3070:"If any ship come to anchor on their coast, many arm themselves and go to the place, over against where the ship doth ride; some of them will be in priests habits, walking by the sea side, with their wallets, in which they will have some wine and bread. Their companions lye hid behind the bushes at some convenient post. When any strangers come ashore, who do not understand their language, the feigned priests make signes to them, shewing them their bread and wine, which they offer to them for money, by which the strangers being enticed from the sea side (and it may be to sit down and taste their wine) the hidden Manjotts come and make their prey. The priests will seem to be sorry, and endeavor to make the strangers to believe they were altogether ignorant of any such design. So a white flagg is put out, and a treaty held with the ship for their ransome. The priests endeavor to moderate the price, shewing a great deal of respect to their companions, who are clothed in Turkish habits. Many ships have been thus served."
2563:
defenders numbered 2,500 men. The
Egyptians had trouble advancing to Polytsaravos, because it was surrounded by rocks situated on high ground. As soon as the Arabs arrived, the Maniots rallied around their fortifications and attacked the Arabs. The Arabs retreated from Polytsaravos after sustaining 400 casualties while the Maniots only suffered nine. Even though this campaign is overshadowed by other battles of the revolution, it was one of the most important, according to Maniot regional historians. The Maniots stopped the Egyptians and Ibrahim Pasha who had not been defeated this decisively before. This was the last invasion of Mani by the Egyptians or the Ottomans, as the Peloponnese, central Greece, and some of the Aegean islands were liberated in 1828 after the naval forces of
2663:), Kapodistrias went to attend a church service at the Church of Saint Spyridon. He noticed that Konstantinos and Georgios were waiting at the church doors. As he passed them, he briefly stopped before proceeding into the church. As he was about to step into the church, Konstantinos used his gun and the bullet hit Kapodistrias at the back of the head while at the same time Georgios stabbed him through the heart. Kapodistrias collapsed into the arms of his attendants. Kapodistrias' bodyguard shot Konstantinos as he was running, and Konstantinos was hit by several more bullets before he died. Kostantinos' body was then dragged by an angry mob, who threw it into the sea. Georgios was captured and executed on the island of Bourzi, off the coast of Nafplio, while his father watched.
3592:, and others. They mostly ignored the Niklianis' laws or tried to live in harmony with them. The Megalogenites also started building towers like the ones built by the Nikliani. The Achamnomeri were the third Maniot class and formed the middle class, having fewer rights than the first two classes. They had the right to build only one-storey towers and they were not allowed to build towers out of limestone or marble. They owned most of the fields and had a right to a portion of common property like quail, salt, and fish. They also had the freedom of movement and means of production. If during the night, they managed to raise a tower larger than one of their neighbors, they were considered more powerful. The last caste were the Fameyi who were
2524:
As
Ibrahim moved his infantry and cavalry against the Maniot position, he also ordered two of his ships, including the one he was on, to attack the Maniot fortifications from the sea with their artillery. The Egyptian army attacked the Maniot position eight times and was thrown back. The fighting continued for a few more days before the Egyptians retreated when rumors that Kolokotronis was approaching their rear with 2,000 men proved true. The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Verga. This battle not only was costly for Ibrahim, who suffered 2,500 casualties, but also ruined his plan to invade Mani from the north.
2528:
1986:. During the siege of Athens, the Ottomans used the Parthenon as an ammunition depot. When artillery fire from the Venetians struck the depot, the resulting explosion damaged large portions of the Parthenon. The desperate Ottomans freed Limberakis and gave him the title "His Highness, the Ruler of Mani". Limberakis immediately launched several raids into Venetian-held territories of the Peloponnese. However, when the Ottomans attempted to poison Limberakis, he defected to the Venetian side. The Venetians made Limberakis a Knight of St. Mark and recognized him as ruler of
1899:
167:
3379:
Mani but lower to the ancestry the other
Peloponnesians (148 samples - excluding the Tsakonians) share with the Slavs, which even though low, it's still relatively higher than Maniots (and Tsakonians) at 4.8%–14.4%. Even though Tsakonians, divided between Southerners (15 samples) and Northerners (9 samples) also possess low levels of common ancestry with the Slavs at 0.2%–0.9% and 3.9%–8.2% respectively, they remain a distinct population from both the Maniots and the rest of the Peloponnesians, something that is attributed to
2547:
the
Egyptians. The Egyptians, not expecting any resistance, were caught by surprise at this sudden attack and were forced to retreat to a fortified position on the beach where they could receive support from their ships. Eventually, 300 Maniots arrived from other towns, and the Egyptians were forced to either swim to their ships or be slain. Not only was Ibrahim's defeat costly, as he lost 1,000 men, but his plan to invade and conquer Mani was utterly ruined. Later on, the women of Diros were dubbed the 'Amazons of Diros'.
2488:
2723:
1934:. At the age of fifteen, he was in the Venetian galleys as a rower. After being released by the Venetians, he continued piracy and was captured by the Turks in 1667. The Grand Vizier decided to give him amnesty if he cooperated with the Turks and helped them conquer Mani. Gerakaris agreed and in 1670 became the bey of Mani. One of Gerakis' first acts was to exile his clan's enemies, the Iatriani family and the Stephanopoulos family from Oitylo. The Iatriani fled in 1670 and settled in
2389:
1257:
3609:. Around that time, towns like Skoutari were founded by people who had escaped from Constantinople. Kassis tells us that the population of Mani at that time was between 40,000 and 80,000. Count Chateau-Reneau says that at the beginning of the 17th century, there were 700 cities and many villages in Mani which was thought to be an exaggerated number. In 1700, 14,773 people were recorded in the census despite the constant migrations in Mani. In 1805,
2928:
1589:
2605:
2365:
1467:
3092:. The Maniots were famous and fearsome pirates whose ships dominated the Maniot coastline. The Maniots became pirates because Mani was not a very fertile land and the Maniots did not have many natural resources. The Maniots considered piracy a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor, and it became their main source of income. The pirate raids were not stopped by the local priests of the
3631:, and especially Crete when the Turks acquired the island from the Venetians in 1669. The Cretan refugees settled in Mani and created villages with Cretan names that enriched the Maniot dialect with Cretan words and idioms. The mass migration of refugees caused new problems in Mani. The limited area of good arable land led to many local wars between families, clans, and different villages. The era of
1782:
1048:
2559:), he was stopped by Theodoros Stathakos, who together with his family of thirteen people was waiting in their tower. Bosinas tried to make Stathakos surrender, and when the latter feigned surrender, Bosinas came towards the tower. However, once Bosinas was within range, Stathakos and his small band killed him. In retaliation, Bosinas' army shot at the tower with their cannons and destroyed it.
2614:
2076:
seriously wounded but also the last survivor of the battle. He was ultimately tortured to death. They then invaded Mani and began ravaging the land near
Almiros (near the modern village of Kyparissos). During the night, an army of 5,000 Maniot men and women attacked the enemy camp. The Ottoman forces lost 1,700, while the Maniots only suffered thirty-nine casualties.
2102:
5673:
2295:
2170:
48:
1367:
2321:, because he was unwilling to suppress his cousin, who was still attacking the Turks. The Turks were once again forced to retreat. Three years later, Grigorakis resigned in favor of his son-in-law, Konstantis Zervakos, who was favorable to the bey of the Peloponnese. However, the Maniots did not agree with the choice and deposed Zervakos.
2068:
replied by calling the
Maniots "ragged" and "rude booty men". To this, Mavromichalis replied, "The last of these ragged booty men keeps his freedom with his own sword and deserves more than you, slave of a whore!" The Russians left and conducted their own operations until the end of the year, when they ultimately sailed back to Russia.
1667:
2094:. The defenders were Constantine Kolokotronis and Panagiotis Venetsanakis with 150 men and women. The fight lasted for twelve days: most of the defenders were killed, and all prisoners of war were tortured and dismembered. The wife of Constantine Kolokotronis was dressed like a warrior and fought her way out carrying her baby,
2755:
2126:. The Ottoman army advanced to the plain of Agio Pigada (meaning "Holy Well"). They sent envoys to the Maniots telling them that Hasan wanted to negotiate. The Maniots knew that if they sent envoys to the Turks, they would be executed by Hasan if the negotiations failed. However, the Maniots sent six men to discuss the terms.
2710:
king. Many of the
Achamnomeri (see note α below) and some Megalogenites were convinced by his offers and submitted. However, several of the older families and the poorer Achamnomeri rejected the offer, because the former did not want to be dependent on a king and the latter did not want governors with superior rights. In
989:
1966:, discovered this plan and attacked Mani with 10,000 men. The Turks ravaged the plains, but during the night the Maniots attacked and killed 1,800 Turks. The other Turks retreated to the castles of Kelefa and Zarnatas, where they were besieged by the Maniots. After brief sieges, the Maniots managed to capture both
2714:, this division caused bloodshed when the king's supporters started fighting the other Maniots under the command of Giorgaros Skylakakos. Feder soon arrived with his new allies and exploded Skylakakos and all his allies in his towers. Thus the Bavarians managed to annex the whole peninsula to the Greek kingdom.
1749:, built a fortress in Mani, at Porto Kagio, and they also garrisoned Passavas. The aim of this was to disrupt the Venetians' communication lines and to keep the Maniots at bay. Alarmed, the Maniots called upon Venetian assistance, and the Venetian navy in combination with the Maniot army captured the castle.
1115:. A Roman fleet under Atilius managed to re-capture Gythium later that year. Nabis was murdered later that year and Sparta was made part of the Achaean League. However, the Spartans, while searching for a port captured Las. The Achaeans responded by seizing Sparta and unsuccessfully forcing their laws on it.
3417:, sculptor, in major international collections including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art, The Whitney Museum of American Art, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, all in New York City, The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens
2523:
Enraged by the
Spartan reply, Ibrahim, commanding an army of 7,000 men, attacked Mani on June 21, 1826. He was stopped at the walls of Almiros and Verga, which ran for around 500 meters. Defending the walls were 2,000 Maniots under the command of Ilias Mavromichalis (Katsakos) and 500 Greek refugees.
