780:. Those who participated in the royalists junta were given either promotions or cash payments. Salcedo was the only one of the royalists to not receive any special awards or honors. He angrily protested to the Commandant General and requested a military inquiry into the events surrounding his capture, hoping to be exonerated. Nemesio Salcedo refused to convene and inquiry, declaring that Salcedo had simply been caught off guard. Although Salcedo returned to San Antonio on September 11, 1811, he refused to assume his duties as governor. Nemesio Salcedo finally told him that the higher authorities trusted him with the assignment or else he would not have been allowed to return to Texas, and thus any other promotions or compensation were superfluous. The lack of that compensation, however, lessened Salcedo's standing in the eyes of many of the residents of the province, with some refusing to follow verbal directives from the governor.
764:(his captor), with promises of a promotion and other rewards if he would renounce his revolutionary tendencies. After receiving Zambrano's message, Salcedo's captor changed sides again. With his help, on March 13, Salcedo and his military officers were able to capture Pedro de Aranda, who held documents detailing the movements of the revolutionary army. One week later, Salcedo led a group which captured much of Hidalgo's army, as well as 27 rebel leaders. Salcedo accompanied the captured leaders from Monclova to Chihuahua, the headquarters of the Commandant General. On April 26, 1811, the Commandant General appointed Salcedo to be president of a seven-member tribunal to try the revolutionaries. The men were quickly sentenced to death by firing squad.
668:, to hold all incoming and outgoing mail pouches until they had been inspected by the governor. This privacy infringement was not publicized. When the amnesty for East Texas settlers expired, Salcedo also ordered the borders closed and all settlers in the province confined to the immediate vicinity of their homes. Both the confinement and the mail reading were overturned by Nemesio Salcedo as being too strict. To improve response time, however, Nemesio Salcedo did authorize his nephew to open any correspondence from the United States that was addressed to the commandant general.
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recommended that Texas welcome more settlers and soldiers to the area. He recommended that immigrants who could demonstrate their loyalty to Spain be welcomed into the province, including men deserting from the U.S. Army. His uncle instead ordered the border be closed to all people from
Louisiana, regardless of their ethnic background. Despite the order, Salcedo still permitted slave owners from the U.S. to enter Texas in order to reclaim
309:
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656:. His goal was to inflame the northernmost provinces, especially Texas, in the hopes that his cause might win the support of the United States. When news of the revolt reached East Texas, many of the colonists fled into Louisiana, afraid the presidio would be unable to protect them. Salcedo offered a blanket amnesty to the settlers if they would return to Texas by November 1.
404:'s army. The rebel army was captured one week later, and Salcedo led the military tribunal which eventually sentenced the rebel leaders to death. After fulfilling his duties with the tribunal Salcedo returned to Texas, but he did not resume his duties for several months as a result of a dispute with his uncle and whether he was at fault for his own capture.
792:. As usual, there was a shortage of funds and horses within the province. Salcedo ignored protocol and wrote directly to the viceroy of New Spain about troop strength levels in Texas, including copies of documents which had been sent to the Commandant General in previous pleas. At this time, there were only an estimated 1,137 troops in the province.
752:, the subdeacon of San Antonio, soon led a counter-insurgency against him. On March 2, Zambrano and his royalists marched on the government house. Las Casas surrendered without a fight, just 39 days after taking over. Zambrano reestablished royalist control of the province and sent a messenger to inform those holding Salcedo.
415:. He was never able to defeat that army, and he surrendered on April 2, 1813. Despite assurances that he would be imprisoned, extremists of the filibuster forces executed him the following day. To avenge Salcedo's death, the Spanish army quickly reconquered Texas and dealt harshly with any they suspected of treason.
