693:
563:
220:
127:
634:
520:
24:
394:
1892 catalog, both permanent violet and permanent mauve were listed. The two were distinguished by the company in 1896 when permanent mauve was described as phosphate of
Manganese (which is another name for manganese violet). In 1898, the paint supplier Reeves listed permanent violet and permanent
711:
Beyond the artistic community, manganese violet is used various cosmetics such as lipstick and eye products. The United States categorizes it as a safe compound for products used around the eyes such as eyeshadow. Additionally, the pigment is often used in lipstick to counter brighter pigments.
385:
The pigment was originally named
Nurnberg violet, and little is known about its early history beyond its creation in 1866 by E. Leykeuf. The first documented production of the pigment was in 1890 by Messers Winsor and Newton (currently known as
679:
utilized manganese violet in the border because of its low tinting power. In comparison to manganese violet, pure pigments and their mixtures have high tinting powers, which may have been undesirable in this case; therefore,
692:
538:. The visual characteristics of manganese violet remain a source of contention among the artistic community. Some sources claim that manganese violet is actually a more accurate
84:
377:
series to further his exploration of shadows. Beyond the artistic community, manganese violet has been used in cosmetics to color products like lipstick and eyeshadow.
607:
was quoted saying "I have finally discovered the true color of the atmosphere. It's violet. Fresh air is violet. Three years from now, everyone will work in violet."
651:
also employed manganese violet in his paintings, though he used it sparingly because he saw it as impure. He tended to use what he regarded as pure pigments, such as
667:
would combine other pure pigments to create a violet hue and, consequently, he would only utilize impure pigments like manganese violet for specific purposes. In
1185:
Kirby, Jo; Stonor, Kate; Roy, Ashok; Burnstock, Aviva; Grout, Rachel; White, Raymond (2003). "Seurat's
Painting Practice: Theory, Development and Technology".
259:
745:
Hugo Müller, Wolfgang Müller, Manfred Wehner, Heike
Liewald "Artists' Colors" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
618:
series, he utilized diverse colors to display how the perception of the same cathedral changes based on the lighting during the course of the day. In
534:
Some artists historically avoided manganese violet because of they found its color to be dull. Variances in visual characteristics can arise from
1103:
Comstock, C (2016). "Complex
Inorganic Colored Pigments: Comparison of Options and Relative Properties when Faced with Elemental Restrictions".
906:
562:
1273:
1121:
Tager, Allen; Kirchner, Eric; Fedorovskaya, Elena (2021). "Computational
Evidence of First Extensive Usage of Violet in the 1860s".
964:
874:
844:
234:
1207:. U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register. 1995. p. 318.
474:
512:
Manganese violet is a fine, vibrant purple pigment that is synthetically generated. It exhibits exceptional permanence and high
500:, both polymorphs of manganese violet have similar structures. The feature octahedral Mn(III) centers, which are distorted by
704:
615:
574:
374:
477:: α- and β-forms. Both are stable to about 340 °C. The optical properties of manganese violet arise from the distorted
478:
412:
331:
1278:
589:. The pigments' popularity was short lived within the artistic community because of its dullness and poor hiding power.
177:
1283:
198:
1052:
721:
490:
134:
369:. Because it is often impure, the pigment's hue is varied. Notable artists who have used the pigment include
630:
manipulated the shadows through using manganese violet and other pigments to represent the time of the day.
581:
The manganese violet pigment is compatible with many artistic techniques; however, it is incompatible with
122:
1288:
896:
497:
482:
766:
486:
215:
50:
1138:
656:
501:
347:
391:
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712:
Health concerns have been raised about manganese violet and other metal pigments in cosmetics.
1249:
1006:
960:
902:
870:
840:
810:
782:
404:
546:, which has a redder tone. Conversely, some sources assert that manganese violet (as well as
1239:
1231:
1130:
998:
774:
746:
593:
527:
282:
104:
806:
Pottery decorating, a description of all the processes for decorating pottery and porcelain
186:
60:
1092:(14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: American Society of Testing and Materials. p. 210.