2242:
Katsonis, together with
Androutsos and Barbitsiotis, built a gun battery at Porto Kagio. He gathered a small army and a navy of eleven ships and attacked Ottoman ships in the area. However, not being able to maintain his ships, he started attacking ships from other countries. Later that year, he sank
1201:
Mani flourished under the Romans, because of its respectful obedience to Rome. The Koinon consisted of 24 cities (later 18), of which
Gythium remained the most prominent. However, many parts of Mani remained under the also semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) Sparta, the most notable
2709:
The Council decided that they could not subdue the Maniots by force, so they decided to send a diplomat, Max Feder, with the intention of subduing Mani by playing the love of money against the love of independence. He went to different Maniot families and offered them positions if they supported the
2546:
On June 24, Ibrahim sent a small fleet carrying 1,500 troops to land at the Bay of Diros and capture Areopoli. As the Egyptians landed on the beach, the alarm bells rang. Soon, 300 women and old men who had been harvesting the crops gathered and, armed only with their scythes and cudgels, charged at
2433:
with 300 Maniots. When he entered Arcadia his band of 300 fought a Turkish force of 1,300 men and defeated them. On April 28, a few thousand Maniot soldiers under the command of Petros Mavromichalis' sons joined Kolokotronis' camp outside Tripolitsa. On September 12, 1821, the Turkish capital in the
2335:
Pierros Grigorakis, a son of Zanetos, entered Russian service on Zante and commanded a force of some 500 Maniots known as the Spartan Legion. This was part of the Legion of Light Riflemen, a force made up of mainland refugees that defended the Ionian Islands and participated in Russian operations in
2067:
with assistance from the Western Legion. The siege proved to be difficult, and soon Orlov got into a dispute with John the Dog. Mavromichalis stated to Orlov that if they wanted to start a real war, they had to occupy Koroni, and that if they did not, they should not excite the Greeks in vain. Orlov
2745:
of the Cretans, rushed to Crete to support them. The Cretans, together with the Maniots, forced the Turks into a fortress, where they besieged them. A combined Ottoman-British fleet managed to subdue the Cretans, but the undefeated Maniots chose to go back to Mani. In 1866, a new revolution sparked
2518:
From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us saying that if we don't surrender, you'll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That's why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign
2141:
and treated him as an honored guest but then had him hanged. On Easter Sunday, Exarchos' mother incited the men of Skoutari to take revenge for the death of her son. Commanded by Zanetos Grigorakis, the men of Skoutari dressed as priests and were allowed into Passavas. Once inside, the Skoutariotes
1701:
After the end of the Turko-Venetian War, the Venetians left the Maniots to fend for themselves. Many of the Greeks who had revolted alongside the Venetians were massacred by the Ottomans, but many of them fled to find refuge in Mani. The Maniots continued to resist, and Mehmed dispatched an army of
3378:
or Exo/Outer Mani (24 samples) to 4.9%–8.6% and of East Taygetos or Kato/Lower Mani (23 samples) to 5.7%–10.9% of common ancestry with Slavs (Belarusians, Russians, Polish, and Ukrainians) respectively. The Slavic ancestry possessed by the latter two is five to eight times higher than that of Deep
2129:
Six Maniot envoys were sent to Hasan and, without bowing, asked him what he wanted. Hasan's demands entailed the children of ten captains as hostages, all Maniot-held arms, and an annual head-tax to be paid as punishment for supporting the Russians. The Maniots answered Hasan's demands saying, "We
1843:
heard about this, they sent Arslan in command of an army of 20,000 men and 70 ships to invade Mani. He succeeded in ravaging Mani and imposing taxes on the Maniots (which they did not pay). This caused Nevers to move more actively for his crusade. Nevers sent envoys to the courts of Europe looking
820:
and they have often been described as such. The terrain is mountainous and inaccessible (until recently many Mani villages could be accessed only by sea), and the regional name "Mani" is thought to have meant originally "dry" or "barren". The name "Maniot" is a derivative meaning "of Mani". In the
2856:
attacked Greece in order to support the Italians. The Greeks were forced to retreat, and soon Mani revived its forgotten role as a center for refugees. During April 1941, the British started evacuating their troops from Porto Kagio. By the end of that month, Mani and the rest of Greece were under
2562:
The Egyptians then proceeded towards the town of Polytsaravos and reached it on August 28. The inhabitants of the town had sent the women and children to take refuge in the mountains before improving the fortifications they had there. The town militia was reinforced by other Maniots, and soon the
2160:
Soon after the Orlov Expedition, a number of Maniots entered Russian military service. Remnants of the two legions joined Russian sea forces as marines, participating in operations in the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean. Two leaders of these volunteers, Stephanos Mavromichalis and Dimitrios
3152:
which frequently plagued Mani. Usually, the decision to start a vendetta was made at a family gathering. The main aim of a vendetta was usually to wipe out the other family. The families involved locked themselves in their towers and whenever they got the chance murdered members of the opposing
1957:
Limberakis soon fell out of favor with the Turks since he joined his fellow Maniots in piracy and was captured in 1682. With Ottoman forces preoccupied with the Austrians, the Venetians under Morosini saw their opportunity to take over Turkish-held territories in the Peloponnese, beginning the
2550:
Ibrahim, annoyed by his defeats at Verga and Diros, plundered the Peloponnese for a month before turning his attention back to Mani. He sent an army of 6,000 Arabs to advance to the Taygetus and capture Gytheio and Laconian Mani. In command of the army was a Greek traitor from the village of
2117:
and laid siege to the tower of the powerful Grigorakis clan. The tower contained fifteen men, who held out for three days until the Turks undermined the tower, placed gunpowder, and blew up the entire garrison. By this time, the main Maniot army of 5,000 men and 2,000 women had established a
2075:
before entering the Peloponnese. At Rizomylos in Messenia, they were blocked by John Mavromichalis and 400 of his followers. The Maniots held them off for a while, but the Ottoman forces eventually did not lose due to their superior numbers. They captured John Mavromichalis, who was not only
2702:. Ultimately, 800 Maniots from the surrounding towns attacked the Bavarians. The Bavarians were massacred as most of them were either slain by the Maniots or fell into a ravine near the town while escaping. Later that year, an army of 6,000 men with five cannons under the command of General
3199:. Vendettas continued after the liberation of Greece even though the Regency tried to demolish the towers. The Maniot vendetta culture is considered one of the most vicious and ruthless of all the Mediterranean vendetta cultures. One of the last large scale vendettas on record required the
3160:
killing of a murderer) vendettas would be concluded after the 'guilty' individual(s) were killed. In other cases vendettas, particularly long-running ones, were ended in a peaceful to terms or exchange of property. In the case of long vendettas, families often agreed upon a temporary
6345:
3583:
claims they were the inhabitants of Nikli. The Nikliani were wealthy, upper class people who started the building of castles in Mani. The Megalogenites (meaning "great births") were refugees from other parts of Greece who were from wealthy and renowned families like the
2782:. Many volunteers from Mani took part in the war such as soldiers from the Dritsakos, Koutsonikolakos, Kosteas, Georgopapadakos, Iliopiereas, Loukakos, Kyriakoulakos, and Kalantzakos families. The Maniots also took part in the series of wars that followed including the
1358:) attacked and occupied most of the western Peloponnese in 590. However, there is no archaeological evidence for a Slavic (or Avar) penetration of imperial Byzantine territory before the end of the 6th century. Overall, traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare.
2137:. No one knew exactly how many casualties the Maniots suffered, but the Turks definitively lost 10,000 men. In 1780, Hasan Ghazi, the Bey of the Peloponnese, tried to weaken the Grigorakis family by arranging the assassination of Exarchos Grigorakis. He invited him to
1970:
and Kelefa. However, Ismael returned with 10,000 infantry and 2,500 artillery and started besieging the Maniots at Kelefa. The Turks nearly succeeded in breaching the walls before 4,500 Venetians under the command of Morosini arrived and forced the Turks to retreat to
1706:, handed over some Maniot rebels. The Ottomans reached Oitylo before Kladas, and the Maniots attacked and massacred them. Only a few escaped; amongst them was Ale Boumico. Kladas invaded the Laconian plain with 14,000 Maniots and killed the Turkish inhabitants.
2539:. This plan was described by Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos as "excellent" because it would catch Areopoli by surprise since it was ill defended. By capturing Areopoli, Ibrahim could disrupt the Maniot communication lines and control the mountain passes that led to
3733:
In this work, the author, giving an account of the conquest made in Greece by the Russians, and of the gallant defence made by the Maniotes (the descendants of the ancient Spartans) against the Turks, describes their invincible spirit with the eloquence of a
1421:, who up to the present time are termed Hellenes by the local inhabitants on account of their being in olden times idolatres and worshippers of idols like the ancient Greeks, and who were baptized and became Christians in the reign of the glorious
1879:, who visited Mani with the Ottoman expedition and recorded numerous villages, castles and churches; he described the Maniots with the following words: "They capture the Frank and sell him to us, they capture us and sell us to the Franks."
1689:
in 1461. Mehmed hoped that Kladas would defend Laconia from the Maniots. During that time, Mani's population grew as a result of an influx of refugees who came from other areas of Greece. In 1463, Kladas joined the Venetians in their
1106:
with Gythium as the capital under the Achaean League's protection. Nabis, not content with losing his land in Mani, built a fleet and strengthened his army and advanced upon Gythium in 192 BC. The Achaean League's army and navy under
3613:
recorded that there were 30,000 people living in Mani. Twelve years later, K. Koumas writes in his geography that Mani had 100,000 inhabitants which was deemed a wildly exaggerated number. In 1820, Anagnostras composition for the
1804:. They urged him to land his army at Porto Kagio and promised to join him with 15,000 armed men as well as 80,000 other Peloponnesians. The Maniots also sent envoys to some major powers of the Mediterranean, as for example the
2975:
There is little information on the economy of Mani during the early stages of Ottoman dominance of Greece, and what is known of the economy in the 17th and 18th centuries is from foreign observers. In Exo Mani ('outer Mani'),
1894:
of Hasan's ships. This caused some of Baba's ships to founder on some rocks, and the Maniots, taking advantage of the situation, attacked and killed the Turks and seized the ships. Baba managed to escape with only one ship.
1224:
Migonitis (occupied by the modern town), and the hill Larysium (Koumaro) rising above it. Nowadays, the most noteworthy remains of the theatre and the buildings partially submerged by the sea all belong to the Roman period.
5284:
Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Bose, Aritra; Teodosiadis, Athanasios; Tsetsos, Fotis; Plantinga, Anna; Psatha, Nikoletta; Zogas, Nikos; Yannaki, Evangelia; Zalloua, Pierre; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Browning, Brian L. (8 March 2017).
2130:
prefer to die rather than give to you our guns and children. We don't pay taxes, because our land is poor." Hasan became furious and had the six men decapitated and impaled on stakes so that the Maniots could see them.
2686:
governing the country for him. One of the Council's first acts was to try to subdue the unruly Maniots and pull down their towers; another was to free Petros and Tzanis from their prisons. The council sent an army of
1875:, some Maniot pirate ships sneaked into the Ottoman fleet and managed to loot and burn some ships. However, Candia fell in 1669, and Crete became part of the Ottoman Empire. The piracy of Maniots was also observed by
3668:
wanted some Maniots to colonize the western Italian coast and protect it from pirates. There are mentions of Maniots in Naples and T. Asanis Palaeologus building a church there. There are also tombs of Palaeologi in
3055:) and the Modern Maniatiko. The Palio Maniatiko is only found in Mani and is described as an ancient dance. The Modern Maniatiko is the modern version of the Palio Maniatiko dance and includes certain aspects of the
2372:
Maniots, known for their martial traditions, were the very first to join the Greek liberation movement (a claim shared with many other Greek areas) and their contribution proved to be pivotal. The society called the
2343:
Petros Mavromichalis was John the Dog's nephew. He was the first Maniot bey from Mesa Mani (Inner Mani). In 1798, he had also been approached by Napoleon to join the war on the Ottomans, but after the failure of the
2385:". The Maniots were responsible for writing "Victory" and not "Freedom" on their banner, since Mani was always free. At the bottom of the flag was an ancient Spartan inscription, "With the shield or on the shield."
2476:. Mahmud II accepted the offer and Ali sent his son in command of the expedition. Meanwhile, the Greeks were in disarray because of political rivalries, which caused a civil war. Kolokotronis was arrested, his son
1220:(reigned 161–180). The agora, the Acropolis, the island of Cranae (Marathonisi) where Paris on his way to Troy celebrated his nuptials with Beautiful Helen after taking her from Sparta, the Migonium or precinct of
2243:
two French ships, which was the beginning of the end for Katsonis. An Ottoman fleet of thirty ships and a French destroyer attacked Katsonis at Porto Kagio. Katsonis' men fled to land; Katsonis himself escaped to
1764:
would champion their revolt under the command of the bishop of Monemvasia. The promised army never arrived, and by 1572 the bishop was forced to retreat to Mani. The Maniots did not succeed when they appealed to
1350:, on the way to his victorious campaign against the Vandals, stopped at Kenipolis to get supplies, honor the Kenipolitans for their victory, and recruit some soldiers. According to Greenhalgh and Eliopoulos, the
1243:, Mani became a haven for refugees. In 375, a massive earthquake in the area took its toll on Gythium, which was severely devastated. Most of the ruins of ancient Gythium are now submerged in the Laconian Gulf.
5236:Την επομένη, στην κηδεία των θυμάτων, τα επεισόδια απλώθηκαν σ' όλο τον Πειραιά, με νέα θύματα... ενώ κινητοποιήθηκαν, η αστυνομία, χίλιοι στρατιώτες και διακόσιοι ναύτες για να σταματήσουν το αιματοκύλισμα.
2951:
instead (e.g. versus standard 'wood'). These varieties are thought to be relic areas of a previously larger areal dialect group that used to share these features and was later divided by the penetration of
2266:. Zacharias Barbitsiotis and Zanetbey (Zanetos Grigorakis) accepted the offer, and Napoleon sent them weapons. When the Turks discovered this, they had Zanetos replaced as bey with Panagiotis Koumoundouros.
2340:("Friendly Company") and participated with the Greek Revolution, including Elias Chrisospathis, who initiated the Maniots into the secret society, as well as Pierros and his brothers Giorgos and Zanetakos.
1039:. The Thebans began a campaign against Laconia and captured Gythium after a three-day siege. The Thebans only briefly managed to hold Gythium, which was captured by 100 elite warriors posing as athletes.
1890:, sent the pirate Hasan Baba to subdue Mani. Baba arrived in Mani demanding that the Maniots surrender hostages, but instead he was answered with bullets. During the night, ten Maniots went and cut the
1102:
The allies went on to besiege Sparta and tried to force Nabis to surrender. As part of the terms of the peace treaty, the coastal cities of Mani were forced to become autonomous. The cities formed the
1619:
governed the province. Mani seems to have been dominated by the Nikliani family, who were refugees. However, the peace was terminated when the Ottoman Turks started their attacks on the Peloponnese.
