, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another. These mandates served as legal documents establishing the internationally agreed terms for administering the territory on behalf of the
2037:
A disagreement regarding the legal status and the portion of the annuities to be paid by the "A" mandates was settled when an Arbitrator ruled that some of the mandates contained more than one State:
2741:
2217:
1726:
British mandate, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after liberation from Japanese occupation in World War II
2501:
449:
3048:
43:
2685:
LONDON, July 19. – The A mandates, which govern the British occupation of Palestine and the French occupation of Syria, came today before the Council of the League of Nations.
2602:
2059:, a roughly equivalent status. In each case, the colonial power that held the mandate on each territory became the administering power of the trusteeship, except that of the
744:, including South West Africa and the South Pacific Islands, were considered to be "best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory."
650:
544:
to govern the mandates differently, the main difference appeared to be that the colonial powers spoke differently about the mandates than their other colonial possessions.
2131:
2383:
1122:
of October 1922. Britain committed to act the responsibilities of a Mandatory Power in 1924. Iraq attained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 October 1932.
2090:
affirmed that South Africa continued to have international obligations regarding the South West Africa mandate. Eventually, in 1990, the mandated territory, now
131:
2333:"Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)"
2379:
442:
3301:
3041:
958:
938:
888:), which broke away from the mandate on 2 September 1938 to become a separate French protectorate, which lasted until Hatay Province was ceded to the new
2738:
3355:
3294:
3020:
See Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp. 650–652, 21 Apr. 2010
3308:
2151:
2063:, which had been defeated in World War II, lost its mandate over the South Pacific islands, which became a "strategic trust territory" known as the
962:
495:
3118:
2701:
2143:
435:
245:
3057:
173:
3262:
3186:
3078:
3034:
2284:
2064:
1438:
411:
305:
203:
3083:
2769:
208:
2812:
Determining Boundaries in a Conflicted World: The Role of Uti Possidetis, By Suzanne Lalonde, Published by McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), 2002
1213:. After 13 December 1946, it became a United Nations trust territory, remaining under Belgian administration until the separate nations of
630:(1919), with the territories being allotted among the Allies on 7 May of that year. Ottoman territorial claims were first addressed in the
540:
in the mandates did not differ substantially from colonial administration elsewhere. Even though the Covenant of the League committed the
3330:
970:
575:
All of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally
517:, subject to future discussions and formal agreements. Most of the remaining mandates of the League of Nations (with the exception of
3073:
2819:
2799:
2401:
2022:
790:
695:
The mandates were divided into three distinct groups based upon the level of development each population had achieved at that time.
655:
502:
198:
3000:
2972:
2182:
2127:
2119:
2056:
522:
2557:"The Creative Advance Must Be Defended: Miscegenation, Metaphysics, and Race War in Jan Smuts's Vision of the League of Nations"
2424:
3350:
3335:
3214:
3138:
2083:
614:
The divestiture of Germany's overseas colonies, along with three territories disentangled from its European homeland area (the
366:
260:
2628:
3340:
3267:
3170:
2332:
2269:
Haas, Ernst B. "The reconciliation of conflicting colonial policy aims: acceptance of the League of Nations mandate system,"
2170:
2087:
1821:
838:
29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state and Founding Member
556:
416:
287:
75:
2446:
1860:
689:
158:
42:
2668:
1611:
Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean situated South of the Equator other than German Samoa and Nauru
3236:
3219:
3191:
3148:
3093:
1508:
623:
388:
371:
323:
270:
218:
587:
in that the mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations.
2300:
1119:
944:
533:
2213:, in: A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95.
