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but a political bulldozer.". Although he preached a lofty form of liberalism, he had a mixed record as prime minister. He wanted to introduce a welfare state with minimum-wage, sickness benefits and paid holidays, but he never attempted to deal with the overwhelming problem of peasant poverty. He was so concerned to balance the budget that he cut back on land redistribution. He worked more effectively to establish a secular state, breaking the
Catholic church’s hold on education, legalizing civil marriage, seizing Catholic properties, expelling the Jesuit order, and tolerating the burning of church buildings such as convents for nuns. "All the convents in Spain are not worth a single Republican life," he proclaimed. As opposition mounted, he censored the press, exiled his enemies to North Africa, and formed a private militia force of Assault Guards. Meanwhile, his allies the anarchists were assassinating priests and nuns, and burning convents.
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857:) were to be confiscated and distributed among the rural poor. However, Azaña was a "middle-class republican", not a socialist. He and his followers were not enthusiastic for this program. The agrarian law did not include state-funded collective farms, as the Socialists wanted, and was not enacted until late 1932. It was also clumsily written, and threatened many relatively small landholders more than the latifundists. The Azaña government also did very little to carry it out: only 12,000 families received land in the first two years.
590:
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Payne reports that in the Cortes meeting of April 15, Azaña stated "I don't intend to serve as anyone's guardian angel" and told the right-wing deputies "id you not want violence...? Then take to violence. Be prepared for the consequences", despite the fact that CEDA had adhered to the law. He would later regret these remarks and try to backtrack by blaming the violence and unrest on the
Spanish national character but this gave the impression the government was disinterested in enforcing the law.
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2723:, by replacing outmoded equipment and closing its military academy. In the process he demoted its most promising general—young Francisco Franco. Azaña was defeated in the elections of November 1933, having antagonized extremists and alienated the moderates. He made a comeback in 1936 but could not hold his coalition together in the face of a civil war. In recent decades he has become a hero of the left in Spain.
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1143:(now Caldes d’Estrac), some 4 km away, where in another makeshift premises he spent the following one or two nights, while remainder of his belongings were being fetched from La Barata. During these few days he was almost entirely isolated, with little to no contact either with the government or the military command; at the same time, the evacuation of Barcelona had commenced.
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the workings of the
Republican government during the conflict. Along with his extensive memoirs and diaries, Azaña also wrote a number of well-known speeches. His speech on 18 July 1938 is one of the best known in which he implores his fellow Spaniards to seek reconciliation after the fighting ends and emphasizes the need for "Peace, Pity, and Pardon."
1176:. It was a village in the Pyrennees, some 4 km from the French frontier, located by a secondary drive and away from main roads, which were crammed with refugees trying to flee Barcelona and Catalonia. Agullana was at the time was also hosting the staff of general Rojo. The president spent one night there.
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In his diaries and memoirs, on which he worked meticulously, Azaña vividly describes the various personality and ideological conflicts between himself and various
Republican leaders, such as Largo Caballero and Negrín. Azaña's writings during the Civil War have been resources for study by scholars of
972:
The Front won the election, and Azaña became prime minister again on 19 February. His parliamentary coalition included the PSOE and
Communists. This alarmed conservatives, who remembered their attempt to seize power only 17 months earlier. The Azaña government proclaimed an immediate amnesty for all
2718:
According to
British historian Piers Brendon, Manuel Azaña was the leading Republican politician. He was a well-educated would-be writer who "plotted to rid Spain of the yoke of church and king". A brilliant speaker, Azaña was graceful in word, but clumsy in action. "He was a polemical bullfighter
1303:
A policy should never be based on the extermination of the adversary; not only because—and that is a lot to say—it is morally an abomination, but because it is materially unfeasible. And the blood unjustly spilled by the hatred that seeks to exterminate will be reborn, sprouting and giving accursed
3166:
Ninguna política se ha de fundar en la decisión de exterminar al adversario; no sólo —y ya es mucho—porque moralmente es una abominación, sino porque, además, es materialmente irrealizable; y la sangre injustamente vertida por el odio, con propósito de exterminio, renace y retoña y fructifica en
1029:
When the Cortes met in April, it removed
President Alcalá-Zamora from office. On 7 April 1936, Azaña was elected President of the Republic; Quiroga succeeded him as prime minister. Azaña by this time was profoundly depressed by the increasing disorder, but could see no way to counter it. Stanley
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On
February 5, at 6 AM, when it was still dark, Azaña, his wife, his entourage and some state officials departed La Vajol (which would be seized by the Nationalists on February 9), fleeing north to France. What should have been a drive of a few minutes turned into a slightly longer journey. The
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Also, with the
Popular Front victory, radicalized peasants led by the Socialists began seizing land on 25 March. Azaña chose to legitimize these actions rather than challenge them. Radical Socialists vied with Communists in calling for violent revolution and forcible suppression of the Right.