3772:
Above all, the Maniots, who are said to be the true heirs of the Spartans and 'have always preserved their liberty' (Pococke, 1743, i. 178) serve as an illustration of this continuity. According to
2071:
The Eastern Legion met with success when it defeated an army of 3,500 Turks. The Ottomans responded to this by sending an army of 8,000 to invade the Peloponnese. The Ottoman army first plundered
3571:
In the second period of Byzantine rule over Mani, there were four social castes, the Nikliani, the Megalogenites, the Achamnomeri and the Fameyi. The Nikliani were the inhabitants of the town of
2648:, then capital of Greece, and negotiate. As soon as Tzanis arrived, he was arrested and imprisoned. Kapodistrias then sent soldiers to Mani and had Petros arrested, imprisoned, and charged with
2250:
Androutsos with 500 men tried to cross the Peloponnese and enter Roumelia. Barbitsiotis in a rear-guard action managed to help fight his way through the Peloponnese and into Roumelia. In 1798,
1339:
attempted to conquer Mani with the purpose of using it as a base to raid and then conquer the Peloponnese. Gaiseric tried to land his fleet at Kenipolis (near modern village of Kyparissos in
2418:, informing them of what the Greeks were doing and signing them as "Commander in Chief of the Spartan Forces". The Messenian Senate was also held in Kalamata. Kolokotronis wanted to attack
3776:(1799, 31), ' descendants of the ancient Lacedemonians...still preserve their love for liberty so great a degree, as never to have debased themselves under the yoke of the Turkish empire'.
2352:. It was rumored at the time that he was appointed bey only because his uncle was not killed, had converted to Islam, and had become an officer in the Ottoman army. In 1819, he joined the
2056:. The Eastern Legion, under the command of Barkof, Grigorakis, and Psaros, consisted of 500 Maniots and 6 Russians. The Western Legion, under the command of John Mavromichalis (nicknamed
1824:. These states were interested and sent several expeditionary forces to Mani, but with the exception of a Spanish expedition that sacked Passavas, they all failed to achieve anything.
1694:
against the Ottomans. He led the Maniots against the Ottomans with Venetian aid until 1479, when the Venetians made peace with the Ottomans and gave the Ottomans the right to rule the
1087:
took over the Spartan throne in 207 BC, he implemented some democratic reforms. One of these reforms entailed making Gythium into a major port and naval arsenal. In 195 BC, during the
2514:
Ibrahim then decided to head for Mani. He sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots replied:
1729:
From 1500 to 1570, Mani kept its autonomy without any invasion from the Ottomans. The Ottomans were busy driving the Venetians out of the Peloponnese and succeeded in 1540, when they
1660:
1839:, Andronikos' son. Through this connection he claimed the throne of Constantinople. He began plotting with the Maniots, who addressed him as "King Constantine Palaiologos". When the
2737:, which have plagued the area for centuries. The vendettas continued until 1870, when a Maniot vendetta was halted by the efforts of a regular army with artillery support. In 1841,
2377:
sent their representatives Perrevos and Chrisospathis to organize the Maniots. On March 17, 1821, 12,000 Maniots gathered in the church of the Taxiarchs (Archangels) of the town of
3310:
started in Europe. When the Avars and Slavs invaded the Peloponnese, many Greek refugees fled to Mani since the invaders could not infiltrate the mountainous terrain. According to
3295:
and are considered more "pure-blooded" Greeks. According to their tradition, after the Romans took over Laconia, many of the Spartan citizens who were loyal to the Spartan laws of
2746:
in Crete, and 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petropoulakos went to assist their cousins. However, the Cretans were defeated, and the undefeated Maniots again returned to Mani.
1643:
in May 1453, Mani remained under the control of the Despotate of Morea. In May 1460, Mehmed occupied the Peloponnese. The Despotate of Morea had been ruled by the two brothers of
3884:
2381:
and declared war against the Ottoman Empire, preceding the rest of Greece by about a week. Their flag was white with a blue cross in the center. Atop the flag was the motto "
2283:, the Ottomans deposed Panagiotis Koumoundouros, because he was not capable of subduing Zanetos Grigorakis, who was still receiving weapons from the French at his castle at
3635:
began in Mani and it seemed that only a new Ottoman invasion could save the country from a civil war. Many Maniot people began to serve as mercenaries in the army of the
3136:, was touring Mani in 1839, he found a fresh egg by the side of the road and offered it to a Maniot soldier who escorted him, who declined the offer explaining that if a
2640:
became governor of Greece. Kapodistrias quarreled with the Mavromichalis clan because the Maniots refused to pay taxes to the new government. Kapodistrias requested that
2014:
and managed to drive out the Venetians within seventy days. The Venetians won some minor naval battles off Mani but abandoned the Peloponnese in 1715. The next year, the
3324:
The only Greeks that have had an unbroken descent were the clans like the Maniotes who were so fierce, and lived so far up the mountain, that invaders left them alone.
5224:
3951:
2935:
The Maniot dialect of Modern Greek has several archaic properties that distinguishes it from most mainstream varieties. One of them, shared with the highly divergent
3596:. They had no property and they have been sometimes confused with the Achamnomeri by modern historians. They could be subject to emancipation and become Achamnomeri.
2706:, assisted by five squadrons of royalist Maniots, once again besieged Petrovouni. When news of an army of 1,000 Maniots was approaching, they retreated to Gytheio.
1458:. This can be explained by the mountainous nature of Mani's terrain, which enabled them to escape the attempts of the Eastern Roman Empire to Christianize Greece.
3461:
3342:, showed that Maniot individuals share on average 0.25% of their genome (or 35–36 cM) identical by descent, with 95% of pairs of individuals sharing at least one
2980:
were grown in great numbers but it was not until the 18th century that olives were widely spread in Mesa Mani ('inner Mani'). Exports from Exo Mani also included
2771:
2435:
2324:
Later that year, the Maniot leaders gathered at Gytheio and elected Theodoros Zanerakos or Theodorobey, nephew of Zanetos Grigorakis, as a leader of Mani. During
52:
919:. Eventually, the temple of Tenaron was dedicated to Poseidon and the temple at Delphi was dedicated to Apollo. According to other legends, there is a cave near
2858:
6284:
2881:
1147:. Even though the Romans conquered the Peloponnese, the Koinon was allowed to retain its independence. The Maniots suffered from pirate raids by Cretans and
3354:
analysis. They also differ from mainland, island and Asia Minor Greek populations who have been compared by PCA analysis, but they "partially" overlap with
2262:, sent two members of the Stephanopoulos family to Mani in order to convince the Maniots to attack the Ottomans from the Peloponnese while he attacked from
5691:
2572:
960:, but they soon started to expand their territory and by around 800 BC they had occupied Mani and the rest of Laconia. Mani was given the social caste of
6116:
2011:
1742:
1730:
1691:
1502:. These four empires produced rival emperors, struggling for control over each other and the rest of the semi-independent states emerging in the area.
2495:
Ibrahim made good use of this turmoil and landed with his army (25-30,000 infantry, cavalry and artillery supported by the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet) at
2048:
in 1769 and reached Mani in 1770. The fleet landed at Oitylo, where it was met by the Maniots. It was decided to divide the army into two groups, the
3179:
ended, the killing could resume. A cornerstone of the Maniot's vendetta culture was the agreement that all vendettas immediately stop in a universal
6355:
5721:
6320:
1511:
582:
3156:
Vendettas could go on for months, sometimes years, and usually ended when one family was exterminated or left the town. In some cases (like the
2825:
was among the leaders of the armed forces. Davakis, in command of the Pindus Detachment, defeated the elite Italian SOF brigade "Julia" at the
2888:, fought against the Hellenic Army and the royalists. Mani never recovered from both wars, and soon many of the young people of Mani left for
1264:
showing Mani and the eastern Peloponnese as part of the Empire (the rest of the Peloponnese was occupied temporarily by Slavic tribes), c. 717
5580:
5481:
4423:
3765:
3552:
1171:
3881:
1887:
3133:
1603:
recaptured Constantinople. Prince William was set free, on the condition that he had to surrender the fortresses of Megali Maina, Mystras,
1454:
was practiced by some Maniots in the region at an earlier time. The Maniots were the last inhabitants of Greece to openly follow the pagan
2133:
After the envoys were killed, the remaining Maniots attacked the Ottomans. The fighting was fierce, and only 6,000 Turks managed to reach
3108:, 'Inner Mani'). The main victims of Maniot pirates were the Ottomans, but the ships of powerful European nations were targeted as well.
2239:) unchanged. Lambros Katsonis said: "Aikaterini (Greek: Catherine) made her treaty, but Katsonis didn't make his treaty with the enemy."
1844:
for support. In 1619, he recruited six ships and a number of men, but he was forced to abort the mission because of the beginning of the
3002:. Honey is also of superior quality. Another important part of the Maniot economy was piracy. Nowadays the main industries in Mani are
837:. For the most part, the Maniots lived in fortified villages (and "house-towers") where they defended their lands against the armies of
1486:. The Eastern Roman Empire was partitioned between several Greek and Latin successor states, notably including (from west to east) the
5291:
3773:
3339:
1998:. He captured and plundered the city before going back to Mani. The Arteans sent a committee to Venice and reported everything to the
1533:
The Maniots, however, were not easily contained, and they were not the only threat to the Frankish occupation of the Peloponnese. The
437:
3153:
family. The other families in the village normally locked themselves in their towers in order not to get in the way of the fighting.
2422:
and capture the main Turkish city in the Peloponnese. However, Mavromichalis wanted to capture the smaller towns first and then take
2212:
5599:
5561:
5504:
5462:
5439:
5416:
5397:
5378:
5359:
3948:
3544:
1430:
The area inhabited by the Maniates (or Maniots) was first called by the name 'Maina' and was associated probably with the castle of
899:
mentions the cities of Mani: Messi (Mezapos), Oetylus (Oitylo), Kardamili (or Skardamoula), Gerenia, Teuthrone (Kotronas), and Las (
3652:
Between 1600 and 1700, there was a mass exodus of Maniots leaving Mani for European countries. In 1570, some Maniots immigrated to
875:
6381:
3627:
As a result of the many revolts against the Ottoman Empire, the Maniots welcomed new Greek refugees from various areas including
3299:
decided to go to the Spartan mountains of Mani with the rest of the Spartans rather than be in Achaean or, later, Roman service.
2090:
Around 1770, the Ottoman commander Hasan Ghazi with 16,000 men besieged the two fighting towers (pyrgoi) of Venetsanakis clan in
752:
166:
5104:
3980:
3925:
6274:
3096:, who in fact blessed the ships before they left and sometimes accompanied them on raids. Most of the Maniot pirates came from
2345:
2325:
2314:
2280:
2085:
1564:
in the Taygetus mountains overlooking Sparta in order to contain the Melengi. To stop the Maniot raids, he built the castle of
1343:), but as his army disembarked, the inhabitants of the town attacked the Vandals and made them retreat after heavy casualties.
562:
527:
3015:
2527:
1800:. Clement died two years later, and the Maniots began to seek a new champion, centering their attention on the King of Spain,
2157:
tried to get Zanetos Grigorakis to replace him, but Zanetos refused until he was lured onto a ship and forced to become bey.
5193:
2729:(1817–1883), born in the Messenian side of Mani, was a political personality famous for his work towards national progress.
1717:. To delay the Turks long enough for Kladas to escape, the Maniot rear guard attacked the Turkish army. Kladas reached the
6279:
6184:
5214:
3686:
3664:
after gaining Ferdinand Medici's permission. There are still towers in Tuscany that look similar to the ones in Mani. The
2791:
2564:
2328:, the Ottomans attacked Mani but were driven back. Theodorobey was removed from power later that year and was replaced by
1860:
572:
1608:
5714:
5080:
4305:
3605:
In 1453, Mani's population grew drastically as a large number of refugees arrived from other parts of Greece, after the
3347:
2885:
2767:
274:
226:
2939:
as well as with the old dialects spoken around Athens until the 19th century, is the divergent treatment of historical
2487:
47:
5943:
3618:
says that Mani had 8,000 fighting men. Kassis comes to the conclusion that Mani had around 45,000 inhabitants in 1820.
3474:
3424:
3311:
2683:
2535:
While Ibrahim was beginning his attack on the Maniot position at Verga, he decided to launch a small fleet and attack
2392:
1753:
1553:
557:
138:
1852:
1898:
2508:
2041:
1809:
1425:. The place in which they live is waterless and inaccessible, but has olives from which they gain some consolation.
1128:
1080:
2287:. The Ottomans replaced him with Antony Grigorakis, cousin of Zanetos. The Turkish fleet under the command of the
6330:
5985:
3576:
3534:
3507:
3493:
3465:
3196:
3075:
2877:
2396:
2255:
2040:
to send an army to Mani and liberate Greece. A Russian fleet of five ships and 500 soldiers under the command of
1832:
1198:), and their Koinon stayed an independent state. This signified the beginning of the "Golden Age" of the Koinon.
