481:
583:
549:
519:
606:
1098:
824:. Approximations are required. The Munsell Color System provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general fail to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also systematically biased.
169:
132:
618:
29:
480:
548:
697:
has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An
American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue)
625:
Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying,
811:
Plastic swatches are available in various special effects like pearl, metallic, fluorescent, sparkle, mosaic etc. However, these effects are difficult to replicate on other media like print and computer display. Plastic swatches have been created by 3D modelling to including various special effects.
702:
resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short
1527:
Dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution during the application process and impart color by selective absorption of light. Pigments are colored, colorless, or fluorescent particulate organic or inorganic finely divided solids which are usually insoluble in, and essentially
582:
397:. Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle, the practice of harvesting Indian yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane. Modern hues of Indian yellow are made from synthetic pigments. Vermillion has been partially replaced in by cadmium reds.
770:
Swatches are used to communicate colors accurately. The types of swatches are dictated by the media, i.e., printing, computers, plastics, and textiles. Generally, the medium that offers the broadest gamut of color shades is widely used across diverse media.
652:(ISO) develops technical standards for the manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows:
236:. These pigments were among the easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. Also found in many
855:. Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under a specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms to emulate the
835:. The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be. Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from
807:
and pigments for plastics offer plastic swatches in injection molded color chips. These color chips are supplied to the designer or customer to choose and select the color for their specific plastic products.
2129:
471:
compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished the dependence on inorganic pigments.
143:. The bonding properties of the material determine the wavelength and efficiency of light absorption. Light of other wavelengths are reflected or scattered. The reflected light spectrum defines the
518:
172:
Sunlight encounters Rosco R80 "Primary Blue" pigment. The product of the source spectrum and the reflectance spectrum of the pigment results in the final spectrum, and the appearance of blue.
690:(US)—this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names.
687:
859:
of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. In many cases, the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the
176:
Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers can affect the color.
633:
became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The
Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions,
2378:
678:(CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. First published in 1925—and now published jointly on the web by the
135:
A wide variety of wavelengths (colors) encounter a pigment. This pigment absorbs red and green light, but reflects blue—giving the substance a blue-colored appearance.
703:
for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers reflect slight variations in molecular structure, which produce a slightly more greenish or reddish blue.
4136:
3877:
3473:
2098:
648:
By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The
188:
for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in a
649:
2120:
4092:
3601:
3924:
3375:
843:
for viewing on a computer display. The appearance of a pigment may depend on the brand and even the batch. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex
693:
In the CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example,
408:, the oldest modern synthetic pigment, was discovered by accident in 1704. By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments included
161:
measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that the measurement was recorded under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the
440:, another name once given to tints produced from lapis lazuli, has evolved to signify a much lighter and brighter color, and is usually mixed from
1966:
711:
The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications:
2371:
3502:
2408:
2248:
2227:
2204:
2185:
2166:
2015:
1931:
1760:
1649:
3596:
2033:
4121:
3512:
2550:
2364:
679:
2050:
2219:
1557:
880:
154:
and a fairly uniform spectrum. Sunlight is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources are less uniform.
113:– used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $ 13.2 billion per year, while the color
1681:
1081:
in that pigment color is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or
3734:
3264:
2524:
663:
Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as
2094:
3729:
3269:
2742:
2346:
2329:
856:
2178:
The
Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters, Revised Edition
1848:"Trace compounds in Early Medieval Egyptian blue carry information on provenance, manufacture, application, and ageing"
1031:
can control to vary the animal's color. Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some
4238:
2695:
1905:
311:
2592:
3997:
3798:
2342:
2325:
1108:
699:
675:
208:. Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined.
3709:
3618:
1513:
Gürses, A.; Açıkyıldız, M.; Güneş, K.; Gürses, M.S. (2016). "Dyes and
Pigments: Their Structure and Properties".
1574:
3992:
3084:
2629:
1714:
1735:
Lorelei H. Corcoran, "The Color Blue as an 'Animator' in
Ancient Egyptian Art", in Rachael B.Goldman, (ed.),
1352:
1089:
wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
377:. From the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements. It was favored by old masters such as
4109:
4019:
3191:
2958:
2777:
2710:
2442:
1260:
1817:"The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millenium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia"
4197:
4071:
3677:
3568:
3556:
3252:
2993:
2832:
2469:
2403:
2387:
1816:
1605:
1243:
1239:
1101:
791:, etc. are widely used standards of color communication across diverse media like printing, plastics, and
739:
694:
433:
105:
60:
3139:
3936:
3872:
3746:
3439:
3365:
3134:
3072:
2948:
2896:
2889:
2435:
2351:
1600:
1479:
753:
67:
are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often
595:. Working in the late 19th century, CĂ©zanne had a much broader palette of colors than his predecessors.