894:
Meanwhile, Azaña's extreme anti-clerical program alienated many moderates. In local elections held in early 1933, most of the seats went to conservative and centrist parties. Elections to the "Tribunal of
Constitutional Guarantees" (the Republic's "Supreme Court") followed this pattern.
1164:. On January 30 Negrín visited the president and offered to have an aircraft ready to take Azaña to France, should immediate evacuation be necessary. The president declined the proposal, fearing that Negrín would rather forcibly take Azana to the central zone, Valencia or Madrid.
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violence. In the play, Azaña uses various characters to espouse the various ideological, political and social perspectives present within the Republic during the war. He portrayed and explored the rivalries and conflicts that were damaging the political cohesion of the Republic.
860:
In addition, Azaña did little to reform the taxation system to shift the burden of government onto the wealthy. Also, the government continued to support the owners of industry against wildcat strikes or attempted takeovers by militant workers, especially the
995:." As a "middle class republican", he was implacably hostile to the monarchy and the Church. The CEDA, which was pro-Catholic, he therefore regarded as illegitimate, and also any and all monarchists, even those who supported parliamentary democracy.
1106:, killed by the Republicans, between late 1937 and early 1938 it was undergoing preparation works to host the head of state. The place was some 30 km away from Barcelona and some 80 km from the French frontier. Already on January 13, 1939
1033:
Azaña repeatedly warned his fellow Republicans that the lack of unity within the government was a serious threat to the Republic's stability. Political violence continued: there were over 200 assassinations in February through early July.
827:
on 14 April. Alcalá-Zamora resigned in October, and Azaña replaced him as prime minister. When the new constitution was adopted on 9 December, Azaña continued as prime minister, leading a coalition of left-wing parties, including his own
753:
During World War I, he covered operations on the Western Front for various newspapers. His treatment was very sympathetic to the French, and he may have been sponsored by French military intelligence. Afterwards he edited the magazines
1159:
It was in Peralada that contact with the government, representatives of the Cortes, the Republican military and foreign envoys, was re-established. Castillo de Peralada remained Azaña’s residence for around a week. During this period
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and named Honorary Ambassador, thus granting him diplomatic immunity. His residence was officially an extension of the Mexican Embassy and therefore under Mexican jurisdiction, and was closely monitored by Mexican military personnel.
1231:
government, which had refused to extend diplomatic recognition to Franco's regime (Mexico would not resume relations with Spain until 1977, two years after Franco's death). To prevent his arrest and extradition, Azaña was vested with
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In fact, Azaña had no connection with the rebellion, and the attempt to convict him on spurious charges soon collapsed, giving him the prestige of a martyr. He was released from prison in January 1935. Azaña then helped organize the
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1188:. It is there he met his last foreign diplomatic representatives. On February 4 Negrín visited Azaña in La Vajol and suggested that, in view of the advance of Nationalist troops, the president cross to France as soon as possible.
1197:
leading police car broke down and blocked the narrow, winding, mountainous road. All the passengers had to leave their cars and proceed on foot, struggling on what proved a slippery, iced surface. The party encountered French
1131:, some 30 km from Barcelona and some 100 km from the French frontier. It turned out that the premises, supposed to host Azaña, were unsuitable; they spent the night in a randomly selected and hastily prepared house in a park.
1123:, left La Barata on January 21 (Nationalist troops would seize the place on January 24). Following a drive of some 50 km east in the afternoon hours, the column of cars his entourage were travelling in reached the town of
843:, and removed some monarchist officers. He also moved to reduce the power and influence of the Roman Catholic Church, abolishing Church-operated schools and charities, and greatly expanding state-operated secular schools.
1044:
On 17 July, right-wing, Falangist, and monarchist elements in the Republican army proclaimed the overthrow of the Republic. The rebellion failed in Madrid, however. Azaña replaced Quiroga as Prime Minister with his ally
1110:
advised the president to leave the place given rapid advance of Nationalist troops, the suggestion repeated by Negrin on January 17. On January 19 Saravia insisted the president evacuates; Azaña commenced preparations.
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3098:"siguen viaje hasta el castillo de Perelada, adonde llegan el lunes 24, cerrada la noche", Juliá 2008, p. 52. The date is not entirely clear, as January 24, 1939 was not Monday, but Tuesday; Monday fell on January 23
1219:
On 3 March, Manuel Azana resigned as President of the Republic, rather than return to Madrid with the rest of the government. Both Nationalist and Republican commentators have condemned this decision as "desertion".