3231:
2147:
383:
2115:
2099:
2095:
1957:
1833:
1026:
986:
966:
143:
1786:. Became part of the United Nations trust territories and administered by the United States after World War II
3345:
3123:
2078:. Rather than placing South West Africa under trusteeship like other former mandates, South Africa proposed
2070:
The sole exception to the transformation of the League of Nations mandates into UN trusteeships was that of
2055:
was founded in 1945 and the League of Nations was disbanded, all but one of the mandated territories became
1623:
1115:
1071:
250:
148:
2792:
The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, By Yoav Alon, Published by I.B.Tauris, 2007
2702:"Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories"
3257:
3165:
1597:
1059:
1042:
282:
114:
70:
2218:
Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories
3128:
2310:
Sluglett, Peter. "An improvement on colonialism? The 'A' mandates and their legacy in the Middle East,"
1945:
1940:
911:
871:
817:
602:
55:
855:
1062:
was provisionally added as an autonomous area under the United Kingdom, and it became the independent
130:
3110:
2030:
1271:
627:
238:
2281:
2257:
Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919
2005:
1458:
3224:
3206:
1250:
1049:
925:
639:
631:
615:
376:
359:
65:
3241:
2584:
2537:
2529:
2482:
2474:
2135:
1894:), from 25 January 1947 a United Nations trust territory until its independence on 1 January 1962
1783:
1764:
1190:
1020:
981:, 75% of the area was controlled by the new State of Israel. Other parts, until 1967, formed the
978:
635:
393:
2200:
2029:
says that the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne provided for the application of the principles of
619:
2759:
2739:
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel
3196:
3088:
3065:
2815:
2795:
2765:
2721:
2576:
2521:
2466:
2397:
2075:
1932:
1648:
1574:
1430:
518:
491:
479:
471:
341:
213:
191:
119:
2811:
2791:
3155:
2713:
2568:
2513:
2458:
2389:
2239:
2162:
1809:
1710:
1683:
1668:
1479:
1441:. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946
1334:
510:
346:
277:
99:
89:
1667:
East New Guinea (under Australia, as administrative unit), until it became part of present
2745:
2288:
2123:
2110:
2060:
1777:
1772:
1743:
1557:
1413:
1362:
Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946
965:
at midnight between 14 May and 15 May 1948. On the evening of 14 May, the Chairman of the
804:
505:, entered into force on 28 June 1919. With the dissolution of the League of Nations after
104:
94:
60:
2629:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"
2295:
No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations
2211:
Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship
2210:
1890:
From 17 December 1920 a League of Nations mandate, renamed Western Samoa (as opposed to
2052:
1891:
1718:
1487:
1342:
1279:
1139:
1105:
933:
881:
833:
724:
580:
559:
514:
181:
2996:
2968:
3324:
3026:
2717:
2588:
2541:
2486:
2420:
2235:
2139:
1661:
1393:
Equivalent document as for French Cameroons, with all articles substantially the same
1210:
1203:
1165:
948:
892:
on 29 June 1939. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state
576:
109:
1537:
Equivalent document as for French Togoland, with all articles substantially the same
3160:
2639:
2071:
1885:
1518:
1434:
1288:
the next year. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika merged with the neighbouring island of
1053:
584:
506:
487:
467:
2343:
1752:
Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying North of the Equator
1314:
Equivalent document as for Ruanda-Urundi, with all articles substantially the same
17:
3272:
1873:
1868:
952:
720:
595:
541:
537:
475:
421:
3143:
3133:
2948:
Quincy Wright, Mandates under the League of Nations, Univ.Chicago Press, 1930.
2572:
2158:
2079:
1967:
1963:
1063:
994:
265:
255:
2725:
2638:. The International Court of Justice (ICJ). 2004. p. 165. Archived from
2580:
2525:
2470:
638:(1923). The Ottoman territories were allotted among the Allied Powers at the
2103:
1636:
1631:
982:
563:
2314:(2014) 90#2 pp. 413–427. On the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire
2173:, became the last to effectively gain its independence, on 1 October 1994.
2014:
by the Principal Powers and the other conferred by the League of Nations."