1958:
4153:
4148:
4131:
4126:
4104:
3894:
3608:
3461:
3353:
3257:
3050:
2735:
2705:
2534:
2477:
1859:
788:
630:
1373:
4192:
3803:
3662:
3495:
3028:
2901:
2782:
2757:
848:
847:
spectra that will render their color appearance greatly different depending on the spectrum of the
784:
96:
1777:
4143:
4046:
3948:
3761:
3156:
2943:
2673:
2639:
1016:
982:
852:
417:
139:
Like all materials, the color of pigments arises because they absorb only certain wavelengths of
72:
674:
Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted the
4233:
4185:
4175:
4165:
4114:
3771:
2983:
2968:
2953:
2933:
2824:
2803:
2614:
2457:
2244:
2223:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2011:
1937:
1927:
1885:
1797:
1756:
1655:
1645:
1553:
1494:
1335:
1063:
605:
367:
327:
162:
151:
100:
879:
accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's
4180:
4087:
3830:
3672:
3613:
3333:
3289:
3089:
2911:
2762:
2722:
2418:
1875:
1867:
1828:
1789:
1545:
1518:
1457:
1433:
1326:
1157:
1149:
1059:
883:
864:
840:
832:
828:
821:
749:
668:
490:
445:
267:
O). Charcoal—or carbon black—has also been used as a black pigment since prehistoric times.
110:
68:
20:
4202:
4061:
4031:
3793:
3721:
3699:
3657:
3552:
3522:
3387:
3382:
3033:
2916:
2487:
2037:
2007:
1909:
1453:
1365:
1317:
1141:
1118:
836:
501:
363:
319:
158:
592:
1863:
4170:
4097:
3919:
3884:
3815:
3704:
3576:
3284:
2869:
2859:
2661:
2238:
1880:
1847:
1369:
1264:
1153:
1127:
1067:
721:
683:
1097:
4227:
4056:
4041:
3987:
3862:
3850:
3766:
3689:
3517:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3166:
3077:
3006:
2747:
2690:
2668:
2577:
2509:
2504:
2482:
2030:
2001:
1469:
1445:
1427:
1423:
1309:
1280:
1227:
1201:
1193:
1180:
1020:
965:
930:
715:
460:
429:
405:
389:
leaves. Dutch and
Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its
382:
271:
244:
109:, the estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $ 30 billion. The value of
103:, and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by
204:, iron oxide, was the first color of paint. A favored blue pigment was derived from
3975:
3931:
3912:
3867:
3739:
3667:
3591:
3413:
3348:
3343:
3299:
2926:
2808:
2772:
2752:
2604:
2582:
2494:
2054:
1484:
1474:
1449:
1437:
1386:
1356:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1166:
876:
743:
645:(color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value.
642:
441:
413:
401:
299:
213:
205:
168:
157:
Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source.
126:
84:
4024:
1549:
617:
131:
1673:
150:
The appearance of pigments is sensitive to the source light. Sunlight has a high
4014:
4004:
3960:
3955:
3907:
3845:
3781:
3682:
3527:
3449:
3370:
3358:
3151:
3119:
3104:
3094:
3065:
3023:
2938:
2906:
2854:
2787:
2624:
2499:
1522:
1415:
1390:
1348:
1296:
1235:
1197:
1170:
1145:
1082:
1055:
950:
867:
is used to approximate the true appearance. Gamut mapping trades off any one of
844:
804:
664:
610:
509:
505:
456:
425:
409:
390:
335:
323:
315:
237:
229:
184:
Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Early humans used
1987:
1871:
1528:
chemically unaffected by, the vehicle or medium in which they are incorporated.
4158:
4051:
4009:
3825:
3788:
3751:
3234:
3146:
3011:
2973:
2874:
2847:
2767:
2680:
2597:
2565:
2519:
2430:
2398:
2334:
2317:
1832:
1419:
1382:
1330:
1305:
1252:
1219:
1047:
898:
558:
437:
339:
275:
56:
28:
1941:
1659:
4066:
3965:
3857:
3835:
3820:
3635:
3418:
3403:
3328:
3311:
3229:
3114:
3045:
3040:
2963:
2842:
2730:
2656:
2423:
2413:
1339:
1322:
1292:
1268:
1247:
1231:
1131:
1114:
1086:
1028:
914:
868:
659:
ISO-8780 Methods of dispersion for assessment of dispersion characteristics.