641:, the reimagination of the Spanish Middle Ages, Imperial Spain and the 20th century yearnings for a praetorian refurbishment of the country. Azaña followed instead the examples of the French Enlightenment and the
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The presidential column departed north from Caldetas on January 23 or 24 (the city would be seized by the Nationalists on January 28), and following a drive of some 90-km, in the evening hours they reached the
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1041:, leader of a small monarchist grouping in the Cortes, was arrested and murdered by a mixed group of Socialist gunmen and Assault Guards. Azaña and Quiroga did not act effectively against the killers.
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The following day, probably either on February 2 or February 3, Azaña left Agullana and drove some 5 km up the road, to the last Spanish settlement some 2 km from the French frontier, the hamlet of
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Some time at the end of January, early February (the exact day is unclear, January 31 at the earliest, February 2 at the latest) the president left Peralada and moved some 20 km north-west, to
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1002:, nothing indicates more directly the value of the services provided by Azaña to the Republic than the hatred felt towards him by the ideologues and propagandists of the Francoist cause.
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959:, but was over in two weeks. Azaña was in Barcelona that day, and the Lerroux-CEDA government tried to implicate him. He was arrested and charged with complicity in the rebellion.
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645:, and took a political quest for democracy in the 1920s while defending the notion of homeland as the "democratic equality of all citizens towards the law" that made him embrace
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fruits; a curse that will not be restricted, unfortunately, to those who spilled the blood, but which will be over the very country which—to compound its misfortune—absorbed it.
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prisoners from the rebellion, which increased conservative concerns. Socialists and Communists were appointed to important positions in the Assault Guard and Civil Guard.
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Rivas Cherif, Cipriano de (1995). "Portrait of an Unknown Man: Manuel Azana and Modern Spain (Paul Stewart, edit. and English trans.)". Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
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In 1938, Azaña moved to Barcelona with the rest of the Republican government, and was cut off there when the monarchist forces drove to the sea between Barcelona and
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On 12 April 1931, republican candidates swept the municipal elections. This was seen as repudiation of Primo de Rivera and the monarchy. Two days later, the
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frutos de maldición; maldición no sobre los que la derramaron, desgraciadamente, sino sobre el propio país que la ha absorbido para colmo de la desventura.
1276:("Vigil in Benicarló"). Having worked on the play during the previous weeks, Azaña dictated the final version while he was trapped in Barcelona during the
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Political assassinations by Communists, Socialists, and anarchosyndicalists were frequent, as were retaliations by increasingly radicalized conservatives.
902:, but two-thirds of the Cortes abstained, and Alcalá-Zamora ordered Azaña's resignation on 8 September 1933. New elections were held on 19 November 1933.
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Azaña lived in exile in France for more than a year after the war, eventually being trapped by the invasion of France by Germany and institution of the
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to wherever Negrin thought it would be secure. Negrin shipped it to the Soviet Union, which claimed it in payment for arms supplied to the Republic.
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2764:"Aliadófilos y germanófilos en el pensamiento español durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. Balance historiográfico de una Guerra Civil de palabras"
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Azaña pursued some of the major reforms anticipated by the republican program. He introduced work accident insurance, reduced the size of the
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After the Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931, Azaña became Minister of War of the Provisional Government and enacted
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By July, the military conspiracy to overthrow the Republic was well underway, but nothing definite had been planned. Then on 13 July,
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667:. With the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France, resigned from office, and died in exile only a year later at age 60.
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The following day, on January 22, some members of Azaña’s family left to France. The president proceeded to the coastal town of
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On 5 October 1934, the PSOE and Communists attempted a general left-wing rebellion. The rebellion had a temporary success in
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He defended these measures by saying "Do not tell me that this is contrary to freedom. It is a matter of public health".
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Azana, Manuel (1981). "Vigil in Benicarlo (Josephine and Paul Stewart, English trans.)". Associated University Press.
656:, looking to develop a modern armed forces with fewer army officers. He later became Prime Minister in October 1931.
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Azaña insisted that the danger to the Republic was from the Right and on 11 March, the government suppressed the
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3346:. "Manuel Azaña en Montauban. La ultima morada del presidente de la República española, Manuel Azaña", in
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805:", which united all the republican and regionalist parties in Spain against Primo de Rivera and the King.
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In 1909, he achieved a position at the Main Directorate of the Registries and practised the profession of
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969:("Popular Front"), a coalition of all the major left-wing parties for the elections of 16 February 1936.
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La Torre Salvans: la casa-refugi del president de la República, Manuel Azaña, durant la Guerra Civil]
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became prime minister. Azaña temporarily withdrew from politics and returned to literary activity.