2393:
1992:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1912:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1840:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1690:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1507:
British Administrator post filled by the colonial Governor of the British
513:
that the remaining mandates should be placed under the trusteeship of the
1502:
1452:
1374:
1307:
1293:
1289:
961:
for peacefully dividing the remainder of the Mandate failed. The Mandate
27:
Territories administered by countries on behalf of the League of Nations
2997:"Article 47, 60, and Protocol XII, Article 9 of the Treaty of Lausanne"
2761:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M
2533:
2478:
2091:
1985:
1573:
French Togoland under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a
1386:
1357:
1244:
1218:
1178:
1173:
849:
1565:
1421:
1232:
1214:
1085:
1067:
1008:
974:
889:
885:
812:
483:
2517:
2462:
2166:
2004:
1971:
1905:
1797:
1737:
1530:
1512:
990:
903:
649:
590:
The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases:
153:
2227:
Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in
494:
that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the
2264:
Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931
1591:
1578:
1133:
601:
The transfer of mandatory powers to individual states among the
3030:
2447:"Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations"
2305:
The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire,
2109:
Nearly all the former League of Nations mandates had become
880:
29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945: This mandate included
501:
The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the
2927:
Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Bill of 1919
2380:"Settler Colonialism at the Bar of the League of Nations"
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2876:
583:. The mandates were fundamentally different from the
3286:
3250:
3205:
3179:
3109:
3064:
2969:"See Article 434 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles"
2421:"See Article 22 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles"
2130:. The Northern Mariana Islands does elect its own
1970:until its 16 March 1931 Municipal status, hence a
598:of the state previously controlling the territory.
1070:) on 17 June 1946 upon joint ratification of the
2695:
2693:
2609:. United States State Department. June 28, 1919
2382:. In Elkins, Caroline; Pedersen, Susan (eds.).
2102:— a prolonged guerrilla conflict against the
3042:
2142:being the President of the United States and
443:
8:
2758:Edmund Jan Osmańczyk; Anthony Mango (2003).
2385:Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century
2094:, gained independence, culminating from the
728:
3302:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors
2991:
2989:
2415:
2413:
2138:, but it remains a U.S. territory with its
985:of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the
959:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
3049:
3035:
3027:
2748:. May 14, 1948: Retrieved 28 January 2013.
751:
658:, highlighting the three mandate classes:
450:
436:
169:
2944:
2942:
2307:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
2106:regime that lasted from 1966 until 1990.
2086:. Despite South Africa's resistance, the
1966:'s administration (still merely having a
680:(ex German South West Africa and Pacific)
3309:To the Unknown British Soldier in France
2146:to the commonwealth administered by the
1118:was not enacted and was replaced by the
496:Permanent Court of International Justice
2324:
2266:(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999)
2229:Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei
778:
172:
3295:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay
3263:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
3166:Possible cause of the Second World War
2903:
2882:
2867:
2843:
2831:
2764:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1178.
2607:Foreign Relations of the United States
2202:Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship
2065:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
412:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
2506:American Journal of International Law
2342:: 28–32. 21 June 1971. Archived from
2259:(University of Nebraska Press, 2013).
2009:Map of the League of Nations mandates
719:, were all former German colonies in
7:
2915:
2855:
2241:Mandates Under the League of Nations
1920:Mandate for German South West Africa
2224:13, no. 4 (November 2012): 321–343.
1974:) was also assigned to the mandate.
1437:until 27 August 1940, then under a
1221:gained independence on 1 July 1962.
957:29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948. A
474:for specific territories following
3058:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
2706:International Studies Perspectives
2222:International Studies Perspectives
2128:unincorporated organised territory
25:
3074:Covenant of the League of Nations
2669:"Italy Holds up Class A Mandates"
2561:American Political Science Review
2451:American Political Science Review
2126:with the U.S. with the status of
1322:British Mandate for the Cameroons
791:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
715:The second group of mandates, or
656:Covenant of the League of Nations
503:Covenant of the League of Nations
199:Covenant of the League of Nations
3356:Governance of the British Empire
2718:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x
2183:United Nations trust territories
2082:, a proposition rejected by the
2057:United Nations trust territories
1978:
1951:
1939:
1925:
1898:
1879:
1867:
1853:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1771:
1757:
1742:
1730:
1717:
1703:
1676:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1616:
1596:
1584:
1564:
1550:
1523:
1496:
1486:
1472:
1457:
1445:
1420:
1406:
1401:French Mandate for the Cameroons
1379:
1367:
1351:
1341:
1327:
1300:
1278:
1264:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1158:
1138:
1126:
1098:
1078:
1035:
1025:
1013:
1001:
932:
918:
896:
864:
854:
842:
826:
811:
797:
523:United Nations trust territories
180:
129:
41:
3215:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
3187:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
3139:Hague conference on reparations
3003:from the original on 2013-01-12
2975:from the original on 2010-06-25
2700:Pugh, Jeffrey D. (2012-11-01).