638:
621:
Synthetic ultramarine pigment is chemically identical to natural ultramarine
573:
528:
359:
355:
307:
295:
241:
225:
1902:
1889:
1801:
1750:
820:
The appearance of pigments in natural light is difficult to replicate on a
385:
was once produced by collecting the urine of cattle that had been fed only
2287:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 4
2278:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 3
2269:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 2
2260:
Artists' Pigments. A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Vol. 1
2076:
3840:
3776:
3581:
3321:
3316:
3224:
3099:
2921:
2884:
2864:
2356:
1489:
1403:
1361:
1313:
1256:
1223:
1205:
1184:
1176:
1040:
1032:
792:
734:
726:
452:
394:
374:
80:
2311:
2300:
3902:
3694:
3652:
3628:
3408:
3214:
3124:
2978:
2879:
2837:
2700:
2619:
2572:
2560:
1441:
1411:
1407:
1215:
1137:
1071:
1051:
1024:
1012:
995:
material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as
988:
780:
532:
464:
370:
331:
114:
2122:
Engineer Manual 1110-2-3400 Painting: New Construction and Maintenance
779:
Reference standards are provided by printed swatches of color shades.
436:, a synthetic metallo-organic pigment was prepared. At the same time,
3970:
3647:
3507:
3485:
3338:
3274:
3219:
2609:
2587:
2555:
2529:
2337:
Poisons and Pigments: A Talk with Art Historian Elisabeth Berry-Drago
2216:
Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction
1793:
1344:
1284:
1211:
1189:
1162:
1123:
1046:
Pigmentation in organisms serves many biological purposes, including
1036:
524:
500:). Vermeer was lavish in his choice of expensive pigments, including
421:
378:
303:
291:
233:
209:
197:
193:
48:
1706:
282:
3250 BC). Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi
4036:
3756:
3640:
3490:
3444:
3306:
3161:
3109:
3055:
2685:
2651:
1096:
1078:
992:
860:
616:
604:
468:
386:
221:
217:
201:
185:
144:
140:
130:
76:
52:
37:
27:
1737:
Essays in Global Color History: Interpreting the Ancient Spectrum
1070:(in plants), and basic physical purposes such as protection from
274:, which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to
3982:
3943:
3623:
3423:
3279:
3209:
3129:
3001:
2514:
2240:
The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques, Fifth Edition
1378:
1301:
1008:
996:
189:
3550:
3189:
2455:
2360:
55:
or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly
3586:
3294:
3060:
3018:
2320:
Alchemy's Rainbow: Pigment Science and the Art of Conservation
1004:
1000:
872:
634:
569:
64:
33:
572:, Tintoretto used Carmine Red Lake pigment, derived from the
322:; its art technological traces vanished in the course of the
1778:"The invention of blue and purple pigments in ancient times"
1953:
1951:
656:
ISO-787 General methods of test for pigments and extenders.
2003:
Mauve: How One Man Invented a Color That Changed the World
2305:
1085:, usually because of multilayer structures. For example,
827:
The following approximations assume a display device at
1573:
Sahoo, Annapurna; Panigrahi, G. K. (1 September 2016).
688:
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
459:, was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of
373:, was originally made by grinding a powder of natural
75:. Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include
1043:
affects the level of melanin production in animals.
4080:
3893:
3720:
3567:
3432:
3396:
3245:
3202:
2992:
2823:
2796:
2721:
2638:
2543:
2468:
1019:often comes about through specialized cells called
2312:The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-century Europe
1815:Hatton, G.D.; Shortland, A.J.; Tite, M.S. (2008).
1540:Völz, Hans G.; et al. "Pigments, Inorganic".
718:and sensitivity for damage from ultraviolet light
432:were also introduced. In the early 20th century,
1628:Light: Its Interaction with Art and Antiquities
1701:
1699:
1542:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
650:International Organization for Standardization
2372:
1755:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1739:(New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2016), pp. 59–82.
1601:"The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color"
1575:"A review on Natural Dye: Gift from bacteria"
338:. Later premodern synthetic pigments include
8:
2159:Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color
326:until its rediscovery in the context of the
318:. It was the blue pigment par excellence of
2352:The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color
940:
888:
761:Reactions and interactions between pigments
475:Paintings illustrating advances in pigments
448:, or from inexpensive synthetic blue dyes.
416:. Ultramarine was manufactured by treating
3564:
3547:
3199:
3186:
2644:
2465:
2452:
2379:
2365:
2357:
626:producing, measuring, and testing colors.
576:insect, to achieve dramatic color effects.
531:to create the reds in the oil painting of
393:qualities, and often used it to represent
117:red is valued at $ 300 million each year.
19:"Pigments" redirects here. For album, see
1879:
1644:. London: John Murray. pp. 21, 237.
1039:cells. For instance, the disorder called
863:of computer displays and a method called
95:In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of
63:in water or another medium; in contrast,
167:
2197:Color: A Natural History of the Palette
1505:
473:
32:Pigments for sale at a market stall in
2101:from the original on 29 September 2007
601:Manufacturing and industrial standards
270:The first known synthetic pigment was
2262:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1969:from the original on 21 December 2014
1846:Dariz, Petra; Schmid, Thomas (2021).