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Born into a wealthy family, Manuel Azaña Díaz was orphaned at a very young age. He studied in the
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Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Policies by Alexander Hicks
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tentatively described him as "the last great figure of traditional Castilian arrogance in the
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according to some sources Azaña arrived in Peralada already on January 22, Paul Preston,
2977:. Servicio de Publicaciones, Centro de Ediciones de la Diputación de Málaga. p. 47.
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Azaña's self-imposed political retreat lasted only a short while; in 1934 he founded the
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Since February 1938 Azaña resided in La Barata, an isolated mansion at the outskirts of
726:, and travelled to Paris in 1911. He became involved in politics and in 1914 joined the
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883:. Violence against protesters also occurred against non CNT-affiliated workers during
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772:(1913–1920), becoming its president in 1930. He was a candidate for the province of
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Payne, Stanley G. The Spanish civil war. Cambridge University Press, 2012, page 43
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871:(National Confederation of Labour or CNT). Confrontation with the CNT erupted in
626:(1936–1939). He was the most prominent leader of the Republican cause during the
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During the many years of his political activity, Azaña kept diaries. His work
1292:'s firm determination to overthrow the Republic, which would culminate in the
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Thus Azaña came into conflict with both the right and far left. He called a
823:, prime minister of the provisional government of the Republic, named Azaña
614:; 10 January 1880 – 3 November 1940) was a Spanish politician who served as
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622:(1931–1933 and 1936), organizer of the Popular Front in 1935 and the last
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1953:
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797:, Azaña published a stirring manifesto against the dictator and King
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in 1918 and 1923, but lost on both occasions. In 1926 he founded the
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1227:. Even then, his safety was ensured due to the intervention of the
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between 1920 and 1924, founding the former with his brother-in-law
734:. He collaborated in the production of various newspapers, such as
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Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
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in 1897, and a doctorate by the Universidad Complutense in 1900.
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The tragedy of Manuel Azaña and the fate of the Spanish Republic
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authorities refused to allow his coffin to be covered with the
836:(PSOE), while Alcalá-Zamora became President of the Republic.
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camp during World War I. He was sharply critical towards the
48:
16:
Spanish Republican; Prime Minister & President (1880–1940)
4681:
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
2885:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 97–99, 181–184, 191–196.
2974:
Palabras de guerra: los republicanos contra el franquismo
4736:
Government ministers during the Second Spanish Republic
3025:
La barraca en què vivia la guàrdia d'Azaña a La Barata
2903:
The Battle for Spain: the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939
2310:
1056:
On 13 September, Azaña authorized Minister of Finance
3352:. Valencia: Amics del Dia de la Foto. pp. 64–65.
3186:
Diarios completos: monarquía, república, Guerra Civil
2817:"Why did General Franco hate the freemasons so much?"
1310:
Diarios completos: monarquía, república, Guerra Civil
1025:
Military parade in Alcalá de Henares (November 1937).
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A published author in the 1910s, he stood out in the
3305:
Feeny, Thomas. "Fact and Fiction in Rojas 'Azaña'."
1240:
Azaña died of natural causes on 3 November 1940, in
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79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3382:"Intellectuals in the political arena (1898–1940)"
2900:
4711:20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
2950:. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España.
1312:was published posthumously in Spanish in 2003.
1301:
1299:at the end of the war. Saddened, he reflected:
812:was proclaimed and the King forced into exile.
42: and the second or maternal family name is
3839:
3649:
2699:
801:in 1924. In 1930, he was a signatory of the "
8:
3078:Los últimos días de la Barcelona republicana
987:Azaña was a man of very strong convictions.
908:Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
318:14 October 1931 – 12 September 1933
3274:The origins of the Second Republic in Spain
905:These elections were won by the right-wing
3846:
3832:
3824:
3656:
3642:
3634:
3423:
3384:(in French). Arkheia Revue. Archived from
3362:(in French). Arkheia Revue. Archived from
2706:
2692:
1325:
1256:. The coffin was covered instead with the
1215:Manuel Azaña's grave in Montauban, France.
368:14 April 1931 – 12 September 1933
161:
150:
4696:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France
1272:Azaña wrote a play during the Civil War,
1127:(now San Andreu de Llavaneres), north of
941:Organización Republicana Gallega Autónoma
430:8 December 1933 – 7 January 1936
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
3210:The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s
3111:, London 2016, ISBN 9780008163419, p. 36
2894:
2892:
2768:Studia historica: Historia contemporánea
1210:
4706:Complutense University of Madrid alumni
4676:Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
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2864:
2862:
2860:
2754:
2263:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
1336:
793:A strong critic of the dictatorship of
273:19 February 1936 – 10 May 1936
3294:
3283:
3258:
3247:
451:14 July 1931 – 9 October 1933
409:16 March 1936 – 31 March 1939
4701:Leaders of political parties in Spain
4646:Republican Action (Spain) politicians
3109:The Last Days of the Spanish Republic
2414:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2354:Spanish American wars of independence
1248:of Catholicism before his death. The
609:
7:
3350:República 70 anys després: 1931–2001
3313:; on a fictionalized life of Azaña.