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On the night of April 3 (Salcedo's birthday), some 10 miles southwest of Béxar, near the site of the
Rosillo Creek battle, the column was halted. Telling Salcedo that they were about to die, all the prisoners were bound hand and foot. After some taunting, they were made to kneel with their hands tied
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In his first year in office, Salcedo faced many issues, often pitting himself against his uncle, Nemesio
Salcedo. After visiting with the Americans for so many months, Salcedo warned of "the aggressive spirit of Anglo-American frontiersmen." To minimize the threat to the Spanish borderlands, Salcedo
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To attract recruits, the filibusters offered $ 40 per month plus a
Spanish league of land (4428 acres) to all volunteers. By September their army numbered 780. The Spanish army in Texas was almost twice as large at this point. On November 2, Salcedo led the majority of these forces to the Guadalupe
699:
to more effectively defend the province. This ignited rumors that
Salcedo was planning to abandon the province. Four days later, Salcedo was forced to publish a proclamation to all inhabitants of the province, appealing for support for the royalists and denying that Spanish authorities intended
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which neither army would cross. As a result, this section of land became a haven for outlaws. While visiting
Nacogdoches, Salcedo recommended that Spanish troops combine with an equal number of American soldiers to mount an offensive against the bandits. He also personally interrogated the heads of
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Within the next several days, Coahuila surrendered to the rebels. On
January 15, rebels launched an attempt to seize the Texas government; the plot was uncovered and the conspirators, including a lieutenant in the army, were arrested. Salcedo then canceled his orders to send the troops to the Rio
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The rest of Texas was quickly revolutionized. There was little resistance in
Nacogdoches, where the presidio commander was arrested, or in La Bahia. Las Casas promptly confiscated property belonging to Spanish residents, proclaimed himself the head of a provisional government, released political
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Money was continually tight in the province, with little coming from the interior provinces. At one point, Salcedo became desperate enough for funds that he asked citizens in the province to donate money to pay the troops who helped protect them. He also continued to receive complaints and
862:. After a 15-minute battle, the Spanish Army broke ranks and, in March, once again retreated toward San Antonio. Indians who had allied with the victorious rebels chased down many of the fugitives and slaughtered them. In total, 330 royalists were killed, while only 6 republicans died.
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officers. Following their own protocol, the
Americans refused to accept his surrender and gestured that he must present it to Gutiérrez. Salcedo instead stuck his sword in the ground and stepped back. Gutiérrez declared himself head of a provisional government and appointed a
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in late
October and began making plans to protect Texas. He requested permission to create a militia with 200 local gentry from Texas to help patrol Texas, but this was denied. To guard against the spread of seditious literature, Salcedo instructed the San Antonio postmaster,
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In New Orleans, Salcedo served as a boundary commissioner as Spain prepared to transfer the colony back to France. He married in 1803 to a local woman of Spanish and French ancestry, Maria Guadalupe Prietto y la Ronde. They returned to Spain the following year after
827:, and it fell on August 11 with no resistance. After receiving conflicting information about the size of the rebel army, the Spanish soldiers retreated west. The retreat was disorganized, and many of the enlisted men deserted and returned to Nacogdoches to join the
931:
leaders of the movement disavowed the murder and many began leaving. Spanish officials decided to reconquer Texas, and to speed their response the viceroy created a new administrative unit, the Commandancy General of the Eastern Interior Provinces, headquartered in
771:. Las Casas's head was shipped to San Antonio and displayed on a pole in the military plaza. With Salcedo still in Chihuahua, Zambrano administered the province. Among his accomplishments during this time was to inaugurate the first primary school in San Antonio.
527:, the governor was the military commander for the province and had the power to appoint lieutenants and corporals to oversee the presidios and mission defenses. He would also serve as the civil administrator, and had final approval of the results of all elections.
880:. With the tables turned so that Salcedo was now under siege, he asked for terms. Kemper replied that if they were to surrender, there would be no reprisals, the soldiers would simply be disbanded and the officers would be released "on their own parole."
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had issued an edict inviting Hispanic colonists overseas to send representatives to the junta. The people of San Antonio promptly elected Salcedo to represent them. Nemesio Salcedo invalidated the election on the pretext that San Antonio did not have a
869:, Salcedo and the Royalists assumed a defensive position in and around the Alamo and waited for an assault. It was not a long wait. As news of the republican victory reached the east, new recruits began to pour into La Bahia; and, thus reinforced,
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for parole. Kemper agreed to this and so, escorted by a company of rebel soldiers, Salcedo and the officers were dispatched toward the coast. But Gutiérrez had apparently entered into a plot with Delgado, and Delgado was in command of the escort.
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were expected to invade Texas, and that Salcedo was expected to capture them. This posed difficulty for Salcedo, whose soldiers were operating without needed supplies, some not even having flints for their firearms, and many members of the
895:
In part due to urging of a certain Captain Antonio Delgado who demanded vengeance against Salcedo for the death of his father, they were quickly found guilty of treachery to the Hidalgo movement and sentenced to death.