2427:from the original on 2010-06-25
2152:U.S. Department of the Interior
1292:to become the modern nation of
1259:British Mandate for East Africa
1153:Belgian Mandate for East Africa
1116:British Mandate for Mesopotamia
884:(a former Ottoman Alexandretta
688:report on the territory to the
482:. Combining elements of both a
367:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
306:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
300:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
261:Hague conference on reparations
3268:Commission of Responsibilities
3171:International Opium Convention
2340:International Court of Justice
2171:Federated States of Micronesia
2088:International Court of Justice
1822:Federated States of Micronesia
1577:as the Autonomous Republic of
1066:Kingdom of Transjordan (later
417:Commission of Responsibilities
288:International Opium Convention
283:Possible cause of World War II
1:
2502:"Sovereignty of the Mandates"
2297:. Princeton University Press.
690:Permanent Mandates Commission
2273:(1952) 6#4 pp: 521–536.
1467:British Mandate for Togoland
727:, referred to by Germany as
634:(1920) and finalised in the
51:, mandates in Western Asia:
3237:Turkish War of Independence
3220:Conference of London (1920)
3192:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
3094:Little Treaty of Versailles
2074:and its mandated territory
2067:under U.S. administration.
2027:Digest of International Law
1545:French Mandate for Togoland
967:Jewish Agency for Palestine
626:), was accomplished in the
509:, it was stipulated at the
490:, these mandates contained
389:Turkish War of Independence
372:Conference of London (1920)
324:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
318:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
219:Little Treaty of Versailles
139:, mandates in the Pacific:
3372:
3331:League of Nations mandates
2445:Potter, Pitman B. (1922).
2278:The International Mandates
2271:International Organization
2231:, n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122.
2098:and the resolution of the
692:of the League of Nations.
673:(ex German Central Africa)
562:and South African General
35:League of Nations mandates
3232:Turkish National Movement
2573:10.1017/S0003055421001362
2148:Office of Insular Affairs
1652:
1640:
1604:
1494:
1349:
1194:
1182:
1146:
1024:
930:
909:
853:
824:
809:
788:
783:
521:) thus eventually became
464:League of Nations mandate
384:Turkish National Movement
2378:Pedersen, Susan (2012).
2199:Hall, H. Duncan (1948).
2134:to serve as territorial
2116:Northern Mariana Islands
2100:South African Border War
1958:German South West Africa
1848:Mandate for German Samoa
1834:Northern Mariana Islands
1072:Treaty of London of 1946
987:All-Palestine Government
144:Japanese Pacific Mandate
2500:Wright, Quincy (1923).
1671:at independence in 1975
1624:Territory of New Guinea
1111:Various Ottoman sanjaks
877:Various Ottoman sanjaks
822:Various Ottoman sanjaks
538:colonial administration
532:According to historian
492:minority rights clauses
149:Territory of New Guinea
87:
3351:French colonial empire
3336:1946 disestablishments
2189:Sources and references
2044:
2010:
2001:Rules of establishment
1060:Emirate of Transjordan
1043:Emirate of Transjordan
729:
684:
594:The formal removal of
174:Paris Peace Conference
85:, mandates in Africa:
3341:20th century in Japan
3129:Reparation Commission
2555:Kripp, Jacob (2022).
2394:10.4324/9780203621042
2312:International Affairs
2293:Mazower, Mark. 2013.
2262:Callahan, Michael D.
2169:, split off from the
2039:
2023:U.S. State Department
2008:
1962:From 1 October 1922,
912:Mandate for Palestine
653:
3278:List of participants
3111:Treaty of Versailles
2276:Margalith, Aaron M.