671:, iron oxide pigments, and so forth.
7:
2135:from the original on 1 December 2017
1926:. London: John Murray. p. 146.
1717:from the original on 11 October 2007
1169:(including vine black, lamp black),
512:, as shown in the vibrant painting.
314:, its use became widespread by the
255:, and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe
2053:. Gamma Scientific. Archived from
14:
3503:Megalithic architectural elements
2314:, Columbia University Press, 2006
1821:Journal of Archaeological Science
1599:Schonbrun, Zach (18 April 2018).
1582:International Journal of Business
2128:. 30 April 1995. pp. 4–12.
1752:Colour: Why the World Isn't Grey
1684:from the original on 3 June 2016
1674:"Earliest evidence of art found"
1093:Pigments by chemical composition
581:
547:
517:
479:
4122:Evolutionary origin of religion
758:Resistance to alkalis and acids
680:Society of Dyers and Colourists
404:, substitutes were often used.
290:, made by heating a mixture of
2220:University of California Press
2031:Johannes Vermeer, The Milkmaid
742:(which can be measured with a
1:
3735:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3265:British megalith architecture
2276:Fitzhugh, E. W., ed. (1997).
2161:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1550:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2
629:First published in 1905, the
562:
536:
494:
3808:
3730:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3270:Nordic megalith architecture
2347:Chemical Heritage Foundation
2330:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1517:. Springer. pp. 13–29.
1023:, which animals such as the
857:correlated color temperature
342:(basic lead carbonate, (PbCO
2258:Feller, R. L., ed. (1986).
2051:"Dictionary of Color Terms"
1707:"Pigments Through the Ages"
1523:10.1007/978-3-319-33892-7_2
1077:Pigment color differs from
312:Predynastic Period of Egypt
247:are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe
71:whereas pigments are often
4255:
3878:British Isles and Brittany
3799:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2280:. Oxford University Press.
2271:. Oxford University Press.
1959:"History of Indian yellow"
1924:The Secret Lives of Colour
1922:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1872:10.1038/s41598-021-90759-6
1642:The Secret Lives of Colour
1640:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1109:List of inorganic pigments
1106:
1011:contain pigments (such as
980:
700:Colour Index International
676:Colour Index International
527:used the historic pigment
310:. Already invented in the
124:
18:
3563:
3546:
3198:
3185:
2647:
2464:
2451:
2394:
2306:ColourLex Pigment Lexicon
2301:Pigments through the ages
2195:Finlay, Victoria (2003).
1963:Pigments Through the Ages
1833:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.008
451:The discovery in 1856 of
2285:Berrie, B., ed. (2007).
1908:25 December 2015 at the
1782:Chemical Society Reviews
1749:Rossotti, Hazel (1983).
803:Companies manufacturing
613:pigment in powdered form
4110:Evolutionary musicology
3513:Oldest extant buildings
3440:Archaeological features
2959:Prepared-core technique
2000:Simon Garfield (2000).
1630:, Springer 1980, p. 204
1353:ultramarine green shade
1185:chrome green (viridian)
568:). The son of a master
400:Because of the cost of
330:and the excavations in
4072:Unchambered long cairn
3920:Mound Builders culture
3253:Neolithic architecture
2388:Prehistoric technology
2095:"Chromatic Adaptation"
1606:Bloomberg Businessweek
1397:Biological and organic
1244:Phthalocyanine Green G
1240:Phthalocyanine Blue BN
1104:
1017:Animal skin coloration
695:Phthalocyanine Blue BN
622:
614:
412:, a synthetic form of
173:
136:
106:Bloomberg Businessweek
40:
3747:List of Stone Age art
2949:Microblade technology
2897:Langdale axe industry
2495:Ard / plough
2267:Roy, A., ed. (1993).
2237:Meyer, Ralph (1991).
2176:Doerner, Max (1984).
2157:Ball, Philip (2002).
2036:14 April 2015 at the
1776:Berke, Heinz (2007).
1480:List of Stone Age art
1158:cadmium sulfoselenide
1100:
620:
608:
192:at Twin Rivers, near
171:
134:
61:chemically unreactive
31:
4154:Prehistoric medicine
4149:Prehistoric counting
4132:Prehistoric religion
4127:Paleolithic religion
4105:Behavioral modernity
3462:Causewayed enclosure
3354:Abri de la Madeleine
2478:Neolithic Revolution
1402:Biological origins:
851:, a property called
631:Munsell color system
555:Miracle of the Slave
4193:Prehistoric warfare
2939:Magdalenian culture
2902:Levallois technique
2833:Earliest toolmaking
2214:Gage, John (1999).
2083:. 2 September 2013.