619:, which was a prerequisite for balloting. Salcedo soothed the people of San Antonio by explaining that his primary obligation as governor of Texas required his presence in Texas. Instead, Texas would be represented by
439:
and Francisca de Quiroga y Manso. When he was seven, Salcedo enrolled at the Royal Academy of Ocana, later transferring to the Royal Seminary of Nobles, where he trained until he was 17. Salcedo then joined the
732:. The following morning they arrested Salcedo and his entire military staff. Even as Salcedo was led to detention however, the rebellious soldiers instinctively saluted him. Las Casas chained Salcedo,
1907:
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In December, Salcedo sent his wife and daughter from San Antonio to keep them safe. On January 2, he summoned all 300 troops in Bexar and informed them that they would be traveling to the
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in the hopes of ambushing the invaders. One of his soldiers was captured, however, and revealed details of the ambush. The invading army turned south to avoid the trap, and instead captured
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Salcedo resumed his command on December 15. Revolutionary tendencies were still high, and on February 12, 1812, Salcedo appointed a military council on public safety to oversee cases of
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When Samuel Kemper and the other Americans objected to this as a betrayal of the terms offered the Royalists, Gutiérrez suggested that Salcedo and his Spanish officers be taken to the
594:. The United States and Spain were contesting the location of the border between Louisiana and Texas, and in response the local military commanders had declared the area between the
955:
Arredondo threatened immediate execution for anyone who crossed into Texas, and for three years few people attempted it. For the next four years, Texas had several
523:
As governor, Salcedo would be the representative of the Spanish king in Texas. As a deputy of the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, at this time his uncle,
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Grande so that they could instead protect the capital. He also issued a declaration to the citizens of San Antonio to warn them that helping the rebels was
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Salcedo took a preliminary oath of office on May 1, 1807, and he and his wife and daughter left for North America. The family traveled by boat to
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who was living in San Antonio, and twelve other Spanish officers and humiliated them in front of the town. The prisoners were then transferred to
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Their bodies were left on the ground for the vultures, but Salcedo's body was retrieved by Father José Dario Zambrano and buried at the
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At the end of November, Salcedo received a message from the viceroy of New Spain instructing him that Hidalgo and his confederates
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traveled to the United States to try to gain support for overthrowing the royalists in Mexico. With former U.S. Army lieutenant
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944:, entered the city two days later and immediately arrested 700 male residents. The filibuster army was defeated at the
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warriors to fight with them, but the deal fell through. Further stretching his resources, Salcedo sent 100 soldiers to
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823:, and in early August 1812 they crossed the Sabine River into Texas. Most of the soldiers in Nacogdoches were away from the
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behind their backs. Then, Delgado himself stepped up behind each of them, and one by one, mercilessly slit their throats.
854:. During the retreat, many of the soldiers defected and joined the Republican Army of the North. The two armies met along
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and then traveling overland to Texas. Salcedo officially assumed the governorship of the province on November 7, 1808.
512:. Approximately 2,500 people, including soldiers, lived in San Antonio, with an additional 600 residents at
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and over a dozen missions scattered throughout the wilderness. The province was bordered on the south and west by the
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On April 2, Salcedo and 14 members of his staff surrendered. Salcedo tried twice to officially present his sword to
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reprimands from his uncle, who "commended almost every high-ranking officer in the borderlands except" for Salcedo.
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484:. At this time, Texas was a sparsely populated province consisting of three primary settlements connected by the
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After almost eighteen months in office, Salcedo decided to inspect other areas of the province. He left
377:, (1801–November 30, 1803, when it was handed back to the French). In 1807, the younger Salcedo was appointed
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comprising its northern and eastern border. The capital was the villa of San Fernando, commonly called
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385:, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, often disagreed, especially on immigration issues.