2907:. New York: Penguin Books. pp.
2853:. Taylor & Francis. p. 232.
1297:(Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas)
679:Family coat of arms of Manuel Azaña.
187:7 April 1936 – 3 March 1939
77:adding citations to reliable sources
4651:Republican Left (Spain) politicians
4641:Reformist Party (Spain) politicians
2183:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
3170:Diario Córdoba – 2 March de 2015;
3043:Destierro y muerte de Manuel Azaña
2971:Fernández Viagas, Plácido (2006).
1162:Barcelona fell to the Nationalists
932:Radical Socialist Republican Party
868:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
14:
4726:20th-century Spanish male writers
3812:^President of the Executive Power
3523:President of the Spanish Republic
1294:Law of Political Responsibilities
3867:Acting prime ministers shown in
2851:European Dictatorships 1918-1945
2675:
2203:Discourses Concerning Government
588:
53:
2469:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
1322:Military reform of Manuel Azaña
873:bloody violence at Casas Viejas
687:Birthplace of Manuel Azaña, in
64:needs additional citations for
19:For the Spanish village called
3407:Works by or about Manuel Azaña
3329:(Ohio State Univ Press, 1964)
2815:Bedoya, Juan G. (2016-03-24).
2721:Azaña tried to reform the army
2404:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
2384:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
4716:University of Zaragoza alumni
4636:People from Alcalá de Henares
3380:Amalric, Jean-Pierre (2008).
3358:Amalric, Jean-Pierre (2007).
3212:(2007), quoting pp. 364, 365.
849:The Spanish legislature, the
3533:Álvaro de Albornoz Liminiana
2654:Republic without republicans
2399:11 September 1922 Revolution
2394:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
34:, the first or paternal
3462:Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas
3348:Azkárraga, José Ma (2001).
2733:Grupo de Acción Republicana
2389:Turkish War of Independence
2311:
1017:of Manuel Azaña (1936–1939)
337:Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas
4757:
4731:Exiled Spanish politicians
3566:Francisco Franco Bahamonde
2931:
2444:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
2193:The Commonwealth of Oceana
1319:
1244:, France. He received the
1078:
768:. He was secretary of the
728:Reformist Republican Party
29:
18:
4721:Spanish political writers
3865:
3810:
3777:Spanish Republic in exile
3694:Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso
3622:
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3582:
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3489:Manuel Portela Valladares
3485:
3475:
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3439:
3431:
3426:
3360:"Manuel Azaña and France"
3321:. New York: W. W. Norton.
3080:, Barcelona 1989, p. 642
2762:Acosta López, Alejandro.
2617:The Emperor's New Clothes
2369:5 October 1910 revolution
2364:French Revolution of 1848
1387:Liberty as non-domination
624:President of the Republic
596:
465:
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294:Manuel Portela Valladares
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216:Francisco Largo Caballero
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4666:Leaders ousted by a coup
4661:Prime ministers of Spain
3816:^^^Interim head of state
3700:Emilio Castelar y Ripoll
3578:Party political offices
3506:Santiago Casares Quiroga
3419:Manuel Azaña Association
3047:Claves de Razón Práctica
2849:Lee, Stephen J. (2016).
2459:1987 Fijian coups d'état
2419:1952 Egyptian revolution
1397:Political representation
946:Santiago Casares Quiroga
913:Radical Republican Party
911:(CEDA) and the centrist
306:Santiago Casares Quiroga
201:Santiago Casares Quiroga
4741:Spanish Anti-Francoists
3802:José Maldonado González
3496:Prime Minister of Spain
3469:Prime Minister of Spain
3317:Payne, Stanley (1970).
2947:Las tres Españas del 36
2899:Beevor, Antony (2006).
2881:Payne, Stanley (1970).
2821:EL PAÍS English Edition
2772:University of Salamanca
2738:Second Spanish Republic
2439:1969 Libyan coup d'état
2223:Discourse on Inequality
1372:Consent of the governed
1254:Spanish Republican flag
810:Second Spanish Republic
697:Universidad Complutense
663:broke out while he was
620:Second Spanish Republic
611:[maˈnwelaˈθaɲa]
571:Dolores de Rivas Cherif
261:Prime Minister of Spain
3814:^^Acting head of state
3452:Juan José Rocha García
3319:The Spanish Revolution
3188:. Barcelona: Crítica.