1864:2021NatSR..1111296D
1062:and other forms of
991:, a pigment is any
977:Biological pigments
849:source illumination
805:color masterbatches
424:. Various forms of
121:Physical principles
4239:Painting materials
4144:Origin of language
4137:Spiritual drug use
4047:Rectangular dolmen
3949:Dartmoor kistvaens
3762:Carved stone balls
3474:Circular enclosure
3433:Other architecture
3376:Alp pile dwellings
2964:Solutrean industry
2875:Gravettian culture
2525:Secondary products
2289:. Archetype Books.
2077:"Color Appearance"
1852:Scientific Reports
1105:
983:Biological pigment
623:
615:
463:and pigments like
418:aluminium silicate
410:French ultramarine
174:
137:
41:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4166:Prehistoric music
4115:music archaeology
3772:Cup and ring mark
3597:Clothing/textiles
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
2984:Yubetsu technique
2969:Striking platform
2934:Lithic technology
2819:
2818:
2804:Game drive system
2723:Projectile points
2615:Mortar and pestle
2097:. cmp.uea.ac.uk.
2057:on 20 August 2014
1626:Thomas B. Brill,
1515:Dyes and Pigments
1495:Subtractive color
974:
973:
939:
938:
816:Computer swatches
641:(lightness), and
328:Egyptian campaign
163:color temperature
152:color temperature
147:that we observe.
69:organic compounds
4246:
4181:Divje Babe flute
4088:Archaeoastronomy
3831:Petrosomatoglyph
3565:
3548:
3397:Water management
3200:
3187:
3090:Denticulate tool
2912:Lithic reduction
2645:
2466:
2453:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2339:
2322:
2310:Sarah Lowengard,
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2233:
2210:
2199:. Random House.
2191:
2172:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1858:(11296): 11296.
1843:
1837:
1836:
1827:(6): 1591–1604.
1812:
1806:
1805:
1794:10.1039/b606268g
1773:
1767:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1510:
1458:diarylide yellow
1327:manganese violet
1079:structural color
1060:sexual selection
941:
918:
889:
884:rendering intent
841:sRGB color space
833:sRGB color space
822:computer display
799:Plastic swatches
775:Printed swatches
731:Tinting strength
707:Figures of merit
698:as a trademark.
669:titanium dioxide
585:
567:
564:
551:
541:
538:
521:
499:
496:
491:Johannes Vermeer
483:
446:titanium dioxide
306:source, such as
111:titanium dioxide
21:Pigments (album)
16:Colored material
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4209:
4076:
4062:Stone box grave
4032:Megalithic tomb
3937:Cotswold-Severn
3889:
3794:Guardian stones
3722:Prehistoric art
3716:
3559:
3534:
3523:Timber trackway
3428:
3392:
3388:Wattle and daub
3241:
3220:Standing stones
3194:
3173:
2988:
2815:
2792:
2717:
2634:
2544:Food processing
2539:
2488:New World crops
2460:
2447:
2390:
2385:
2335:
2318:
2297:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2213:
2207:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2038:Wayback Machine
2029:
2025:
2018:
2008:Faber and Faber
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1910:Wayback Machine
1901:
1897:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1466:
1454:pigment red 170
1432:Non-biological
1399:
1366:titanium yellow
1318:lead-tin yellow
1208:(cobalt yellow)
1173:(bone charcoal)
1119:aluminum powder
1111:
1095:
985:
979:
970:
969:
968:
963:
956:
955:
954:
948:
935:
934:
933:
928:
921:
920:
919:
913:
911:
910:PR106 – #E34234
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
837:Lab color space
831:2.2, using the
818:
801:
777:
768:
709:
603:
596:
586:
577:
565:
552:
543:
539:
522:
513:
502:lead-tin yellow
497:
484:
366:. Vermilion, a
364:lead-tin yellow
353:
349:
345:
320:Roman antiquity
289:
285:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
182:
129:
123:
93:
91:Economic impact
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4252:
4250:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4171:Alligator drum
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:lunar calendar
4095:
4084:
4082:
4081:Other cultural
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:Venus figurine
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Megalithic art
3813:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3767:Cave paintings
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3569:Material goods
3561:
3560:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3287:
3285:Cliff dwelling
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Fire hardening
2867:
2862:
2860:Clovis culture
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:Manis Mastodon
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:throwing stick
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2332:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2295:External links
2293:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2211:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2112:
2086:
2068:
2042:
2023:
2016:
1992:
1980:
1947:
1932:
1914:
1895:
1838:
1807:
1768:
1761:
1741:
1728:
1695:
1680:. 2 May 2000.