698:
693:
112:
56:
1111:, tried to relieve the city but the Achaean navy was defeated off Gythium and the army was forced to retreat to
6248:
6088:
3548:
3497:
2726:
2430:
1836:
1757:
1600:
1507:
1388:
1103:
1000:
ruled Mani, Tenaron became an important gathering place for mercenaries. Gythium became a major port under the
838:
567:
1963:
1702:
2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry under the command of Ale Boumico. The Venetians, trying to gain favor with the
5287:"Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks"
3116:
There is a strong history of superstition and folklore in Maniot culture; most common stories revolve around
2959:
Other features of the Maniot dialect include the palatalization of velar consonants, i.e. the realization of
1721:, whence he became a mercenary leader. He returned to Mani in 1490 and was killed in a battle at Monemvasia.
1075:
tried to invade Mani and the rest of Laconia (219–218 BC) and unsuccessfully besieged the cities of Gythium,
6310:
6258:
6189:
6108:
5707:
3480:
3470:
3140:
had enchanted it he would have to marry her. The Maniots thought that certain areas were haunted by demons.
3093:
2795:
2703:
1136:
1009:
3336:
Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks
1159:
defeated them. Most probably in gratitude, the Maniots supplied Pompey with archers in his battles against
6219:
6127:
6036:
5865:
3606:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2845:
2653:
2641:
2469:
2403:
2196:
2192:
2095:
1942:. The Stephanopoulos clan was forced to leave Oitylo in 1676, and after having gained permission from the
1817:
1640:
1515:
1471:
1455:
1228:
The Koinon remained semi-independent (autonomous under Roman sovereignty) until the provincial reforms of
1213:
1183:
646:
130:
4418:, IFEA/Kitap yayınevi (in Turkish), İstanbul: Institut français d’études anatoliennes, pp. 735–835,
2555:, called Bosinas. As he advanced towards Polytsaravos (nowadays a deserted place in the southern part of
1088:
6335:
6223:
6143:
6122:
6073:
3972:
3917:
3408:
3380:
2457:
2015:
1915:
1714:
1648:
1503:
1190:(September 2, 31 BC) and in gratitude they officially recognized Augustus as Emperor and invited him at
551:
150:
108:
2722:
1164:
1576:. A Latin bishop was appointed for Mani during the 1250s. In 1259, the bishop was captured during the
6325:
6305:
6253:
6153:
6112:
5782:
3610:
3580:
3525:
3503:
3438:
3429:
3319:
3192:
2872:
sentiment of the Maniots. The Germans and Italians left Greece in 1944, but as soon as they left the
2822:
2699:
2637:
2627:
2623:
2504:
2336:
the Mediterranean in the years 1805–1807. Many veterans of this unit later joined the secret society
2329:
2251:
2200:
1931:
1845:
1518:. In 1210, Mani was given to Baron Jean de Neuilly as Hereditary Marshal, and he built the castle of
1289:
1281:
745:
532:
422:
301:
3804:
3639:
while some others became pirates to fulfill their patriotic duties. In fact, the Ottoman fleet near
2426:. The Senate agreed with Mavromichalis, and the Maniots attacked the Turks of Messenia and Laconia.
2388:
1663:, a daughter of Demetrios and his second wife Theodora Asanina, was given in marriage to Mehmed II.
1256:
1099:
with assistance from a combined Pergamene and Rhodian force captured Gythium after a lengthy siege.
6300:
6148:
5928:
5886:
5754:
5677:
4410:
Yerasimos, Marianna (2020-05-27), Anadol, Çağatay; Eldem, Edhem; Pekin, Ersu; Tibet, Aksel (eds.),
3540:
3529:
3343:
3307:
3173:, 'truce') in order to allow for crop harvests or the attendance of religious ceremonies; when the
2865:
2698:
On May 14, 1834, four companies of Bavarian troops, assisted by four cannons, besieged the town of
2671:
2414:. On March 23, they captured the city. From Kalamata, Mavromichalis wrote letters to the states of
2188:
2037:
1801:
1577:
1499:
1487:
1443:
1418:
1371:
1072:
1068:
1019:
along with 50 triremes and 4,000 hoplites. The city and the dockyards were rebuilt and by the late
822:
487:
250:
176:
5685:
4062:
2802:
feelings amongst Maniots. That is why most Maniots remained loyal to Constantine during the Greek
6078:
6013:
5975:
5764:
5652:
5540:
3519:
3420:
3314:, the Maniots were not conquered by the Slavs and were descended from the ancient 'Romaioi'. The
3300:
2936:
2779:
2695:, but during the night the Maniots surrounded and captured them, forcing them to leave the area.
2660:
2588:
2477:
2183:
and other Greek bandits. Among them was the famous Greek pirate and officer of the Russian army,
2123:
1864:
1805:
1770:
1678:
1652:
1612:
1592:
1526:. The castle occupied a significant position, as it controlled an important pass from Gythium to
1285:
1207:
1060:
890:
678:
656:
636:
517:
512:
329:
6204:
6169:
6031:
6007:
5595:
5576:
5557:
5500:
5477:
5458:
5435:
5412:
5393:
5374:
5355:
5328:
5310:
4419:
3761:
3755:
3694:
3414:
3351:
3296:
2915:. Mani's main source of income is tourism. The most famous of the tourist attractions are the
2576:
2496:
2439:
2187:, who helped the Russians with their wars against the Ottomans, Andreas Androutsos (father of
2114:
2106:
2091:
1972:
1943:
1813:
1793:
1766:
1718:
1709:
A month later, a larger force under the command of Ahmed Bey invaded Mani and drove Kladas to
1036:
1020:
936:
714:
688:
631:
611:
455:
432:
269:
262:
245:
216:
3726:
3253:
2060:), Piotr Dolgorukov, and Panagiotis Koumoundouros, consisted of 200 Maniots and 12 Russians.
6376:
6240:
6209:
6083:
5952:
5774:
5642:
5532:
5318:
5300:
3787:
3660:, as well as the Latriani, (whose Latinized name happened to be Medici) who went to live in
3374:
or Mesa/Inner Mani (22 samples) it amounts to 0.7%–1.6%, while in the cases of Maniots from
2826:
2818:
2382:
2259:
2184:
2173:
1876:
1495:
1450:
fully in the 9th century AD, though some church ruins from the 4th century AD indicate that
1447:
1293:
1261:
1236:
1187:
1156:
723:
661:
502:
467:
381:
334:
231:
1047:
6350:
6340:
6046:
5881:
5795:
5759:
5749:
3984:
3955:
3929:
3888:
3682:
2927:
2873:
2803:
2423:
2419:
2216:
2204:
2138:
1872:
1828:
1761:
1383:
1351:
1325:
1309:
1217:
1084:
950:
738:
606:
577:
522:
507:
386:
376:
354:
279:
257:
221:
1698:. Kladas refused to accept the conditions, and so the Venetians put a price on his head.
1292:. The Roman Empire had divided for the last time, and Mani became part of the Eastern or
5619:
2604:
1588:
6199:
6194:
6179:
6063:
6051:
5834:
5730:
5493:
5451:
5428:
5323:
5286:
3636:
3515:
3488:
3446:
3315:
2869:
2837:
2775:
2675:
2667:
2580:
2568:
2349:
2033:
1927:
1671:
1644:
1633:
1545:
1538:
1483:
1479:
1435:
1402:
1144:
1140:
1124:
1096:
1092:
1028:
879:
842:
786:
774:
727:
719:
641:
621:
599:
497:
492:
399:
368:
359:
238:
2911:. Mani has around 18,000 inhabitants, with the most important and populous town being
1466:
6370:
6315:
6214:
6041:
6026:
5994:
5938:
5933:
5908:
5808:
5656:
5544:
5112:
3977:
3922:
3690:
3665:
3615:
3484:
2995:
2893:
2814:
2374:
2353:
2337:
2154:
2142:
took out their concealed weapons and killed all the Turkish inhabitants of Passavas.
1840:
1703:
1313:
1229:
1202:
being Asine and Kardamyli. Mani became a center for purple dye, which was popular in
1160:
977:
928:
703:
626:
472:
349:
92:
2829:(October 28-November 13, 1940), despite the Italians having more advanced weaponry.
2543:. This would also allow the Egyptians to attack the Maniots at Verga from the rear.
2161:
Grigorakis, were scions of the main Maniot clans, each rising to the rank of major.
1210:. Las is recorded to have been a comfortable city with Roman baths and a gymnasium.
6068:
6021:
6001:
5876:
5847:
5744:
3739:
3452:
3200:
2916:
2853:
2841:
2810:
2679:
2649:
2584:
2208:
2027:
1999:
1991:
1883:
1523:
1491:
1451:
1398:
1340:
1273:
1269:
1240:
651:
616:
477:
404:
344:
104:
3358:
and southern Italians. This can be explained by the fact that Maniots (along with
2967:. This feature is shared with many southern dialects of Greek, especially Cretan.
2460:, to aid him to attack Mani. Ali promised to aid him in return for the islands of
2364:
1781:
861:("inner" or southwestern and eastern) part of Mani and the occasional "-oggonas".
17:
2402:
On March 21, an army of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis,
903:). Under the Mycenaeans, Mani flourished and a temple dedicated to the Greek god
5970:
5962:
5920:
5903:
5898:
5821:
5185:
3735:
3678:
3589:
3384:
3367:
3157:
3056:
3003:
2787:
2783:
2473:
2407:
2236:
2146:
1979:
1710:
1655:
chose to follow his example and defend the Peloponnese. Instead, Thomas fled to
1565:
1308:
and destroyed what was left of Gythium. Alaric captured the most famous cities,
1305:
1195:
1179:
1108:
1032:
965:
798:
482:
306:
5495:
The Greek Adventure: Lord Byron and Other Eccentrics in the War of Independence
2169:
1950:. The Stephanopoulos family first lived in the town of Paomia before moving to
1863:. The Maniots supported the Venetians by offering them ships. In 1659, Admiral
1831:, Duke of Mantua and Nevers. Charles was a descendant of the Byzantine Emperor
1027:
fleet. The Spartan leadership of the Peloponnese lasted until 371 BC, when the
3628:
3208:
3204:
3117:
2985:
2953:
2833:
2799:
2122:. The entire army was under the command of Exarchos Grigorakis and his nephew
2045:
1959:
1951:
1903:
1859:, one of their provinces since 1204, from the Ottoman Empire, initially under
1604:
1557:
1549:
1347:
1232:
1191:
683:
339:
316:
181:
5314:
5076:
4297:
2032:
Georgios Papazolis, a Greek officer of the Russian army, was a friend of the
857:("outer" or northwestern) part of Mani, "akis" or "-akos" in what is now the
6230:
5390:
Travelers to an Antique Land: The History and Literature of Travel to Greece
3632:
3392:
3375:
3371:
3355:
3224:
3149:
2897:
2734:
2688:
2481:
2449:
2119:
2002:. Ultimately, Limberakis moved to Italy where he died fourteen years later.
1995:
1637:
1301:
1221:
666:
462:
442:
427:
84:
5332:
4411:
3790:, Centre for Research of Greek Folklore of the Academy of Athens (in Greek)
2613:
5672:
5536:
3303:
claims that Maniots rarely mated with non-Maniots until the 20th century.
2101:
1611:. With the Franks gone from Laconia, the Maniots lived in peace under the
1434:(situated in the small peninsula of Tigani in Mezapos bay in northwestern
6174:
5684:
5352:
Mani: A Guide to the Villages, Towers and Churches of the Mani Peninsular
5305:
3670:
3653:
3585:
3363:
3359:
3195:
when war was declared on the Ottoman Empire in March 1821, beginning the
2908:
2692:
2556:
2552:
2536:
2411:
2378:
2310:
2302:
2224:
1911:
1868:
1738:
1616:
1542:
1534:
1519:
1439:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1332:
1321:
1297:
1277:
1175:
1152:
1076:
1016:
961:
916:
900:
854:
794:
5647:
5630:
2994:, a crimson-colored dye. The north-west parts of Mesa Mani were rich in
2919:, which are two caves that have underwater rivers flowing through them.
2309:
In 1805, Seremet attacked Zacharias Barbitsiotis at his fortress in the
2294:
2018:
was signed, and the Venetians abandoned their claim to the Peloponnese.
1978:
The Venetians, with assistance of the Greeks, conquered the rest of the
976:, a sea shell that was used to make purple dye and was plentiful in the
3674:
3661:
3657:
3433:
3396:
3388:
3125:
3014:
2912:
2904:
2759:
2645:
2540:
2500:
2453:
2318:
2288:
2220:
2180:
2134:
1987:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1907:
1797:
1785:
1734:
1561:
1422:
1375:
1366:
1336:
1216:
has left us a description of Gythium as it existed during the reign of
1148:
1132:
1052:
1013:
969:
953:
947:
874:
858:
826:
790:
3411:, Chief of Staff of Greek Air Force under the King. Five star general.