3184:Azaña, Manuel (2003).
2944:Preston, Paul (2011).
2883:The Spanish Revolution
1306:
1274:La velada en Benicarló
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717:University of Zaragoza
692:
680:
607:Spanish pronunciation:
390:Juan José Rocha García
3792:Diego Martínez Barrio
3754:Diego Martínez Barrio
3743:Diego Martínez Barrio
3688:Francesc Pi i Margall
3556:Spanish Head of State
3147:Juliá 2008, pp. 56-57
3067:Juliá 2008, pp. 52-53
2607:Criticism of monarchy
2429:North Yemen civil war
2243:The Federalist Papers
1538:Federal parliamentary
1214:
1203:sometime after dawn.
1081:Trial of Manuel Azaña
1062:nation's gold reserve
1047:Diego Martínez Barrio
1024:
1015:Presidential Standard
1013:
926:party, the fusion of
803:Pact of San Sebastián
766:Cipriano Rivas Cherif
746:. He also joined the
686:
678:
643:Third French Republic
206:Diego Martínez Barrio
4338:Fernández-Villaverde
4165:Democratic Sexennium
3797:Luis Jiménez de Asúa
3738:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
3726:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
3549:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
3516:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
3230:Brendon, pp 365–367.
2592:Classical radicalism
2334:Republic of Florence
2273:Democracy in America
1432:Separation of powers
1407:Public participation
863:anarcho-syndicalists
821:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
533:Montauban Cemetery,
397:Congress of Deputies
326:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
282:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
236:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
73:improve this article
25:Numancia de la Sagra
4656:Presidents of Spain
3892:Martínez de la Rosa
3682:Estanislao Figueras
3665:Presidents of Spain
3309:103 (1991): 33–46.
2682:Politics portal
2487:Antigua and Barbuda
2434:Zanzibar Revolution
2344:American Revolution
2233:The Social Contract
1402:Popular sovereignty
1284:Azaña was aware of
1234:Mexican citizenship
711:. He was awarded a
23:prior to 1936, see
4514:Spain under Franco
3907:Álvarez Mendizábal
3786:Álvaro de Albornoz
3427:Political offices
3276:(Oxford UP, 1978).
2648:Primus inter pares
2464:Nepalese Civil War
2454:Iranian Revolution
2424:14 July Revolution
2379:Russian Revolution
2374:Chinese Revolution
2324:Republic of Venice
2173:Discourses on Livy
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1154:castle in Peralada
1027:
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928:Acción Republicana
900:vote of confidence
830:Acción Republicana
779:Acción Republicana
732:Melquíades Álvarez
715:'s licence by the
701:Cisneros Institute
693:
681:
665:President of Spain
211:José Giral Pereira
175:President of Spain
4691:Spanish agnostics
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3878:Queen Isabella II
3821:
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3760:Segismundo Casado
3706:Francisco Serrano
3632:
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3626:Marcelino Domingo
3623:Succeeded by
3599:Succeeded by
3592:Republican Action
3563:Succeeded by
3530:Succeeded by
3503:Succeeded by
3479:Alejandro Lerroux
3476:Succeeded by
3449:Succeeded by
3293:Missing or empty
3257:Missing or empty
3138:Polo 1989, p. 766
3129:Juliá 2008, p. 54
3120:Juliá 2008, p. 53
3089:Polo 1989, p. 642
3058:Juliá 2008, p. 52
3049:188 (2008), p. 52
3011:Trail Sant Lorenc
2802:Revista de Libros
2743:Spanish Civil War
2716:
2715:
2659:Republican empire
2632:List of republics
2481:National variants
2409:Spanish Civil War
2349:French Revolution
2329:Republic of Genoa
2213:The Spirit of Law
2146:Theoretical works
1490:Neo-republicanism
1039:José Calvo Sotelo
936:Marcelino Domingo
917:Alejandro Lerroux
915:. Radical leader
816:In the government
784:Republican Action
689:Alcalá de Henares
661:Spanish Civil War
639:Generation of '98
628:Spanish Civil War
603:Manuel Azaña Díaz
600:
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559:Republican Action
492:Alcalá de Henares
479:Manuel Azaña Díaz
349:Alejandro Lerroux