1272:Tanganyika Territory
703:The first group, or
628:Treaty of Versailles
239:Treaty of Versailles
3225:San Remo conference
3180:Subsequent treaties
3149:Lausanne Conference
2255:Bruce, Scot David,
2084:UN General Assembly
1058:In April 1921, the
1048:Ottoman sanjaks of
943:Ottoman sanjaks of
926:Mandatory Palestine
640:San Remo conference
616:Free City of Danzig
377:San Remo conference
271:Lausanne Conference
3242:Treaty of Lausanne
3119:"War guilt" clause
2744:2013-01-16 at the
2673:The New York Times
2388:(published 2005).
2287:2016-03-04 at the
2244:. Greenwood Press.
2136:head of government
2096:Tripartite Accords
2011:
1784:South Seas Mandate
1765:South Seas Mandate
1191:German East Africa
1120:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
890:Republic of Turkey
685:
654:Article 22 of the
636:Treaty of Lausanne
394:Treaty of Lausanne
246:"War Guilt" clause
3318:
3317:
3197:Treaty of Trianon
3089:Minority Treaties
3066:League of Nations
2822:, pp. 89–100
2771:978-0-415-93922-5
2636:Advisory Opinions
2349:on 6 January 2015
2167:Republic of Palau
2076:South West Africa
1998:
1997:
1993:
1933:South West Africa
1913:
1841:
1698:Mandate for Nauru
1691:
1649:German New Guinea
1575:High Commissioner
1538:
1394:
1315:
969:had declared the
770:Prior sovereignty
646:Types of mandates
519:South West Africa
507:World War II
480:League of Nations
472:international law
460:
459:
342:Treaty of Trianon
336:Treaty of Trianon
214:Minority Treaties
192:League of Nations
120:South West Africa
18:Mandate territory
16:(Redirected from
3363:
3207:Treaty of Sèvres
3051:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2755:
2749:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2337:
2329:
2245:
2216:Pugh, Jeffrey, "
2206:
2163:Marshall Islands
2111:sovereign states
2031:state succession
1991:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:Marshall Islands
1808:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1689:
1684:Papua New Guinea
1682:
1680:
1679:
1669:Papua New Guinea
1660:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1480:British Togoland
1477:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1335:British Cameroon
1332:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1004:
977:. Following the
937:
936:
923:
922:
921:
902:
900:
899:
869:
868:
867:
858:
848:
846:
845:
832:
830:
829:
816:
815:
802:
801:
800:
752:
748:List of mandates
742:Class C mandates
737:Class C mandates
732:
717:Class B mandates
711:Class B mandates
705:Class A mandates
699:Class A mandates
632:Treaty of Sèvres
577:Imperial Germany
511:Yalta Conference
452:
445:
438:
360:Treaty of Sèvres
347:Millerand letter
278:Locarno Treaties
184:
170:
133:
100:British Cameroon
90:British Togoland
45:
21:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3282:
3246:
3201:
3175:
3105:
3060:
3055:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2746:Wayback Machine
2737:
2733:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2678:
2676:
2675:. July 20, 1922
2667:
2666:
2662:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2518:10.2307/2188657
2499:
2498:
2494:
2463:10.2307/1943638
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2301:Pedersen, Susan
2289:Wayback Machine
2252:
2250:Further reading
2234:
2198:
2191:
2179:
2124:political union
2061:Empire of Japan
2049:
2003:
1979:
1977:
1952:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1924:
1899:
1897:
1880:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1852:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1770:
1758:
1756:
1731:
1729:
1716:
1704:
1702:
1677:
1675:
1655:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1615:
1585:
1583:
1563:
1558:French Togoland
1551:
1549:
1524:
1522:
1503:German Togoland
1497:
1495:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1446:
1444:
1419:
1414:French Cameroon
1407:
1405:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1328:
1326:
1301:
1299:
1277:
1265:
1263:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1157:
1127:
1125:
1099:
1097:
1079:
1077:
1036:
1034:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1002:
1000:
975:State of Israel
931:
919:
917:
897:
895:
865:
863:
843:
841:
827:
825:
810:
805:Greater Lebanon
798:
796:
750:
739:
713:
701:
683:
648:
620:Memel Territory
612:
573:
550:
456:
427:
426:
407:
399:
398:
362:
352:
351:
337:
329:
328:
319:
311:
310:
301:
293:
292:
241:
231:
230:
194:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
134:
126:
125:
124:
105:French Cameroon
95:French Togoland
81:
80:
46:
37:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Decolonization
3343:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3013:
2985:
2960:
2950:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2918:, p. 307.