3291:
The inhabitants of Mani claim to be direct descendants of the ancient
2652:. His brother Konstantinos, the defender of Nafplio, and Petros' son,
2291:
Seremet, was unable to capture Cranae and was soon forced to retreat.
2118:
defensive position which was on mountainous terrain above the town of
1882:
With Crete captured, the Ottomans turned their attention to Mani. The
1855:" began, during which the Republic of Venice was attempting to defend
988:
853:
The surnames of the Maniots uniformly end in "eas" in what is now the
3640:
3292:
3278:
3089:
3059:
dance in it. Like the Palio Maniatiko, it is only performed in Mani.
2977:
2889:
2849:
2770:, military conflicts against the Bulgarian organization known as the
2465:
2415:
2298:
2284:
2275:
Early 19th century and the beginning of the Greek War of Independence
2244:
2228:
2150:
2072:
2064:
1983:
1967:
1923:
1891:
1746:
1686:
1569:
1527:
1431:
1317:
1064:
1024:
1005:
1001:
997:
957:
940:
932:
920:
912:
908:
904:
830:
817:
802:
782:
208:
201:
158:
88:
80:
5430:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
1556:, acted against the raiders. He used the newly captured fortress of
3728:
The Bureau: Or Repository of Literature, Politics, and Intelligence
2348:, Petros joined the French army only for a while and fought in the
1666:
3572:
3456:
3261:
3185:
whenever the community faced a Turkish threat. The longest of all
3129:
3121:
3013:
2926:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2721:
2711:
2526:
2486:
2461:
2443:
2387:
2363:
2293:
2263:
2168:
2100:
1897:
1856:
1821:
1780:
1665:
1656:
1587:
1465:
1365:
1355:
1255:
1112:
1046:
987:
973:
924:
895:
886:
873:
409:
5699:
4412:"Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi'nde Yunanistan: Rota ve Güzergâhlar"
1930:, there was a notorious twenty-five-year-old Maniot pirate named
5523:
Nicholas, Nick (2006). "Negotiating a Greco-Corsican Identity".
5434:(Second ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press.
3967:
3912:
3593:
3383:
and the possibility that Tsakonia in antiquity was inhabited by
2999:
2981:
2232:
1682:
1580:
by the renewed Byzantine Empire under the leadership of Nicaea.
1203:
834:
5703:
4678:
4676:
3579:. Kyriakos Kassis claims that the Nikliani were a family while
2766:
At the start of the 20th century, Greece was involved with the
2682:. Since he was underage, he had a Council of Regency headed by
2503:
and Mani. When he tried to capture Nafplio, he was repelled by
1174:(32–30 BC), the Maniots and the rest of the Laconians supplied
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4734:
4732:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4478:
4476:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4324:
4322:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4041:
4039:
4026:
4024:
4022:
3511:
3442:
3137:
2360:"Declaration of War" and Contributions to the Greek Revolution
1206:, as well as being well known for its rose antique marble and
968:
came to Mani and were thought to have established a colony at
5219:[1906: The bloody feud between Maniots and Cretans].
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3370:, especially the ones from Deep Mani. Namely, in the case of
3346:
segment. The Maniots differ from all other Peloponnesians by
2733:
During Otto's rule, blood was spilled in Mani because of the
2395:(Greek: Νικόλαος Πιερράκος Μαυρομιχάλης), fighter during the
2211:
Koca Yusuf Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ended the
825:, Maniots had a reputation as fierce and proudly independent
3656:. Around 700 members of the Stephanopoulos clan migrated to
2794:. The participation of troops from Mani in these wars under
1681:, a Greek from Laconia, was granted lordship by Mehmed over
1438:). The Maniots at that time were called 'Hellenes'—that is,
5216:
1906: Η αιματηρή βεντέτα ανάμεσα σε Μανιάτες και Κρητικούς
3066:
1647:, who had died defending Constantinople. However, neither
1560:
to keep the Tsakonians at bay, and he built the castle at
2741:
revolted against the Ottomans. The Maniots, described as
2499:. Ibrahim soon had recaptured the Peloponnese except for
2105:
Maniot towers like the one that held off the Ottomans at
2098:, the future commander of the Greek War of Independence.
1848:. The idea of the crusade faded and Nevers died in 1637.
4416:
Bir allame-i cihan : Stefanos Yerasimos (1942-2005)
2956:
settlement in much of its area in the late Middle Ages.
2429:
Kolokotronis, convinced that he was correct, moved into
1607:
and Monemvasia, as well as surrender hostages including
2864:
During the occupation, Mani became a stronghold of the
2438:, Petros Mavromichalis' younger brother, was killed in
816:
The Maniots claim to be the descendants of the ancient
2903:
Nowadays, Mani is divided between two regional units:
1382:
There is a description of Mani and its inhabitants in
5631:"Modern Greek Dialects: A Preliminary Classification"
5621:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
5592:
Herōides tēs Lakonias kai tēs Manēs holēs (1453–1944)
5453:
Deep into Mani: Journey to the Southern Tip of Greece
3306:
Mani became a refuge during the 4th century when the
2931:
A map showing the distribution of the Maniot dialect.
927:. Mani was also featured in other tales such as when
5050:
5038:
5026:
4999:
4941:
4871:
4847:
4738:
4711:
4699:
4682:
4646:
4627:
4615:
4603:
4511:
4494:
4482:
4349:
4328:
4244:
4165:
4132:
4105:
4045:
4030:
3940:
3938:
3864:
3148:
Another important aspect of Maniot culture were the
1851:
In 1645, a new Turkish-Venetian War, the so-called "
911:. The temple was of such importance that it rivaled
6293:
6267:
6239:
6162:
6136:
6101:
5984:
5961:
5864:
5857:
5773:
5737:
2943:(written <υ>). Although this sound merged to
2813:, the Maniot armed forces significantly helped the
1713:. There, he was picked up by three galleys of King
1552:also resisted the Franks. In 1249, the new prince,
1155:. The Maniots were delivered from the pirates when
1127:rebelled against Roman dominance, resulting in the
119:
98:
74:
64:
38:
5492:
5450:
5427:
5371:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities
3996:
2179:During Zanetos' rule, Mani became a base for many
1752:Cyprus fell later that year, but the fleet of the
1023:, Gythium was the main building place for the new
939:spent their first night together on the island of
5449:Greenhalgh, P. A. L.; Eliopoulos, Edward (1985).
2630:(right) led to the assassination of Kapodistrias.
1788:, a typical Maniot village famous for its towers.
1123:The Maniots lived in peace until 146 BC when the
1004:as it was only 27 km (17 mi) away from
4925:
4923:
2145:In 1782, the Ottomans lured Michalis Troupakis,
1835:through his grandmother, who was of the line of
1067:, Mani remained controlled by the Spartans. The
3395:), while similarly conservative Mani by actual
2452:became desperate and during 1824 called on his
1394:
1012:, it was besieged and captured by the Athenian
5179:
5177:
5099:
5097:
3754:Harris, W. V.; Harris, William Vernon (2005).
2772:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
2656:, were put under house arrest in the capital.
2368:Maniot flag with the motto "Victory or Death".
1954:, and to this day consider themselves Greeks.
1871:, a large city near Mani. In 1667, during the
1867:, with 13,000 Maniots as his allies, occupied
1151:who plundered Mani and pillaged the temple of
1131:. The conflict resulted in the destruction of
5715:
3575:before it was sacked in the reign of Emperor
2215:, recognized Russia's 1783 annexation of the
1994:, when the Ottomans destroyed his estates at
1659:, while Demetrios sought refuge with Mehmed.
1370:A characteristic door with the symbol of the
972:(Roman name: Gythium). This colony collected
746:
8:
6285:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
2832:Later, Maniots won another victory when the
2691:in order to tame Mesa Mani. They made it to
2113:From Kastania, Hasan Ghazi advanced towards
33:
5573:The Greeks: Their Struggle for Independence
5369:Cartledge, Paul; Spawforth, Antony (2002).
5010:
5008:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4587:
4585:
4576:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4522:
4520:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4253:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4205:
4203:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3103:
3097:
3040:
3034:
3028:
2989:
2674:and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen, became
2573:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2063:Meanwhile, the Russian fleet was besieging
1346:Decades later, the famed Byzantine general
5861:
5722:
5708:
5700:
4929:
4914:
4795:
4783:
4771:
4723:
3528:, military officer and army leader of the
1962:. The Turkish general in the Peloponnese,
753:
739:
145:
46:
32:
5646:
5409:Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese
5322:
5304:
5247:
3449:and one of the most feared Maniot Pirates
3362:) inherited the lowest amounts of Slavic
1510:defeated the Peloponnesian Greeks at the
1276:under his control, died. His eldest son,
6356:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
5062:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3760:. Oxford University Press. p. 282.
3643:, Crete was destroyed by Maniot pirates.
2659:On September 27, 1831 (October 9 in the
2356:, which by 1821 was prepared to revolt.
2153:, where he was executed for piracy. The
1990:. Limberakis first attacked the city of
1574:at a fearful cliff with a headland above
1548:, raided Laconia from the west, and the
992:Map of Modern Mani, also showing Laconia
785:subgroup that traditionally inhabit the
5271:
4117:
3718:
3564:
2988:, hides as well as a tanning agent and
2254:, at the time a general serving in the
1599:On July 25, 1261, the Byzantines under
1514:(1205), and the Peloponnese became the
1512:Battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros
1178:with troops for his confrontation with
157:
5259:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5014:
4987:
4970:
4953:
4902:
4890:
4859:
4828:
4816:
4759:
4667:
4591:
4564:
4547:
4526:
4467:
4458:, p. 31. See also Nicholas, 2006.
4455:
4443:
4397:
4380:
4368:
4276:
4259:
4232:
4209:
4194:
4182:
4144:
4086:
4074:
4013:
3845:
3828:
3816:
2313:mountains and managed to kill him. In
1827:The Maniots found a champion in 1612,
1252:From Theodosius I to the Avar invasion
3944:
3900:
3788:Form and evolution of Maniot surnames
3522:and President of the Executive (1823)
2947:everywhere else, these dialects have
1172:Civil war between Antony and Octavian
915:which was then a temple dedicated to
7:
5611:Greek Traditional Architecture: Mani
3731:. S.C. Carpenter. 1812. p. 36.
3134:Henry Herbert, 3rd Earl of Carnarvon
2468:, as well as making his eldest son,
2317:, the Ottomans attacked Antonbey at
1482:(1201–1204), the Crusaders captured
1397:Be it known that the inhabitants of
956:. The Dorians settled originally at
75:Regions with significant populations
27:Ethnic subgroup from southern Greece
6058:
5613:. Athens: Melissa Publishing House.
5556:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2434:Peloponnese fell. On July 4, 1822,
2305:, stronghold of Mavromichalis' clan
1609:Lady Margaret, Baroness of Passavas
1401:are not from the race of aforesaid
805:. They were also formerly known as
5554:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5292:European Journal of Human Genetics
3340:European Journal of Human Genetics
2848:(March 27-March 29, 1941) on Cape
1756:defeated the Ottoman fleet at the
25:
5590:Roumeliōtēs, Giannēs Ch. (2002).
3681:of a Palaeologus who fought with
3545:Member of the Hellenic Parliament
2012:Ottomans attacked the Peloponnese
5671:
5575:. Hellenic International Press.
5392:. University of Michigan Press.
5051:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
5039:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
5027:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
5000:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4942:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4872:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4848:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4739:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4712:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4700:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4683:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4647:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4628:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4616:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4604:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4512:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4495:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4483:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4350:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4329:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4245:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4166:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4133:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4106:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4046:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
4031:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
3865:Greenhalgh & Eliopoulos 1985
3088:Part of Maniot culture involved
2612:
2603:
2393:Nikolaos Pierrakos Mavromichalis
1796:, who had recently taken up the
1792:In 1603, the Maniots approached
1462:Under the Principality of Achaea
946:During the 12th century BC, the
165:
6275:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
5525:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
5227:from the original on 2018-07-02
5196:from the original on 2006-12-30
5083:from the original on 2008-01-05
4308:from the original on 2006-10-15
2086:Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)
2080:Ottoman invasion of Mani (1770)
1272:, who had managed to unite the
841:and later against those of the
5552:Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991).
5491:Howarth, David Armine (1976).
5407:Fermor, Patrick Leigh (1984).
3997:Cartledge & Spawforth 2002
3697:, had an army corps named the
3187:
3181:
3175:
2678:after he was appointed by the
2227:the Russo-Turkish frontier in
2149:, onto a ship and sent him to
1910:, which was founded by Maniot
1167:(49–45 BC) and were defeated.