221:Juan Negrín López
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3607:Preceded by
3583:Preceded by
3546:Preceded by
3513:Preceded by
3486:Preceded by
3459:Preceded by
3435:Dámaso Berenguer
3432:Preceded by
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993:history of Spain
989:Stanley G. Payne
770:Ateneo de Madrid
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3388:on 2008-12-24
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3366:on 2008-12-25
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3331:online review
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2449:Metapolitefsi
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2283:On Revolution
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2255:
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2253:Rights of Man
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84:Find sources:
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62:This article
60:
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3749:Manuel Azaña
3748:
3732:Manuel Azaña
3731:
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3467:
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3390:. Retrieved
3386:the original
3368:. Retrieved
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2932:Payne (2006)
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2824:. Retrieved
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1964:Jones (Elin)
1869:Flynn (Paul)
1829:Clarke (Tom)
1824:Clark (Katy)
1778:
1769:Adams (John)
1590:Philosophers
1367:Civic virtue
1329:Part of the
1309:
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1225:Vichy regime
1222:
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1055:
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1000:Paul Preston
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838:
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799:Alfonso XIII
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737:El Imparcial
735:
721:
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671:Early career
658:
651:
632:
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601:
555:affiliations
524:Vichy France
511:(1940-11-03)
456:Constituency
446:
435:Constituency
425:
414:Constituency
404:
386:Succeeded by
363:
344:Succeeded by
313:
301:Succeeded by
268:
243:Succeeded by
182:
155:Manuel Azaña
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
20:
4631:1940 deaths
4626:1880 births
4585:F. González
4519:(1936–1975)
4469:Chapaprieta
4435:(1931–1939)
4292:(1874–1931)
4236:Mendigorría
4170:(1868–1874)
4085:Mendigorría
3998:J. M. López
3988:A. González
3956:A. González
3883:(1833–1868)
3779:(1939–1977)
3719:(1931–1939)
3675:(1873–1874)
3416:(in French)
3307:Hispanófila
3172:Mas Madera?
2597:Common good
2537:New Zealand
2532:Netherlands
2277:(1835–1840)
2247:(1787–1788)
2157:(c. 375 BC)
2079:Robespierre
1854:Etherington
1789:Benn (Tony)
1758:Politicians
1736:Tocqueville
1696:Montesquieu
1676:Machiavelli
1422:Rule of law
1417:Res publica
1102:politician
1098:. Built by
1058:Juan Negrín
709:El Escorial
562:(1930–1934)
548:(1934–1940)
374:Preceded by
332:Preceded by
289:Preceded by
231:Preceded by
4620:Categories
4555:Since 1975
4023:Miraflores
3766:José Miaja
3620:1934–1936
3614:Leader of
3596:1925–1934
3590:Leader of
3560:1936–1939
3527:1936–1939
3473:1931–1933
3446:1931–1933
3392:2008-11-30
3370:2008-06-17
3295:|url=
3259:|url=
3032:22.04.2015
2826:2022-01-11
2749:References
2637:Monarchism
2627:Liberalism
2622:Jacobinism
2312:Gaṇasaṅgha
2167:(54–51 BC)
1651:Harrington
1528:Democratic
1518:Capitalist
1513:Autonomous
1495:Venizelism
1480:Khomeinism
1320:See also:
1246:last rites
1125:Llavaneras
1115:Llavaneras
1092:Matadepera
1079:See also:
1006:Presidency
944:(ORGA) of
938:, and the
855:latifundia
834:Socialists
788:José Giral
748:Freemasons
635:pro-Allies
577:Occupation
485:1880-01-10
129:April 2022
99:newspapers
4415:Berenguer
4378:Romanones
4368:Canalejas
4327:Azcárraga
4140:O'Donnell
4120:O'Donnell
4100:O'Donnell
4095:Espartero
4080:Sartorius