1665:
1650:
1632:
1619:
1591:
1565:
1558:
1532:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1376:
1374:titanium black
1370:titanium white
1359:
1342:
1333:
1320:
1299:
1250:
1209:
1187:
1174:
1160:
1154:cadmium orange
1142:cadmium yellow
1135:
1121:
1107:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1068:photosynthesis
1021:chromatophores
981:Main article:
978:
975:
972:
971:
964:
962:PB27 – #0B3E66
961:
960:
959:
957:
949:
947:PB29 – #003BAF
946:
945:
944:
937:
936:
929:
926:
925:
924:
922:
912:
909:
908:
907:
905:
897:
894:
893:
892:
817:
814:
800:
797:
776:
773:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
747:
737:
732:
729:
724:
722:Heat stability
719:
708:
705:
684:United Kingdom
661:
660:
657:
602:
599:
598:
597:
587:
580:
578:
553:
546:
544:
523:
516:
514:
485:
478:
476:
461:synthetic dyes
351:
347:
343:
287:
283:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:cave paintings
181:
178:
125:Main article:
122:
119:
92:
89:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Simple dolmen
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Passage grave
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:Gallery grave
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:Burial mounds
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Statue menhir
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:Stone carving
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Sewing needle
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:Timber circle
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:Tor enclosure
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:fulacht fiadh
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:spear-thrower
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:Bow and arrow
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Grinding slab
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Domestication
2508:
2506:
2505:Digging stick
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Founder crops
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:New Stone Age
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2250:0-670-83701-6
2246:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2229:0-520-22225-3
2225:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2206:0-8129-7142-6
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:0-15-657716-X
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2168:0-374-11679-2
2164:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2017:0-393-02005-3
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:Prussian blue
1984:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:9781473630819
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1762:0-691-02386-7
1758:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:9781473630819
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Blue pigments
1468:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:phthalo green
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:Tyrian purple
1425:
1424:Indian yellow
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:cochineal red
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1310:Naples yellow
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:Prussian blue
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:caput mortuum
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Egyptian blue
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:cerulean blue
1199:
1195:
1194:cobalt violet
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:chrome yellow
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:cadmium green
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
976:
967:
966:Prussian blue
958:
952:
943:
942:
932:
931:Indian yellow
923:
916:
906:
900:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:gamut mapping
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
815:
813:
809:
806:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
765:
760:
757:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
717:
716:Lightfastness
714:
713:
712:
706:
704:
701:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
658:
655:
654:
653:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
619:
612:
607:
600:
594:
590:
589:Self Portrait
584:
579:
575:
571:
560:
556:
550:
545:
534:
530:
526:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
492:
488:
482:
477:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Cerulean blue
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Prussian blue
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Indian yellow
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
281:
277:
273:
272:Egyptian blue
268:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
170:
166:
165:of sunlight.
164:
160:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
141:visible light
133:
128:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3998:wedge-shaped
3983:Funeral pyre
3976:Great dolmen
3932:Chamber tomb
3913:Round barrow
3868:Stone circle
3740:Blombos Cave
3668:Grooved ware
3592:Chalcolithic
3496:Thornborough
3414:Flush toilet
3349:Blombos Cave
3344:Rock shelter
3300:Quiggly hole
3192:Architecture
3167:illustration
2809:Buffalo jump
2630:Storage pits
2593:Aşıklı Höyük
2583:Ground stone
2419:Subdivisions
2336:
2319:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2239:
2215:
2196:
2180:. Harcourt.
2177:
2158:
2137:. Retrieved
2121:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:the original
2045:
2026:
2002:
1995:
1990:at ColourLex
1983:
1971:. Retrieved
1962:
1923:
1917:
1912:at ColourLex
1898:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1788:(1): 15–30.