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Unable to win a decisive victory, Salcedo lifted the siege on February 19, 1813, and returned towards
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Salcedo left for a tour of the southern part of Texas on September 12, 1810. Four days later, Father
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knew what was best for the area, and he claimed to also want to govern in the name of deposed king
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1726:
Spain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and California
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from 1808 until his execution in 1813. Salcedo gained leadership experience helping his father
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The royalists were amply rewarded for their work. San Antonio was elevated from a villa to a
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The morning after Salcedo's death, the rebels announced what they had done. Most of the
381:, and he officially assumed that role on November 7, 1808. As governor, he and his uncle
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Loyalists in Coahuila quickly judged, convicted, and executed the prisoners captured in
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prisoners and jailed royalists. His arbitrary rule disenchanted much of the army, and
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new immigrant families to the area to determine whether they would be loyal to Spain.
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873:(in command after the death of Magee) soon struck out in pursuit of Salcedo's force.
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were without horses. Eager to find a solution, Salcedo attempted to recruit 200
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831:. By mid-August, the rebels nominally controlled all of the land east of the
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At Bexar, a decisive battle ended with the Royalists being driven back into
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to assist in fending off the insurrectionists fighting in Coahuila.
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to deliberate charges against Salcedo and the other royalists.
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While living in Spain, Salcedo was appointed the governor of
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Tragic Cavalier: Governor Manuel Salcedo of Texas, 1808–1813
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In 1812, Salcedo led the Spanish army in Texas against the
807:, Gutiérrez advertised for armed support in Louisiana and
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After returning to San Antonio, Salcedo learned that the
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During his captivity, Salcedo had been slowly enticing
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transferred Louisiana to the United States through the
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was retaken on August 18. The new commandant general,
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in January 1811 and imprisoned for several months in
819:. The Republican Army of the North gathered in the
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Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga
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1729:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
1878:Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais
1699:"Louisiana Governors 1766 – 1812"
31: and the second or maternal family name is
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452:. In 1801, his father became the governor of
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8:
1563:Lone Star: A History of Texas and the Texans
648:. Hidalgo believed that only people born in
55:32nd Governor of the Spanish Colony of Texas
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963:became the last governor of Spanish Texas.
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724:led a group of army sergeants to stage a
1654:(2nd ed.). College Station, Texas:
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843:. Salcedo promptly began a siege of the
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427:Coat of Arms of Manuel María de Salcedo
200:
181:
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2008:Monarchs and Viceroys of Spanish Texas
1565:. pp. Kindle locations 2756–2763.
903:coast and from there sent by ship to
16:Governor of Spanish Texas (1808–1813)
7:
1931:Presidio La Bahía del Espíritu Santo
431:Manuel María de Salcedo was born in
361:– executed, April 3, 1813), was a
88:Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante
1936:Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas
1883:Mission San Francisco de la Espada
534:, where they took a stagecoach to
14:
1962:Juan Bautista de las Casas Revolt
720:, a retired militia captain from
456:, and Salcedo accompanied him to
396:. After he persuaded his captor,
351:Manuel María de Salcedo y Quiroga
1946:Presidio de San Antonio de Béjar
1648:Almaráz Jr., Félix Díaz (1971).
795:During this time, revolutionary
307:
192:
2024:Jefe Político of Spanish Texas
1913:Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá
1656:Texas A&M University Press
1:
516:and about 770 people in
510:Presidio San Antonio de Bexar
375:Spanish governor of Louisiana
158:Military and political leader
1898:Alamo Mission in San Antonio
1703:Louisiana Secretary of State
817:Republican Army of the North
413:Republican Army of the North
23:, the first or paternal
1888:Mission San Juan Capistrano
590:on March 11, 1810, to tour
2126:
2085:Governors of Spanish Texas
1967:Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition
1681:Pelican Publishing Company
1561:Fehrenback, T.R. (2010) .
797:Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara
718:Juan Bautista de las Casas
532:New Bedford, Massachusetts
508:after the local presidio,
390:Juan Bautista de las Casas
388:Salcedo was overthrown by
220:Early Spanish explorations
100:Juan Bautista de las Casas
18:
1870:Spanish missions in Texas
1723:Kessell, John L. (2002).
942:José Joaquín de Arredondo
815:, calling themselves the
554:before cruising down the
162:
105:
60:
49:
1758:; accessed 3 April 2015.
612:Central Junta of Seville
536:Providence, Rhode Island
2110:Deaths by blade weapons
1811:Early Texas Settlements
1762:Manuel María de Salcedo
1750:Manuel María de Salcedo
860:Battle of Rosillo Creek
476:Appointment as governor
435:, on April 3, 1776, to
411:calling themselves the
134:April 3, 1813 (aged 37)
44:Manuel María de Salcedo
1923:Spanish forts of Texas
1676:The Governors of Texas
961:Antonio María Martínez
700:to abandon New Spain.