1:
6280:Center for the Greek Language
5838:
5825:
5812:
5799:
5786:
5571:Paroulakis, Peter H. (1984).
3506:, starter and fighter of the
2859:Italian and German occupation
2792:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
1975:with the Maniots in pursuit.
1773:to provide military support.
1362:During the Macedonian dynasty
1320:. He was at last defeated by
323:Constantinople and Asia Minor
134:
126:
5635:Journal of Greek Linguistics
5354:. Antonis Thomeas Services.
4298:"Turkokratia: Kladas Revolt"
3757:Rethinking the Mediterranean
3553:Minister for Foreign Affairs
3494:Kyriakoulis P. Mavromichalis
1584:Under the Despotate of Morea
943:, off the coast of Gytheio.
878:Map showing the location of
4302:Mani: A Guide and a History
4120:, pp. 1916–1919 under
3473:, lawyer, president of the
3338:" (2017), published in the
3312:Constantine Porphyrogenitus
3163:
3098:
3029:
3027:Two dances come from Mani:
2990:
2684:Josef Ludwig von Armansperg
2480:was killed, and his nephew
1554:William II of Villehardouin
1530:and contained the Maniots.
563:Greek Byzantine Catholicism
139:Greek Orthodox Christianity
6398:
5686:"Maina and Mainotes"
5594:. Ekdoseis Adoulōtē Manē.
3423:, painter, founder of the
3197:Greek War for Independence
3080:Present State of the Morea
2509:Konstantinos Mavromichalis
2491:Konstantinos Mavromichalis
2083:
2042:Aleksey Grigoryevich Orlov
2025:
1760:. The Greeks assumed that
1139:and the annexation of the
5514:Kassis, Kyriakos (1979).
3577:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3535:George Tsimbidaros-Fteris
3508:Greek War of Independence
3477:and Prime Minister (1963)
3466:Greek War of Independence
3462:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
3169:
3104:
3035:
2878:Communist Party of Greece
2876:began. The armies of the
2821:. A Maniot named Colonel
2758:View of the promenade of
2644:, Petros' brother, go to
2436:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
2397:Greek War of Independence
2256:French Revolutionary Wars
1918:church in the background.
1888:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Pasha
1833:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1568:, which is most probably
1284:, while his younger son,
778:
335:Constantinopolitan Greeks
137:10th century to present:
124:
103:
79:
69:
53:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
45:
5629:Trudgill, Peter (2003).
5609:Saitas, Yiannis (1990).
5472:Hellander, Paul (2008).
5223:(in Greek). 2018-09-14.
5215:
3549:Prime Minister of Greece
3498:Prime Minister of Greece
3366:ancestry throughout the
2774:, and Turkish forces in
2727:Alexandros Koumoundouros
2587:defeated Ibrahim at the
2346:French invasion of Egypt
2258:under the orders of the
1837:Theodore I of Montferrat
1758:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
1601:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1508:Geoffrey I Villehardouin
1389:De Administrando Imperio
1104:Koinon of Free Laconians
1008:. In 455 BC, during the
964:. During that time, the
839:William II Villehardouin
6382:Ethnic groups in Greece
6311:Greek language question
5692:Encyclopædia Britannica
5618:Smith, William (1873).
5388:Eisner, Robert (1993).
3481:Demetrios Mavromichalis
3471:Stylianos Mavromichalis
3094:Eastern Orthodox Church
2796:Constantine I of Greece
2762:, largest town of Mani.
2199:had her representative
1745:the Venetian island of
1296:. Between 395 and 397,
1280:, succeeded him in the
1137:Lucius Mummius Achaicus
1010:First Peloponnesian War
809:, and the peninsula as
558:Greek Roman Catholicism
5695:(11th ed.). 1911.
5624:. London: John Murray.
3607:Fall of Constantinople
3019:
2932:
2846:Battle of Cape Matapan
2763:
2730:
2704:Christian von Schmaltz
2654:Georgios Mavromichalis
2532:
2492:
2470:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
2404:Theodoros Kolokotronis
2399:
2369:
2306:
2223:to Russia, making the
2197:Catherine II of Russia
2195:. On January 9, 1792,
2193:Zacharias Barbitsiotis
2176:
2110:
2096:Theodoros Kolokotronis
2036:and had them convince
1919:
1818:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1789:
1675:
1596:
1516:Principality of Achaea
1475:
1472:Principality of Achaea
1428:
1379:
1265:
1184:Cleopatra VII of Egypt
1056:
993:
883:
595:Languages and dialects
131:Ancient Greek religion
5537:10.1353/mgs.2006.0009
5426:Green, Peter (1990).
5373:. London: Routledge.
5109:PMDG: Types of Dances
4059:Description of Greece
3973:Ab urbe condita libri
3918:Ab urbe condita libri
3537:, poet and journalist
3381:isolation by distance
3249:, pasta with egg dish
3191:was announced by the
3017:
2930:
2757:
2725:
2530:
2490:
2458:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
2391:
2367:
2297:
2247:on one of the ships.
2172:
2104:
2016:Treaty of Passarowitz
1901:
1784:
1737:. The Ottomans under
1715:Ferdinand I of Naples
1669:
1649:Demetrios Palaiologos
1591:
1572:. It is described as
1504:William of Champlitte
1469:
1417:) but from the older
1369:
1324:and then crossed the
1259:
1071:under the command of
1051:Ancient theatre near
1050:
991:
877:
789:; located in western
552:Greek Orthodox Church
6321:Morphemes in English
6306:Eteocypriot language
5738:Origin and genealogy
5680:at Wikimedia Commons
5350:Barrow, Bob (2000).
5306:10.1038/ejhg.2017.18
3677:, as well as one in
3611:William Martin Leake
3581:Patrick Leigh Fermor
3526:Michail Anagnostakos
3504:Petros Mavromichalis
3439:Limberakis Gerakaris
3430:Konstantinos Davakis
3320:David Armine Howarth
3257:(pork meat, coldcut)
3219:Local specialities:
2823:Konstantinos Davakis
2668:Otto von Wittelsbach
2638:Ioannis Kapodistrias
2628:Ioannis Kapodistrias
2624:Petros Mavromichalis
2622:The imprisonment of
2595:Republic and Regency
2505:Dimitrios Ypsilantis
2330:Petros Mavromichalis
2201:Alexander Bezborodko
1932:Limberakis Gerakaris
1470:Coat of Arms of the
1290:Western Roman Empire
1282:Eastern Roman Empire
1268:On January 17, 395,
568:Greek Evangelicalism
6326:Terms of endearment
6301:Eteocretan language
6268:Promotion and study
5755:Pre-Greek substrate
5648:10.1075/jgl.4.04tru
5457:. Faber and Faber.
3541:Tzannis Tzannetakis
3530:Macedonian Struggle
3308:Barbarian invasions
2866:Security Battalions
2768:Macedonian Struggle
2672:Ludwig I of Bavaria
2565:Bourbon Restoration
2531:Ilias Mavromichalis
2511:, Petros' brother.
2446:fortress of Kiafa.
2038:Catherine the Great
1661:Helena Palaiologina
1641:took Constantinople
1615:, whose successive
1578:Battle of Pelagonia
1500:Empire of Trebizond
1488:Despotate of Epirus
1444:Names of the Greeks
1372:double-headed eagle
1328:towards the north.
1073:Philip V of Macedon
823:early modern period
57:Greek revolutionary
35:
6346:Greek Language Day
5976:Jewish Koine Greek
5765:Hellenic languages
5518:. Athens: Presoft.
3983:2007-09-29 at the
3954:2011-06-04 at the
3928:2006-09-07 at the
3887:2012-09-30 at the
3520:Lieutenant General
3421:Panagiotis Doxaras
3409:Georgios Antonakos
3207:soldiers, and 200
3193:Mavromichalis clan
3020:
2984:for masts as well
2933:
2764:
2731:
2661:Gregorian calendar
2533:
2493:
2400:
2370:
2307:
2252:Napoleon Bonaparte
2231:while leaving the
2219:, and transferred
2177:
2124:Zanetos Grigorakis
2111:
1982:and then besieged
1920:
1865:Francesco Morosini
1806:Republic of Venice
1790:
1771:Philip II of Spain
1679:Krokodeilos Kladas
1676:
1653:Thomas Palaiologos
1613:Despotate of Morea
1597:
1593:Despotate of Morea
1476:
1380:
1266:
1237:barbarian invasion
1165:Caesar's civil war
1061:Hellenistic period
1057:
994:
907:was built at Cape
891:Catalogue of Ships
884:
797:, in the southern
647:Constantinopolitan
227:Russia and Ukraine
196:Native communities
18:Mani Greek Dialect
6364:
6363:
6170:Cypriot syllabary
6097:
6096:
5971:Hellenistic Koine
5676:Media related to
5582:978-0-9590894-0-0
5483:978-1-74104-656-4
5476:. Lonely Planet.
5411:. Penguin Books.
5105:"Types of Dances"
5065:, pp. 54–59.
4446:, pp. 30–31.
4425:978-2-36245-044-0
3767:978-0-19-926545-9
3695:Holy Roman Empire
3543:, naval officer,
3487:and aide to King
3415:Stephen Antonakos
3231:Kolokythokorfades
3211:sailors to stop.
3086:
3085:
2868:, because of the
2798:, created strong
2718:Late 19th century
2577:Edward Codrington
2213:Russo-Turkish War
1944:Republic of Genoa
1846:Thirty Years' War
1820:, and once again
1814:Republic of Genoa
1810:Kingdom of France
1794:Pope Clement VIII
1767:Pope Gregory VIII
1719:Kingdom of Naples
1456:Hellenic religion
1235:in 297. With the
1135:by the forces of
1129:Battle of Corinth
1089:Roman–Spartan War
1035:defeated them at
1021:Peloponnesian War
763:
762:
715:History of Greece
689:Karamanli Turkish
433:Megleno-Romanians
144:
143:
59:of Maniot origin.
16:(Redirected from
6389:
6089:Greco-Australian
5862:
5843:
5840:
5830:
5827:
5817:
5814:
5804:
5801:
5791:
5788:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5675:
5660:
5650:
5625:
5614:
5605:
5586:
5567:
5548:
5519:
5510:
5498:
5487:
5468:
5456:
5445:
5433:
5422:
5403:
5384:
5365:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5308:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5181:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5111:. Archived from
5101:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4974:
4968:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4799:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4686:
4680:
4671:
4665:
4650:
4644:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4580:
4577:Roumeliōtēs 2002
4574:
4568:
4562:
4551:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4509:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4263:
4257:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4213:
4207:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4169:
4163:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4034:
4028:
4017:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3965:
3959:
3942:
3933:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3723:
3702:
3650:
3644:
3625:
3619:
3603:
3597:
3569:
3425:Heptanese School
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3076:Bernard Randolph
3067:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3018:Woman from Mani.