2908:
2906:, p. 618.
2887:
2885:, p. 616.
2872:
2870:, p. 611.
2860:
2858:, p. 303.
2848:
2846:, p. 593.
2836:
2834:, p. 595.
2824:
2804:
2784:
2770:
2750:
2731:
2712:(4): 321–343.
2689:
2660:
2645:on 6 July 2010
2620:
2594:
2567:(3): 940–953.
2547:
2512:(4): 691–703.
2492:
2457:(4): 563–583.
2437:
2409:
2402:
2370:
2360:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2291:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:Wright, Quincy
2232:
2225:
2214:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2053:United Nations
2048:
2045:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1975:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1895:
1892:American Samoa
1888:
1876:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1787:
1780:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1724:
1723:United Kingdom
1714:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1664:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1516:
1505:
1493:
1492:United Kingdom
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1442:
1427:
1417:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1363:
1360:
1358:German Kamerun
1348:
1347:United Kingdom
1338:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1297:
1285:
1284:United Kingdom
1275:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1222:
1206:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1106:Mandatory Iraq
1095:
1089:
1088:
1075:
1056:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1023:
998:
955:
941:
939:United Kingdom
929:
915:
907:
906:
893:
882:Hatay Province
878:
875:
860:
859:
852:
839:
836:
834:Ottoman Empire
823:
820:
808:
794:
787:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
764:Mandate Power
762:
759:
756:
749:
746:
738:
735:
725:Central Africa
712:
709:
700:
697:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
647:
644:
611:
608:
607:
606:
599:
581:Ottoman Empire
572:
569:
560:Woodrow Wilson
557:U.S. President
549:
546:
534:Susan Pedersen
515:United Nations
466:represented a
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
408:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
380:
379:
374:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
248:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
222:
221:
211:
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
177:
176:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
135:
128:
127:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
79:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
47:
40:
39:
38:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3368:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3017:
3014:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:(pp. 109–110)
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:0-7735-2424-X
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:1-84511-138-9
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:9780203621042
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
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2144:federal funds
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2140:head of state
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2047:Later history
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2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1976:
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1969:
1965:
1961:
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1907:
1896:
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1887:
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1862:
1861:Western Samoa
1851:
1849:
1846:
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1811:
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1782:Known as the
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1211:Belgian Congo
1207:
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1204:German Empire
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1166:Ruanda-Urundi
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603:Allied Powers
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159:Western Samoa
157:
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138:
132:
121:
118:
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110:Ruanda-Urundi
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30:
19:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3161:Stresa Front