408:
219:
126:
1156:
987:"Relating highly distorted Jahn–Teller MnO6 to colouration in manganese violet pigments"
1244:
726:
648:
641:
551:
539:
325:
592:
A number of nineteenth-century artists used the pigment when representing shadows. In
1267:
1142:
608:
547:
543:
513:
115:
700:
600:
586:
570:
370:
166:
1024:
750:
675:, for example, manganese violet was used in the border. There is speculation that
633:
1072:
652:
519:
243:
InChI=1S/Mn.H3N.H4O7P2/c;;1-8(2,3)7-9(4,5)6/h;1H3;(H2,1,2,3)(H2,4,5,6)/q+3;;/p-3
867:
Coloring the
Cosmetic World: Using Pigments in Decorative Cosmetic Formulations
23:
660:
305:
95:
1010:
925:
Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2008).
786:
611:
used violet in place of black, which they argued was not found in nature. In
363:
1253:
814:
1235:
778:
535:
1219:
1002:
986:
942:
Chemical
Synonyms and Trade Names: A Dictionary and Commercial Handbook
415:. For the synthesis from Mn(III) oxide, an idealized equation follows:
366:
153:
135:
1134:
959:(7th ed.). New York City, New York: Harmony Books. p. 339.
681:
676:
668:
664:
582:
324:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
804:
771:
Journal of the
Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical
691:
632:
627:
612:
604:
561:
518:
83:
73:
599:, manganese violet was used to create the red or purple colors.
603:
was an avid proponent of manganese violet's usage for shadows.
203:
362:. As implied by its name and composition, it is a purple,
1074:
Artists' Pigments: Their
Chemical and Physical Properties
839:. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 94–97.
504:, as expected for a high spin (quintet state) d ions.
624:The Portal of Rouen Cathedral in the Morning Light
684:opted to use manganese violet for this painting.
165:
1220:"Metals in Lip Products - A Cause for Concern?"
957:A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients
767:"The nature and properties of manganese violet"
59:
697:The Portal of Rouen Cathedral in Morning Light
638:The Channel of Gravelines, Grand Fort-Philippe
8:
895:Gettens, R. J.; Stout, G. L. (2012-09-26).
567:The Rouen, Cathedral, West Facade, Sunlight
403:The compound can be generated by combining
673:Channel of Gravelines, Grand Fort-Philippe
620:The Rouen Cathedral, West Facade, Sunlight
218:
125:
103:
15:
1243:
1057:. Seeley, Service & Company, limited.
985:Begum, Yasmin; Wright, Adrian J. (2012).
185:
898:Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopedia
765:Lee, J. D.; Browne, L. S. (1968-01-01).
554:according to modern color measurements.
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
373:, who relied on manganese violet in his
869:(2nd ed.). Wiley. pp. 61–62.
738:
264:
239:
214:
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858:
856:
116:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1116:
1114:
1105:Journal of Surface Coatings Australia
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1064:
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980:
978:
976:
837:The Brilliant History of Color in Art
830:
828:
826:
824:
798:
796:
760:
758:
246:Key: UHHXUPJJDHEMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
38:ammonium manganese(III) pyrophosphate
7:
1054:The Chemistry of Paints and Painting
929:. Taylor & Francis. p. 257.
920:
918:
890:
888:
886:
1187:National Gallery Technical Bulletin
944:. C. Lockwood and Son. p. 208.
156:
14:
1224:Environmental Health Perspectives
395:mauve as the same color.
1090:Paint and Coating Testing Manual
573:in 1894 as another piece of the
542:hue than previous pigments like
22:
1051:Church, Arthur Herbert (1915).
550:) should not be categorized as
328:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1123:Color Research and Application
991:Journal of Materials Chemistry
809:. Scott, Greenwood & Son.
1:
1088:Koleske, Joseph, ed. (1995).
751:10.1002/14356007.a03_143.pub2
1071:Weber, Frederick W. (1923).
413:ammonium dihydrogenphosphate
1205:Code of Federal Regulations
493:can be found on ColourLex.
1305:
1157:"Definition of PURE COLOR"
1077:. D. Van Nostrand Company.
722:List of inorganic pigments
663:. For many of his works,
940:Gardner, William (1999).
835:Finlay, Victoria (2014).
803:Hainbach, Rudolf (1924).
703:in 1894 as a part of the
491:fluorescence spectroscopy
322:
275:
255:
230:
43:
35:
30:
21:
1274:Manganese(III) compounds
865:Faulkner, Edwin (2021).
1218:Brown, Valerie (2013).
1161:www.merriam-webster.com
901:. Courier Corporation.
508:Pigment characteristics
399:Synthesis and structure
708:
645:
578:
531:
955:Winter, Ruth (2009).