1785:
1781:
1771:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1710:
1686:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1568:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1485:Red pigments
1475:Lake pigment
1450:phthalo blue
1438:quinacridone
1387:zinc ferrite
1357:lapis lazuli
1289:burnt sienna
1277:Venetian red
1273:yellow ochre
1167:carbon black
1128:barium white
1102:Phthalo Blue
1076:
1045:
986:
826:
819:
810:
802:
778:
769:
754:transparency
744:Hegman gauge
710:
692:
673:
662:
647:
628:
624:
593:Paul CĂ©zanne
588:
554:
535:, completed
487:The Milkmaid
486:
457:aniline dyes
455:, the first
450:
442:Phthalo Blue
434:Phthalo Blue
414:lapis lazuli
402:lapis lazuli
399:
279:
269:
214:burnt sienna
206:lapis lazuli
183:
175:
156:
149:
138:
127:Spectroscopy
104:
94:
85:lapis lazuli
51:used to add
44:
42:
25:
4020:unchambered
4015:Long barrow
4005:Grave goods
3961:Court cairn
3956:Clava cairn
3908:Bowl barrow
3846:Rock cupule
3789:Golden hats
3782:Hill figure
3683:Unstan ware
3663:Cord-marked
3528:Sweet Track
3450:Burnt mound
3371:Stilt house
3359:Sibudu Cave
3152:Tally stick
3120:Quern-stone
3105:Hammerstone
3095:Fire plough
3066:Pesse canoe
3024:Bannerstone
2994:Other tools
2907:Lithic core
2855:Aurignacian
2743:Bare Island
2625:Quern-stone
2139:24 November
2081:Hello Artsy
2040:, ColourLex
1973:13 February
1711:WebExhibits
1416:rose madder
1391:zinc yellow
1349:ultramarine
1297:burnt umber
1236:Paris green
1198:cobalt blue
1171:ivory black
1146:cadmium red
1083:iridescence
1058:(warning),
1056:aposematism
951:Ultramarine
845:reflectance
665:ultramarine
611:ultramarine
566: 1548
540: 1518
510:madder lake
506:ultramarine
498: 1658
426:cobalt blue
391:luminescent
336:Herculaneum
324:Middle Ages
316:4th Dynasty
238:Paleolithic
230:burnt umber
4228:Categories
4159:trepanning
4052:Ring cairn
4010:Jar burial
3993:transepted
3925:U.S. sites
3826:Petroglyph
3752:Bird stone
3710:wine press
3383:Stone roof
3366:Roundhouse
3258:long house
3235:Stonehenge
3203:Ceremonial
3147:Stone tool
2974:Tool stone
2944:Metallurgy
2848:Mousterian
2825:Toolmaking
2763:Cumberland
2736:Transverse
2706:Schöningen
2598:Qesem cave
2566:Earth oven
2520:Irrigation
2431:Technology
2399:Prehistory
2243:. Viking.
2151:References
1903:Lead white
1721:18 October
1588:(9): 4909.
1559:3527306730
1383:zinc white
1381:pigments:
1364:pigments:
1347:pigments:
1338:pigments:
1331:YInMn blue
1325:pigments:
1306:lead white
1304:pigments:
1285:raw sienna
1255:pigments:
1253:Iron oxide
1220:Han purple
1214:pigments:
1192:pigments:
1179:pigments:
1165:pigments:
1140:pigments:
1064:signalling
1048:camouflage
899:Tyrian red
877:saturation
853:metamerism
740:Dispersion
686:) and the
667:pigments,
559:Tintoretto
504:, natural
438:Royal Blue
340:white lead
276:Naqada III
232:came from
216:came from
210:Raw sienna
4203:symbolism
4067:Tor cairn
4025:Grønsalen
3966:Cremation
3858:Sculpture
3836:Pictogram
3821:Petroform
3641:amber use
3609:Cosmetics
3419:Reservoir
3404:Check dam
3334:Pueblitos
3329:Pit-house
3312:Longhouse
3246:Dwellings
3115:Microlith
3046:Bow drill
3041:Bone tool
3034:prismatic
2843:Acheulean
2758:Cresswell
2731:Arrowhead
2657:Boomerang
2573:Granaries
2535:Terracing
2414:Stone Age
1942:936144129
1660:936144129
1340:vermilion
1323:Manganese
1293:raw umber
1269:red ochre
1265:oxide red
1248:verdigris
1232:malachite
1132:lithopone
1117:pigment:
1115:Aluminium
1087:butterfly
1029:chameleon
917:(genuine)
915:Vermilion
869:lightness
574:cochineal
529:vermilion
360:verdigris
356:vermilion
308:malachite
242:Neolithic
226:raw umber
159:Lab color
97:inorganic
73:inorganic
57:insoluble
4234:Pigments
3841:Rock art
3804:painting
3777:Geoglyph
3602:timeline
3582:Beadwork
3322:Mehrgarh
3317:Mudbrick
3225:megalith
3100:Fire-saw
2922:debitage
2917:analysis
2885:Hand axe
2865:Cupstone
2443:Glossary
2404:Timeline
2130:Archived
2105:16 April
2099:Archived
2034:Archived
1967:Archived
1906:Archived
1890:34050218
1802:17173142
1715:Archived
1682:Archived
1678:BBC News
1490:Rock art
1464:See also
1404:alizarin
1362:Titanium
1314:red lead
1257:sanguine
1224:Han blue
1206:aureolin
1177:Chromium
1041:albinism
1033:protista
793:textiles
766:Swatches
735:Staining
727:Toxicity
609:Natural
453:mauveine
395:sunlight