654:Ferdinand VII of Spain
540:New Haven, Connecticut
446:Santa Cruz de Tenerife
437:Juan Manuel de Salcedo
428:
371:Juan Manuel de Salcedo
2001:Monarchs and Viceroys
1972:James Long Expedition
1679:. Gretna, Louisiana:
1673:Phares, Ross (1976).
813:Mississippi Territory
426:
2033:Municipal government
1941:Presidio of San Sabá
1060:Almaráz, pp. 14, 25.
938:San Antonio de Bexar
852:San Antonio de Bexar
769:San Antonio de Bexar
750:Juan Manuel Zambrano
730:San Antonio de Bexar
661:San Antonio de Bexar
659:Salcedo returned to
646:revolution in Mexico
588:San Antonio de Bexar
542:. They also visited
506:San Antonio de Bexar
373:, the 11th and last
137:San Antonio de Béjar
917:San Fernando Church
623:'s representative,
211:Pre-Columbian Texas
2100:People from Málaga
2064:Síndico Procurador
1893:Mission Concepción
736:, the governor of
631:Hidalgo revolution
570:Early governorship
470:Louisiana Purchase
429:
2072:
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1755:Handbook of Texas
1736:978-0-8061-3484-0
959:governors, until
841:Presidio La Bahia
454:Spanish Louisiana
379:governor of Texas
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310:
207:
206:
196:
186:
168:
110:Personal details
96:
84:
65:
40:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2028:
2012:
1996:
1976:
1955:Armed conflicts
1950:
1917:
1864:
1804:
1799:
1746:
1737:
1722:
1720:
1718:Further reading
1707:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:Almaráz, p. 174
1595:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
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1433:
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1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1387:
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1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1225:Almaráz, p. 98.
1224:
1220:
1216:Almaráz, p. 96.
1215:
1211:
1207:Almaráz, p. 95.
1206:
1202:
1198:Almaráz, p. 76.
1197:
1193:
1189:Almaráz, p. 67.
1188:
1184:
1180:Almaráz, p. 66.
1179:
1175:
1171:Almaráz, p. 60.
1170:
1166:
1162:Almaráz, p. 57.
1161:
1157:
1153:Almaráz, p. 52.
1152:
1148:
1144:Almaráz, p. 47.
1143:
1139:
1135:Almaráz, p. 44.
1134:
1130:
1126:Almaráz, p. 42.
1125:
1121:
1117:Almaráz, p. 29.
1116:
1112:
1108:Almaráz, p. 35.
1107:
1103:
1099:Almaráz, p. 31.
1098:
1094:
1090:Almaráz, p. 34.
1089:
1082:
1078:Almaráz, p. 27.
1077:
1073:
1069:Almaráz, p. 15.
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:Almaráz, p. 13.
1050:
1046:
1042:Almaráz, p. 11.
1041:
1037:
1033:Almaráz, p. 10.
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:Almaráz, p. 23.
996:
989:
985:Almaráz, p. 24.
984:
973:
969:
925:
833:Guadalupe River
786:
758:
738:Nuevo Santander
722:Nuevo Santander
716:On January 21,
714:
673:Ignacio Allende
638:
633:
625:Antonio Cordero
572:
525:Nemesio Salcedo
478:
421:
383:Nemesio Salcedo
344:
308:
306:
294:1865–1899
284:1861–1865
274:1845–1860
264:1836–1845
254:1821–1836
244:1690–1821
234:1684–1689
224:1519–1543
184:
177:
135:
119:
94:
82:
66:
61:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:1800s in Texas
2102:
2097:
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2067:
2066:
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2026:
2020:
2018:
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2011:
2010:
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1995:
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1988:
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1978:
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1969:
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1958:
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1933:
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1925:
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1744:External links
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1024:Almaráz, p. 6.
1017:
1015:Almaráz, p. 5.
1008:
1006:Almaráz, p. 4.
999:
987:
970:
968:
965:
950:Neutral Ground
929:Anglo-American
924:
921:
919:on August 28.