695:
636:
565:
522:
498:X-ray crystallography
483:infrared spectroscopy
310:246.885
1236:10.1289/ehp.121-a196
779:10.1039/J19680000559
487:reflectance spectrum
473:The pigment has two
1279:Pyrophosphate salts
392:Winsor & Newton
388:Winsor & Newton
350:with the formula NH
18:
1284:Inorganic pigments
1025:"Manganese violet"
1003:10.1039/c2jm33731b
927:Pigment Compendium
709:
657:French ultramarine
646:
579:
532:
502:Jahn-Teller effect
348:inorganic compound
332:Infobox references
16:
1135:10.1002/col.22638
908:978-0-486-14242-5
405:manganese dioxide
340:Chemical compound
338:
337:
267:..O=P()()OP()()=O
199:CompTox Dashboard
85:Interactive image
17:Manganese violet
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479:octahedral sites
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344:Manganese violet
283:Chemical formula
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705:Rouen Cathedral
699:was created by
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616:Rouen Cathedral
594:Édouard Manet's
575:Rouen Cathedral
569:was created by
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526:was created by
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1129:(5): 961–977.
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649:Georges Seurat
642:Georges Seurat
609:Impressionists
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548:cobalt violet
545:
544:cobalt violet
541:
537:
529:
528:Édouard Manet
525:
521:
517:
515:
514:lightfastness
507:
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318:violet solid
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117:ECHA InfoCard
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1289:Double salts
1227:
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1199:
1190:
1186:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
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1122:
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1032:. Retrieved
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836:
805:
770:
741:
710:
701:Claude Monet
696:
688:Cosmetic use
672:
647:
637:
623:
619:
601:Claude Monet
597:The Waitress
596:
591:
587:stereochromy
580:
571:Claude Monet
566:
558:Artistic use
533:
524:The Waitress
523:
511:
495:
472:
402:
384:
371:Claude Monet
343:
342:
44:Identifiers
36:Other names
1230:(6): A196.
773:: 559–561.
653:cobalt blue
464:) + 2.5 H
315:Appearance
276:Properties
123:100.030.221
1268:Categories
1166:2023-04-14
1034:2023-04-12
733:References
661:lead white
536:impurities
475:polymorphs
390:). In the
306:Molar mass
187:72M48QQV8Q
96:ChemSpider
72:3D model (
61:10101-66-3
51:CAS Number
1143:233671776
1029:ColourLex
1011:0959-9428
787:0022-4944
671:painting
364:inorganic
144:233-257-4
136:EC Number
1254:23732812
1107:: 10–30.
716:See also
669:Seurat's
644:in 1890.
530:in 1879.
1245:3672926
1193:: 4–37.
815:3626727
707:series.
613:Monet's
577:series.
452:→ (NH
381:History
367:pigment
346:is the
300:
154:PubChem
1252:
1242:
1141:
1009:
963:
905:
873:
843:
813:
785:
682:Seurat
677:Seurat
665:Seurat
659:, and
583:fresco
552:violet
540:violet
489:, and
481:. The
432:+ (NH
411:, and
260:SMILES
167:160915
105:141372
31:Names
1139:S2CID
628:Monet
605:Monet
456:)Mn(P
235:InChI
74:JSmol
1250:PMID
1007:ISSN
961:ISBN
903:ISBN
871:ISBN
841:ISBN
811:OCLC
783:ISSN
622:and
585:and
444:+ H
178:UNII
1240:PMC
1232:doi
1228:121
1131:doi
999:doi
775:doi
747:doi
354:MnP
292:MnP
204:EPA
157:CID
1270::
1248:.
1238:.
1226:.
1222:.
1191:24
1189:.
1175:^
1159:.
1137:.
1127:46
1125:.
1113:^
1063:^
1043:^
1027:.
1005:.
995:22
993:.
989:.
975:^
917:^
885:^
855:^
823:^
795:^
781:.
769:.
757:^
655:,
626:,
516:.
485:,
448:PO
440:PO
436:)H
424:Mn
420:1/
407:,
288:NH
1256:.
1234::
1169:.
1145:.
1133::
1037:.
1013:.
1001::
969:.
911:.
879:.
849:.
817:.
789:.
777::
749::
468:O
466:2
462:7
460:O
458:2
454:4
450:4
446:3
442:4
438:2
434:4
430:3
428:O
426:2
422:2
360:7
358:O
356:2
352:4
298:7
296:O
294:2
290:4
206:)
202:(
76:)
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