4044:Salamanca
4033:Sotomayor
3978:Espartero
3924:Espartero
3918:Calatrava
2780:0213-2087
2492:Australia
2124:Venizelos
2114:Spadolini
2104:Slaughter
2049:McDonnell
2014:Mackenzie
1959:Jefferson
1914:Griffiths
1894:de Gaulle
1889:Garibaldi
1849:Drakeford
1741:Warburton
1661:Jefferson
1656:Honderich
1636:Condorcet
1523:Christian
1485:Nasserism
1460:Classical
1377:Democracy
1242:Montauban
1207:Last days
1200:gendarmes
1086:La Barata
957:Barcelona
934:, led by
930:with the
705:Agustinos
585:Signature
516:Montauban
447:In office
426:In office
405:In office
364:In office
323:President
314:In office
278:President
269:In office
255:of Spain)
183:In office
4595:Zapatero
4569:Santiago
4399:Bugallal
4306:Jovellar
4262:Castelar
4257:Salmerón
4247:Figueras
4213:Malcampo
4125:Arrazola
4075:Lersundi
3967:Cortázar
3571:Caudillo
3538:in exile
3286:cite web
3250:cite web
3022:J.M.O.,
2934:, p. 356
2727:See also
2562:Scotland
2502:Barbados
2153:Republic
2069:Prescott
2039:Naysmith
2029:McKechin
1989:La Malfa
1984:Khomeini
1944:Iorwerth
1909:Griffith
1884:Gambetta
1879:Galloway
1864:Ferguson
1844:Davidson
1839:Cromwell
1834:Connolly
1814:Campbell
1731:Sunstein
1716:Rousseau
1711:Polybius
1646:Franklin
1626:Chappell
1621:Cattaneo
1558:People's
1543:Imperial
1475:Kemalism
1412:Republic
1346:Concepts
1290:Sanjurjo
1264:Writings
1186:La Vajol
1180:La Vajol
1174:Agullana
1168:Agullana
1147:Peralada
1141:Caldetas
1135:Caldetas
1096:Terrassa
1069:Valencia
953:Asturias
832:and the
703:and the
460:Valencia
253:Caudillo
30:In this
4605:Sánchez
4484:Casares
4474:Portela
4454:Lerroux
4348:Montero
4333:Silvela
4316:Sagasta
4301:Cánovas
4277:Sagasta
4267:Serrano
4230:Serrano
4218:Sagasta
4203:Serrano
4186:Serrano
4145:Narváez
4135:Narváez
4115:Istúriz
4105:Narváez
4070:Roncali
4060:Clonard
4055:Narváez
4038:Pacheco
4028:Narváez
4018:Narváez
4008:Olózaga
3929:Bardají
3912:Istúriz
3869:italics
3409:at the
2774:: 357.
2527:Morocco
2517:Jamaica
2512:Ireland
2497:Bahamas
2299:History
2119:Taverne
2094:Skinner
2074:Ritchie
2019:Madison
1999:Lincoln
1949:Jackson
1939:Huppert
1934:Hopkins
1859:Fabiani
1819:Chapman
1804:Bolívar
1794:Bennett
1784:Bartley
1774:Atatürk
1686:Mazzini
1681:Madison
1611:Bentham
1601:Baggini
1568:Secular
1548:Islamic
1533:Federal
1470:Federal
1454:Schools
1229:Mexican
982:Falange
877:Benalup
865:of the
730:led by
618:of the
439:Vizcaya
113:scholar
36:surname
4575:Suárez
4528:Franco
4504:Negrín
4479:Barcía
4464:Samper
4321:Posada
4224:Topete
4197:Topete
4155:Havana
4110:Armero
3983:Ferrer
3973:Sancho
3961:Ferraz
3897:Toreno
3311:online
3192:
2981:
2954:
2915:
2778:
2552:Sweden
2542:Norway
2507:Canada
2287:(1963)
2267:(1794)
2257:(1791)
2237:(1762)
2227:(1755)
2217:(1748)
2207:(1698)
2197:(1656)
2187:(1649)
2177:(1531)
2129:Wilson
2099:Slater
2089:Skates
2044:Mannin
2034:Mullin
2009:Mackay
1974:Juárez
1929:Hébert
1924:Hatton
1919:Harvie
1809:Burgon
1726:Sidney
1721:Sandel
1706:Pettit
1631:Cicero
1596:Arendt
1578:Soviet
1573:Sister
1465:Modern
1129:Mataró
879:) and
851:Cortes
774:Toledo
762:España
743:El Sol
713:Lawyer
699:, the
580:Jurist
567:Spouse
535:France
496:Madrid
418:Madrid
115:
108:
101:
94:
86:
4600:Rajoy
4590:Aznar
4563:Arias
4545:Arias
4499:Largo
4494:Giral
4449:Azaña
4388:Maura
4353:Moret
4343:Maura
4180:Madoz
4090:Rivas
3993:Rodil
3945:Alaix
3939:Frías
3902:Álava
3859:Spain
3500:1936
3030:Nacio
3009:, ''
2909:27–30
2567:Wales
2547:Spain
2522:Japan
2109:Smith
2084:Sayed
2064:Pound
2059:Nehru
2054:Nandy
2024:Magid
2004:Lucas
1994:Lewis
1904:Grévy
1899:Greer
1799:Black
1779:Azaña
1701:Paine
1671:Locke
1641:Crick
1616:Bodin
1606:Bello
1507:Types
1250:Vichy
1100:Lliga
1094:near
875:(now
757:Pluma
120:JSTOR
106:books
40:Azaña
21:Azaña
4383:Dato
4191:Prim
3299:help
3263:help
3190:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2913:ISBN
2776:ISSN
2134:Wood
1979:Kane
1691:Mill
1666:Kant
1288:and
1121:AdCs
1051:Mola
955:and
887:and
760:and
740:and
659:The
506:Died
475:Born
92:news
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3857:of
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