885:Anglo-American
821:Neutral Ground
805:William Shaler
801:Augustus Magee
785:
782:
757:
754:
713:
710:
642:Miguel Hidalgo
637:
634:
632:
629:
604:neutral ground
577:runaway slaves
571:
568:
477:
474:
450:Canary Islands
420:
417:
402:Miguel Hidalgo
346:
345:
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300:Years in Texas
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1802:Spanish Texas
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871:Samuel Kemper
868:
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744:in Coahuila.
743:
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719:
711:
709:
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698:
693:
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666:Erasmo Seguin
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584:
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569:
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565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:New York City
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Medina Rivers
495:
491:
488:, with a few
487:
483:
482:Spanish Texas
475:
473:
471:
467:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
433:Málaga, Spain
425:
418:
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405:
403:
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293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
280:Civil War Era
278:
277:
273:
271:
268:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
253:
251:
250:Mexican Texas
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:Spanish Texas
238:
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231:
228:
227:
223:
221:
218:
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199:
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175:
169:
161:
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153:
150:
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142:
141:Spanish Texas
138:
133:
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126:
122:
118:April 3, 1776
117:
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108:
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70:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2040:Ayuntamiento
1992:Moses Austin
1981:
1809:
1766:Find a Grave
1753:
1725:
1721:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1675:
1650:
1631:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
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1484:
1475:
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1421:
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1379:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1295:
1274:
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1194:
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1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
956:
954:
926:
914:
910:
898:
894:
889:
882:
875:
864:
856:Salado Creek
849:
837:
794:
787:
775:
773:
766:
759:
746:
715:
702:
694:
686:Lipan Apache
670:
658:
639:
609:
596:Sabine River
585:
581:
573:
548:Philadelphia
529:
522:
479:
462:
430:
406:
387:
350:
349:
230:French Texas
95:Succeeded by
62:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
2095:1813 deaths
2090:1776 births
1983:Empresarios
1840:Nacogdoches
1820:San Antonio
905:New Orleans
867:San Antonio
829:filibusters
677:Juan Aldama
644:launched a
560:Mississippi
518:Nacogdoches
500:, with the
486:Camino Real
458:New Orleans
419:Early years
409:filibusters
353:, (1776 in
183:History of
83:Preceded by
2079:Categories
1860:Orcoquisac
1845:Atascosito
1708:August 17,
1642:References
957:ad interim
697:Rio Grande
592:East Texas
562:Rivers to
552:Pittsburgh
155:Profession
72:Lieutenant
2017:Governors
1830:El Cópano
1825:Los Adaes
967:Footnotes
934:Monterrey
923:Aftermath
878:the Alamo
650:New Spain
600:Red River
502:Red River
490:presidios
270:Statehood
145:New Spain
67:1808–1813
63:In office
2059:Alguacil
2042:–
1855:Presidio
1835:La Bahía
865:Back in
845:presidio
790:sedition
742:Monclova
690:Saltillo
621:Coahuila
602:to be a
598:and the
514:La Bahia
466:Napoleon
442:infantry
394:Monclova
363:governor
201:Timeline
174:a series
172:Part of
19:In this
2054:Regidor
2049:Alcalde
2044:Cabildo
1752:in the
858:at the
809:Natchez
756:Victory
712:Capture
706:treason
682:cavalry
617:cabildo
564:Natchez
448:in the
33:Quiroga
29:Salcedo
25:surname
1850:Ysleta
1733:
1687:
1662:
784:Defeat
777:ciudad
636:Revolt
550:, and
538:, and
494:Nueces
355:Málaga
176:on the
121:Málaga
890:junta
367:Texas
359:Spain
185:Texas
125:Spain
1731:ISBN
1710:2021
1685:ISBN
1660:ISBN
901:Gulf
825:fort
803:and
726:coup
675:and
558:and
556:Ohio
496:and
131:Died
115:Born
1764:at
936:.
728:in
365:of
27:is
2081::
1701:.
1683:.
1658:.
1619:^
1580:^
1400:^
1388:^
1367:^
1355:^
1343:^
1304:^
1283:^
1260:^
1230:^
1083:^
990:^
974:^
952:.
847:.
835:.
811:,
708:.
627:.
579:.
546:,
520:.
472:.
460:.
357:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
123:,
1794:e
1787:t
1780:v
1739:.
1712:.
1693:.
1668:.
339:e
332:t
325:v
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