2993:
2966:
2963:as ( or before
2962:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2844:of Italy in the
2827:Battle of Pindus
2819:Battle of Greece
2616:
2607:
2410:marched towards
2383:Victory or death
2260:French Directory
2185:Lambros Katsonis
2174:Lambros Katsonis
2165:Lambros Katsonis
2044:sailed from the
1638:Sultan Mehmed II
1522:on the ruins of
1496:Empire of Nicaea
1446:)—and were only
1413:dwelling on the
1354:(along with the
1294:Byzantine Empire
1262:Byzantine Empire
1188:Battle of Actium
1157:Pompey the Great
1043:Hellenistic Mani
829:, who practiced
781:) are an ethnic
780:
755:
748:
741:
694:Megleno-Romanian
382:Ethiopian Greeks
292:Groups by region
169:
146:
136:
128:
65:Total population
50:
36:
21:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6351:Trojan language
6341:Minoan language
6289:
6263:
6235:
6163:Writing systems
6158:
6154:Standard Modern
6132:
6128:Standard Modern
6093:
6047:Greco/Calabrian
5980:
5957:
5853:
5841:
5828:
5815:
5802:
5796:Mycenaean Greek
5789:
5769:
5760:Graeco-Phrygian
5750:Graeco-Armenian
5733:
5728:
5683:
5668:
5663:
5628:
5617:
5608:
5602:
5589:
5583:
5570:
5564:
5551:
5522:
5513:
5507:
5490:
5484:
5471:
5465:
5448:
5442:
5425:
5419:
5406:
5400:
5387:
5381:
5368:
5362:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5246:
5242:
5230:
5228:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5199:
5197:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5116:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4986:
4977:
4969:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4930:Paroulakis 1984
4928:
4921:
4915:Paroulakis 1984
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4878:
4870:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4835:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4802:
4796:Paroulakis 1984
4794:
4790:
4784:Paroulakis 1984
4782:
4778:
4772:Paroulakis 1984
4770:
4766:
4758:
4745:
4737:
4730:
4724:Paroulakis 1984
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4653:
4645:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4563:
4554:
4546:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4356:
4348:
4335:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4309:
4295:
4294:
4283:
4275:
4266:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4216:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4172:
4164:
4151:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4056:
4052:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4012:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3985:Wayback Machine
3966:
3962:
3956:Wayback Machine
3943:
3936:
3930:Wayback Machine
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3889:Wayback Machine
3875:
3871:
3863:
3852:
3844:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3768:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3683:Oliver Cromwell
3651:
3647:
3626:
3622:
3604:
3600:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3405:
3403:Notable Maniots
3332:
3330:Genetic studies
3301:Kyriakos Kassis
3289:
3217:
3146:
3114:
3065:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3036:Παλιό Μανιάτικο
3030:Palio Maniatiko
3025:
3012:
2973:
2925:
2874:Greek Civil War
2804:National Schism
2752:
2720:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2472:, pasha of the
2362:
2277:
2272:
2217:Crimean Khanate
2205:Treaty of Jassy
2167:
2088:
2082:
2030:
2024:
2008:
1873:Siege of Candia
1829:Charles Gonzaga
1779:
1762:John of Austria
1741:, preparing to
1733:Monemvasia and
1727:
1696:Brazzo di Maina
1630:
1625:
1586:
1464:
1384:Constantine VII
1364:
1326:Gulf of Corinth
1288:, received the
1254:
1249:
1218:Marcus Aurelius
1121:
1045:
986:
872:
867:
851:
759:
717:
709:
708:
673:Other languages
596:
588:
587:
546:
538:
537:
458:
448:
447:
387:Sudanese Greeks
293:
285:
284:
193:
60:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6379:
6369:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6200:Greek numerals
6197:
6195:Attic numerals
6192:
6187:
6180:Greek alphabet
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6039:
6037:Constantinople
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5889:
5879:
5870:
5868:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5835:Medieval Greek
5832:
5819:
5806:
5793:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5731:Greek language
5729:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5681:
5667:
5666:External links
5664:
5662:
5661:
5626:
5615:
5606:
5600:
5587:
5581:
5568:
5562:
5549:
5520:
5516:Mani's History
5511:
5505:
5488:
5482:
5469:
5463:
5446:
5440:
5423:
5417:
5404:
5398:
5385:
5379:
5366:
5360:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5299:(5): 637–645.
5276:
5264:
5252:
5250:, p. 204.
5248:Hellander 2008
5240:
5206:
5173:
5161:
5149:
5137:
5125:
5093:
5075:John Chapman.
5067:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5029:, p. 141.
5019:
5004:
4992:
4975:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4932:, p. 168.
4919:
4917:, p. 165.
4907:
4905:, p. 102.
4895:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4833:
4821:
4800:
4798:, p. 125.
4788:
4786:, p. 113.
4776:
4764:
4743:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4687:
4685:, p. 140.
4672:
4651:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4581:
4569:
4552:
4531:
4516:
4499:
4487:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4436:
4424:
4402:
4385:
4383:, p. 150.
4373:
4354:
4333:
4318:
4296:John Chapman.
4281:
4264:
4249:
4237:
4214:
4199:
4187:
4170:
4149:
4137:
4125:
4110:
4091:
4079:
4077:, p. 120.
4067:
4050:
4035:
4018:
4001:
3989:
3960:
3934:
3905:
3903:, p. 302.
3893:
3869:
3850:
3848:, p. 302.
3833:
3821:
3809:
3792:
3780:
3766:
3746:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3645:
3637:Doge of Venice
3620:
3598:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3501:
3491:
3489:Otto of Greece
3483:, politician,
3478:
3468:
3464:, hero of the
3459:
3450:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3401:
3331:
3328:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3216:
3213:
3145:
3142:
3113:
3110:
3084:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3024:
3021:
3011:
3008:
2972:
2969:
2924:
2923:Maniot dialect
2921:
2917:Caves of Diros
2870:anti-communist
2838:United Kingdom
2751:
2748:
2719:
2716:
2676:King of Greece
2621:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2581:Russian Empire
2569:Henri de Rigny
2519:and await you.
2361:
2358:
2350:Ionian Islands
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2166:
2163:
2084:Main article:
2081:
2078:
2054:Eastern Legion
2050:Western Legion
2026:Main article:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2004:
1928:Constantinople
1916:Greek Catholic
1778:
1775:
1726:
1723:
1672:Ottoman Empire
1645:Constantine XI
1634:Ottoman Empire
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1585:
1582:
1546:mountain range
1484:Constantinople
1480:Fourth Crusade
1463:
1460:
1436:Mani Peninsula
1363:
1360:
1352:Eurasian Avars
1304:plundered the
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1239:affecting the
1145:Roman Republic
1141:Achaean League
1125:Achaean League
1120:
1117:
1097:Achaean League
1093:Roman Republic
1044:
1041:
985:
984:Classical Mani
982:
923:that leads to
880:Mani Peninsula
871:
870:Mycenaean Mani
868:
866:
863:
850:
847:
843:Ottoman Empire
787:Mani Peninsula
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
743:
735:
732:
731:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
413:
412:
407:
402:
390:
389:
384:
379:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
332:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
275:United Kingdom
272:
267:
266:
265:
255:
254:
253:
239:Greek diaspora
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
213:
212:
205:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
171:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
142:
141:
129:10th century:
122:
121:
117:
116:
101:
100:
96:
95:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
51:
43:
42:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6394:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6220:Cyrillization
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:Archaic forms
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6052:Griko/Apulian
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5888:
5887:Arcadocypriot
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5846:
5836:
5833:
5829: 300 BC
5823:
5820:
5810:
5809:Ancient Greek
5807:
5797:
5794:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5687:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5601:960-87030-1-8
5597:
5593:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5563:0-19-504652-8
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5506:0-689-10653-X
5502:
5497:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5464:0-571-13524-2
5460:
5455:
5454:
5447:
5443:
5441:0-500-01485-X
5437:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5418:0-14-011511-0
5414:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5399:0-472-08220-5
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5380:0-415-26277-1
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5361:0-9537517-0-8
5357:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5280:
5277:
5274:, p. 69.
5273:
5268:
5265:
5262:, p. 20.
5261:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5207:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5171:, p. 18.
5170:
5165:
5162:
5159:, p. 17.
5158:
5153:
5150:
5147:, p. 16.
5146:
5141:
5138:
5135:, p. 60.
5134:
5129:
5126:
5115:on 2006-08-20
5114:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5082:
5078:
5077:"The Economy"
5071:
5068:
5064:
5063:Trudgill 2003
5059:
5056:
5053:, p. 39.
5052:
5047:
5044:
5041:, p. 38.
5040:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5023:
5020:
5017:, p. 46.
5016:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:, p. 36.
5001:
4996:
4993:
4990:, p. 45.
4989:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4973:, p. 44.
4972:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:, p. 43.
4955:
4950:
4947:
4944:, p. 35.
4943:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4893:, p. 41.
4892:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4874:, p. 63.
4873:
4868:
4865:
4862:, p. 21.
4861:
4856:
4853:
4850:, p. 62.
4849:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4831:, p. 12.
4830:
4825:
4822:
4819:, p. 40.
4818:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4777:
4774:, p. 58.
4773:
4768:
4765:
4762:, p. 39.
4761:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4741:, p. 58.
4740:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4726:, p. 40.
4725:
4720:
4717:
4714:, p. 33.
4713:
4708:
4705:
4702:, p. 32.
4701:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:, p. 37.
4669:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:, p. 31.
4648:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:, p. 52.
4629:
4624:
4621:
4618:, p. 51.
4617:
4612:
4609:
4606:, p. 30.
4605:
4600:
4597:
4594:, p. 36.
4593:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4579:, p. 31.
4578:
4573:
4570:
4567:, p. 35.
4566:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4550:, p. 34.
4549:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:, p. 33.
4528:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:, p. 29.
4513:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:, p. 28.
4496:
4491:
4488:
4485:, p. 27.
4484:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:, p. 27.
4469:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4400:, p. 32.
4399:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4371:, p. 30.
4370:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:, p. 26.
4351:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4331:, p. 25.
4330:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:, p. 29.
4278:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:, p. 28.
4261:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:, p. 54.
4246:
4241:
4238:
4235:, p. 38.
4234:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4212:, p. 25.
4211:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4197:, p. 86.
4196:
4191:
4188:
4185:, p. 24.
4184:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4168:, p. 24.
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4147:, p. 23.
4146:
4141:
4138:
4135:, p. 23.
4134:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4108:, p. 22.
4107:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4089:, p. 19.
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4048:, p. 49.
4047:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:, p. 21.
4032:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4016:, p. 16.
4015:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:, p. 78.
3998:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3867:, p. 20.
3866:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:, p. 13.
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:Lord Sandwich
3769:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3691:King of Spain
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3666:Duke of Genoa
3663:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3616:Filiki Eteria
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:major general
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3376:West Taygetos
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3006:and tourism.
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2938:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2894:United States
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:defeated the
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:Hellenic Army
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2606:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:France under
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Filiki Eteria
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2354:Filiki Eteria
2351:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2338:Filiki Eteria
2333:
2332:or Petrobey.
2331:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:In 1715, the
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1877:Evliya Çelebi
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:A map of the
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:Ottoman times
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:tribe in the
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:Christianized
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1260:A map of the
1258:
1251:
1247:Medieval Mani
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:Roman Emperor
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1194:(near modern
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:Julius Caesar
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
990:
983:
981:
979:
978:Laconian Gulf
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Helen of Troy
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:
892:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
862:
860:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
772:
768:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
734:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
602:
601:
592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:
549:
548:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:Greek culture
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
417:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
394:
393:Other regions
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
371:
370:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
324:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
297:
296:Modern Greece
289:
288:
281:
280:United States
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
140:
132:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
93:United States
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
37:
19:
6224:Romanization
6074:Romano-Greek
6064:Mariupolitan
6012:
6002:Katharevousa
6000:
5993:
5850:(since 1453)
5848:Modern Greek
5745:Graeco-Aryan
5690:
5638:
5634:
5620:
5610:
5591:
5572:
5553:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5499:. Atheneum.
5494:
5473:
5452:
5429:
5408:
5389:
5370:
5351:
5296:
5290:
5279:
5272:Howarth 1976
5267:
5255:
5243:
5235:
5229:. Retrieved
5221:cretapost.gr
5220:
5209:
5198:. Retrieved
5189:
5184:Venizeleas.
5164:
5152:
5140:
5128:
5117:. Retrieved
5113:the original
5108:
5085:. Retrieved
5070:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5022:
4995:
4949:
4937:
4910:
4898:
4867:
4855:
4824:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4719:
4707:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4572:
4490:
4463:
4451:
4439:
4429:, retrieved
4415:
4405:
4376:
4310:. Retrieved
4301:
4240:
4190:
4140:
4128:
4121:
4118:Kazhdan 1991
4113:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4053:
3992:
3971:
3963:
3916:
3908:
3896:
3877:
3872:
3824:
3819:, p. 7.
3812:
3800:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3756:
3749:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3698:
3648:
3623:
3601:
3567:
3453:Elias Koteas
3335:
3333:
3323:
3305:
3290:
3277:
3274:(Λαλαγγίδες)
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3201:Greek Police
3155:
3147:
3115:
3112:Superstition
3087:
3079:
3026:
2974:
2958:
2934:
2902:
2863:
2854:Nazi Germany
2842:Regia Marina
2831:
2811:World War II
2808:
2765:
2750:20th century
2742:
2732:
2708:
2697:
2680:Great Powers
2665:
2658:
2650:high treason
2635:
2585:Login Geiden
2561:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2494:
2448:
2428:
2401:
2371:
2342:
2334:
2323:
2308:
2278:
2249:
2241:
2209:Grand Vizier
2178:
2159:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2089:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2031:
2028:Orlov Revolt
2022:Orlov Revolt
2009:
2006:18th century
1977:
1956:
1921:
1902:A street of
1884:Grand Vizier
1881:
1850:
1826:
1791:
1777:17th century
1769:to convince
1751:
1728:
1725:16th century
1708:
1700:
1695:
1677:
1631:
1628:15th century
1598:
1573:
1566:Megali Maina
1532:
1492:Latin Empire
1477:
1452:Christianity
1429:
1399:Castle Maina
1396:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1345:
1341:Cape Tenaron
1330:
1274:Roman Empire
1270:Theodosius I
1267:
1241:Roman Empire
1227:
1212:
1200:
1169:
1122:
1101:
1058:
995:
945:
894:
885:
865:Ancient Mani
852:
815:
810:
806:
793:and eastern
770:
766:
764:
672:
671:
598:
550:
416:Other groups
415:
414:
392:
391:
367:
366:
345:Karamanlides
330:Cappadocians
322:
321:
311:
295:
237:
236:
207:
200:
195:
113:Maniot Greek
105:Modern Greek
30:Ethnic group
6331:Place names
6205:Orthography
6014:Misthiotika
6008:Cappadocian
5822:Koine Greek
5803: 1600
5790: 2900
5783:Proto-Greek
5260:Kassis 1979
5190:Mani.org.gr
5169:Barrow 2000
5157:Barrow 2000
5145:Barrow 2000
5133:Eisner 1993
5015:Kassis 1979
4988:Kassis 1979
4971:Kassis 1979
4954:Kassis 1979
4903:Barrow 2000
4891:Kassis 1979
4860:Barrow 2000
4829:Saitas 1990
4817:Kassis 1979
4760:Kassis 1979
4668:Kassis 1979
4592:Kassis 1979
4565:Kassis 1979
4548:Kassis 1979
4527:Kassis 1979
4468:Kassis 1979
4456:Kassis 1979
4444:Kassis 1979
4398:Kassis 1979
4381:Fermor 1984
4369:Kassis 1979
4277:Kassis 1979
4260:Kassis 1979
4233:Kassis 1979
4210:Kassis 1979
4195:Fermor 1984
4183:Kassis 1979
4145:Kassis 1979
4087:Kassis 1979
4075:Fermor 1984
4057:Pausanias.