375:cinnabar
224:, while
81:charcoal
4198:Symbols
3809:pigment
3695:Weaving
3658:Cardium
3653:Pottery
3648:Mirrors
3636:Jewelry
3577:Baskets
3557:culture
3409:Cistern
3215:Pyramid
3157:Weapons
3135:Scraper
3125:Racloir
3085:Cleaver
3073:Chopper
2979:Uniface
2890:Grooves
2880:Hafting
2838:Oldowan
2797:Systems
2748:Cascade
2711:woomera
2701:harpoon
2674:history
2640:Hunting
2620:Pottery
2561:Cooking
2470:Farming
2436:history
2409:Outline
2343:YouTube
2326:YouTube
2061:25 June
1881:8163881
1860:Bibcode
1442:magenta
1434:organic
1408:gamboge
1336:Mercury
1216:azurite
1138:Cadmium
1072:sunburn
1052:mimicry
1025:octopus
1013:melanin
993:colored
989:biology
927:#FFB02E
895:#990024
789:Munsell
781:PANTONE
750:Opacity
533:Assunta
371:sulfide
368:mercury
332:Pompeii
180:History
115:Ferrari
101:organic
45:pigment
4176:flutes
3971:Dolmen
3895:Burial
3705:winery
3678:Linear
3508:Midden
3486:Cursus
3479:Goseck
3339:Pueblo
3290:Dugout
3275:Burdei
2954:Mining
2778:Lamoka
2773:Folsom
2753:Clovis
2610:Metate
2588:Hearth
2556:Basket
2530:Sickle
2247:
2226:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2014:
1940:
1930:
1888:
1878:
1800:
1759:
1658:
1648:
1556:
1420:indigo
1345:Sulfur
1212:Copper
1190:Cobalt
1163:Carbon
1124:Barium
1037:fungus
1007:, and
643:chroma
525:Titian
508:, and
422:sulfur
379:Titian
362:, and
350:Pb(OH)
304:copper
302:and a
294:sand,
292:quartz
234:Umbria
198:Zambia
194:Lusaka
83:, and
49:powder
4093:sites
4037:Mummy
3757:Cairn
3673:JĹŤmon
3624:shoes
3619:Hides
3491:Henge
3445:Broch
3307:Jacal
3162:Wheel
3110:Knife
3056:Canoe
3051:Burin
3029:Blade
2927:flake
2788:Plano
2696:baton
2686:Spear
2652:Arrow
2605:Manos
2458:Tools
2133:(PDF)
2126:(PDF)
1688:1 May
1612:2 May
1578:(PDF)
1501:Notes
1035:, or
875:, or
861:gamut
829:gamma
639:value
469:diazo
420:with
387:mango
280:circa
222:Italy
218:Siena
202:Ochre
186:paint
145:color
77:ochre
53:color
47:is a
38:India
4186:gudi
3944:Cist
3873:list
3700:Wine
3629:Ă–tzi
3614:Glue
3587:Beds
3555:and
3553:Arts
3424:Well
3280:Cave
3210:Kiva
3140:side
3130:Rope
3078:tool
3012:bone
3002:Adze
2768:Eden
2681:Nets
2551:Fire
2515:Goad
2500:Celt
2245:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2141:2017
2107:2009
2063:2014
2012:ISBN
1975:2015
1938:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1886:PMID
1798:PMID
1757:ISBN
1723:2007
1690:2016
1656:OCLC
1646:ISBN
1614:2018
1554:ISBN
1379:Zinc
1302:Lead
1183:and
1027:and
1009:hair
1001:eyes
997:skin
953:blue
570:dyer
467:and
444:and
428:and
334:and
300:flux
298:, a
296:lime
240:and
228:and
212:and
190:cave
65:dyes
59:and
3295:Hut
3230:row
3061:Oar
3019:Axe
3007:Awl
2341:on
2324:on
1876:PMC
1868:doi
1829:doi
1790:doi
1546:doi
1519:doi
1368:,
1015:).
1005:fur
987:In
881:ICC
873:hue
839:to
785:RAL
752:or
635:hue
591:by
557:by
489:by
465:azo
354:),
34:Goa
4230::
2345:,
2328:,
2222:.
2218:.
2079:.
2010:.
2006:.
1965:.
1961:.
1950:^
1936:.
1884:.
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1713:.
1709:.
1698:^
1676:.
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1603:.
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1525:.
1456:,
1452:,
1448:,
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1436::
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1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1389:,
1385:,
1372:,
1355:,
1351:,
1329:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1295:,
1291:,
1287:,
1283:,
1279:,
1275:,
1271:,
1267:,
1263:,
1259:,
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1238:,
1234:,
1230:,
1226:,
1222:,
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1200:,
1196:,
1156:,
1152:,
1148:,
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1074:.
1066:,
1054:,
1050:,
1003:,
999:,
886:.
871:,
795:.
787:,
783:,
637:,
563:c.
537:c.
495:c.
381:.
358:,
288:10
220:,
200:.
196:,
99:,
87:.
79:,
43:A
36:,
2380:e
2373:t
2366:v
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2143:.
2109:.
2065:.
2020:.
1977:.
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1586:5
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1134:)
1130:(
746:)
682:(
561:(
542:.
493:(
352:2
348:2
346:)
344:3
286:O
284:4
278:(
265:2
263:H
261:3
259:O
257:2
253:3
251:O
249:2
23:.
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