3100:
3084:Organisation
3016:
3005:. Retrieved
2977:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2932:
2923:
2911:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2807:
2802:, p. 21
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2760:
2753:
2734:
2709:
2705:
2684:
2677:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2654:
2647:. Retrieved
2640:the original
2635:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2384:
2373:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2344:the original
2339:
2327:
2311:
2304:
2294:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2240:
2228:
2221:
2201:
2156:
2120:commonwealth
2108:
2072:South Africa
2069:
2050:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1990:
1946:South Africa
1931:
1919:
1910:
1886:German Samoa
1859:
1847:
1838:
1763:
1751:
1709:
1697:
1688:
1622:
1610:
1605:
1556:
1544:
1535:
1519:Volta Region
1478:
1466:
1435:Commissioner
1412:
1400:
1391:
1333:
1321:
1312:
1270:
1258:
1164:
1152:
1147:
1104:
1092:
1041:
993:-controlled
924:
910:
870:
803:
789:
784:
741:
740:
716:
714:
704:
702:
694:
686:
677:
670:
666:(ex Ottoman)
663:
613:
589:
574:
571:Generalities
555:
551:
542:great powers
531:
527:
500:
488:constitution
468:legal status
463:
461:
225:
209:Organisation
136:
82:
48:
29:
3273:The Inquiry
3124:Reparations
2904:Wright 1968
2883:Wright 1968
2868:Wright 1968
2844:Wright 1968
2832:Wright 1968
2777:17 November
2209:Nele Matz,
2118:which is a
1874:New Zealand
596:sovereignty
476:World War I
422:The Inquiry
251:Reparations
76:Mesopotamia
71:Transjordan
3325:Categories
3144:Young Plan
3134:Dawes Plan
3007:2010-04-22
2979:2010-04-22
2431:2010-04-22
2319:References
2159:Micronesia
2080:annexation
2051:After the
1968:Magistrate
1964:Walvis Bay
1509:Gold Coast
1114:The draft
995:Gaza Strip
989:under the
963:terminated
767:Prior name
622:, and the
266:Young Plan
256:Dawes Plan
115:Tanganyika
3287:Paintings
2916:Hall 1948
2856:Hall 1948
2726:1528-3577
2589:244938442
2581:0003-0554
2542:147557607
2526:0002-9300
2487:147683015
2471:0003-0554
2353:28 August
2104:apartheid
1637:Australia
1064:Hashemite
1021:Palestine
983:West Bank
945:Jerusalem
779:Document
773:Comments
761:Territory
642:in 1920.
564:Jan Smuts
66:Palestine
3258:Big Four
3101:Mandates
3001:Archived
2973:Archived
2742:Archived
2679:13 March
2656:Covenant
2649:13 March
2613:13 March
2425:Archived
2285:Archived
2238:(1968).
2177:See also
2161:and the
2157:Remnant
2132:governor
1674:Part of
1453:Cameroon
1439:governor
1431:Resident
1429:Under a
1375:Cameroon
1365:Part of
1308:Tanzania
1294:Tanzania
1290:Zanzibar
1093:Indirect
991:Egyptian
676:Yellow:
610:Treaties
579:and the
226:Mandates
3156:Locarno
3079:Members
2534:2188657
2479:1943638
2280:(1930)
2150:of the
2092:Namibia
1986:Namibia
1387:Nigeria
1245:Burundi
1219:Burundi
1179:Belgium
973:of the
850:Lebanon
758:Mandate
678:Class C
671:Class B
664:Class A
204:Members
137:Class C
83:Class B
61:Lebanon
49:Class A
2958:133ff.
2818:
2798:
2768:
2724:
2587:
2579:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2400:
2282:online
2195:(2002)
1983:
1903:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1735:
1681:
1659:
1589:
1570:France
1528:
1450:
1433:and a
1426:France
1384:
1372:
1305:
1242:
1233:Rwanda
1230:
1215:Rwanda
1201:
1131:
1086:Jordan
1083:
1068:Jordan
1050:Hauran
1018:
1009:Israel
1006:
951:, and
949:Nablus
901:
886:sanjak
847:
831:
818:France
669:Blue:
618:, the
486:and a
484:treaty
470:under
406:Others
3251:Other
2643:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2585:S2CID
2538:S2CID
2530:JSTOR
2483:S2CID
2475:JSTOR
2347:(PDF)
2336:(PDF)
1972:Mayor
1906:Samoa
1798:Palau
1778:Japan
1738:Nauru
1711:Nauru
1531:Ghana
1513:Ghana
1054:Ma'an
904:Syria
872:Syria
755:Class
662:Red:
548:Basis
154:Nauru
56:Syria
2816:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2779:2011
2766:ISBN
2722:ISSN
2681:2011
2651:2011
2615:2011
2577:ISSN
2522:ISSN
2467:ISSN
2398:ISBN
2355:2010
2021:The
1592:Togo
1579:Togo
1377:and
1217:and
1134:Iraq
1052:and
953:Acre
723:and
721:West
624:Saar
2714:doi
2569:doi
2565:116
2514:doi
2459:doi
2390:doi
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2122:in
2025:'s
979:war
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2890:^
2875:^
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