4014:Kassis 1979
3846:Fermor 1984
3829:Saitas 1990
3817:Kassis 1979
3736:Demosthenes
3679:Westminster
3590:Palaiologoi
3551:(1989) and
3368:Peloponnese
3334:The paper "
3243:, lamb soup
3158:tit for tat
3057:Kalamatiano
3004:agriculture
2852:. However,
2817:to win the
2788:World War I
2784:Balkan Wars
2670:, a son of
2474:Peloponnese
2442:, near the
2408:Papaflessas
2270:Modern Mani
2237:Kuban River
2147:Bey of Mani
1980:Peloponnese
1914:, with its
1754:Holy League
1711:Porto Kagio
1692:ongoing war
1478:During the
1306:Peloponnese
1196:Porto Kagio
1180:Mark Antony
1170:During the
1109:Philopoemen
1069:Macedonians
1059:During the
1033:Epaminondas
966:Phoenicians
835:blood feuds
833:and fierce
799:Peloponnese
612:Cappadocian
438:Slavophones
307:Sarakatsani
302:Macedonians
182:Greek names
6371:Categories
6241:Literature
6210:Diacritics
5953:Pamphylian
5944:Macedonian
5925:Northwest
5842: 330
5816: 800
5531:: 91–133.
5231:2020-05-01
5200:2007-01-25
5186:"Vendetta"
5119:2007-01-25
5087:2008-01-02
4431:2023-07-13
4312:2007-01-19
3945:Smith 1873
3901:Green 1990
3876:Xenophon.
3709:References
3629:Asia Minor
3500:(1909–10).
3387:-speaking
3360:Tsakonians
3318:historian
3209:Greek Navy
3205:Greek Army
3050:Old Maniot
2996:mulberries
2986:turpentine
2954:Arvanitika
2834:Royal Navy
2790:, and the
2778:-occupied
2700:Petrovouni
2626:(left) by
2579:, and the
2424:Tripolitsa
2420:Tripolitsa
2235:frontier (
2139:Tripolitsa
2046:Baltic Sea
1960:Morean War
1946:, went to
1853:Cretan War
1802:Philip III
1632:After the
1605:Geronthrae
1595:, c. 1450.
1558:Monemvasia
1550:Tsakonians
1498:, and the
1348:Belisarius
1233:Diocletian
1192:Psamathous
1119:Roman Mani
996:While the
931:(Queen of
684:Arvanitika
528:Television
503:Literature
423:Aromanians
340:Phanariots
317:Tsakonians
192:By country
6254:Byzantine
6231:Greeklish
6102:Phonology
6079:Tsakonian
6032:Himariote
5882:Mycenaean
5858:Varieties
5805:–1100 BC)
5792:–1600 BC)
5657:145744857
5641:: 45–63.
5545:145285702
5315:1476-5438
3878:Hellenica
3801:The Iliad
3714:Citations
3687:Charles V
3633:vendettas
3475:Areopagus
3393:Herodotus
3372:Deep Mani
3364:autosomal
3356:Sicilians
3352:ADMIXTURE
3322:states: "
3287:Ethnology
3282:(dessert)
3268:Lalagides
3225:Hilopites
3150:vendettas
3144:Vendettas
3105:Μέσα Μάνη
3099:Mesa Mani
2991:prinokoki
2961:/k,ɡ,x,ɣ/
2937:Tsakonian
2898:Australia
2780:Macedonia
2735:vendettas
2689:Bavarians
2666:In 1833,
2636:In 1831,
2591:in 1827.
2482:Nikitaras
2450:Mahmud II
2203:sign the
2120:Parasyros
1996:Karpenisi
1861:Ibrahim I
1731:conquered
1687:Vardounia
1302:Visigoths
1222:Aphrodite
1214:Pausanias
1149:Cilicians
893:" in the
855:Messenian
724:Byzantine
679:Aromanian
667:Greeklish
657:Tsakonian
632:Himariote
607:Calabrian
583:Hellenism
488:Education
443:Souliotes
428:Arvanites
377:Egyptiots
251:Melbourne
246:Australia
177:Etymology
99:Languages
85:Australia
6336:Proverbs
6175:Linear B
6117:teaching
5873:Central
5831:–AD 330)
5818:–300 BC)
5333:28272534
5225:Archived
5194:Archived
5081:Archived
4306:Archived
3981:Archived
3952:Archived
3926:Archived
3885:Archived
3693:and the
3671:Cornwall
3654:Volterra
3586:Komnenoi
3441:, First
3297:Lycurgus
3293:Spartans
3247:Tsouchtí
3236:Paspalas
3203:, 1,000
3126:vampires
2909:Messenia
2800:royalist
2693:Areopoli
2589:Navarino
2557:Taygetus
2553:Vordonia
2537:Areopoli
2444:Souliote
2440:Splantza
2412:Kalamata
2379:Areopoli
2311:Taygetus
2303:Areopoli
2225:Dniester
2189:Odysseas
2115:Skoutari
2107:Skoutari
2092:Kastania
2052:and the
1973:Kastania
1912:refugees
1869:Kalamata
1739:Selim II
1617:Despotes
1543:Taygetus
1520:Passavas
1415:Taygetus
1411:Ezeritai
1407:Melingoi
1333:Gaiseric
1331:In 468,
1322:Stilicho
1300:and his
1298:Alaric I
1286:Honorius
1278:Arcadius
1208:porphyry
1176:Augustus
1153:Poseidon
1095:and the
1017:Tolmides
1002:Spartans
998:Spartans
962:Perioeci
917:Poseidon
901:Passavas
859:Laconian
827:warriors
818:Spartans
807:Mainotes
795:Messenia
779:Μανιάτες
771:Maniates
642:Mariupol
545:Religion
518:Religion
513:Politics
498:Language
400:Cypriots
355:Caucasus
151:a series
149:Part of
120:Religion
109:Standard
40:Μανιάτες
6377:Maniots
6316:Exonyms
6249:Ancient
6215:Braille
6185:History
6144:Ancient
6137:Grammar
6109:Ancient
6084:Yevanic
6042:Italiot
6027:Cypriot
5995:Demotic
5939:Locrian
5934:Epirote
5929:Achaean
5909:Homeric
5866:Ancient
5775:Periods
5678:Maniots
5343:Sources
5324:5437898
3799:Homer.
3699:Mainoti
3675:England
3662:Tuscany
3658:Corsica
3510:, last
3434:Colonel
3397:Dorians
3389:Ionians
3316:British
3272:Lalagia
3254:Syglino
3215:Cuisine
3132:. When
3118:witches
3044:
3010:Culture
2971:Economy
2965:/i,e,j/
2913:Gytheio
2905:Laconia
2836:of the
2809:During
2776:Ottoman
2760:Gytheio
2743:cousins
2646:Nafplio
2541:Gytheio
2501:Nafplio
2497:Methoni
2454:Viceroy
2431:Arcadia
2319:Gytheio
2289:admiral
2279:During
2233:Asiatic
2221:Yedisan
2191:), and
2181:klephts
2135:Mystras
2058:The Dog
1988:Roumeli
1952:Cargèse
1948:Corsica
1940:Tuscany
1936:Livorno
1922:In the
1908:Corsica
1904:Cargèse
1892:hawsers
1786:Vatheia
1735:Nafplio
1562:Mystras
1535:Melengi
1419:Romaioi
1376:Gytheio
1337:Vandals
1335:of the
1310:Corinth
1186:at the
1163:during
1143:by the
1133:Corinth
1083:. When
1053:Gytheio
1037:Leuctra
1029:Thebans
1025:Spartan
1014:admiral
970:Gythion
954:Laconia
951:invaded
948:Dorians
935:), and
909:Tenaron
791:Laconia
767:Maniots
728:Ottoman
720:Ancient
662:Yevanic
627:Cypriot
573:Judaism
533:Theatre
473:Cuisine
312:Maniots
270:Germany
263:Toronto
217:Albania
133:; from
70:Unknown
34:Maniots
6259:Modern
6113:accent
6069:Pontic
6059:Maniot
6022:Cretan
5986:Modern
5877:Aeolic
5844:–1453)
5655:
5598:
5579:
5560:
5543:
5503:
5480:
5474:Greece
5461:
5438:
5415:
5396:
5377:
5358:
5331:
5321:
5313:
4422:
4063:3.21.8
3882:1.4.11
3764:
3689:, the
3641:Chania
3279:Diples
3241:Regali
3188:trevas
3130:ghosts
3128:, and
3122:demons
3090:piracy
3063:Piracy
3023:Dances
2978:olives
2896:, and
2892:, the
2890:Athens
2884:, and
2850:Tenaro
2642:Tzanis
2583:under
2575:under
2571:, the
2484:fled.
2466:Cyprus
2416:Europe
2406:, and
2299:Limeni
2285:Cranae
2245:Odessa
2229:Europe
2151:Lesbos
2073:Attica
2065:Koroni
2034:Orlovs
1984:Athens
1968:Koroni
1964:Ismael
1924:Bagnio
1816:, the
1812:, the
1808:, the
1747:Cyprus
1743:invade
1636:under
1570:Tigani
1539:Slavic
1528:Oitylo
1494:, the
1490:, the
1440:pagans
1432:Tigani
1318:Sparta
1316:, and
1091:, the
1065:Greece
1031:under
1006:Sparta
958:Sparta
941:Cranae
933:Sparta
921:Tenaro
913:Delphi
905:Apollo
831:piracy
803:Greece
699:Slavic
652:Pontic
637:Maniot
617:Cretan
468:Cinema
369:Africa
360:Crimea
350:Pontic
258:Canada
232:Turkey
209:Cyprus
202:Greece
159:Greeks
125:Until
89:Canada
81:Greece
6294:Other
6149:Koine
6123:Koine
5963:Koine
5921:Doric
5917:West
5904:Ionic
5899:Attic
5895:East
5653:S2CID
5541:S2CID
4122:SLAVS
3978:35.35
3949:Nabis
3923:34.29
3805:2.581
3740:Burke
3738:or a
3594:serfs
3573:Nikli
3559:Notes
3457:actor
3391:(per
3385:Doric
3262:Dakos
3182:treva
3176:treva
3170:τρέβα
3164:treva
2739:Crete
2712:Koita
2478:Panos
2462:Crete
2264:Egypt
2207:with
2155:Porte
1857:Crete
1841:Porte
1822:Spain
1798:cross
1704:Porte
1657:Italy
1442:(see
1423:Basil
1403:Slavs
1356:Slavs
1314:Argos
1113:Tegea
1085:Nabis
1081:Asine
974:murex
937:Paris
925:Hades
896:Iliad
887:Homer
849:Names
811:Maina
783:Greek
775:Greek
622:Griko
600:Greek
578:Islam
523:Sport
508:Music
483:Dress
478:Dance
410:Urums
405:Griko
222:Italy
6222:and
5596:ISBN
5577:ISBN
5558:ISBN
5501:ISBN
5478:ISBN
5459:ISBN
5436:ISBN
5413:ISBN
5394:ISBN
5375:ISBN
5356:ISBN
5329:PMID
5311:ISSN
4420:ISBN
3968:Livy
3913:Livy
3762:ISBN
3516:Mani
3447:Mani
3350:and
3041:lit.
3000:silk
2998:and
2982:pine
2907:and
2882:ELAS
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